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Sun J, Zhang H, Xie B, Shen Y, Zhu Y, Xu W, Zhang B, Song X. Transient stimulation of TRPMLs enhance the functionality of hDPCs and facilitate hair growth in mice. Cell Signal 2024; 119:111167. [PMID: 38604341 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy is essential for eliminating aging and organelle damage that maintaining cellular homeostasis. However, the dysfunction of autophagy has been proven in hair loss such as AGA. Despite the crucial role of TRPML channels in regulating autophagy, their specific function in hair growth remains unclarified. To investigate the biological functions and associated molecular mechanisms of TRPMLs in hair growth, Animal experiments were conducted to confirm the function of TRLMLs activation in promoting hair growth. Subsequently, we analyzed molecular mechanisms in human dermal papilla cells (hDPCs) activated by TRPMLs through transcriptome sequencing analysis. MLSA1(a TRPML agonist) promoted hair regeneration and accelerated hair cycle transition in mice. The activation of TRPMLs upregulated calcium signaling inducing hDPCs to secrete hair growth promoting factors and decrease hair growth inhibiting factors. In addition, activation of TRPMLs triggered autophagy and reduced the generation of ROS, thereby delaying the senescence of hDPCs. All these findings suggested that TRPMLs activation could promote hair growth by regulating hDPCs secretion of hair growth-related factors. Moreover, it may play a prominent role in preventing hDPCs from ROS damage induced by H2O2 or DHT. Targeting TRPMLs may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for treating hair loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Xie
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Shen
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuqi Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wen Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Beilei Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiuzu Song
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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2
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Wang G, Muñoz-Rojas AR, Spallanzani RG, Franklin RA, Benoist C, Mathis D. Adipose-tissue Treg cells restrain differentiation of stromal adipocyte precursors to promote insulin sensitivity and metabolic homeostasis. Immunity 2024; 57:1345-1359.e5. [PMID: 38692280 PMCID: PMC11188921 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells in epidydimal visceral adipose tissue (eVAT) of lean mice and humans regulate metabolic homeostasis. We found that constitutive or punctual depletion of eVAT-Treg cells reined in the differentiation of stromal adipocyte precursors. Co-culture of these precursors with conditional medium from eVAT-Treg cells limited their differentiation in vitro, suggesting a direct effect. Transcriptional comparison of adipocyte precursors, matured in the presence or absence of the eVAT-Treg-conditioned medium, identified the oncostatin-M (OSM) signaling pathway as a key distinction. Addition of OSM to in vitro cultures blocked the differentiation of adipocyte precursors, while co-addition of anti-OSM antibodies reversed the ability of the eVAT-Treg-conditioned medium to inhibit in vitro adipogenesis. Genetic depletion of OSM (specifically in Treg) cells or of the OSM receptor (specifically on stromal cells) strongly impaired insulin sensitivity and related metabolic indices. Thus, Treg-cell-mediated control of local progenitor cells maintains adipose tissue and metabolic homeostasis, a regulatory axis seemingly conserved in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Ruth A Franklin
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Diane Mathis
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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3
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Chen J, He Q, Jin J. Targeting dendritic cell activation: the therapeutic impact of paeoniflorin in cortosteroid-dependent dermatitis management. Arch Dermatol Res 2024; 316:348. [PMID: 38849562 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-024-03002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the mechanism through which paeoniflorin inhibits TSLP expression to regulate dendritic cell activation in corticosteroid-dependent dermatitis treatment. Utilizing databases like TCMSP, we identified paeoniflorin's components, targets, and constructed networks. Molecular docking and gene enrichment analysis helped pinpoint key targets and pathways affected by paeoniflorin. In vitro and in vivo models were used to study CD80, CD86, cytokines, T-cell activation, skin lesions, histopathological changes, TSLP, CD80, and CD86 expression. Our study revealed paeoniflorin's active constituent targeting IL-6 in corticosteroid-dependent dermatitis. In vitro experiments demonstrated reduced TSLP expression, CD80, CD86, and cytokine secretion post-paeoniflorin treatment. In vivo, paeoniflorin significantly decreased skin lesion severity, cytokine levels, TSLP, CD80, and CD86 expression. The study highlights paeoniflorin's efficacy in inhibiting TSLP expression and suppressing dendritic cell activation in corticosteroid-dependent dermatitis, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic intervention. Additionally, it offers insights into the complex molecular mechanisms underlying paeoniflorin's anti-inflammatory properties in treating corticosteroid-dependent dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 4 Huayuanshan, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430061, China
| | - Qi He
- Department of Dermatology, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 4 Huayuanshan, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430061, China
| | - Jing Jin
- Department of Dermatology, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 4 Huayuanshan, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430061, China.
