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Li Z, Jindani S, Kojasoy V, Ortega T, Marshall EM, Abboud KA, Loesgen S, Tantillo DJ, Rudolf JD. Computation-guided scaffold exploration of 2 E,6 E-1,10- trans/cis-eunicellanes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:1320-1326. [PMID: 38887579 PMCID: PMC11181210 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Eunicellane diterpenoids are a unique family of natural products containing a foundational 6/10-bicyclic framework and can be divided into two main classes, cis and trans, based on the configurations of their ring fusion at C1 and C10. Previous studies on two bacterial diterpene synthases, Bnd4 and AlbS, revealed that these enzymes form cis- and trans-eunicellane skeletons, respectively. Although the structures of these diterpenes only differed in their configuration at a single position, C1, they displayed distinct chemical and thermal reactivities. Here, we used a combination of quantum chemical calculations and chemical transformations to probe their intrinsic properties, which result in protonation-initiated cyclization, Cope rearrangement, and atropisomerism. Finally, we exploited the reactivity of the trans-eunicellane skeleton to generate a series of 6/6/6 gersemiane-type diterpenes via electrophilic cyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zining Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, PO Box 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Sana Jindani
- Department of Chemistry, University of California–Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Volga Kojasoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California–Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Teresa Ortega
- Department of Chemistry, University of California–Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Erin M Marshall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, PO Box 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, 9505 N Ocean Shore Blvd., St. Augustine, FL 32080, USA
| | - Khalil A Abboud
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, PO Box 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Sandra Loesgen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, PO Box 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, 9505 N Ocean Shore Blvd., St. Augustine, FL 32080, USA
| | - Dean J Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California–Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Rudolf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, PO Box 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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2
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Jung Y, Mitsuhashi T, Kikuchi T, Fujita M. Functional Plasticity of a Viral Terpene Synthase, OILTS, that Shows Non-Specific Metal Cofactor Binding and Metal-Dependent Biosynthesis. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304317. [PMID: 38527951 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
OILTS is a viral class I terpene synthase found from the giant virus Orpheovirus IHUMI-LCC2. It exhibits a unique structure and demonstrates high plasticity to metal cofactors, allowing it to biosynthesize different cyclic terpene frameworks. Notably, while OILTS produces only (+)-germacrene D-4-ol with the most common cofactor, Mg2+, it also biosynthesizes a different cyclic terpene, (+)-cubebol, with Mn2+, Co2+, or Ni2+, presenting a rare instance of cofactor-dependent enzyme catalysis. This is the first report of (+)-cubebol biosynthesis, to our knowledge. In addition, OILTS can uptake Zn2+ as a cofactor, which is uncommon among ordinary terpene synthases. These findings suggest that OILTS's functional plasticity may benefit the virus in diverse host environments, highlighting potential evolutionary implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngcheol Jung
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Mitsui Link Lab Kashiwanoha 1, FS CREATION, 6-6-2 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
| | - Takaaki Mitsuhashi
- Division of Advanced Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Takashi Kikuchi
- Rigaku Corporation 3-9-12 Matsubaracho, Akishima, Tokyo, 196-8666, Japan
| | - Makoto Fujita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Mitsui Link Lab Kashiwanoha 1, FS CREATION, 6-6-2 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
- Division of Advanced Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- Tokyo College, Institutes for Advanced Study, The University of Tokyo, Mitsui Link Lab Kashiwanoha 1, FS CREATION, 6-6-2 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
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3
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Scesa PD, Schmidt EW. Brewing coral terpenes-A yeast based approach to soft coral terpene cyclases. Methods Enzymol 2024; 699:373-394. [PMID: 38942511 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2024.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Coral terpenes are important molecules with numerous applications. Here, we describe a robust and simple method to produce coral terpene scaffolds at scale. As an example of the approach, here we discover, express, and characterize further klysimplexin R synthases, expanding the known enzymology of soft coral terpene cyclases. We hope that the underlying method described will enable widespread basic research into the functions of coral terpenes and their biosynthetic genes, as well as the commercial development of biomedically and technologically important molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Scesa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Eric W Schmidt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.
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4
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Abstract
Covering: up to July 2023Terpene cyclases (TCs) catalyze some of the most complicated reactions in nature and are responsible for creating the skeletons of more than 95 000 terpenoid natural products. The canonical TCs are divided into two classes according to their structures, functions, and mechanisms. The class II TCs mediate acid-base-initiated cyclization reactions of isoprenoid diphosphates, terpenes without diphosphates (e.g., squalene or oxidosqualene), and prenyl moieties on meroterpenes. The past twenty years witnessed the emergence of many class II TCs, their reactions and their roles in biosynthesis. Class II TCs often act as one of the first steps in the biosynthesis of biologically active natural products including the gibberellin family of phytohormones and fungal meroterpenoids. Due to their mechanisms and biocatalytic potential, TCs elicit fervent attention in the biosynthetic and organic communities and provide great enthusiasm for enzyme engineering to construct novel and bioactive molecules. To engineer and expand the structural diversities of terpenoids, it is imperative to fully understand how these enzymes generate, precisely control, and quench the reactive carbocation intermediates. In this review, we summarize class II TCs from nature, including sesquiterpene, diterpene, triterpene, and meroterpenoid cyclases as well as noncanonical class II TCs and inspect their sequences, structures, mechanisms, and structure-guided engineering studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingming Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Jeffrey D Rudolf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7011, USA.
