1
|
Boyle MJ, Engwerda CR, Jagannathan P. The impact of Plasmodium-driven immunoregulatory networks on immunity to malaria. Nat Rev Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41577-024-01041-5. [PMID: 38862638 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01041-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Malaria, caused by infection with Plasmodium parasites, drives multiple regulatory responses across the immune landscape. These regulatory responses help to protect against inflammatory disease but may in some situations hamper the acquisition of adaptive immune responses that clear parasites. In addition, the regulatory responses that occur during Plasmodium infection may negatively affect malaria vaccine efficacy in the most at-risk populations. Here, we discuss the specific cellular mechanisms of immunoregulatory networks that develop during malaria, with a focus on knowledge gained from human studies and studies that involve the main malaria parasite to affect humans, Plasmodium falciparum. Leveraging this knowledge may lead to the development of new therapeutic approaches to increase protective immunity to malaria during infection or after vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J Boyle
- Life Sciences Division, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | | | - Prasanna Jagannathan
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gao Y, Chen S, Jiao S, Fan Y, Li X, Tan N, Fang J, Xu L, Huang Y, Zhao J, Guo S, Liu T, Xu W. ATG5-regulated CCL2/MCP-1 production in myeloid cells selectively modulates anti-malarial CD4 + Th1 responses. Autophagy 2024; 20:1398-1417. [PMID: 38368631 PMCID: PMC11210915 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2024.2319512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Parasite-specific CD4+ Th1 cell responses are the predominant immune effector for controlling malaria infection; however, the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain largely unknown. This study demonstrated that ATG5 deficiency in myeloid cells can significantly inhibit the growth of rodent blood-stage malarial parasites by selectively enhancing parasite-specific CD4+ Th1 cell responses. This effect was independent of ATG5-mediated canonical and non-canonical autophagy. Mechanistically, ATG5 deficiency suppressed FAS-mediated apoptosis of LY6G- ITGAM/CD11b+ ADGRE1/F4/80- cells and subsequently increased CCL2/MCP-1 production in parasite-infected mice. LY6G- ITGAM+ ADGRE1- cell-derived CCL2 selectively interacted with CCR2 on CD4+ Th1 cells for their optimized responses through the JAK2-STAT4 pathway. The administration of recombinant CCL2 significantly promoted parasite-specific CD4+ Th1 responses and suppressed malaria infection. Conclusively, our study highlights the previously unrecognized role of ATG5 in modulating myeloid cells apoptosis and sequentially affecting CCL2 production, which selectively promotes CD4+ Th1 cell responses. Our findings provide new insights into the development of immune interventions and effective anti-malarial vaccines.Abbreviations: ATG5: autophagy related 5; CBA: cytometric bead array; CCL2/MCP-1: C-C motif chemokine ligand 2; IgG: immunoglobulin G; IL6: interleukin 6; IL10: interleukin 10; IL12: interleukin 12; MFI: mean fluorescence intensity; JAK2: Janus kinase 2; LAP: LC3-associated phagocytosis; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; pRBCs: parasitized red blood cells; RUBCN: RUN domain and cysteine-rich domain containing, Beclin 1-interacting protein; STAT4: signal transducer and activator of transcription 4; Th1: T helper 1 cell; Tfh: follicular helper cell; ULK1: unc-51 like kinase 1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanli Gao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Suilin Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Clinical Laboratory Diagnostic Center, General Hospital of Xinjiang Military Region, Urumqi, China
| | - Shiming Jiao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yongling Fan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiuxiu Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- The School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Nie Tan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jiaqin Fang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Luming Xu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Immune Regulation and Immunotherapy, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Shuai Guo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Taiping Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenyue Xu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- The School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ventocilla JA, Tapia LL, Ponce R, Franco A, Leelawong M, Aguiar JC, Baldeviano GC, Wilder BK. Evaluation of naturally acquired immune responses against novel pre-erythrocytic Plasmodium vivax proteins in a low endemic malaria population located in the Peruvian Amazon Basin. Malar J 2024; 23:163. [PMID: 38783317 PMCID: PMC11118720 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04978-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium vivax represents the most geographically widespread human malaria parasite affecting civilian and military populations in endemic areas. Targeting the pre-erythrocytic (PE) stage of the parasite life cycle is especially appealing for developing P. vivax vaccines as it would prevent disease and transmission. Here, naturally acquired immunity to a panel of P. vivax PE antigens was explored, which may facilitate vaccine development and lead to a better understanding of naturally acquired PE immunity. METHODS Twelve P. vivax PE antigens orthologous to a panel of P. falciparum antigens previously identified as highly immunogenic in protected subjects after immunization with radiation attenuated sporozoites (RAS) were used for evaluation of humoral and cellular immunity by ELISA and IFN-γ ELISpot. Samples from P. vivax infected individuals (n = 76) from a low endemic malaria region in the Peruvian Amazon Basin were used. RESULTS In those clinical samples, all PE antigens evaluated showed positive IgG antibody reactivity with a variable prevalence of 58-99% in recently P. vivax diagnosed patients. The magnitude of the IgG antibody response against PE antigens was lower compared with blood stage antigens MSP1 and DBP-II, although antibody levels persisted better for PE antigens (average decrease of 6% for PE antigens and 43% for MSP1, p < 0.05). Higher IgG antibodies was associated with one or more previous malaria episodes only for blood stage antigens (p < 0.001). High IgG responders across PE and blood stage antigens showed significantly lower parasitaemia compared to low IgG responders (median 1,921 vs 4,663 par/µl, p < 0.05). In a subgroup of volunteers (n = 17),positive IFN-γ T cell response by ELISPOT was observed in 35% vs 9-35% against blood stage MSP1 and PE antigens, respectively, but no correlation with IgG responses. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate clear humoral and T cell responses against P. vivax PE antigens in individuals naturally infected with P. vivax. These data identify novel attractive PE antigens suitable for use in the potential development and selection of new malaria vaccine candidates which can be used as a part of malaria prevention strategies in civilian and military populations living in P. vivax endemic areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julio A Ventocilla
- Vysnova Partners Inc., Bethesda, USA
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - L Lorena Tapia
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit South, Lima-Peru (NAMRU SOUTH), Bellavista, Peru
| | | | | | - Mindy Leelawong
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit South, Lima-Peru (NAMRU SOUTH), Bellavista, Peru
- NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Long Island City, USA
| | | | - G Christian Baldeviano
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit South, Lima-Peru (NAMRU SOUTH), Bellavista, Peru
- Bluebird Bio, Inc, Somerville, USA
| | - Brandon K Wilder
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit South, Lima-Peru (NAMRU SOUTH), Bellavista, Peru.