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4
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Loffredo LF, Savage TM, Ringham OR, Arpaia N. Treg-tissue cell interactions in repair and regeneration. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20231244. [PMID: 38668758 PMCID: PMC11046849 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20231244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are classically known for their critical immunosuppressive functions that support peripheral tolerance. More recent work has demonstrated that Treg cells produce pro-repair mediators independent of their immunosuppressive function, a process that is critical to repair and regeneration in response to numerous tissue insults. These factors act on resident parenchymal and structural cells to initiate repair in a tissue-specific context. This review examines interactions between Treg cells and tissue-resident non-immune cells-in the context of tissue repair, fibrosis, and cancer-and discusses areas for future exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas F. Loffredo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas M. Savage
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Olivia R. Ringham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas Arpaia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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5
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Naeini SE, Bhandari B, Gouron J, Rogers HM, Chagas PS, Naeini GE, Chagas HIS, Khodadadi H, Salles ÉL, Seyyedi M, Yu JC, Grochowska BK, Wang LP, Baban B. Reprofiling synthetic glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper fusion peptide as a novel and effective hair growth promoter. Arch Dermatol Res 2024; 316:190. [PMID: 38775976 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-024-02988-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Hair is a biofilament with unique multi-dimensional values. In human, in addition to physiologic impacts, hair loss and hair related disorders can affect characteristic features, emotions, and social behaviors. Despite significant advancement, there is a dire need to explore alternative novel therapies with higher efficacy, less side effects and lower cost to promote hair growth to treat hair deficiency. Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) is a protein rapidly induced by glucocorticoids. Studies from our group and many others have suggested that a synthetic form of GILZ, TAT-GILZ, a fusion peptide of trans-activator of transcription and GILZ, can function as a potent regulator of inflammatory responses, re-establishing and maintaining the homeostasis. In this study, we investigate whether TAT-GILZ could promote and contribute to hair growth. For our pre-clinical model, we used 9-12 week-old male BALB/c and nude (athymic, nu/J) mice. We applied TAT-GILZ and/or TAT (vehicle) intradermally to depilated/hairless mice. Direct observation, histological examination, and Immunofluorescence imaging were used to assess the effects and compare different treatments. In addition, we tested two current treatment for hair loss/growth, finasteride and minoxidil, for optimal evaluation of TAT-GILZ in a comparative fashion. Our results showed, for the first time, that synthetic TAT-GILZ peptide accelerated hair growth on depilated dorsal skin of BALB/c and induced hair on the skin of athymic mice where hair growth was not expected. In addition, TAT-GILZ was able to enhance hair follicle stem cells and re-established the homeostasis by increasing counter inflammatory signals including higher regulatory T cells and glucocorticoid receptors. In conclusion, our novel findings suggest that reprofiling synthetic TAT-GILZ peptide could promote hair growth by increasing hair follicle stem cells and re-establishing homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Emami Naeini
- DCG Center for Excellence in Research, Scholarship and Innovation (CERSI), Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Bidhan Bhandari
- DCG Center for Excellence in Research, Scholarship and Innovation (CERSI), Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Jules Gouron
- DCG Center for Excellence in Research, Scholarship and Innovation (CERSI), Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Hannah M Rogers
- DCG Center for Excellence in Research, Scholarship and Innovation (CERSI), Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Pablo Shimaoka Chagas
- DCG Center for Excellence in Research, Scholarship and Innovation (CERSI), Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Golnaz Emami Naeini
- DCG Center for Excellence in Research, Scholarship and Innovation (CERSI), Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Henrique Izumi Shimaoka Chagas
- DCG Center for Excellence in Research, Scholarship and Innovation (CERSI), Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Hesam Khodadadi
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Évila Lopes Salles
- DCG Center for Excellence in Research, Scholarship and Innovation (CERSI), Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Mohammad Seyyedi
- Piedmont Ear, Nose, Throat and Related Allergy, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jack C Yu
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | | | - Lei P Wang
- DCG Center for Excellence in Research, Scholarship and Innovation (CERSI), Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Babak Baban
- DCG Center for Excellence in Research, Scholarship and Innovation (CERSI), Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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6
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Luan J, Truong C, Vuchkovska A, Guo W, Good J, Liu B, Gang A, Infarinato N, Stewart K, Polak L, Pasolli HA, Andretta E, Rudensky AY, Fuchs E, Miao Y. CD80 on skin stem cells promotes local expansion of regulatory T cells upon injury to orchestrate repair within an inflammatory environment. Immunity 2024; 57:1071-1086.e7. [PMID: 38677291 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Following tissue damage, epithelial stem cells (SCs) are mobilized to enter the wound, where they confront harsh inflammatory environments that can impede their ability to repair the injury. Here, we investigated the mechanisms that protect skin SCs within this inflammatory environment. Characterization of gene expression profiles of hair follicle SCs (HFSCs) that migrated into the wound site revealed activation of an immune-modulatory program, including expression of CD80, major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII), and CXC motif chemokine ligand 5 (CXCL5). Deletion of CD80 in HFSCs impaired re-epithelialization, reduced accumulation of peripherally generated Treg (pTreg) cells, and increased infiltration of neutrophils in wounded skin. Importantly, similar wound healing defects were also observed in mice lacking pTreg cells. Our findings suggest that upon skin injury, HFSCs establish a temporary protective network by promoting local expansion of Treg cells, thereby enabling re-epithelialization while still kindling inflammation outside this niche until the barrier is restored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Luan
- Ben May Department of Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60615, USA
| | - Cynthia Truong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Development and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Aleksandra Vuchkovska
- Ben May Department of Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60615, USA
| | - Weijie Guo
- Ben May Department of Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60615, USA
| | - Jennifer Good
- Ben May Department of Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60615, USA
| | - Bijun Liu
- Ben May Department of Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60615, USA
| | - Audrey Gang
- Ben May Department of Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60615, USA
| | - Nicole Infarinato
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Development and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Katherine Stewart
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Development and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lisa Polak
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Development and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hilda Amalia Pasolli
- Electron Microscopy Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Emma Andretta
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alexander Y Rudensky
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Elaine Fuchs
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Development and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Yuxuan Miao
- Ben May Department of Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60615, USA.
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7
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Dittmar DJ, Pielmeier F, Strieder N, Fischer A, Herbst M, Stanewsky H, Wenzl N, Röseler E, Eder R, Gebhard C, Schwarzfischer-Pfeilschifter L, Albrecht C, Herr W, Edinger M, Hoffmann P, Rehli M. Donor regulatory T cells rapidly adapt to recipient tissues to control murine acute graft-versus-host disease. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3224. [PMID: 38622133 PMCID: PMC11018811 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47575-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The adoptive transfer of regulatory T cells is a promising strategy to prevent graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Here, we use a major histocompatibility complex-mismatched mouse model to follow the fate of in vitro expanded donor regulatory T cells upon migration to target organs. Employing comprehensive gene expression and repertoire profiling, we show that they retain their suppressive function and plasticity after transfer. Upon entering non-lymphoid tissues, donor regulatory T cells acquire organ-specific gene expression profiles resembling tissue-resident cells and activate hallmark suppressive and cytotoxic pathways, most evidently in the colon, when co-transplanted with graft-versus-host disease-inducing conventional T cells. Dominant T cell receptor clonotypes overlap between organs and across recipients and their relative abundance correlates with protection efficacy. Thus, this study reveals donor regulatory T cell selection and adaptation mechanisms in target organs and highlights protective features of Treg to guide the development of improved graft-versus-host disease prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Dittmar