| | - Liao-Bin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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5
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Lin Z, Agarwal V, Cong Y, Pomponi SA, Schmidt EW. Short macrocyclic peptides in sponge genomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2314383121. [PMID: 38442178 PMCID: PMC10945851 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314383121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Sponges (Porifera) contain many peptide-specialized metabolites with potent biological activities and significant roles in shaping marine ecology. It is well established that symbiotic bacteria produce bioactive "sponge" peptides, both on the ribosome (RiPPs) and nonribosomally. Here, we demonstrate that sponges themselves also produce many bioactive macrocyclic peptides, such as phakellistatins and related proline-rich macrocyclic peptides (PRMPs). Using the Stylissa carteri sponge transcriptome, methods were developed to find sequences encoding 46 distinct RiPP-type core peptides, of which ten encoded previously identified PRMP sequences. With this basis set, the genome and transcriptome of the sponge Axinella corrugata was interrogated to find 35 PRMP precursor peptides encoding 31 unique core peptide sequences. At least 11 of these produced cyclic peptides that were present in the sponge and could be characterized by mass spectrometry, including stylissamides A-D and seven previously undescribed compounds. Precursor peptides were encoded in the A. corrugata genome, confirming their animal origin. The peptides contained signal peptide sequences and highly repetitive recognition sequence-core peptide elements with up to 25 PRMP copies in a single precursor. In comparison to sponges without PRMPs, PRMP sponges are incredibly enriched in potentially secreted polypeptides, with >23,000 individual signal peptide encoding genes found in a single transcriptome. The similarities between PRMP biosynthetic genes and neuropeptides in terms of their biosynthetic logic suggest a fundamental biology linked to circular peptides, possibly indicating a widespread and underappreciated diversity of signaling peptide post-translational modifications across the animal kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjian Lin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT84112
| | - Vinayak Agarwal
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA30332
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA30332
| | - Ying Cong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT84112
| | - Shirley A. Pomponi
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL34946
| | - Eric W. Schmidt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT84112
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6
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Chen X, Han J, Chen F. Bioinformatic analysis of microbial type terpene synthase genes in plants. Methods Enzymol 2024; 699:293-310. [PMID: 38942508 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2024.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Plants are prolific producers of terpenoids. Terpenoid biosynthesis is initiated by terpene synthases (TPS). In plants, two types of terpenes synthase genes are recognized: typical plant TPS genes and microbial-terpene synthase like-genes (MTPSL). While TPS genes are ubiquitous in land plants, MTPSL genes appear to be restricted to non-seed land plants. Evolutionarily, TPS genes are specific to land plants, whereas MTPSL genes have related counterparts in other organisms, especially fungi and bacteria. The presence of microbial type TPS in plants, fungi and bacteria, with the latter two often being associated with plants, poses a challenge in accurately identifying bona fide MTPSL genes in plants. In this chapter, we present bioinformatic procedures designed to identify MTPSL genes in sequenced plant genomes and/or transcriptomes. Additionally, we outline validation methods for confirming the identified microbial-type TPS genes as genuine plant genes. The method described in this chapter can also be adopted to analyze microbial type TPS in organisms other than plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlu Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Jin Han
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States.
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7
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Burkhardt I, Dürr L, Grayson NE, Moore BS. Methods for the discovery and characterization of octocoral terpene cyclases. Methods Enzymol 2024; 699:343-371. [PMID: 38942510 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2024.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Octocorals are the most prolific source of terpenoids in the marine environment, with more than 4000 different compounds known from the phylum to date. However, the biochemical and genetic origin of their production remained elusive until recent studies showed that octocorals encode genes responsible for the biosynthesis of terpenoids in their own chromosomal DNA rather than from microbial symbionts as originally proposed. The identified coral genes include those encoding a new group of class I terpene cyclases (TCs) clustered among other candidate classes of tailoring enzymes. Phylogenetic analyses established octocoral TCs as a monophyletic clade, distinct from TCs of plants, bacteria, and other organisms. The newly discovered group of TCs appears to be ubiquitous in octocorals and is evolutionarily ancient. Given the recent discovery of octocoral terpenoid biochemistry and only limited genomic data presently available, there is substantial potential for discovering new biosynthetic pathways from octocorals for terpene production. The following chapter outlines practical experimental procedures for octocoral DNA and RNA extraction, genome and transcriptome assembly and mining, TC cloning and gene expression, protein purification, and in vitro analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Immo Burkhardt
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.