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mitchell RA, Ubillos I, Requena P, Campo JJ, Ome-Kaius M, Hanieh S, Umbers A, Samol P, Barrios D, Jiménez A, Bardají A, Mueller I, Menéndez C, Rogerson S, Dobaño C, Moncunill G. Chronic malaria exposure is associated with inhibitory markers on T cells that correlate with atypical memory and marginal zone-like B cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2024; 216:172-191. [PMID: 38387476 PMCID: PMC11036110 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxae015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic immune activation from persistent malaria infections can induce immunophenotypic changes associated with T-cell exhaustion. However, associations between T and B cells during chronic exposure remain undefined. We analyzed peripheral blood mononuclear cells from malaria-exposed pregnant women from Papua New Guinea and Spanish malaria-naïve individuals using flow cytometry to profile T-cell exhaustion markers phenotypically. T-cell lineage (CD3, CD4, and CD8), inhibitory (PD1, TIM3, LAG3, CTLA4, and 2B4), and senescence (CD28-) markers were assessed. Dimensionality reduction methods revealed increased PD1, TIM3, and LAG3 expression in malaria-exposed individuals. Manual gating confirmed significantly higher frequencies of PD1+CD4+ and CD4+, CD8+, and double-negative (DN) T cells expressing TIM3 in malaria-exposed individuals. Increased frequencies of T cells co-expressing multiple markers were also found in malaria-exposed individuals. T-cell data were analyzed with B-cell populations from a previous study where we reported an alteration of B-cell subsets, including increased frequencies of atypical memory B cells (aMBC) and reduction in marginal zone (MZ-like) B cells during malaria exposure. Frequencies of aMBC subsets and MZ-like B cells expressing CD95+ had significant positive correlations with CD28+PD1+TIM3+CD4+ and DN T cells and CD28+TIM3+2B4+CD8+ T cells. Frequencies of aMBC, known to associate with malaria anemia, were inversely correlated with hemoglobin levels in malaria-exposed women. Similarly, inverse correlations with hemoglobin levels were found for TIM3+CD8+ and CD28+PD1+TIM3+CD4+ T cells. Our findings provide further insights into the effects of chronic malaria exposure on circulating B- and T-cell populations, which could impact immunity and responses to vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Mitchell
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Itziar Ubillos
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Requena
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Joseph J Campo
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Antigen Discovery Inc., Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Maria Ome-Kaius
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Sarah Hanieh
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alexandra Umbers
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Paula Samol
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Diana Barrios
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfons Jiménez
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Azucena Bardají
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Clara Menéndez
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | | | - Carlota Dobaño
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Moncunill
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ramalho T, Assis PA, Ojelabi O, Tan L, Carvalho B, Gardinassi L, Campos O, Lorenzi PL, Fitzgerald KA, Haynes C, Golenbock DT, Gazzinelli RT. Itaconate impairs immune control of Plasmodium by enhancing mtDNA-mediated PD-L1 expression in monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Cell Metab 2024; 36:484-497.e6. [PMID: 38325373 PMCID: PMC10940217 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2024.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Severe forms of malaria are associated with systemic inflammation and host metabolism disorders; however, the interplay between these outcomes is poorly understood. Using a Plasmodium chabaudi model of malaria, we demonstrate that interferon (IFN) γ boosts glycolysis in splenic monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MODCs), leading to itaconate accumulation and disruption in the TCA cycle. Increased itaconate levels reduce mitochondrial functionality, which associates with organellar nucleic acid release and MODC restraint. We hypothesize that dysfunctional mitochondria release degraded DNA into the cytosol. Once mitochondrial DNA is sensitized, the activation of IRF3 and IRF7 promotes the expression of IFN-stimulated genes and checkpoint markers. Indeed, depletion of the STING-IRF3/IRF7 axis reduces PD-L1 expression, enabling activation of CD8+ T cells that control parasite proliferation. In summary, mitochondrial disruption caused by itaconate in MODCs leads to a suppressive effect in CD8+ T cells, which enhances parasitemia. We provide evidence that ACOD1 and itaconate are potential targets for adjunct antimalarial therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Ramalho
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA; Department of Molecular Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
| | - Patricia A Assis
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Ogooluwa Ojelabi
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Lin Tan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brener Carvalho
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gardinassi
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo Campos
- Plataforma de Medicina Translacional, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Philip L Lorenzi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Katherine A Fitzgerald
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Cole Haynes
- Department of Molecular Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Douglas T Golenbock
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Ricardo T Gazzinelli
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA; Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Centro de Tecnologia de Vacinas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Furtado R, Paul M, Zhang J, Sung J, Karell P, Kim RS, Caillat-Zucman S, Liang L, Felgner P, Bauleni A, Gama S, Buchwald A, Taylor T, Seydel K, Laufer M, Delahaye F, Daily JP, Lauvau G. Cytolytic circumsporozoite-specific memory CD4 + T cell clones are expanded during Plasmodium falciparum infection. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7726. [PMID: 38001069 PMCID: PMC10673885 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43376-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical immunity against Plasmodium falciparum infection develops in residents of malaria endemic regions, manifesting in reduced clinical symptoms during infection and in protection against severe disease but the mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we compare the cellular and humoral immune response of clinically immune (0-1 episode over 18 months) and susceptible (at least 3 episodes) during a mild episode of Pf malaria infection in a malaria endemic region of Malawi, by analysing peripheral blood samples using high dimensional mass cytometry (CyTOF), spectral flow cytometry and single-cell transcriptomic analyses. In the clinically immune, we find increased proportions of circulating follicular helper T cells and classical monocytes, while the humoral immune response shows characteristic age-related differences in the protected. Presence of memory CD4+ T cell clones with a strong cytolytic ZEB2+ T helper 1 effector signature, sharing identical T cell receptor clonotypes and recognizing the Pf-derived circumsporozoite protein (CSP) antigen are found in the blood of the Pf-infected participants gaining protection. Moreover, in clinically protected participants, ZEB2+ memory CD4+ T cells express lower level of inhibitory and chemotactic receptors. We thus propose that clonally expanded ZEB2+ CSP-specific cytolytic memory CD4+ Th1 cells may contribute to clinical immunity against the sporozoite and liver-stage Pf malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Furtado
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461, USA
- RF: BioNTech US, 40 Erie Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Mahinder Paul
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461, USA
| | - Jinghang Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461, USA
| | - Joowhan Sung
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Paul Karell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461, USA
| | - Ryung S Kim
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461, USA
| | - Sophie Caillat-Zucman
- Université de Paris, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Histocompatiblité, INSERM UMR976, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Li Liang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Philip Felgner
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Andy Bauleni
- Malaria Alert Centre, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Syze Gama
- Blantyre Malaria Project, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Andrea Buchwald
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Terrie Taylor
- Blantyre Malaria Project, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
- Department of Osteopathic Medical Specialties, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Karl Seydel
- Blantyre Malaria Project, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
- Department of Osteopathic Medical Specialties, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Miriam Laufer
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Fabien Delahaye
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461, USA
- FD: Precision Oncology, Sanofi, Vitry sur Seine, France
| | - Johanna P Daily
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461, USA.