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
- BioNTech SE, 82061, Neuried, Germany
| | - Franziska Pielmeier
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Fischer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Herbst
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Research Unit Tumorimmunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hanna Stanewsky
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Niklas Wenzl
- Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Eveline Röseler
- Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Eder
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Gebhard
- Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Christin Albrecht
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Herr
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Edinger
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
- Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Petra Hoffmann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
- Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Michael Rehli
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
- Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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8
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Peña OA, Martin P. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of skin wound healing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024:10.1038/s41580-024-00715-1. [PMID: 38528155 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-024-00715-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex process that involves the coordinated actions of many different tissues and cell lineages. It requires tight orchestration of cell migration, proliferation, matrix deposition and remodelling, alongside inflammation and angiogenesis. Whereas small skin wounds heal in days, larger injuries resulting from trauma, acute illness or major surgery can take several weeks to heal, generally leaving behind a fibrotic scar that can impact tissue function. Development of therapeutics to prevent scarring and successfully repair chronic wounds requires a fuller knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms driving wound healing. In this Review, we discuss the current understanding of the different phases of wound healing, from clot formation through re-epithelialization, angiogenesis and subsequent scar deposition. We highlight the contribution of different cell types to skin repair, with emphasis on how both innate and adaptive immune cells in the wound inflammatory response influence classically studied wound cell lineages, including keratinocytes, fibroblasts and endothelial cells, but also some of the less-studied cell lineages such as adipocytes, melanocytes and cutaneous nerves. Finally, we discuss newer approaches and research directions that have the potential to further our understanding of the mechanisms underpinning tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar A Peña
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Paul Martin
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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9
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Jiang Y, Perez-Moreno M. Translational frontiers: insight from lymphatics in skin regeneration. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1347558. [PMID: 38487264 PMCID: PMC10937408 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1347558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The remarkable regenerative ability of the skin, governed by complex molecular mechanisms, offers profound insights into the skin repair processes and the pathogenesis of various dermatological conditions. This understanding, derived from studies in human skin and various model systems, has not only deepened our knowledge of skin regeneration but also facilitated the development of skin substitutes in clinical practice. Recent research highlights the crucial role of lymphatic vessels in skin regeneration. Traditionally associated with fluid dynamics and immune modulation, these vessels are now recognized for interacting with skin stem cells and coordinating regeneration. This Mini Review provides an overview of recent advancements in basic and translational research related to skin regeneration, focusing on the dynamic interplay between lymphatic vessels and skin biology. Key highlights include the critical role of stem cell-lymphatic vessel crosstalk in orchestrating skin regeneration, emerging translational approaches, and their implications for skin diseases. Additionally, the review identifies research gaps and proposes potential future directions, underscoring the significance of this rapidly evolving research arena.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mirna Perez-Moreno
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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10
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Zhang Y, Cui J, Cang Z, Pei J, Zhang X, Song B, Fan X, Ma X, Li Y. Hair follicle stem cells promote epidermal regeneration under expanded condition. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1306011. [PMID: 38455843 PMCID: PMC10917960 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1306011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Skin soft tissue expansion is the process of obtaining excess skin mixed with skin development, wound healing, and mechanical stretching. Previous studies have reported that tissue expansion significantly induces epidermal proliferation throughout the skin. However, the mechanisms underlying epidermal regeneration during skin soft tissue expansion are yet to be clarified. Hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) have been recognized as a promising approach for epidermal regeneration. This study examines HFSC-related epidermal regeneration mechanisms under expanded condition and proposes a potential method for its cellular and molecular regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xing Fan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xianjie Ma
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
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11
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Liu T, Liu Y, Zhao X, Zhang L, Wang W, Bai D, Liao Y, Wang Z, Wang M, Zhang J. Thermodynamically stable ionic liquid microemulsions pioneer pathways for topical delivery and peptide application. Bioact Mater 2024; 32:502-513. [PMID: 38026438 PMCID: PMC10643103 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper peptides (GHK-Cu) are a powerful hair growth promoter with minimal side effects when compared with minoxidil and finasteride; however, challenges in delivering GHK-Cu topically limits their non-invasive applications. Using theoretical calculations and pseudo-ternary phase diagrams, we designed and constructed a thermodynamically stable ionic liquid (IL)-based microemulsion (IL-M), which integrates the high drug solubility of ILs and high skin permeability of microemulsions, thus improving the local delivery of copper peptides by approximately three-fold while retaining their biological function. Experiments in mice validated the effectiveness of our proposed IL-M system. Furthermore, the exact effects of the IL-M system on the expression of growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor, were revealed, and it was found that microemulsion increased the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, which includes factors involved in hair growth regulation. Overall, the safe and non-invasive IL microemulsion system developed in this study has great potential for the clinical treatment of hair loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Research Center of Printed Flexible Electronics, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Liguo Zhang
- Harbin Voolga Technology Co., Ltd., Harbin, 150070, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Harbin Voolga Technology Co., Ltd., Harbin, 150070, China
| | - De Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Research Center of Printed Flexible Electronics, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ya Liao
- Shenzhen Shinehigh Innovation Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhenyuan Wang
- Shenzhen Shinehigh Innovation Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Mi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Research Center of Printed Flexible Electronics, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jiaheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Research Center of Printed Flexible Electronics, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenzhen Shinehigh Innovation Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518055, China
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12
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Yin X, Wang L, Niu Y, Xie D, Zhang Q, Xiao J, Dong L, Wang C. Unmasking Chemokine-Inducing Specificity in Oligosaccharide Biomaterial to Promote Hair Growth. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2304655. [PMID: 37567583 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Hair loss affects over 50 million people worldwide with limited therapeutic options. Despite evidence highlighting the vital role of local immune cells in regulating the life cycle of hair follicles (HFs), accurate regulation of immunocytes to directly promote hair growth remains unachieved. Here, inspired by the physiological feedback in the skin immunity to suppress microbe-triggered inflammation, an oligosaccharide biomaterial with "unmasked" specific activity is developed to recruit regulatory T (Treg ) cells around HFs, leading to accelerated hair growth in mice. By processing the glucomannan polysaccharide via controllable enzymatic cleavage, a series of oligosaccharide fractions with more specific chemokine-inducing functions is obtained. Notably, a hexasaccharide-based fraction (OG6) stimulates macrophages to selectively express Treg -chemoattractant C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 5 (CCL5) through a mannose receptor-mediated endocytosis and NOD1/2-dependent signaling, as evidenced by molecular docking, inhibition assays, and a Foxp3-reporter mouse model. Intradermal delivery of OG6 to the depilated mouse skin promotes Treg mobilization around HFs and stimulates de novo regeneration of robust hairs. This study demonstrates that unmasking precise immunomodulatory functions in oligosaccharides from their parental polysaccharide can potentially solve the long-lasting dilemma with polysaccharide biomaterials that are widely renowned for versatile activities yet high heterogeneity, opening new avenues to designing glycan-based therapeutic tools with improved specificity and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Yin