| | - Lara Dürr
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Natalie E Grayson
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Bradley S Moore
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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8
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Gaynes MN, Ronnebaum TA, Schultz K, Faylo JL, Marmorstein R, Christianson DW. Structure of the prenyltransferase in bifunctional copalyl diphosphate synthase from Penicillium fellutanum reveals an open hexamer conformation. J Struct Biol 2024; 216:108060. [PMID: 38184156 PMCID: PMC10939776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2023.108060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Copalyl diphosphate synthase from Penicillium fellutanum (PfCPS) is an assembly-line terpene synthase that contains both prenyltransferase and class II cyclase activities. The prenyltransferase catalyzes processive chain elongation reactions using dimethylallyl diphosphate and three equivalents of isopentenyl diphosphate to yield geranylgeranyl diphosphate, which is then utilized as a substrate by the class II cyclase domain to generate copalyl diphosphate. Here, we report the 2.81 Å-resolution cryo-EM structure of the hexameric prenyltransferase of full-length PfCPS, which is surrounded by randomly splayed-out class II cyclase domains connected by disordered polypeptide linkers. The hexamer can be described as a trimer of dimers; surprisingly, one of the three dimer-dimer interfaces is separated to yield an open hexamer conformation, thus breaking the D3 symmetry typically observed in crystal structures of other prenyltransferase hexamers such as wild-type human GGPP synthase (hGGPPS). Interestingly, however, an open hexamer conformation was previously observed in the crystal structure of D188Y hGGPPS, apparently facilitated by hexamer-hexamer packing in the crystal lattice. The cryo-EM structure of the PfCPS prenyltransferase hexamer is the first to reveal that an open conformation can be achieved even in the absence of a point mutation or interaction with another hexamer. Even though PfCPS octamers are not detected, we suggest that the open hexamer conformation represents an intermediate in the hexamer-octamer equilibrium for those prenyltransferases that do exhibit oligomeric heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N Gaynes
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Trey A Ronnebaum
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Kollin Schultz
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Graduate Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jacque L Faylo
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Ronen Marmorstein
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David W Christianson
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA.
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9
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Carroll AR, Copp BR, Grkovic T, Keyzers RA, Prinsep MR. Marine natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2024; 41:162-207. [PMID: 38285012 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00061c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Covering: January to the end of December 2022This review covers the literature published in 2022 for marine natural products (MNPs), with 645 citations (633 for the period January to December 2022) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, the submerged parts of mangroves and other intertidal plants. The emphasis is on new compounds (1417 in 384 papers for 2022), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Pertinent reviews, biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that led to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included. An analysis of NP structure class diversity in relation to biota source and biome is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Carroll
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Brent R Copp
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tanja Grkovic
- Natural Products Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, and Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Robert A Keyzers
- Centre for Biodiscovery, and School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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10
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Xu H, Dickschat JS. Isotopic labelings for mechanistic studies. Methods Enzymol 2024; 699:163-186. [PMID: 38942502 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2024.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
The intricate mechanisms in the biosynthesis of terpenes belong to the most challenging problems in natural product chemistry. Methods to address these problems include the structure-based site-directed mutagenesis of terpene synthases, computational approaches, and isotopic labeling experiments. The latter approach has a long tradition in biosynthesis studies and has recently experienced a revival, after genome sequencing enabled rapid access to biosynthetic genes and enzymes. Today, this allows for a combined approach in which isotopically labeled substrates can be incubated with recombinant terpene synthases. These clearly defined reaction setups can give detailed mechanistic insights into the reactions catalyzed by terpene synthases, and recent developments have substantially deepened our understanding of terpene biosynthesis. This chapter will discuss the state of the art and introduce some of the most important methods that make use of isotopic labelings in mechanistic studies on terpene synthases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houchao Xu
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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Zhu SH, Chang YM, Su MZ, Yao LG, Li SW, Wang H, Guo YW. Nine New Antibacterial Diterpenes and Steroids from the South China Sea Soft Coral Lobophytum catalai Tixier-Durivault. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:50. [PMID: 38276652 PMCID: PMC10817416 DOI: 10.3390/md22010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Five new cembrane-type diterpenes, lobocalines A-E (1-5), and four new steroids, lobocaloids A-D (9-12), along with six known related compounds (6-8 and 13-15) were isolated from the Yalong Bay soft coral Lobophytum catalai Tixier-Durivault. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis, NMR calculation with DP4+ analysis, time-dependent density functional theory-electronic circular dichroism (TDDFT-ECD) calculations, X-ray diffraction analyses and comparison with the reported spectroscopic data of known compounds. Further, with the aid of X-ray diffraction analysis, the structure of lobocrasol B (15) was firmly revised as 15a. In in vitro bioassays, compound 2 showed moderate antibacterial activities against fish pathogenic bacteria Streptococcus parauberis KSP28 and Phoyobacterium damselae FP2244 with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8.7 and 17.3 µg/mL, respectively. All the steroids exhibited antibacterial activities against the S. parauberis KSP28 with MIC values ranging from 12.3 to 53.6 µg/mL. Compounds 2, 7 and 14 have remarkable inhibitory effects on the hemolysin production of Staphylococcus aureus, while compounds 8-12 have medium inhibitory effects on the pyocyanin production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Hui Zhu
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China;
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, China; (Y.-M.C.); (M.-Z.S.); (L.-G.Y.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals and College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yuan-Min Chang
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, China; (Y.-M.C.); (M.-Z.S.); (L.-G.Y.)
| | - Ming-Zhi Su
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, China; (Y.-M.C.); (M.-Z.S.); (L.-G.Y.)
| | - Li-Gong Yao
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, China; (Y.-M.C.); (M.-Z.S.); (L.-G.Y.)