| | - Grégoire Lauvau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fowler EA, Amorim CF, Mostacada K, Yan A, Sacramento LA, Stanco RA, Hales EDS, Varkey A, Zong W, Wu GD, de Oliveira CI, Collins PL, Novais FO. Pathogenic CD8 T cell responses are driven by neutrophil-mediated hypoxia in cutaneous leishmaniasis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.18.562926. [PMID: 37904953 PMCID: PMC10614852 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.18.562926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania parasites exhibits a wide range of clinical manifestations. Although parasites influence disease severity, cytolytic CD8 T cell responses mediate disease. While these responses originate in the lymph node, we find that expression of the cytolytic effector molecule granzyme B is restricted to lesional CD8 T cells in Leishmania - infected mice, suggesting that local cues within inflamed skin induce cytolytic function. Expression of Blimp-1 ( Prdm1 ), a transcription factor necessary for cytolytic CD8 T cell differentiation, is driven by hypoxia within the inflamed skin. Hypoxia is further enhanced by the recruitment of neutrophils that consume oxygen to produce reactive oxygen species, ultimately increasing granzyme B expression in CD8 T cells. Importantly, lesions from cutaneous leishmaniasis patients exhibit hypoxia transcription signatures that correlate with the presence of neutrophils. Thus, targeting hypoxia-driven signals that support local differentiation of cytolytic CD8 T cells may improve the prognosis for patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis, as well as other inflammatory skin diseases where cytolytic CD8 T cells contribute to pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
8
|
Sekar P, Rajagopalan S, Shabani E, Kanjee U, Schureck MA, Arora G, Peterson ME, Traore B, Crompton PD, Duraisingh MT, Desai SA, Long EO. NK cell-induced damage to P.falciparum-infected erythrocytes requires ligand-specific recognition and releases parasitophorous vacuoles that are phagocytosed by monocytes in the presence of immune IgG. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011585. [PMID: 37939134 PMCID: PMC10659167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells lyse virus-infected cells and transformed cells through polarized delivery of lytic effector molecules into target cells. We have shown that NK cells lyse Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells (iRBC) via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). A high frequency of adaptive NK cells, with elevated intrinsic ADCC activity, in people chronically exposed to malaria transmission is associated with reduced parasitemia and resistance to disease. How NK cells bind to iRBC and the outcome of iRBC lysis by NK cells has not been investigated. We applied gene ablation in inducible erythrocyte precursors and antibody-blocking experiments with iRBC to demonstrate a central role of CD58 and ICAM-4 as ligands for adhesion by NK cells via CD2 and integrin αMβ2, respectively. Adhesion was dependent on opsonization of iRBC by IgG. Live imaging and quantitative flow cytometry of NK-mediated ADCC toward iRBC revealed that damage to the iRBC plasma membrane preceded damage to P. falciparum within parasitophorous vacuoles (PV). PV were identified and tracked with a P.falciparum strain that expresses the PV membrane-associated protein EXP2 tagged with GFP. After NK-mediated ADCC, PV were either found inside iRBC ghosts or released intact and devoid of RBC plasma membrane. Electron microscopy images of ADCC cultures revealed tight NK-iRBC synapses and free vesicles similar in size to GFP+ PV isolated from iRBC lysates by cell sorting. The titer of IgG in plasma of malaria-exposed individuals that bound PV was two orders of magnitude higher than IgG that bound iRBC. This immune IgG stimulated efficient phagocytosis of PV by primary monocytes. The selective NK-mediated damage to iRBC, resulting in release of PV, and subsequent phagocytosis of PV by monocytes may combine for efficient killing and removal of intra-erythrocytic P.falciparum parasite. This mechanism may mitigate the inflammation and malaria symptoms during blood-stage P. falciparum infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Padmapriya Sekar
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sumati Rajagopalan
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Estela Shabani
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Usheer Kanjee
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marc A. Schureck
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gunjan Arora
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mary E. Peterson
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Boubacar Traore
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Mali International Center for Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Peter D. Crompton
- Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Manoj T. Duraisingh
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sanjay A. Desai
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eric O. Long
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shi F, Tang S, Chen D, Mo F, Li J, Fang C, Wei H, Xing J, Liu L, Gong Y, Tan Z, Zhang Z, Pan X, Zhao S, Huang J. Immunological characteristics of CD103 +CD8 + Tc cells in the liver of C57BL/6 mouse infected with plasmodium NSM. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:2513-2524. [PMID: 37707607 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07950-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
CD103 is an important marker of tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) which play important roles in fighting against infection. However, the immunological characteristics of CD103+ T cells are not thoroughly elucidated in the liver of mouse infected with Plasmodium. Six- to eight-week-old C57BL/6 mice were infected with Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis NSM. Mice were sacrificed on 12-16 days after infection and the livers were picked out. Sections of the livers were stained, and serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) levels were measured. Moreover, lymphocytes in the liver were isolated, and the expression of CD103 was determined by using qPCR. The percentage of CD103 on different immune cell populations was dynamically observed by using flow cytometry (FCM). In addition, the phenotype and cytokine production characteristics of CD103+CD8+ Tc cell were analyzed by using flow cytometry, respectively. Erythrocyte stage plasmodium infection could result in severe hepatic damage, a widespread inflammatory response and the decrease of CD103 expression on hepatic immune cells. Only CD8+ Tc and γδT cells expressed higher levels of CD103 in the uninfected state.CD103 expression in CD8+ Tc cells significantly decreased after infection. Compared to that of CD103- CD8+ Tc cells, CD103+ CD8+ Tc cells from the infected mice expressed lower level of CD69, higher level of CD62L, and secreted more IL-4, IL-10, IL-17, and secreted less IFN-γ. CD103+CD8+ Tc cells might mediate the hepatic immune response by secreting IL-4, IL-10, and IL-17 except IFN-γ in the mice infected with the erythrocytic phase plasmodium, which could be involved in the pathogenesis of severe liver damage resulted from the erythrocytic phase plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis NSM infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feihu Shi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- China Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shanni Tang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- China Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dianhui Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- China Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Mo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- China Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiajie Li
- China Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Fang
- China Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haixia Wei
- China Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junmin Xing
- China Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Liu
- China Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yumei Gong
- China Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengrong Tan
- China Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziqi Zhang
- China Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingfei Pan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Shan Zhao
- China Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jun Huang
- China Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hadjilaou A, Brandi J, Riehn M, Friese MA, Jacobs T. Pathogenetic mechanisms and treatment targets in cerebral malaria. Nat Rev Neurol 2023; 19:688-709. [PMID: 37857843 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-023-00881-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Malaria, the most prevalent mosquito-borne infectious disease worldwide, has accompanied humanity for millennia and remains an important public health issue despite advances in its prevention and treatment. Most infections are asymptomatic, but a small percentage of individuals with a heavy parasite burden develop severe malaria, a group of clinical syndromes attributable to organ dysfunction. Cerebral malaria is an infrequent but life-threatening complication of severe malaria that presents as an acute cerebrovascular encephalopathy characterized by unarousable coma. Despite effective antiparasite drug treatment, 20% of patients with cerebral malaria die from this disease, and many survivors of cerebral malaria have neurocognitive impairment. Thus, an important unmet clinical need is to rapidly identify people with malaria who are at risk of developing cerebral malaria and to develop preventive, adjunctive and neuroprotective treatments for cerebral malaria. This Review describes important advances in the understanding of cerebral malaria over the past two decades and discusses how these mechanistic insights could be translated into new therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Hadjilaou
- Protozoen Immunologie, Bernhard-Nocht-Institut für Tropenmedizin (BNITM), Hamburg, Germany.
- Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Johannes Brandi
- Protozoen Immunologie, Bernhard-Nocht-Institut für Tropenmedizin (BNITM), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Riehn
- Protozoen Immunologie, Bernhard-Nocht-Institut für Tropenmedizin (BNITM), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manuel A Friese
- Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Jacobs
- Protozoen Immunologie, Bernhard-Nocht-Institut für Tropenmedizin (BNITM), Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bach FA, Muñoz Sandoval D, Mazurczyk M, Themistocleous Y, Rawlinson TA, Harding AC, Kemp A, Silk SE, Barrett JR, Edwards NJ, Ivens A, Rayner JC, Minassian AM, Napolitani G, Draper SJ, Spence PJ. A systematic analysis of the human immune response to Plasmodium vivax. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e152463. [PMID: 37616070 PMCID: PMC10575735 DOI: 10.1172/jci152463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDThe biology of Plasmodium vivax is markedly different from that of P. falciparum; how this shapes the immune response to infection remains unclear. To address this shortfall, we inoculated human volunteers with a clonal field isolate of P. vivax and tracked their response through infection and convalescence.METHODSParticipants were injected intravenously with blood-stage parasites and infection dynamics were tracked in real time by quantitative PCR. Whole blood samples were used for high dimensional protein analysis, RNA sequencing, and cytometry by time of flight, and temporal changes in the host response to P. vivax were quantified by linear regression. Comparative analyses with P. falciparum were then undertaken using analogous data sets derived from prior controlled human malaria infection studies.RESULTSP. vivax rapidly induced a type I inflammatory response that coincided with hallmark features of clinical malaria. This acute-phase response shared remarkable overlap with that induced by P. falciparum but was significantly elevated (at RNA and protein levels), leading to an increased incidence of pyrexia. In contrast, T cell activation and terminal differentiation were significantly increased in volunteers infected with P. falciparum. Heterogeneous CD4+ T cells were found to dominate this adaptive response and phenotypic analysis revealed unexpected features normally associated with cytotoxicity and autoinflammatory disease.CONCLUSIONP. vivax triggers increased systemic interferon signaling (cf P. falciparum), which likely explains its reduced pyrogenic threshold. In contrast, P. falciparum drives T cell activation far in excess of P. vivax, which may partially explain why falciparum malaria more frequently causes severe disease.TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicalTrials.gov NCT03797989.FUNDINGThe European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme, the Wellcome Trust, and the Royal Society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian A. Bach