- State Key Laboratory in Quality Research of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China
- State Key Laboratory in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lintao Wang
- State Key Laboratory in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yiming Niu
- State Key Laboratory in Quality Research of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China
| | - Daping Xie
- State Key Laboratory in Quality Research of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China
| | - Qingwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory in Quality Research of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- National Resource Center For Mutant Mice, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chunming Wang
- State Key Laboratory in Quality Research of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China
- Zhuhai UM Science & Technology Research Institute, University of Macau, Hengqin, 519000, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China
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13
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Zhang B, Chen T. Local and systemic mechanisms that control the hair follicle stem cell niche. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024; 25:87-100. [PMID: 37903969 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00662-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Hair follicles are essential appendages of the mammalian skin, as hair performs vital functions of protection, thermoregulation and sensation. Hair follicles harbour exceptional regenerative abilities as they contain multiple somatic stem cell populations such as hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) and melanocyte stem cells. Surrounding the stem cells and their progeny, diverse groups of cells and extracellular matrix proteins are organized to form a microenvironment (called 'niche') that serves to promote and maintain the optimal functioning of these stem cell populations. Recent studies have shed light on the intricate nature of the HFSC niche and its crucial role in regulating hair follicle regeneration. In this Review, we describe how the niche serves as a signalling hub, communicating, deciphering and integrating both local signals within the skin and systemic inputs from the body and environment to modulate HFSC activity. We delve into the recent advancements in identifying the cellular and molecular nature of the niche, providing a holistic perspective on its essential functions in hair follicle morphogenesis, regeneration and ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Ting Chen
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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14
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Zhao L, Chen J, Bai B, Song G, Zhang J, Yu H, Huang S, Wang Z, Lu G. Topical drug delivery strategies for enhancing drug effectiveness by skin barriers, drug delivery systems and individualized dosing. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1333986. [PMID: 38293666 PMCID: PMC10825035 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1333986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Topical drug delivery is widely used in various diseases because of the advantages of not passing through the gastrointestinal tract, avoiding gastrointestinal irritation and hepatic first-pass effect, and reaching the lesion directly to reduce unnecessary adverse reactions. The skin helps the organism to defend itself against a huge majority of external aggressions and is one of the most important lines of defense of the body. However, the skin's strong barrier ability is also a huge obstacle to the effectiveness of topical medications. Allowing the bioactive, composition in a drug to pass through the stratum corneum barrier as needed to reach the target site is the most essential need for the bioactive, composition to exert its therapeutic effect. The state of the skin barrier, the choice of delivery system for the bioactive, composition, and individualized disease detection and dosing planning influence the effectiveness of topical medications. Nowadays, enhancing transdermal absorption of topically applied drugs is the hottest research area. However, enhancing transdermal absorption of drugs is not the first choice to improve the effectiveness of all drugs. Excessive transdermal absorption enhances topical drug accumulation at non-target sites and the occurrence of adverse reactions. This paper introduces topical drug delivery strategies to improve drug effectiveness from three perspectives: skin barrier, drug delivery system and individualized drug delivery, describes the current status and shortcomings of topical drug research, and provides new directions and ideas for topical drug research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiamei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Bai Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Guili Song
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Han Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiwei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Guanghua Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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15
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Tao N, Ying Y, Xu X, Sun Q, Shu Y, Hu S, Lou Z, Gao J. Th22 is the effector cell of thymosin β15-induced hair regeneration in mice. Inflamm Regen 2024; 44:3. [PMID: 38191481 PMCID: PMC10773137 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-023-00316-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymosin beta family has a significant role in promoting hair regeneration, but which type of T cells play a key role in this process has not been deeply studied. This research aimed to find out the subtypes of T cell that play key role in hair regeneration mediated by thymosin beta 15 (Tβ15). METHODS Ready-to-use adenovirus expressing mouse Tmsb15b (thymosin beta 15 overexpression, Tβ15 OX) and lentivirus-Tβ15 short hairpin RNA (Tβ15 sh) were used to evaluate the role of Tβ15 in hair regeneration and development. The effect of Th22 cells on hair regeneration was further studied by optimized Th22-skewing condition medium and IL-22 binding protein (IL-22BP, an endogenous antagonist of IL-22, also known as IL-22RA2) in both ex vivo culture C57BL/6J mouse skin and BALB/c nude mice transplanted with thymus organoid model. RESULTS The results show that Tβ15, the homologous of Tβ4, can promote hair regeneration by increasing the proliferation activity of hair follicle cells. In addition, high-level expression of Tβ15 can not only increase the number of Th22 cells around hair follicles but also accelerate the transformation of hair follicles to maturity. Consistent with the expected results, when the IL-22BP inhibitor was used to interfere with Th22, the process of hair regeneration was blocked. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, Th22 is the key effector cell of Tβ15 inducing hair regeneration. Both Tβ15 and Th22 may be the potential drug targets for hair regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Tao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyuan Ying
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, People's Republic of China
| | - Xie Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingru Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaoying Shu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyu Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaohuan Lou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianli Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Song D, Pan S, Jin W, Wu R, Zhao T, Jiang J, Zhu M. Minoxidil delivered via a stem cell membrane delivery controlled release system promotes hair growth in C57BL/6J mice. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 11:1331754. [PMID: 38260729 PMCID: PMC10800965 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1331754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective: Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell membrane-loaded minoxidil (MXD) nanoparticles (STCM-MXD-NPs) were prepared to investigate their effects on hair growth in C57BL/6J mice. Methods: STCM-MXD-NPs were obtained by freeze-thawing and differential centrifugation, and their effects on hair growth were evaluated using C57BL/6J mice. The mRNA and protein expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, respectively. Protein expression levels of marker of proliferation Ki-67 (MKI67) and β-catenin (CTNNB) in skin tissue were detected by immunohistochemistry. Results: STCM-MXD-NPs improved MXD solubility. They released the drug slowly, increasing its transdermal properties, accumulation in the skin, and content in the hair bulb tissues with a better efficacy than that of ordinary MXD. Moreover, STCM-MXD-NPs significantly upregulated the mRNA and protein levels of VEGF and IGF-1 and promoted the protein expression of MKI67 and CTNNB in mouse skin tissues, promoting mouse hair growth. Conclusion: Stem cell membrane-loaded MXD nanoparticles with slow-release properties increased MXD accumulation in the skin by improving its transdermal properties, increasing VEGF, IGF-1, MKI67, and CTNNB expression levels and promoting hair growth in C57BL/6J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Song
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shouxi Pan
- Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenxia Jin
- Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Lanzhou, China