| | - Song-Wei Li
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China;
| | - Hong Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals and College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yue-Wei Guo
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China;
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, China; (Y.-M.C.); (M.-Z.S.); (L.-G.Y.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals and College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
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12
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Steele TS, Burkhardt I, Moore ML, de Rond T, Bone HK, Barry K, Bunting VM, Grimwood J, Handley LH, Rajasekar S, Talag J, Michael TP, Moore BS. Biosynthesis of Haloterpenoids in Red Algae via Microbial-like Type I Terpene Synthases. ACS Chem Biol 2024; 19:185-192. [PMID: 38081799 PMCID: PMC10985283 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Red algae or seaweeds produce highly distinctive halogenated terpenoid compounds, including the pentabromochlorinated monoterpene halomon that was once heralded as a promising anticancer agent. The first dedicated step in the biosynthesis of these natural product molecules is expected to be catalyzed by terpene synthase (TS) enzymes. Recent work has demonstrated an emerging class of type I TSs in red algal terpene biosynthesis. However, only one such enzyme from a notoriously haloterpenoid-producing red alga (Laurencia pacifica) has been functionally characterized and the product structure is not related to halogenated terpenoids. Herein, we report 10 new type I TSs from the red algae Portieria hornemannii, Plocamium pacificum, L. pacifica, and Laurencia subopposita that produce a diversity of halogenated mono- and sesquiterpenes. We used a combination of genome sequencing, terpenoid metabolomics, in vitro biochemistry, and bioinformatics to establish red algal TSs in all four species, including those associated with the selective production of key halogenated terpene precursors myrcene, trans-β-ocimene, and germacrene D-4-ol. These results expand on a small but growing number of characterized red algal TSs and offer insight into the biosynthesis of iconic halogenated algal compounds that are not without precedence elsewhere in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor S. Steele
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Immo Burkhardt
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Malia L. Moore
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States; The Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Tristan de Rond
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States; School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Hannah K. Bone
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Kerrie Barry
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, JGI-DOE Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Victoria Mae Bunting
- Arizona Genomics Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jane Grimwood
- Genome Sequencing Center, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, United States
| | - Lori H. Handley
- Genome Sequencing Center, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, United States
| | - Shanmugam Rajasekar
- Arizona Genomics Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jayson Talag
- Arizona Genomics Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Todd P. Michael
- The Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Bradley S. Moore
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States; Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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13
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Jung Y, Mitsuhashi T, Sato S, Senda M, Senda T, Fujita M. Function and Structure of a Terpene Synthase Encoded in a Giant Virus Genome. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25966-25970. [PMID: 38010834 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Giant viruses are nonstandard viruses with large particles and genomes. While previous studies have shown that their genomes contain various sequences of interest, their genes related specifically to natural product biosynthesis remain unexplored. Here we analyze the function and structure of a terpene synthase encoded by the gene of a giant virus. The enzyme is phylogenetically separated from the terpene synthases of cellular organisms; however, heterologous gene expression revealed that it still functions as a terpene synthase and produces a cyclic terpene from a farnesyl diphosphate precursor. Crystallographic analysis revealed its protein structure, which is relatively compact but retains essential motifs of the terpene synthases. We thus suggest that like cellular organisms, giant viruses produce and utilize natural products for their ecological strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngcheol Jung
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Mitsui Link Lab, Kashiwanoha 1, FS CREATION, 6-6-2 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Takaaki Mitsuhashi
- Division of Advanced Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Sota Sato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Mitsui Link Lab, Kashiwanoha 1, FS CREATION, 6-6-2 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
- Division of Advanced Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Miki Senda
- Structural Biology Research Center, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Toshiya Senda
- Structural Biology Research Center, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Makoto Fujita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Mitsui Link Lab, Kashiwanoha 1, FS CREATION, 6-6-2 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
- Division of Advanced Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- Tokyo College, Institutes for Advanced Study, The University of Tokyo, Mitsui Link Lab Kashiwanoha 1, FS CREATION, 6-6-2 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
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14
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Taizoumbe KA, Steiner ST, Dickschat JS. Mechanistic Characterisation of Collinodiene Synthase, a Diterpene Synthase from Streptomyces collinus. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302469. [PMID: 37579200 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Two homologs of the diterpene synthase CotB2 from Streptomyces collinus (ScCotB2) and Streptomyces iakyrus (SiCotB2) were investigated for their products by in vitro incubations of the recombinant enzymes with geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, followed by compound isolation and structure elucidation by NMR. ScCotB2 produced the new compound collinodiene, besides the canonical CotB2 product cyclooctat-9-en-7-ol, dolabella-3,7,18-triene and dolabella-3,7,12-triene, while SiCotB2 gave mainly cyclooctat-9-en-7-ol and only traces of dolabella-3,7,18-triene. The cyclisation mechanism towards the ScCotB2 products and their absolute configurations were investigated through isotopic labelling experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kizerbo A Taizoumbe
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Simon T Steiner
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
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15