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Muñoz Sandoval
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Insitute of Microbiology, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | | | | | - Adam C. Harding
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Kemp
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E. Silk
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jordan R. Barrett
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nick J. Edwards
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alasdair Ivens
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Julian C. Rayner
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Angela M. Minassian
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Giorgio Napolitani
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, and
| | - Simon J. Draper
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J. Spence
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Xie J, Gu A, He H, Zhao Q, Yu Y, Chen J, Cheng Z, Zhou P, Zhou Q, Jin M. Autoimmune thyroid disease disrupts immune homeostasis in the endometrium of unexplained infertility women-a single-cell RNA transcriptome study during the implantation window. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1185147. [PMID: 37501789 PMCID: PMC10368980 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1185147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is known to be associated with unexplained infertility in women. Although the presence of antithyroid antibodies have been speculated to be a marker of an immune imbalance that might lead to implantation failure, its underlying mechanism influencing the endometrial receptivity remains to be elucidated. In this study, we used single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to dissect immune microenvironment in endometrium of AITD patients during window of implantation (WOI). Methods We collected CD45+ immune cell populations of endometrium samples of unexplained infertile women with AITD (n=3), as well as samples of AITD- controls (n=3). The cells were then processed with 10X Genomics Chromium for further analysis. Results We characterized 28 distinct immune cell subtypes totally, and uncovered differences in the composition and gene expression patterns between AITD patients and controls. The proportions of T CD4+, cNK, ILC3, T CD8+ GZMK+, T CD8+ Cytotoxic and ILC3 CD3E - cells were increased, and CD366+ uNK1 was decreased in AITD+ patients. And the abnormal expression of GNLY and chemokines was observed in AITD patients. In addition, uNK and T CD8+ Cytotoxic cells showed lower cytotoxicity but activation of immune response. Genes enriched in cell adhesion of ILC3 and Tregs were downregulated, while the number of ILC3 and Tregs were increased. Conclusion Immune imbalance exists in endometrium during WOI, which may impact embryo implantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jilai Xie
- Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Department of Reproductive Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Aiyuan Gu
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huangyi He
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiaohang Zhao
- Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Department of Reproductive Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ya Yu
- Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Department of Reproductive Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Department of Reproductive Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhangliang Cheng
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Department of Reproductive Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Department of Reproductive Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Neuroscience and Developmental Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Min Jin
- Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Department of Reproductive Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hou MM, Barrett JR, Themistocleous Y, Rawlinson TA, Diouf A, Martinez FJ, Nielsen CM, Lias AM, King LDW, Edwards NJ, Greenwood NM, Kingham L, Poulton ID, Khozoee B, Goh C, Hodgson SH, Mac Lochlainn DJ, Salkeld J, Guillotte-Blisnick M, Huon C, Mohring F, Reimer JM, Chauhan VS, Mukherjee P, Biswas S, Taylor IJ, Lawrie AM, Cho JS, Nugent FL, Long CA, Moon RW, Miura K, Silk SE, Chitnis CE, Minassian AM, Draper SJ. Vaccination with Plasmodium vivax Duffy-binding protein inhibits parasite growth during controlled human malaria infection. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadf1782. [PMID: 37437014 PMCID: PMC7615121 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adf1782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
There are no licensed vaccines against Plasmodium vivax. We conducted two phase 1/2a clinical trials to assess two vaccines targeting P. vivax Duffy-binding protein region II (PvDBPII). Recombinant viral vaccines using chimpanzee adenovirus 63 (ChAd63) and modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vectors as well as a protein and adjuvant formulation (PvDBPII/Matrix-M) were tested in both a standard and a delayed dosing regimen. Volunteers underwent controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) after their last vaccination, alongside unvaccinated controls. Efficacy was assessed by comparisons of parasite multiplication rates in the blood. PvDBPII/Matrix-M, given in a delayed dosing regimen, elicited the highest antibody responses and reduced the mean parasite multiplication rate after CHMI by 51% (n = 6) compared with unvaccinated controls (n = 13), whereas no other vaccine or regimen affected parasite growth. Both viral-vectored and protein vaccines were well tolerated and elicited expected, short-lived adverse events. Together, these results support further clinical evaluation of the PvDBPII/Matrix-M P. vivax vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mimi M Hou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Jordan R Barrett
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | | | | | - Ababacar Diouf
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Francisco J Martinez
- Unité de Biologie de Plasmodium et Vaccins, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Carolyn M Nielsen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Amelia M Lias
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Lloyd D W King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Nick J Edwards
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | - Lucy Kingham
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Ian D Poulton
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | - Cyndi Goh
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Susanne H Hodgson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Dylan J Mac Lochlainn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Jo Salkeld
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Micheline Guillotte-Blisnick
- Unité de Biologie de Plasmodium et Vaccins, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Christèle Huon
- Unité de Biologie de Plasmodium et Vaccins, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Franziska Mohring
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | | | - Virander S Chauhan
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sumi Biswas
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Iona J Taylor
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | - Jee-Sun Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Fay L Nugent
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Carole A Long
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Robert W Moon
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Kazutoyo Miura
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Sarah E Silk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Chetan E Chitnis
- Unité de Biologie de Plasmodium et Vaccins, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Angela M Minassian
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon J Draper
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ezema CA, Okagu IU, Ezeorba TPC. Escaping the enemy's bullets: an update on how malaria parasites evade host immune response. Parasitol Res 2023:10.1007/s00436-023-07868-6. [PMID: 37219610 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07868-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Malaria continues to cause untold hardship to inhabitants of malaria-endemic regions, causing significant morbidity and mortality that severely impact global health and the economy. Considering the complex life cycle of malaria parasites (MPs) and malaria biology, continued research efforts are ongoing to improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of the diseases. Female Anopheles mosquito injects MPs into its hosts during a blood meal, and MPs invade the host skin and the hepatocytes without causing any serious symptoms. Symptomatic infections occur only during the erythrocytic stage. In most cases, the host's innate immunity (for malaria-naïve individuals) and adaptive immunity (for pre-exposed individuals) mount severe attacks and destroy most MPs. It is increasingly understood that MPs have developed several mechanisms to escape from the host's immune destruction. This review presents recent knowledge on how the host's immune system destroys invading MPs as well as MPs survival or host immune evasion mechanisms. On the invasion of host cells, MPs release molecules that bind to cell surface receptors to reprogram the host in a way to lose the capacity to destroy them. MPs also hide from the host immune cells by inducing the clustering of both infected and uninfected erythrocytes (rosettes), as well as inducing endothelial activation. We hope this review will inspire more research to provide a complete understanding of malaria biology and promote interventions to eradicate the notorious disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chinonso Anthony Ezema
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria
- Division of Soft Matter, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Innocent Uzochukwu Okagu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria
| | - Timothy Prince Chidike Ezeorba
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria.
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria.
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Novel approaches to preventing phagosomal infections: timing is key. Trends Immunol 2023; 44:22-31. [PMID: 36494273 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prophylactic vaccination strategies designed to prevent diseases caused by pathogens using the phagolysosome of innate immune cells as a site of intracellular replication and survival have been largely ineffective. These include Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), Leishmania spp., and Cryptococcus spp. These failed strategies have traditionally targeted CD4+ T helper (Th) 1 cell-mediated immune memory, deeming it crucial for vaccine efficacy. This failure warrants an investigation of alternative mediators of protection. Here, we suggest three novel approaches to activate phagocytic cells prior to or at the time of infection. We hypothesize that preventing the formation of the pathogen niche within the phagolysosome is essential for preventing disease, and a greater emphasis on the timing of phagocyte activation should generate more effective prophylactic treatment options.