| | - Ronghui Wu
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianqi Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinlan Jiang
- Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingji Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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17
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Li H, Dong J, Cui L, Liu K, Guo L, Li J, Wang H. The effect and mechanism of selenium supplementation on the proliferation capacity of bovine endometrial epithelial cells exposed to lipopolysaccharide in vitro under high cortisol background. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae021. [PMID: 38289713 PMCID: PMC10889726 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine endometritis severely inhibits uterine repair and causes considerable economic loss. Besides, parturition-induced high cortisol levels inhibit immune function, reduce cell proliferation, and further inhibit tissue repair. Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for animals to maintain normal physiological function and has powerful antioxidant functions. This study investigated whether Se supplementation reduces endometrial damage and promotes tissue repair in cows with endometritis under stress and explored the underlying mechanism. Primary bovine endometrial epithelial cells were isolated and purified from healthy cows. The cells were treated with different combinations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), cortisol, and various concentrations of Se. Data showed that LPS stimulation inhibited cell proliferation and increased cell apoptosis. High levels of cortisol further exacerbated these effects. Flow cytometry, scratch wound healing tests, and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) proliferation assays showed that Se supplementation promoted cell cycle progression, cell migration, and cell proliferation in the presence of LPS and cortisol. The quantitative PCR results showed that the expression of related growth factors was increased after Se supplementation. After administering various inhibitors, we further demonstrated that Se supplementation decreased the activity of glycogen synthetase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway to reduce the degradation of β-catenin except the Wnt signal to promote cell proliferation. In conclusion, Se supplementation attenuated the cell damage induced by LPS at high cortisol levels and increased cell proliferation to promote uterine repair by elevating the mRNA expression of TGFB3 and VEGFA and activating the PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou 225009, China
- International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Junsheng Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou 225009, China
- International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Luying Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou 225009, China
- International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Kangjun Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou 225009, China
- International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Long Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou 225009, China
- International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jianji Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou 225009, China
- International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Heng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou 225009, China
- International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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18
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Ma C, Cheng M, Wu Y, Xu X. The Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Hair Regeneration and Hair Cycle. Stem Cells Dev 2024; 33:1-10. [PMID: 37847179 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2023.0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The health of hair is directly related to people's health and appearance. Hair has key physiological functions, including skin protection and temperature regulation. Hair follicle (HF) is a vital mini-organ that directly impacts hair growth. Besides, various signaling pathways and molecules regulate the growth cycle transition of HFs. Hair and its regeneration studies have attracted much interest in recent years with the increasing rate of alopecia. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), as pluripotent stem cells, can differentiate into fat, bone, and cartilage and stimulate regeneration and immunological regulation. MSCs have been widely employed to treat various clinical diseases, such as bone and cartilage injury, nerve injury, and lung injury. Besides, MSCs can be used for treatment of hair diseases due to their regenerative and immunomodulatory abilities. This review aimed to assess MSCs' treatment for alopecia, pertinent signaling pathways, and new material for hair regeneration in the last 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Ma
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao, China
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Education and NHC, National Joint Engineering Research Center for Theranostics of Immunological Skin Diseases, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Ming Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Education and NHC, National Joint Engineering Research Center for Theranostics of Immunological Skin Diseases, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Education and NHC, National Joint Engineering Research Center for Theranostics of Immunological Skin Diseases, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xuegang Xu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Education and NHC, National Joint Engineering Research Center for Theranostics of Immunological Skin Diseases, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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19
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Liu Z, Lee DS, Liang Y, Zheng Y, Dixon JR. Foxp3 orchestrates reorganization of chromatin architecture to establish regulatory T cell identity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6943. [PMID: 37932264 PMCID: PMC10628232 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42647-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromatin conformation reorganization is emerging as an important layer of regulation for gene expression and lineage specification. Yet, how lineage-specific transcription factors contribute to the establishment of cell type-specific 3D chromatin architecture in the immune cells remains unclear, especially for the late stages of T cell subset differentiation and maturation. Regulatory T cells (Treg) are mainly generated in the thymus as a subpopulation of T cells specializing in suppressing excessive immune responses. Here, by comprehensively mapping 3D chromatin organization during Treg cell differentiation, we show that Treg-specific chromatin structures were progressively established during its lineage specification, and highly associated with Treg signature gene expression. Additionally, the binding sites of Foxp3, a Treg lineage specifying transcription factor, were highly enriched at Treg-specific chromatin loop anchors. Further comparison of the chromatin interactions between wide-type Tregs versus Treg cells from Foxp3 knock-in/knockout or newly-generated Foxp3 domain-swap mutant mouse revealed that Foxp3 was essential for the establishment of Treg-specific 3D chromatin architecture, although it was not dependent on the formation of the Foxp3 domain-swapped dimer. These results highlighted an underappreciated role of Foxp3 in modulating Treg-specific 3D chromatin structure formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Liu
- Shanghai Immune Therapy Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dong-Sung Lee
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Seoul, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yuqiong Liang
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ye Zheng
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Jesse R Dixon
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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20
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Ming B, Zhu Y, Zhong J, Dong L. Regulatory T cells: a new therapeutic link for Sjögren syndrome? Rheumatology (Oxford) 2023; 62:2963-2970. [PMID: 36790059 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kead070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Great advancements have been made in understanding the pathogenesis of SS, but there remain unmet needs for effective and targeted treatments. Glandular and extraglandular dysfunction in SS is associated with autoimmune lymphocytic infiltration that invades the epithelial structures of affected organs. Regulatory T (Treg) cells are a subset of CD4+ T lymphocytes that maintain self-tolerance during physiological conditions. Besides inhibiting excessive inflammation and autoimmune response by targeting various immune cell subsets and tissues, Treg cells have also been shown to promote tissue repair and regeneration in pathogenic milieus. The changes of quantity and function of Treg cells in various autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disorders have been reported, owing to their effects on immune regulation. Here we summarize the recent findings from murine models and clinical data about the dysfunction of Treg cells in SS pathogenesis and discuss the therapeutic strategies of direct or indirect targeting of Treg cells in SS. Understanding the current knowledge of Treg cells in the development of SS will be important to elucidate disease pathogenesis and may guide research for successful therapeutic intervention in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxia Ming
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaowu Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jixin Zhong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lingli Dong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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21