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Wang Z, Yang Q, He J, Li H, Pan X, Li Z, Xu HM, Rudolf JD, Tantillo DJ, Dong LB. Cytochrome P450 Mediated Cyclization in Eunicellane Derived Diterpenoid Biosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312490. [PMID: 37735947 PMCID: PMC11212149 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Terpene cyclization, one of the most complex chemical reactions in nature, is generally catalyzed by two classes of terpene cyclases (TCs). Cytochrome P450s that act as unexpected TC-like enzymes are known but are very rare. In this study, we genome-mined a cryptic bacterial terpenoid gene cluster, named ari, from the thermophilic actinomycete strain Amycolatopsis arida. By employing a heterologous production system, we isolated and characterized three highly oxidized eunicellane derived diterpenoids, aridacins A-C (1-3), that possess a 6/7/5-fused tricyclic scaffold. In vivo and in vitro experiments systematically established a noncanonical two-step biosynthetic pathway for diterpene skeleton formation. First, a class I TC (AriE) cyclizes geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) into a 6/10-fused bicyclic cis-eunicellane skeleton. Next, a cytochrome P450 (AriF) catalyzes cyclization of the eunicellane skeleton into the 6/7/5-fused tricyclic scaffold through C2-C6 bond formation. Based on the results of quantum chemical computations, hydrogen abstraction followed by electron transfer coupled to barrierless carbocation ring closure is shown to be a viable mechanism for AriF-mediated cyclization. The biosynthetic logic of skeleton construction in the aridacins is unprecedented, expanding the catalytic capacity and diversity of P450s and setting the stage to investigate the inherent principles of carbocation generation by P450s in the biosynthesis of terpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Qian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Jingyi He
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Haixin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Xingming Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Zining Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL-32611, USA
| | - Hui-Min Xu
- The Public Laboratory Platform, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Jeffrey D Rudolf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL-32611, USA
| | - Dean J Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA-95616, USA
| | - Liao-Bin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
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16
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Li Z, Xu B, Alsup TA, Wei X, Ning W, Icenhour DG, Ehrenberger MA, Ghiviriga I, Giang BD, Rudolf JD. Cryptic Isomerization in Diterpene Biosynthesis and the Restoration of an Evolutionarily Defunct P450. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22361-22365. [PMID: 37813821 PMCID: PMC11209839 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Biosynthetic modifications of the 6/10-bicyclic hydrocarbon skeletons of the eunicellane family of diterpenoids are unknown. We explored the biosynthesis of a bacterial trans-eunicellane natural product, albireticulone A (3), and identified a novel isomerase that catalyzes cryptic isomerization in the biosynthetic pathway. We also assigned functions of two cytochromes P450 that oxidize the eunicellane skeleton, one of which was a naturally evolved non-functional P450 that, when genetically repaired, catalyzes allylic oxidation. Finally, we described the chemical susceptibility of the trans-eunicellane skeleton to undergo Cope rearrangement to yield inseparable atropisomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zining Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7011, United States
| | | | - Tyler A. Alsup
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7011, United States
| | - Xiuting Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7011, United States
| | - Wenbo Ning
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7011, United States
| | - Daniel G. Icenhour
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7011, United States
| | - Michelle A. Ehrenberger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7011, United States
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7011, United States
| | - Bao-Doan Giang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7011, United States
| | - Jeffrey D. Rudolf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7011, United States
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17
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Steffen K, Proux-Wéra E, Soler L, Churcher A, Sundh J, Cárdenas P. Whole genome sequence of the deep-sea sponge Geodia barretti (Metazoa, Porifera, Demospongiae). G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkad192. [PMID: 37619978 PMCID: PMC10542158 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Sponges are among the earliest branching extant animals. As such, genetic data from this group are valuable for understanding the evolution of various traits and processes in other animals. However, like many marine organisms, they are notoriously difficult to sequence, and hence, genomic data are scarce. Here, we present the draft genome assembly for the North Atlantic deep-sea high microbial abundance species Geodia barretti Bowerbank 1858, from a single individual collected on the West Coast of Sweden. The nuclear genome assembly has 4,535 scaffolds, an N50 of 48,447 bp and a total length of 144 Mb; the mitochondrial genome is 17,996 bp long. BUSCO completeness was 71.5%. The genome was annotated using a combination of ab initio and evidence-based methods finding 31,884 protein-coding genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Steffen
- Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 24, Sweden
| | - Estelle Proux-Wéra
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Solna SE-17121, Sweden
| | - Lucile Soler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden (NBIS), Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala 752 37, Sweden
| | - Allison Churcher
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
| | - John Sundh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Solna SE-17121, Sweden
| | - Paco Cárdenas
- Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 24, Sweden
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18
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Yan XY, Zhang L, Yang QB, Ge ZY, Liang LF, Guo YW. Genus Litophyton: A Hidden Treasure Trove of Structurally Unique and Diversely Bioactive Secondary Metabolites. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:523. [PMID: 37888458 PMCID: PMC10608288 DOI: 10.3390/md21100523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine soft corals are prolific sources of various natural products that have served as a wealthy reservoir of diverse chemical scaffolds with potential as new drug leads. The genus Litophyton contains almost 100 species but only a small proportion of them has been chemically investigated, which calls for more attentions from global researchers. In the current work, 175 secondary metabolites have been discussed, drawing from published data spanning almost five decades, up to July 2023. The studied species of the genus Litophyton resided in various tropical and temperate regions and encompassed a broad range of biologically active natural products including terpenes, steroids, nitrogen-containing metabolites, lipids, and other metabolites. A wide spectrum of pharmacological effects of these compounds had been evaluated, such as cytotoxic, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-malarial, antifeedant, anti-inflammatory, molluscicidal, PTP1B inhibitory, insect growth inhibitory, and neuroprotective activities. This review aims to offer an up-to-date survey of the literature and provide a comprehensive understanding of the chemical structures, taxonomical distributions, and biological activities of the reported metabolites from the title genus whenever available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Yun Yan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 498 South Shaoshan Road, Changsha 410004, China; (X.-Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.-B.Y.); (Z.-Y.G.)