Collapse
|
16
|
Use of the Human Granulysin Transgenic Mice To Evaluate the Role of Granulysin Expression by CD8 T Cells in Immunity To Mycobacterium tuberculosis. mBio 2022; 13:e0302022. [PMID: 36409085 PMCID: PMC9765553 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03020-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytotoxic granules of human NK and CD8 T cells contain the effector molecule granulysin. Although in vitro studies indicate that granulysin is bactericidal to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and human CD8 T cells restrict intracellular M. tuberculosis by granule exocytosis, the role of granulysin in cell-mediated immunity against infection is incompletely understood, in part because a granulysin gene ortholog is absent in mice. Transgenic mice that express human granulysin (GNLY-Tg) under the control of human regulatory DNA sequences permit the study of granulysin in vivo. We assessed whether granulysin expression by murine CD8 T cells enhances their control of M. tuberculosis infection. GNLY-Tg mice did not control pulmonary M. tuberculosis infection better than non-Tg control mice, and purified GNLY-Tg and non-Tg CD8 T cells had a similar ability to transfer protection to T cell deficient mice. Lung CD8 T cells from infected control and GNLY-transgenic mice similarly controlled intracellular M. tuberculosis growth in macrophages in vitro. Importantly, after M. tuberculosis infection of GNLY-Tg mice, granulysin was detected in NK cells but not in CD8 T cells. Only after prolonged in vitro stimulation could granulysin expression be detected in antigen-specific CD8 T cells. GNLY-Tg mice are an imperfect model to determine whether granulysin expression by CD8 T cells enhances immunity against M. tuberculosis. Better models expressing granulysin are needed to explore the role of this antimicrobial effector molecule in vivo. IMPORTANCE Human CD8 T cells express the antimicrobial peptide granulysin in their cytotoxic granules, and in vitro analysis suggest that it restricts growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other intracellular pathogens. The murine model of tuberculosis cannot assess granulysin's role in vivo, as rodents lack the granulysin gene. A long-held hypothesis is that murine CD8 T cells inefficiently control M. tuberculosis infection because they lack granulysin. We used human granulysin transgenic (GNLY-Tg) mice to test this hypothesis. GNLY-Tg mice did not differ in their susceptibility to tuberculosis. However, granulysin expression by pulmonary CD8 T cells could not be detected after M. tuberculosis infection. As the pattern of granulysin expression in human CD8 T cells and GNLY-Tg mice seem to differ, GNLY-Tg mice are an imperfect model to study the role of granulysin. An improved model is needed to answer the importance of granulysin expression by CD8 T cells in different diseases.
Collapse
|
17
|
Sun Y, Shi X, Lu F, Fu H, Yin Y, Xu J, Jin C, Han ET, Huang X, Chen Y, Dong C, Cheng Y. Vesicular stomatitis virus-based vaccine targeting plasmodium blood-stage antigens elicits immune response and protects against malaria with protein booster strategy. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1042414. [PMID: 36504817 PMCID: PMC9731671 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1042414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Merozoite invasion of the erythrocytes in humans is a key step in the pathogenesis of malaria. The proteins involved in the merozoite invasion could be potential targets for the development of malaria vaccines. Novel viral-vector-based malaria vaccine regimens developed are currently under clinical trials. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a single-stranded negative-strand RNA virus widely used as a vector for virus or cancer vaccines. Whether the VSV-based malarial vaccine is more effective than conventional vaccines based on proteins involved in parasitic invasion is still unclear. In this study, we have used the reverse genetics system to construct recombinant VSVs (rVSVs) expressing apical membrane protein 1 (AMA1), rhoptry neck protein 2 (RON2), and reticulocyte-binding protein homolog 5 (RH5), which are required for Plasmodium falciparum invasion. Our results showed that VSV-based viral vaccines significantly increased Plasmodium-specific IgG levels and lymphocyte proliferation. Also, VSV-PyAMA1 and VSV-PyRON2sp prime-boost regimens could significantly increase the levels of IL-2 and IFN-γ-producing by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and suppress invasion in vitro. The rVSV prime-protein boost regimen significantly increase Plasmodium antigen-specific IgG levels in the serum of mice compared to the homologous rVSV prime-boost. Furthermore, the protective efficacy of rVSV prime protein boost immunization in the mice challenged with P. yoelii 17XL was better compared to traditional antigen immunization. Together, our results show that VSV vector is a novel strategy for malarial vaccine development and preventing the parasitic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China,Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaodan Shi
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng Lu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Haitian Fu
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Yin
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Xu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Jin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Eun-taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, South Korea
| | - Xuan Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongquan Chen
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunsheng Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China,*Correspondence: Chunsheng Dong,
| | - Yang Cheng
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China,Yang Cheng,
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sterile protection against relapsing malaria with a single-shot vaccine. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:126. [PMID: 36302860 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00555-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine development for Plasmodium vivax, an important human relapsing malaria, is lagging behind. In the case of the most deadly human malaria P. falciparum, unprecedented high levels of protection have been obtained by immunization with live sporozoites under accompanying chemoprophylaxis, which prevents the onset of blood-stage malaria. Such an approach has not been fully evaluated for relapsing malaria. Here, in the P. cynomolgi-rhesus macaque model for relapsing malaria, we employ the parasites' natural relapsing phenotype to self-boost the immune response against liver-stage parasites, following a single-shot high-dose live sporozoite vaccination. This approach resulted in sterile protection against homologous sporozoite challenge in three out of four animals in the group that was also exposed for several days to blood stages during primary infection and relapses. One out of four animals in the group that received continuous chemoprophylaxis to abort blood-stage exposure was also protected from sporozoite challenge. Although obtained in a small number of animals as part of a Proof-of-Concept study, these results suggest that limited blood-stage parasite exposure may augment protection in this model. We anticipate our data are a starting point for further research into correlates of protection and extrapolation of the single-shot approach to develop efficacious malaria vaccines against relapsing human malaria.
Collapse
|
19
|
Leong YW, Russell B, Malleret B, Rénia L. Erythrocyte tropism of malarial parasites: The reticulocyte appeal. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1022828. [PMID: 36386653 PMCID: PMC9643692 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1022828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Erythrocytes are formed from the enucleation of erythroblasts in the bone marrow, and as erythrocytes develop from immature reticulocytes into mature normocytes, they undergo extensive cellular changes through their passage in the blood. During the blood stage of the malarial parasite life cycle, the parasite sense and invade susceptible erythrocytes. However, different parasite species display varying erythrocyte tropisms (i.e., preference for either reticulocytes or normocytes). In this review, we explore the erythrocyte tropism of malarial parasites, especially their predilection to invade reticulocytes, as shown from recent studies. We also discuss possible mechanisms mediating erythrocyte tropism and the implications of specific tropisms to disease pathophysiology. Understanding these allows better insight into the role of reticulocytes in malaria and provides opportunities for targeted interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yew Wai Leong
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bruce Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Benoit Malleret
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Immunology Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Laurent Rénia
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ibraheem Y, Bayarsaikhan G, Inoue SI. Host immunity to Plasmodium infection: Contribution of Plasmodium berghei to our understanding of T cell-related immune response to blood-stage malaria. Parasitol Int 2022; 92:102646. [PMID: 35998816 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by infection with Plasmodium parasites. The goal of developing an effective malaria vaccine is yet to be reached despite decades of massive research efforts. CD4+ helper T cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, and γδ T cells are associated with immune responses to both liver-stage and blood-stage Plasmodium infection. The immune responses of T cell-lineages to Plasmodium infection are associated with both protection and immunopathology. Studies with mouse model of malaria contribute to our understanding of host immune response. In this paper, we focus primarily on mouse malaria model with blood-stage Plasmodium berghei infection and review our knowledge of T cell immune responses against Plasmodium infection. Moreover, we also discuss findings of experimental human studies. Uncovering the precise mechanisms of T cell-mediated immunity to Plasmodium infection can be accomplished through further investigations using mouse models of malaria with rodent Plasmodium parasites. Those findings would be invaluable to advance the efforts for development of an effective malaria vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yarob Ibraheem
- Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-city, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Ganchimeg Bayarsaikhan
- Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-city, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Inoue
- Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-city, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Brandi J, Riehn M, Hadjilaou A, Jacobs T. Increased Expression of Multiple Co-Inhibitory Molecules on Malaria-Induced CD8 + T Cells Are Associated With Increased Function Instead of Exhaustion. Front Immunol 2022; 13:878320. [PMID: 35874786 PMCID: PMC9301332 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.878320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated cytotoxic CD8+ T cells can selectively kill target cells in an antigen-specific manner. However, their prolonged activation often has detrimental effects on tissue homeostasis and function. Indeed, overwhelming cytotoxic activity of CD8+ T cells can drive immunopathology, and therefore, the extent and duration of CD8+ T cell effector function needs to be tightly regulated. One way to regulate CD8+ T cell function is their suppression through engagement of co-inhibitory molecules to their cognate ligands (e.g., LAG-3, PD-1, TIM-3, TIGIT and CTLA-4). During chronic antigen exposure, the expression of co-inhibitory molecules is associated with a loss of T cell function, termed T cell exhaustion and blockade of co-inhibitory pathways often restores T cell function. We addressed the effect of co-inhibitory molecule expression on CD8+ T cell function during acute antigen exposure using experimental malaria. To this end, we infected OT-I mice with a transgenic P. berghei ANKA strain that expresses ovalbumin (PbTG), which enables the characterization of antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses. We then compared antigen-specific CD8+ T cell populations expressing different levels of the co-inhibitory molecules. High expression of LAG-3 correlated with high expression of PD-1, TIGIT, TIM-3 and CTLA-4. Contrary to what has been described during chronic antigen exposure, antigen-specific CD8+ T cells with the highest expression of LAG-3 appeared to be fully functional during acute malaria. We evaluated this by measuring IFN-γ, Granzyme B and Perforin production and confirmed the results by employing a newly developed T cell cytotoxicity assay. We found that LAG-3high CD8+ T cells are more cytotoxic than LAG-3low or activated but LAG-3neg CD8+ T cells. In conclusion, our data imply that expression of co-inhibitory molecules in acute malaria is not necessarily associated with functional exhaustion but may be associated with an overwhelming T cell activation. Taken together, our findings shed new light on the induction of co-inhibitory molecules during acute T cell activation with ramifications for immunomodulatory therapies targeting these molecules in acute infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Brandi
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Riehn
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexandros Hadjilaou
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Jacobs
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Crabtree JN, Caffrey DR, de Souza Silva L, Kurt-Jones EA, Dobbs K, Dent A, Fitzgerald KA, Golenbock DT. Lymphocyte crosstalk is required for monocyte-intrinsic trained immunity to Plasmodium falciparum. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e139298. [PMID: 35642634 PMCID: PMC9151696 DOI: 10.1172/jci139298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) induces trained innate immune responses in vitro, where initial stimulation of adherent PBMCs with P. falciparum-infected RBCs (iRBCs) results in hyperresponsiveness to subsequent ligation of TLR2. This response correlates with the presence of T and B lymphocytes in adherent PBMCs, suggesting that innate immune training is partially due to adaptive immunity. We found that T cell-depleted PBMCs and purified monocytes alone did not elicit hyperproduction of IL-6 and TNF-α under training conditions. Analysis of P. falciparum-trained PBMCs showed that DCs did not develop under control conditions, and IL-6 and TNF-α were primarily produced by monocytes and DCs. Transwell experiments isolating purified monocytes from either PBMCs or purified CD4+ T cells, but allowing diffusion of secreted proteins, enabled monocytes trained with iRBCs to hyperproduce IL-6 and TNF-α after TLR restimulation. Purified monocytes stimulated with IFN-γ hyperproduced IL-6 and TNF-α, whereas blockade of IFN-γ in P. falciparum-trained PBMCs inhibited trained responses. Assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing (ATAC-Seq) on monocytes from patients with malaria showed persistently open chromatin at genes that appeared to be trained in vitro. Together, these findings indicate that the trained immune response of monocytes to P. falciparum is not completely cell intrinsic but depends on soluble signals from lymphocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliet N. Crabtree
- Program in Innate Immunity and
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel R. Caffrey
- Program in Innate Immunity and
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Leandro de Souza Silva
- Program in Innate Immunity and
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Evelyn A. Kurt-Jones
- Program in Innate Immunity and
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Arlene Dent
- Case Western University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Katherine A. Fitzgerald
- Program in Innate Immunity and
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Douglas T. Golenbock
- Program in Innate Immunity and
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hou MM, Barrett JR, Themistocleous Y, Rawlinson TA, Diouf A, Martinez FJ, Nielsen CM, Lias AM, King LDW, Edwards NJ, Greenwood NM, Kingham L, Poulton ID, Khozoee B, Goh C, Mac Lochlainn DJ, Salkeld J, Guilotte-Blisnick M, Huon C, Mohring F, Reimer JM, Chauhan VS, Mukherjee P, Biswas S, Taylor IJ, Lawrie AM, Cho JS, Nugent FL, Long CA, Moon RW, Miura K, Silk SE, Chitnis CE, Minassian AM, Draper SJ. Impact of a blood-stage vaccine on Plasmodium vivax malaria. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2022:2022.05.27.22275375. [PMID: 35664997 PMCID: PMC9164524 DOI: 10.1101/2022.05.27.22275375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background There are no licensed vaccines against Plasmodium vivax , the most common cause of malaria outside of Africa. Methods We conducted two Phase I/IIa clinical trials to assess the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of two vaccines targeting region II of P. vivax Duffy-binding protein (PvDBPII). Recombinant viral vaccines (using ChAd63 and MVA vectors) were administered at 0, 2 months or in a delayed dosing regimen (0, 17, 19 months), whilst a protein/adjuvant formulation (PvDBPII/Matrix-M™) was administered monthly (0, 1, 2 months) or in a delayed dosing regimen (0, 1, 14 months). Delayed regimens were due to trial halts during the COVID-19 pandemic. Volunteers underwent heterologous controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) with blood-stage P. vivax parasites at 2-4 weeks following their last vaccination, alongside unvaccinated controls. Efficacy was assessed by comparison of parasite multiplication rate (PMR) in blood post-CHMI, modelled from parasitemia measured by quantitative polymerase-chain-reaction (qPCR). Results Thirty-two volunteers were enrolled and vaccinated (n=16 for each vaccine). No safety concerns were identified. PvDBPII/Matrix-M™, given in the delayed dosing regimen, elicited the highest antibody responses and reduced the mean PMR following CHMI by 51% (range 36-66%; n=6) compared to unvaccinated controls (n=13). No other vaccine or regimen impacted parasite growth. In vivo growth inhibition of blood-stage P. vivax correlated with functional antibody readouts of vaccine immunogenicity. Conclusions Vaccination of malaria-naïve adults with a delayed booster regimen of PvDBPII/ Matrix-M™ significantly reduces the growth of blood-stage P. vivax . Funded by the European Commission and Wellcome Trust; VAC069, VAC071 and VAC079 ClinicalTrials.gov numbers NCT03797989 , NCT04009096 and NCT04201431 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mimi M Hou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Jordan R Barrett
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | | | - Ababacar Diouf
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Francisco J Martinez
- Unité de Biologie de Plasmodium et Vaccins, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Carolyn M Nielsen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Amelia M Lias
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Lloyd D W King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Nick J Edwards
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | - Lucy Kingham
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Ian D Poulton
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Baktash Khozoee
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Cyndi Goh
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Dylan J Mac Lochlainn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Jo Salkeld
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Micheline Guilotte-Blisnick
- Unité de Biologie de Plasmodium et Vaccins, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Christèle Huon
- Unité de Biologie de Plasmodium et Vaccins, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Franziska Mohring
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | | | - Virander S Chauhan
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sumi Biswas
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Iona J Taylor
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Alison M Lawrie
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Jee-Sun Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Fay L Nugent
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Carole A Long
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Robert W Moon
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Kazutoyo Miura
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Sarah E Silk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Chetan E Chitnis
- Unité de Biologie de Plasmodium et Vaccins, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Angela M Minassian
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Simon J Draper
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Imai T, Ngo-Thanh H, Suzue K, Shimo A, Nakamura A, Horiuchi Y, Hisaeda H, Murakami T. Live Vaccination with Blood-Stage Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL Prevents the Development of Experimental Cerebral Malaria. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10050762. [PMID: 35632518 PMCID: PMC9145751 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10050762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In our work, we aim to develop a malaria vaccine with cross-strain (-species) protection. C57BL/6 mice infected with the P. berghei ANKA strain (PbA) develop experimental cerebral malaria (ECM). In contrast, ECM development is inhibited in infected mice depleted of T cells. The clinical applications of immune-cell depletion are limited due to the benefits of host defense against infectious diseases. Therefore, in the present study we attempted to develop a new method for preventing ECM without immune cell depletion. We demonstrated that mice inoculated with a heterologous live-vaccine of P. yoelii 17XNL were able to prevent both ECM and lung pathology and survived longer than control mice when challenged with PbA. Live vaccination protected blood–organ barriers from PbA infection. Meanwhile, live vaccination conferred sterile protection against homologous challenge with the P. yoelii 17XL virulent strain for the long-term. Analysis of the immune response induced by live vaccination showed that cross-reactive antibodies against PbA antigens were generated. IL-10, which has an immunosuppressive effect, was strongly induced in mice challenged with PbA, unlike the pro-inflammatory cytokine IFNγ. These results suggest that the protective effect of heterologous live vaccination against ECM development results from IL-10-mediated host protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Imai
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Host Defense, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan; (H.N.-T.); (K.S.)