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Wang J, Hua G, Cai G, Ma Y, Yang X, Zhang L, Li R, Liu J, Ma Q, Wu K, Zhao Y, Deng X. Genome-wide DNA methylation and transcriptome analyses reveal the key gene for wool type variation in sheep. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:88. [PMID: 37420295 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00893-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wool fibers are valuable materials for textile industry. Typical wool fibers are divided into medullated and non-medullated types, with the former generated from primary wool follicles and the latter by either primary or secondary wool follicles. The medullated wool is a common wool type in the ancestors of fine wool sheep before breeding. The fine wool sheep have a non-medullated coat. However, the critical period determining the type of wool follicles is the embryonic stage, which limits the phenotypic observation and variant contrast, making both selection and studies of wool type variation fairly difficult. RESULTS During the breeding of a modern fine (MF) wool sheep population with multiple-ovulation and embryo transfer technique, we serendipitously discovered lambs with ancestral-like coarse (ALC) wool. Whole-genome resequencing confirmed ALC wool lambs as a variant type from the MF wool population. We mapped the significantly associated methylation locus on chromosome 4 by using whole genome bisulfite sequencing signals, and in turn identified the SOSTDC1 gene as exons hypermethylated in ALC wool lambs compare to their half/full sibling MF wool lambs. Transcriptome sequencing found that SOSTDC1 was expressed dozens of times more in ALC wool lamb skin than that of MF and was at the top of all differentially expressed genes. An analogy with the transcriptome of coarse/fine wool breeds revealed that differentially expressed genes and enriched pathways at postnatal lamb stage in ALC/MF were highly similar to those at the embryonic stage in the former. Further experiments validated that the SOSTDC1 gene was specifically highly expressed in the nucleus of the dermal papilla of primary wool follicles. CONCLUSION In this study, we conducted genome-wide differential methylation site association analysis on differential wool type trait, and located the only CpG locus that strongly associated with primary wool follicle development. Combined with transcriptome analysis, SOSTDC1 was identified as the only gene at this locus that was specifically overexpressed in the primary wool follicle stem cells of ALC wool lamb skin. The discovery of this key gene and its epigenetic regulation contributes to understanding the domestication and breeding of fine wool sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiankui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture & Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoying Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Ganxian Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Letian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Li
- Jinfeng Animal Husbandry Group Co., Ltd., Chifeng, 024000, China
| | - Jianbin Liu
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Qing Ma
- Animal Science Institute of Ningxia Agriculture and Forestry Academy, Yinchuan, 750002, China
| | - Keliang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaofeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture & Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture & Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Cheng D, Zhu X, Yan S, Shi L, Liu Z, Zhou X, Bi X. New insights into inflammatory memory of epidermal stem cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1188559. [PMID: 37325632 PMCID: PMC10264694 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1188559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory memory, as one form of innate immune memory, has a wide range of manifestations, and its occurrence is related to cell epigenetic modification or metabolic transformation. When re-encountering similar stimuli, executing cells with inflammatory memory function show enhanced or tolerated inflammatory response. Studies have identified that not only hematopoietic stem cells and fibroblasts have immune memory effects, but also stem cells from various barrier epithelial tissues generate and maintain inflammatory memory. Epidermal stem cells, especially hair follicle stem cells, play an essential role in wound healing, immune-related skin diseases, and skin cancer development. In recent years, it has been found that epidermal stem cells from hair follicle can remember the inflammatory response and implement a more rapid response to subsequent stimuli. This review updates the advances of inflammatory memory and focuses on its mechanisms in epidermal stem cells. We are finally looking forward to further research on inflammatory memory, which will allow for the development of precise strategies to manipulate host responses to infection, injury, and inflammatory skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaochen Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shaochen Yan
- Department of Dermatology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linli Shi
- Department of Dermatology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinling Bi
- Department of Dermatology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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23
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Cheru N, Hafler DA, Sumida TS. Regulatory T cells in peripheral tissue tolerance and diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1154575. [PMID: 37197653 PMCID: PMC10183596 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1154575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of peripheral tolerance by CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) is essential for regulating autoreactive T cells. The loss of function of Foxp3 leads to autoimmune disease in both animals and humans. An example is the rare, X-linked recessive disorder known as IPEX (Immune Dysregulation, Polyendocrinopathy, Enteropathy X-linked) syndrome. In more common human autoimmune diseases, defects in Treg function are accompanied with aberrant effector cytokines such as IFNγ. It has recently become appreciated that Tregs plays an important role in not only maintaining immune homeostasis but also in establishing the tissue microenvironment and homeostasis of non-lymphoid tissues. Tissue resident Tregs show profiles that are unique to their local environments which are composed of both immune and non-immune cells. Core tissue-residence gene signatures are shared across different tissue Tregs and are crucial to homeostatic regulation and maintaining the tissue Treg pool in a steady state. Through interaction with immunocytes and non-immunocytes, tissue Tregs exert a suppressive function via conventional ways involving contact dependent and independent processes. In addition, tissue resident Tregs communicate with other tissue resident cells which allows Tregs to adopt to their local microenvironment. These bidirectional interactions are dependent on the specific tissue environment. Here, we summarize the recent advancements of tissue Treg studies in both human and mice, and discuss the molecular mechanisms that maintain tissue homeostasis and prevent pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nardos Cheru
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - David A. Hafler
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Tomokazu S. Sumida
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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24
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Abstract
The epithelial tissues that line our body, such as the skin and gut, have remarkable regenerative prowess and continually renew throughout our lifetimes. Owing to their barrier function, these tissues have also evolved sophisticated repair mechanisms to swiftly heal and limit the penetration of harmful agents following injury. Researchers now appreciate that epithelial regeneration and repair are not autonomous processes but rely on a dynamic cross talk with immunity. A wealth of clinical and experimental data point to the functional coupling of reparative and inflammatory responses as two sides of the same coin. Here we bring to the fore the immunological signals that underlie homeostatic epithelial regeneration and restitution following damage. We review our current understanding of how immune cells contribute to distinct phases of repair. When unchecked, immune-mediated repair programs are co-opted to fuel epithelial pathologies such as cancer, psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel diseases. Thus, understanding the reparative functions of immunity may advance therapeutic innovation in regenerative medicine and epithelial inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Guenin-Mace
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA;
- Immunobiology and Therapy Unit, INSERM U1224, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Piotr Konieczny
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA;
| | - Shruti Naik
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, and Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
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25
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Mai Q, Han Y, Cheng G, Ma R, Yan Z, Chen X, Yu G, Chen T, Zhang S. Innovative Strategies for Hair Regrowth and Skin Visualization. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041201. [PMID: 37111686 PMCID: PMC10141228 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Today, about 50% of men and 15-30% of women are estimated to face hair-related problems, which create a significant psychological burden. Conventional treatments, including drug therapy and transplantation, remain the main strategies for the clinical management of these problems. However, these treatments are hindered by challenges such as drug-induced adverse effects and poor drug penetration due to the skin's barrier. Therefore, various efforts have been undertaken to enhance drug permeation based on the mechanisms of hair regrowth. Notably, understanding the delivery and diffusion of topically administered drugs is essential in hair loss research. This review focuses on the advancement of transdermal strategies for hair regrowth, particularly those involving external stimulation and regeneration (topical administration) as well as microneedles (transdermal delivery). Furthermore, it also describes the natural products that have become alternative agents to prevent hair loss. In addition, given that skin visualization is necessary for hair regrowth as it provides information on drug localization within the skin's structure, this review also discusses skin visualization strategies. Finally, it details the relevant patents and clinical trials in these areas. Together, this review highlights the innovative strategies for skin visualization and hair regrowth, aiming to provide novel ideas to researchers studying hair regrowth in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuying Mai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, Center for New Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yanhua Han