| | - Ling Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 498 South Shaoshan Road, Changsha 410004, China; (X.-Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.-B.Y.); (Z.-Y.G.)
| | - Qi-Bin Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 498 South Shaoshan Road, Changsha 410004, China; (X.-Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.-B.Y.); (Z.-Y.G.)
| | - Zeng-Yue Ge
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 498 South Shaoshan Road, Changsha 410004, China; (X.-Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.-B.Y.); (Z.-Y.G.)
| | - Lin-Fu Liang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 498 South Shaoshan Road, Changsha 410004, China; (X.-Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.-B.Y.); (Z.-Y.G.)
| | - Yue-Wei Guo
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Bao Shan District, Shanghai 200444, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, 198 Binhai East Road, High-tech Zone, Yantai 264117, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
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19
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Scesa PD, Schmidt EW. Biomimetic Approach to Diverse Coral Diterpenes from a Biosynthetic Scaffold. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311406. [PMID: 37585679 PMCID: PMC10529532 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Thousands of coral terpenes originate from simple scaffolds that undergo oxidative tailoring. While corals are excellent sources of drug leads, the challenge of supplying structurally complex drug leads from marine organisms has sometimes slowed their development. Making this even more challenging, in comparison to other organisms, such as plants and microbes, for which the terpene literature is substantial, very little is known about how the unique coral terpenes are biosynthesized and elaborated in nature. In this study, we used a semisynthetic strategy to produce at gram scale in yeast the eunicellane scaffold that underlies >200 coral compounds. Synthetic oxidation reactions were explored, generating key scaffolds that reflect three of the four structural classes derived from eunicellane and enabling the first asymmetric syntheses of the natural products solenopodin C and klysimplexin Q. Biomimetic methods and detailed mechanistic studies of synthetic reactions shed light on potential enzymological reactivity, including the role of epoxide rearrangement in eunicellane biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Scesa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, 30 South 2000 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Eric W Schmidt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, 30 South 2000 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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20
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Chhalodia AK, Xu H, Tabekoueng GB, Gu B, Taizoumbe KA, Lauterbach L, Dickschat JS. Functional characterisation of twelve terpene synthases from actinobacteria. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:1386-1398. [PMID: 37736393 PMCID: PMC10509563 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Fifteen type I terpene synthase homologs from diverse actinobacteria that were selected based on a phylogenetic analysis of more than 4000 amino acid sequences were investigated for their products. For four enzymes with functions not previously reported from bacterial terpene synthases the products were isolated and their structures were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy, resulting in the discovery of the first terpene synthases for (+)-δ-cadinol and (+)-α-cadinene, besides the first two bacterial (-)-amorpha-4,11-diene synthases. For other terpene synthases with functions reported from bacteria before the products were identified by GC-MS. The characterised enzymes include a new epi-isozizaene synthase with monoterpene synthase side activity, a 7-epi-α-eudesmol synthase that also produces hedycaryol and germacrene A, and four more sesquiterpene synthases that produce mixtures of hedycaryol and germacrene A. Three phylogenetically related enzymes were in one case not expressed and in two cases inactive, suggesting pseudogenisation in the respective branch of the phylogenetic tree. Furthermore, a diterpene synthase for allokutznerene and a sesterterpene synthase for sesterviolene were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj K Chhalodia
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Houchao Xu
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Georges B Tabekoueng
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Binbin Gu
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kizerbo A Taizoumbe
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Lukas Lauterbach
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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21
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Li Z, Zhang L, Xu K, Jiang Y, Du J, Zhang X, Meng LH, Wu Q, Du L, Li X, Hu Y, Xie Z, Jiang X, Tang YJ, Wu R, Guo RT, Li S. Molecular insights into the catalytic promiscuity of a bacterial diterpene synthase. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4001. [PMID: 37414771 PMCID: PMC10325987 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39706-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diterpene synthase VenA is responsible for assembling venezuelaene A with a unique 5-5-6-7 tetracyclic skeleton from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. VenA also demonstrates substrate promiscuity by accepting geranyl pyrophosphate and farnesyl pyrophosphate as alternative substrates. Herein, we report the crystal structures of VenA in both apo form and holo form in complex with a trinuclear magnesium cluster and pyrophosphate group. Functional and structural investigations on the atypical 115DSFVSD120 motif of VenA, versus the canonical Asp-rich motif of DDXX(X)D/E, reveal that the absent second Asp of canonical motif is functionally replaced by Ser116 and Gln83, together with bioinformatics analysis identifying a hidden subclass of type I microbial terpene synthases. Further structural analysis, multiscale computational simulations, and structure-directed mutagenesis provide significant mechanistic insights into the substrate selectivity and catalytic promiscuity of VenA. Finally, VenA is semi-rationally engineered into a sesterterpene synthase to recognize the larger substrate geranylfarnesyl pyrophosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Lilan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430062, China
| | - Kangwei Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Jieke Du
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Xingwang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Ling-Hong Meng
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Qile Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Lei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Xiaoju Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Yuechan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430062, China
| | - Zhenzhen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430062, China
| | - Xukai Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Ya-Jie Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Ruibo Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China.
| | - Rey-Ting Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430062, China.
| | - Shengying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China.