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, Center for New Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guopan Cheng
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Rui Ma
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Zhao Yan
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Xiaojia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Guangtao Yu
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Tongkai Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, Center for New Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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26
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Liu Z, Lee DS, Liang Y, Zheng Y, Dixon JR. Foxp3 Orchestrates Reorganization of Chromatin Architecture to Establish Regulatory T Cell Identity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.22.529589. [PMID: 36865315 PMCID: PMC9980151 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.22.529589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Chromatin conformation reorganization is emerging as an important layer of regulation for gene expression and lineage specification. Yet, how lineage-specific transcription factors contribute to the establishment of cell type-specific 3D chromatin architecture in the immune cells remains unclear, especially for the late stages of T cell subset differentiation and maturation. Regulatory T cells (Treg) are mainly generated in the thymus as a subpopulation of T cells specializing in suppressing excessive immune responses. Here, by comprehensively mapping 3D chromatin organization during Treg cell differentiation, we show that Treg-specific chromatin structures were progressively established during its lineage specification, and highly associated with Treg signature gene expression. Additionally, the binding sites of Foxp3, a Treg lineage specifying transcription factor, were highly enriched at Treg-specific chromatin loop anchors. Further comparison of the chromatin interactions between wide-type Tregs versus Treg cells from Foxp3 knock-in/knockout or newly-generated Foxp3 domain-swap mutant mouse revealed that Foxp3 was essential for the establishment of Treg-specific 3D chromatin architecture, although it was not dependent on the formation of the Foxp3 domain-swapped dimer. These results highlighted an underappreciated role of Foxp3 in modulating Treg-specific 3D chromatin structure formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Liu
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Shanghai Immune Therapy Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong-Sung Lee
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Seoul, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yuqiong Liang
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ye Zheng
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jesse R Dixon
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
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27
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Astarita JL, Dominguez CX, Tan C, Guillen J, Pauli ML, Labastida R, Valle J, Kleinschek M, Lyons J, Zarrin AA. Treg specialization and functions beyond immune suppression. Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 211:176-183. [PMID: 36571811 PMCID: PMC10019124 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The actions of the immune system are finely tuned, involving complex communication and coordination between diverse immune and non-immune cells across the tissues of the body. A healthy immune system requires a precise balance between immunity and tolerance. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have long been appreciated as one of the master regulators of this balance; their importance is underscored by the autoimmunity that develops in mice and humans when Tregs are missing or dysfunctional. In addition to the immunoregulatory roles of Tregs in suppressing autoimmunity and inflammation via control of adaptive and innate immune responses, several non-immune modulatory functions of Tregs have been identified in recent years. In this review, we have highlighted the growing literature on the action of Tregs in metabolism, stem cell maintenance, tissue repair, and angiogenesis. Alongside Tregs' immune suppressive role, these non-suppressive activities comprise a key function of Tregs in regulating health and disease. As Tregs receive increasing attention as therapeutic targets, understanding their non-canonical functions may become an important feature of Treg-directed interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Corey Tan
- TRex Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jose Valle
- TRex Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Jesse Lyons
- TRex Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ali A Zarrin
- Correspondence: TRexBio, fourth floor, 681 Gateway Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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28
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Dikiy S, Rudensky AY. Principles of regulatory T cell function. Immunity 2023; 56:240-255. [PMID: 36792571 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells represent a distinct lineage of cells of the adaptive immune system indispensable for forestalling fatal autoimmune and inflammatory pathologies. The role of Treg cells as principal guardians of the immune system can be attributed to their ability to restrain all currently recognized major types of inflammatory responses through modulating the activity of a wide range of cells of the innate and adaptive immune system. This broad purview over immunity and inflammation is afforded by the multiple modes of action Treg cells exert upon their diverse molecular and cellular targets. Beyond the suppression of autoimmunity for which they were originally recognized, Treg cells have been implicated in tissue maintenance, repair, and regeneration under physiologic and pathologic conditions. Herein, we discuss the current and emerging understanding of Treg cell effector mechanisms in the context of the basic properties of Treg cells that endow them with such functional versatility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Dikiy
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Ludwig Center at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | - Alexander Y Rudensky
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Ludwig Center at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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29
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Wang WB, Lin YD, Zhao L, Liao C, Zhang Y, Davila M, Sun J, Chen Y, Xiong N. Developmentally programmed early-age skin localization of iNKT cells supports local tissue development and homeostasis. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:225-238. [PMID: 36624165 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01399-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Skin is exposed to various environmental assaults and undergoes morphological changes immediately after birth. Proper localization and function of immune cells in the skin is crucial for protection and establishment of skin tissue homeostasis. Here we report the discovery of a developmentally programmed process that directs preferential localization of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells to the skin for early local homeostatic regulation. We show that iNKT cells are programmed predominantly with a CCR10+ skin-homing phenotype during thymic development in infant and young mice. Early skin localization of iNKT cells is critical for proper commensal bacterial colonization and tissue development. Mechanistically, skin iNKT cells provide a local source of transferrin that regulates iron metabolism in hair follicle progenitor cells and helps hair follicle development. These findings provide molecular insights into the establishment and physiological functions of iNKT cells in the skin during early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Bei Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Yang-Ding Lin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Luming Zhao
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chang Liao
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Micha Davila
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Jasmine Sun
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Yidong Chen
- Department of Population Health Sciences, and Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Na Xiong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
- Department of Medicine-Division of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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30
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Wan S, Xu W, Xie B, Guan C, Song X. The potential of regulatory T cell-based therapies for alopecia areata. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1111547. [PMID: 37205097 PMCID: PMC10186346 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1111547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte has been a concern for the etiopathogenesis of alopecia areata (AA), some recent evidence suggests that the regulatory T (Treg) cell deficiency is also a contributing factor. In the lesional scalp of AA, Treg cells residing in the follicles are impaired, leading to dysregulated local immunity and hair follicle (HF) regeneration disorders. New strategies are emerging to modulate Treg cells' number and function for autoimmune diseases. There is much interest to boost Treg cells in AA patients to suppress the abnormal autoimmunity of HF and stimulate hair regeneration. With few satisfactory therapeutic regimens available for AA, Treg cell-based therapies could be the way forward. Specifically, CAR-Treg cells and novel formulations of low-dose IL-2 are the alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wan