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22
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Hu M, Bai Y, Zheng X, Zheng Y. Coral-algal endosymbiosis characterized using RNAi and single-cell RNA-seq. Nat Microbiol 2023:10.1038/s41564-023-01397-9. [PMID: 37217718 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01397-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Corals form an endosymbiotic relationship with the dinoflagellate algae Symbiodiniaceae, but ocean warming can trigger algal loss, coral bleaching and death, and the degradation of ecosystems. Mitigation of coral death requires a mechanistic understanding of coral-algal endosymbiosis. Here we report an RNA interference (RNAi) method and its application to study genes involved in early steps of endosymbiosis in the soft coral Xenia sp. We show that a host endosymbiotic cell marker called LePin (lectin and kazal protease inhibitor domains) is a secreted Xenia lectin that binds to algae to initiate phagocytosis of the algae and coral immune response modulation. The evolutionary conservation of domains in LePin among marine anthozoans performing endosymbiosis suggests a general role in coral-algal recognition. Our work sheds light on the phagocytic machinery and posits a mechanism for symbiosome formation, helping in efforts to understand and preserve coral-algal relationships in the face of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjie Hu
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yun Bai
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xiaobin Zheng
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yixian Zheng
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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23
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Papon N, Courdavault V, Medema MH. Convergent evolution for antibiotic biosynthesis in bacteria and animals. Trends Genet 2023; 39:237-239. [PMID: 36822964 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Convergent evolution has been described for several metabolic pathways across the kingdoms of life. However, there is hitherto no evidence for such an interkingdom process for antimicrobials. A new report suggests that marine animals have evolved the ability to biosynthesize antimicrobial polyketides, in parallel with bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Papon
- Univ Angers, Univ Brest, IRF, SFR ICAT, F-49000 Angers, France.
| | - Vincent Courdavault
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, BBV, EA2106, Université de Tours, Tours, France.
| | - Marnix H Medema
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg, 6708, PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE Leiden, The Netherlands.
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24
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Davies-Coleman MT, McPhail KL, Parker-Nance S. A Quarter Century of Marine Biodiscovery in Algoa Bay, South Africa. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:638-652. [PMID: 36853972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Algoa Bay, the largest crenulate bay on the southeastern coast of South Africa, is currently one of the most well-studied marine ecosystems in southern Africa. A plethora of endemic marine invertebrates inhabits the benthic reefs on the western edge of the Bay in close proximity to South Africa's sixth largest city. Over the past 25 years, South African marine natural products chemists, together with international collaborators from the US National Cancer Institute and other US institutions, have focused their attention on Algoa Bay's benthic marine invertebrates as a potential source of new anticancer compounds. This review commemorates a quarter of a century of marine biodiscovery in Algoa Bay and presents the structures and bioactivities of 49 new and 36 known specialized metabolites isolated from two molluscs, eight ascidians, and six sponges. Thirty-nine of these compounds were cytotoxic to cancer cells in vitro with 20 exhibiting moderate to potent cytotoxicity. Six other compounds exhibited antimicrobial activity. Foremost among the potential anticancer compounds is mandelalide A (38) from the Algoa Bay ascidian Lissoclinum species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Davies-Coleman
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, 7535, South Africa and Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
| | - Kerry L McPhail
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregaon 97331, United States
| | - Shirley Parker-Nance
- South African Environmental Observation Network, Elwandle Coastal Node, Nelson Mandela University, Ocean Sciences Campus, Summerstrand, Gqeberha, 6001, South Africa
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25
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Li Z, Xu B, Kojasoy V, Ortega T, Adpressa DA, Ning W, Wei X, Liu J, Tantillo DJ, Loesgen S, Rudolf JD. First trans-eunicellane terpene synthase in bacteria. Chem 2023; 9:698-708. [PMID: 36937101 PMCID: PMC10022577 DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids are the largest family of natural products, but prokaryotes are vastly underrepresented in this chemical space. However, genomics supports vast untapped biosynthetic potential for terpenoids in bacteria. We discovered the first trans-eunicellane terpene synthase (TS), AlbS from Streptomyces albireticuli NRRL B-1670, in nature. Mutagenesis, deuterium labeling studies, and quantum chemical calculations provided extensive support for its cyclization mechanism. In addition, parallel stereospecific labeling studies with Bnd4, a cis-eunicellane TS, revealed a key mechanistic distinction between these two enzymes. AlbS highlights bacteria as a valuable source of novel terpenoids, expands our understanding of the eunicellane family of natural products and the enzymes that biosynthesize them, and provides a model system to address fundamental questions about the chemistry of 6,10-bicyclic ring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zining Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Baofu Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Volga Kojasoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California–Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Teresa Ortega
- Department of Chemistry, University of California–Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | | | - Wenbo Ning
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Xiuting Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jamin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Dean J. Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California–Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sandra Loesgen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Biosciences, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, United States
| | - Jeffrey D. Rudolf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Lead contact
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26