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Third Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wen Xu
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Xie
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Third Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cuiping Guan
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Third Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiuzu Song, ; Cuiping Guan,
| | - Xiuzu Song
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Third Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiuzu Song, ; Cuiping Guan,
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31
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Hansen N, Neyazi A, Lüdecke D, Hasan A, Wiltfang J, Malchow B. Repositioning synthetic glucocorticoids in psychiatric disease associated with neural autoantibodies: a narrative review. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2022:10.1007/s00702-022-02578-2. [PMID: 36576564 PMCID: PMC10374711 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-022-02578-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic glucocorticoids (sGCs) are a well-investigated and standard drug therapy for disorders associated with CNS inflammation. Less is known about treating psychiatric disorders associated with neural autoantibodies. Our aim is to elucidate the repositioning of sGCs in psychiatric diseases that co-exist with neural autoantibodies. We used PubMed to identify articles for this narrative review. To our knowledge, no randomized, placebo-controlled trials have yet been conducted on applying sGC to treat neural autoantibody-associated psychiatric disorders. We describe initial results of cohort studies and single cases or case series often associated with autoantibodies against membrane-surface antigens demonstrating a largely beneficial response to sGCs either as monotherapy or polytherapy together with other immunosuppressive agents. However, sGCs may be less efficient in patients with psychiatric diseases associated with autoantibodies directed against intracellular antigens. These results reveal potential benefits of the novel usage of sGCs for the indication of neural autoantibody-associated psychiatric disease. Further large-scale randomized, placebo-controlled trials are needed to discover whether sGCs are safe, well tolerated, and beneficial in subgroups of neural autoantibody-associated psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Hansen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Neyazi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-Von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Lüdecke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alkomiet Hasan
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, 86156, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Jens Wiltfang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Von-Siebold-Str. 3a, 37075, Goettingen, Germany.,Neurosciences and Signaling Group, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Berend Malchow
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
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32
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Riether C. Regulation of hematopoietic and leukemia stem cells by regulatory T cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1049301. [PMID: 36405718 PMCID: PMC9666425 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1049301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult bone marrow (BM) hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are maintained in a quiescent state and sustain the continuous production of all types of blood cells. HSCs reside in a specialized microenvironment the so-called HSC niche, which equally promotes HSC self-renewal and differentiation to ensure the integrity of the HSC pool throughout life and to replenish hematopoietic cells after acute injury, infection or anemia. The processes of HSC self-renewal and differentiation are tightly controlled and are in great part regulated through cellular interactions with classical (e.g. mesenchymal stromal cells) and non-classical niche cells (e.g. immune cells). In myeloid leukemia, some of these regulatory mechanisms that evolved to maintain HSCs, to protect them from exhaustion and immune destruction and to minimize the risk of malignant transformation are hijacked/disrupted by leukemia stem cells (LSCs), the malignant counterpart of HSCs, to promote disease progression as well as resistance to therapy and immune control. CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are substantially enriched in the BM compared to other secondary lymphoid organs and are crucially involved in the establishment of an immune privileged niche to maintain HSC quiescence and to protect HSC integrity. In leukemia, Tregs frequencies in the BM even increase. Studies in mice and humans identified the accumulation of Tregs as a major immune-regulatory mechanism. As cure of leukemia implies the elimination of LSCs, the understanding of these immune-regulatory processes may be of particular importance for the development of future treatments of leukemia as targeting major immune escape mechanisms which revolutionized the treatment of solid tumors such as the blockade of the inhibitory checkpoint receptor programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) seems less efficacious in the treatment of leukemia. This review will summarize recent findings on the mechanisms by which Tregs regulate stem cells and adaptive immune cells in the BM during homeostasis and in leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Riether
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland,Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland,*Correspondence: Carsten Riether,
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Neuwirth T, Knapp K, Stary G. (Not) Home alone: Antigen presenting cell - T Cell communication in barrier tissues. Front Immunol 2022; 13:984356. [PMID: 36248804 PMCID: PMC9556809 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.984356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Priming of T cells by antigen presenting cells (APCs) is essential for T cell fate decisions, enabling T cells to migrate to specific tissues to exert their effector functions. Previously, these interactions were mainly explored using blood-derived cells or animal models. With great advances in single cell RNA-sequencing techniques enabling analysis of tissue-derived cells, it has become clear that subsets of APCs are responsible for priming and modulating heterogeneous T cell effector responses in different tissues. This composition of APCs and T cells in tissues is essential for maintaining homeostasis and is known to be skewed in infection and inflammation, leading to pathological T cell responses. This review highlights the commonalities and differences of T cell priming and subsequent effector function in multiple barrier tissues such as the skin, intestine and female reproductive tract. Further, we provide an overview of how this process is altered during tissue-specific infections which are known to cause chronic inflammation and how this knowledge could be harnessed to modify T cell responses in barrier tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Neuwirth
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katja Knapp
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Stary
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria,*Correspondence: Georg Stary,
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Hajam EY, Panikulam P, Chu CC, Jayaprakash H, Majumdar A, Jamora C. The expanding impact of T-regs in the skin. Front Immunol 2022; 13:983700. [PMID: 36189219 PMCID: PMC9521603 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.983700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
As the interface between the body and the environment, the skin functions as the physical barrier against external pathogens and toxic agents. In addition, the skin is an immunologically active organ with a plethora of resident adaptive and innate immune cells, as well as effector molecules that provide another layer of protection in the form of an immune barrier. A major subpopulation of these immune cells are the Foxp3 expressing CD4 T cells or regulatory T cells (T-regs). The canonical function of T-regs is to keep other immune cells in check during homeostasis or to dissipate a robust inflammatory response following pathogen clearance or wound healing. Interestingly, recent data has uncovered unconventional roles that vary between different tissues and we will highlight the emerging non-lymphoid functions of cutaneous T-regs. In light of the novel functions of other immune cells that are routinely being discovered in the skin, their regulation by T-regs implies that T-regs have executive control over a broad swath of biological activities in both homeostasis and disease. The blossoming list of non-inflammatory functions, whether direct or indirect, suggests that the role of T-regs in a regenerative organ such as the skin will be a field ripe for discovery for decades to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edries Yousaf Hajam
- IFOM ETS- The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Joint Research Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology and Research Academy (SASTRA) University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Patricia Panikulam
- IFOM ETS- The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Joint Research Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Haarshadri Jayaprakash
- IFOM ETS- The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Joint Research Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Colin Jamora
- IFOM ETS- The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Joint Research Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- *Correspondence: Colin Jamora,
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