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Li Z, Rudolf JD. Biosynthesis, enzymology, and future of eunicellane diterpenoids. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 50:kuad027. [PMID: 37673680 PMCID: PMC10548852 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuad027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Eunicellane diterpenoids are a remarkable family of terpene natural products and have been of high interest for over five decades. Widely distributed in soft corals and rare in plants, eunicellanes were also recently identified in actinobacteria. These terpenoids have foundational 6/10-bicyclic frameworks that are frequently oxidized into structures containing transannular ether bridges. Interest in their unique structures and promising biological activities, such as the paclitaxel-like activities of eleutherobin and the sarcodictyins, has led to advancements in natural product isolation, total synthesis, medicinal chemistry, and drug lead development. Until recently, however, there was little known about the biosynthesis and enzymology of these natural products, but several recent studies in both bacteria and coral have opened up the field. This review summarizes recent advancements in the biosynthesis and enzymology of eunicellane diterpenoids and highlights future research prospects in the field. ONE-SENTENCE SUMMARY A summary of recent advancements in the biosynthesis and enzymology of eunicellane diterpenoids, a structurally unique and biologically active family of natural products found in coral, plants, and bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zining Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7011, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Rudolf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7011, USA
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27
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The Soft Coral Sarcophyton trocheliophorum: A Warehouse of Terpenoids with Structural and Pharmacological Diversity. Mar Drugs 2022; 21:md21010030. [PMID: 36662203 PMCID: PMC9865811 DOI: 10.3390/md21010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The soft coral Sarcophyton trocheliophorum, which was frequently encountered on Indo-Pacific and Red Sea coral reefs, furnished a wealth of secondary metabolites. Notably, terpenoids dominated the chemical profile of this species. In this review, we summarized the discovery of 156 terpenoids from the soft coral S. trocheliophorum specimens in different geographical areas. The structures comprised 13 terpenoidal classes with various functionalities. We covered the era from the first report of S. trocheliophorum-derived metabolites in 1976 up to October 2022. The biological effects of these chemical compositions on a vast array of potential pharmacological activities such as protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibitory, neuroprotective, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antivirus, and immunomodulatory activities were also presented. This review also revealed an immense demand to explore the terpene biosynthetic gene clusters of this species besides the chemo- and bio-investigations.
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28
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Zeng ZR, Chen J, Wang H, Zhang HY, Li J, Xu B, Guo YW. Bioactive Cembranoids from the Coral Sarcophyton trocheliophorum of Ximao Island. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:41678-41686. [PMID: 36406568 PMCID: PMC9670263 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Eight new cembranoids (sarcophytembranoids A-H, 1-8) and 10 known terpenoids (9-18) were obtained from the soft coral Sarcophyton trocheliophorum of Ximao Island. Notably, 11, 15, and 16 were obtained from a natural source for the first time. The structures of the new isolates were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis, optical rotatory dispersion, and X-ray diffraction experiments. Although the isolated compounds did not show significant activity against the tested tumor cell lines, compounds 3, 7, 8, and 10-15 exhibited anti-inflammatory activities at 10 μM, and compounds 17 and 18 showed moderate protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibition activities with the minimum inhibitory concentrations of 22.19 and 11.26 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Rong Zeng
- College
of Pharmaceutical Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze
River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang
Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jing Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang
Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hong Wang
- College
of Pharmaceutical Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze
River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Hai-Yan Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang
Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jia Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang
Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shandong
Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai
Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, Shandong, China
| | - Baofu Xu
- State
Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang
Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shandong
Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai
Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, Shandong, China
| | - Yue-Wei Guo
- State
Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang
Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shandong
Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai
Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, Shandong, China
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Molecular Network Guided Cataloging of the Secondary Metabolome of Selected Egyptian Red Sea Soft Corals. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20100630. [PMID: 36286454 PMCID: PMC9604675 DOI: 10.3390/md20100630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft corals are recognized as an abundant source of diverse secondary metabolites with unique chemical features and physiologic capabilities. However, the discovery of these metabolites is usually hindered by the traditional protocol which requires a large quantity of living tissue for isolation and spectroscopic investigations. In order to overcome this problem, untargeted metabolomics protocols have been developed. The latter have been applied here to study the chemodiversity of common Egyptian soft coral species, using only minute amounts of coral biomass. Spectral similarity networks, based on high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry data, were employed to explore and highlight the metabolic biodiversity of nine Egyptian soft coral species. Species-specific metabolites were highlighted for future prioritization of soft coral species for MS-guided chemical investigation. Overall, 79 metabolites were tentatively assigned, encompassing diterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and sterols. Simultaneously, the methodology assisted in shedding light on newly-overlooked chemical diversity with potential undescribed scaffolds. For instance, glycosylated fatty acids, nitrogenated aromatic compounds, and polyketides were proposed in Sinularia leptoclados, while alkaloidal terpenes and N-acyl amino acids were proposed in both Sarcophyton roseum and Sarcophyton acutum.
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30
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Nguyen TD, Dang TTT. Old path, new frontier. Nat Chem Biol 2022; 18:582-583. [PMID: 35606557 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-022-01045-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Trinh-Don Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Irving K. Barber Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Thu-Thuy T Dang
- Department of Chemistry, Irving K. Barber Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada.
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