- Department of Microbiology, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan; (A.S.); (A.N.); (Y.H.); (T.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-49-276-1166
| | - Ha Ngo-Thanh
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Host Defense, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan; (H.N.-T.); (K.S.)
- National Hospital for Tropical Disease, 78 Giai Phong, Dong Da, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Kazutomo Suzue
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Host Defense, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan; (H.N.-T.); (K.S.)
| | - Aoi Shimo
- Department of Microbiology, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan; (A.S.); (A.N.); (Y.H.); (T.M.)
| | - Akihiro Nakamura
- Department of Microbiology, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan; (A.S.); (A.N.); (Y.H.); (T.M.)
| | - Yutaka Horiuchi
- Department of Microbiology, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan; (A.S.); (A.N.); (Y.H.); (T.M.)
| | - Hajime Hisaeda
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-0052, Japan;
| | - Takashi Murakami
- Department of Microbiology, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan; (A.S.); (A.N.); (Y.H.); (T.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Identification of hub genes for adult patients with sepsis via RNA sequencing. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5128. [PMID: 35332254 PMCID: PMC8948204 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09175-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To screen out potential prognostic hub genes for adult patients with sepsis via RNA sequencing and construction of a microRNA-mRNA-PPI network and investigate the localization of these hub genes in peripheral blood monocytes. The peripheral blood of 33 subjects was subjected to microRNA and mRNA sequencing using high-throughput sequencing, and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially expressed microRNAs (DEMs) were identified by bioinformatics. Single-cell transcriptome sequencing (10 × Genomics) was further conducted. Among the samples from 23 adult septic patients and 10 healthy individuals, 20,391 genes and 1633 microRNAs were detected by RNA sequencing. In total, 1114 preliminary DEGs and 76 DEMs were obtained using DESeq2, and 454 DEGs were ultimately distinguished. A microRNA-mRNA-PPI network was constructed based on the DEGs and the top 20 DEMs, which included 10 upregulated and 10 downregulated microRNAs. Furthermore, the hub genes TLR5, FCGR1A, ELANE, GNLY, IL2RB and TGFBR3, which may be associated with the prognosis of sepsis, and their negatively correlated microRNAs, were analysed. The genes TLR5, FCGR1A and ELANE were mainly expressed in macrophages, and the genes GNLY, IL2RB and TGFBR3 were expressed specifically in T cells and natural killer cells. Parallel analysis of mRNAs and microRNAs in patients with sepsis was demonstrated to be feasible using RNA-seq. Potential hub genes and microRNAs that may be related to sepsis prognosis were identified, providing new prospects for sepsis treatment. However, further experiments are needed.
Collapse
|
26
|
Kalia I, Anand R, Quadiri A, Bhattacharya S, Sahoo B, Singh AP. Plasmodium berghei-Released Factor, PbTIP, Modulates the Host Innate Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2022; 12:699887. [PMID: 34987497 PMCID: PMC8721568 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.699887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Plasmodium parasite has to cross various immunological barriers for successful infection. Parasites have evolved mechanisms to evade host immune responses, which hugely contributes to the successful infection and transmission by parasites. One way in which a parasite evades immune surveillance is by expressing molecular mimics of the host molecules in order to manipulate the host responses. In this study, we report a Plasmodium berghei hypothetical protein, PbTIP (PbANKA_124360.0), which is a Plasmodium homolog of the human T-cell immunomodulatory protein (TIP). The latter possesses immunomodulatory activities and suppressed the host immune responses in a mouse acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) model. The Plasmodium berghei protein, PbTIP, is expressed on the merozoite surface and exported to the host erythrocyte surface upon infection. It is shed in the blood circulation by the activity of an uncharacterized membrane protease(s). The shed PbTIP could be detected in the host serum during infection. Our results demonstrate that the shed PbTIP exhibits binding on the surface of macrophages and reduces their inflammatory cytokine response while upregulating the anti-inflammatory cytokines such as TGF-β and IL-10. Such manipulated immune responses are observed in the later stage of malaria infection. PbTIP induced Th2-type gene transcript changes in macrophages, hinting toward its potential to regulate the host immune responses against the parasite. Therefore, this study highlights the role of a Plasmodium-released protein, PbTIP, in immune evasion using macrophages, which may represent the critical strategy of the parasite to successfully survive and thrive in its host. This study also indicates the human malaria parasite TIP as a potential diagnostic molecule that could be exploited in lateral flow-based immunochromatographic tests for malaria disease diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inderjeet Kalia
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Anand
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Afshana Quadiri
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Shreya Bhattacharya
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Bijayalaxmi Sahoo
- Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India
| | - Agam Prasad Singh
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Chen S, Gao Y, Fan Y, Guo S, Zhou J, Liu T, Xu W. The Dynamic Change of Immune Responses Between Acute and Recurrence Stages of Rodent Malaria Infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:844975. [PMID: 35250958 PMCID: PMC8891988 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.844975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria infections are persistent as frequent recrudescence of the disease may occur following the acute infection stage, but the different immune responses that control the acute and recrudescence stages are still largely unknown. Using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), we showed that the number of Th1 and plasma cells in the spleen was significantly reduced during the recurrence stage compared to the acute stage of Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS (P. chabaudi) infection. Additionally, the ability of both CD4+ T cell responses and B cells to control P. chabaudi recurrence was significantly reduced compared to their roles in the control of acute infection. In contrast, the number of innate immune cells, including red pulp macrophages (RPMs), gamma delta (γδ) T cells, and Dendritic cells (DCs) were significantly increased during the recurrence stage and showed to be critical for P. chabaudi infection recurrence control. Thus, our data strongly suggest the complementary role of innate immune responses in controlling malaria recrudescence when adaptive immune responses are suppressed. These findings shed new light on the development of immune interventions against malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suilin Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanli Gao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongling Fan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuai Guo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Institute of Immunology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Jian Zhou,
| | - Taiping Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
- Taiping Liu,
| | - Wenyue Xu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
- Wenyue Xu,
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Barbosa CRR, Barton J, Shepherd AJ, Mishto M. Mechanistic diversity in MHC class I antigen recognition. Biochem J 2021; 478:4187-4202. [PMID: 34940832 PMCID: PMC8786304 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Throughout its evolution, the human immune system has developed a plethora of strategies to diversify the antigenic peptide sequences that can be targeted by the CD8+ T cell response against pathogens and aberrations of self. Here we provide a general overview of the mechanisms that lead to the diversity of antigens presented by MHC class I complexes and their recognition by CD8+ T cells, together with a more detailed analysis of recent progress in two important areas that are highly controversial: the prevalence and immunological relevance of unconventional antigen peptides; and cross-recognition of antigenic peptides by the T cell receptors of CD8+ T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camila R. R. Barbosa
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology (CIBCI) & Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, SE1 1UL London, U.K
- Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, U.K
| | - Justin Barton
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, WC1E 7HX London, U.K
| | - Adrian J. Shepherd
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, WC1E 7HX London, U.K
| | - Michele Mishto
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology (CIBCI) & Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, SE1 1UL London, U.K
- Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Li J, Chen H, Chen J, Zhou B, Hou J, Jiang DK. A Missense Variant in Granulysin is Associated with the Efficacy of Pegylated-Interferon-Alpha Therapy in Chinese Patients with HBeAg-Positive Chronic Hepatitis B. Pharmgenomics Pers Med 2021; 14:1505-1515. [PMID: 34848996 PMCID: PMC8627316 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s337962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Granulysin (GNLY) is a cytotoxic granule that has been reported to have various antimicrobial activities. We evaluated the association between a missense variant in GNLY (rs11127) and treatment efficacy of pegylated interferon-alpha (PegIFNα) or nucleos(t)ide analogs (NUCs) in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Patients and Methods We included a total of 1823 patients with hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive CHB (954 patients treated with PegIFNα and 869 patients treated with NUCs) in four Phase IV multicenter randomized controlled trials. The association of the GNLY rs11127 genotype with the combined response (CR), defined as HBeAg seroconversion and hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA level <2000 IU/mL was evaluated. A polygenic score (PGS) was constructed to evaluate the cumulative effect of multiple single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including rs11127 and several other SNPs, STAT4 rs7574865, CFB rs12614, and CD55 rs28371597, which were reported to be associated with CR. Results GNLY rs11127 was significantly associated with CR in patients treated with PegIFNα. The CR rate in patients with the rs11127 CC genotype was higher than that with the CT or TT genotype (40.98% vs 30.34% or 27.09%, P = 0.003). Furthermore, a PGS integrating GNLY rs11127 and three other SNPs was significantly associated with CR in PegIFNα-treated patients (P < 0.001). However, no significant correlation was found between GNLY rs11127 and CR in NUCs-treated patients. Conclusion GNLY rs11127 is an independent biomarker for predicting the response to PegIFNα therapy in HBeAg-positive CHB patients. Furthermore, the PGS, including GNLY rs11127, provides new insights for individualized treatment in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Guangdong Institute of Liver Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology Unit, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Haitao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Guangdong Institute of Liver Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology Unit, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Guangdong Institute of Liver Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology Unit, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Guangdong Institute of Liver Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology Unit, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinlin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Guangdong Institute of Liver Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology Unit, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Ke Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Guangdong Institute of Liver Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology Unit, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Peptides of H. sapiens and P. falciparum that are predicted to bind strongly to HLA-A*24:02 and homologous to a SARS-CoV-2 peptide. Acta Trop 2021; 221:106013. [PMID: 34146538 PMCID: PMC8255030 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study is looking for a common pathogenicity between SARS-CoV-2 and Plasmodium species, in individuals with certain HLA serotypes. METHODS 1. Tblastx searches of SARS-CoV-2 are performed by limiting searches to five Plasmodium species that infect humans. 2. Aligned sequences in the respective organisms' proteomes are searched with blastp. 3. Binding predictions of the identified SARS-CoV-2 peptide to HLA supertype representatives are performed. 4. Blastp searches of predicted epitopes that bind strongly to the identified HLA allele are performed by limiting searches to H. sapiens and Plasmodium species, separately. 5. Peptides with minimum 60% identity to the predicted epitopes are found in results. 6. Peptides among those, which bind strongly to the same HLA allele, are predicted. 7. Step-4 is repeated by limiting searches to H. sapiens, followed by the remaining steps until step-7, for peptides sourced by Plasmodium species after step-6. RESULTS SARS-CoV-2 peptide with single letter amino acid code CFLGYFCTCYFGLFC has the highest identity to P. vivax. Its YFCTCYFGLF part is predicted to bind strongly to HLA-A*24:02. Peptides in the human proteome both homologous to YFCTCYFGLF and with a strong binding affinity to HLA-A*24:02 are YYCARRFGLF, YYCHCPFGVF, and YYCQQYFFLF. Such peptides in the Plasmodium species' proteomes are FFYTFYFELF, YFVACLFILF, and YFPTITFHLF. The first one belonging to P. falciparum has a homologous peptide (YFYLFSLELF) in the human proteome, which also has a strong binding affinity to the same HLA allele. CONCLUSION Immune responses to the identified-peptides with similar sequences and strong binding affinities to HLA-A*24:02 can be related to autoimmune response risk in individuals with HLA-A*24:02 serotypes, upon getting infected with SARS-CoV-2 or P. falciparum.
Collapse
|
31
|
Soeiro MDNC, Vergoten G, Bailly C. Mechanism of action of glycyrrhizin against Plasmodium falciparum. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2021; 116:e210084. [PMID: 34431854 PMCID: PMC8384254 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760210084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracts of the plant Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) are used in traditional medicine to treat malaria. The main active components are the saponin glycyrrhizin (GLR) and its active metabolite glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) which both display activities against Plasmodium falciparum. We have identified three main mechanisms at the origin of their anti-plasmodial activity: (i) drug-induced disorganisation of membrane lipid rafts, (ii) blockade of the alarmin protein HMGB1 and (iii) potential inhibition of the detoxifying enzyme glyoxalase 1 (GLO-1) considered as an important drug target for malaria. Our analysis shed light on the mechanism of action of GLR against P. falciparum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gérard Vergoten
- University of Lille, Inserm, Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol, Faculté de Pharmacie, Lille, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Djokic V, Rocha SC, Parveen N. Lessons Learned for Pathogenesis, Immunology, and Disease of Erythrocytic Parasites: Plasmodium and Babesia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:685239. [PMID: 34414129 PMCID: PMC8369351 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.685239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria caused by Plasmodium species and transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes affects large human populations, while Ixodes ticks transmit Babesia species and cause babesiosis. Babesiosis in animals has been known as an economic drain, and human disease has also emerged as a serious healthcare problem in the last 20–30 years. There is limited literature available regarding pathogenesis, immunity, and disease caused by Babesia spp. with their genomes sequenced only in the last decade. Therefore, using previous studies on Plasmodium as the foundation, we have compared similarities and differences in the pathogenesis of Babesia and host immune responses. Sexual life cycles of these two hemoparasites in their respective vectors are quite similar. An adult Anopheles female can take blood meal several times in its life such that it can both acquire and transmit Plasmodia to hosts. Since each tick stage takes blood meal only once, transstadial horizontal transmission from larva to nymph or nymph to adult is essential for the release of Babesia into the host. The initiation of the asexual cycle of these parasites is different because Plasmodium sporozoites need to infect hepatocytes before egressed merozoites can infect erythrocytes, while Babesia sporozoites are known to enter the erythrocytic cycle directly. Plasmodium metabolism, as determined by its two- to threefold larger genome than different Babesia, is more complex. Plasmodium replication occurs in parasitophorous vacuole (PV) within the host cells, and a relatively large number of merozoites are released from each infected RBC after schizogony. The Babesia erythrocytic cycle lacks both PV and schizogony. Cytoadherence that allows the sequestration of Plasmodia, primarily P. falciparum in different organs facilitated by prominent adhesins, has not been documented for Babesia yet. Inflammatory immune responses contribute to the severity of malaria and babesiosis. Antibodies appear to play only a minor role in the resolution of these diseases; however, cellular and innate immunity are critical for the clearance of both pathogens. Inflammatory immune responses affect the severity of both diseases. Macrophages facilitate the resolution of both infections and also offer cross-protection against related protozoa. Although the immunosuppression of adaptive immune responses by these parasites does not seem to affect their own clearance, it significantly exacerbates diseases caused by coinfecting bacteria during coinfections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vitomir Djokic
- Department for Bacterial Zoonozes, Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, UPEC, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sandra C Rocha
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Nikhat Parveen
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Leong YW, Lee EQH, Rénia L, Malleret B. Rodent Malaria Erythrocyte Preference Assessment by an Ex Vivo Tropism Assay. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:680136. [PMID: 34322397 PMCID: PMC8311856 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.680136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating red blood cells consist of young erythrocytes (early and late reticulocytes) and mature erythrocytes (normocytes). The human malaria parasites, Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax, have a preference to invade reticulocytes during blood-stage infection. Rodent malaria parasites that also prefer reticulocytes could be useful tools to study human malaria reticulocyte invasion. However, previous tropism studies of rodent malaria are inconsistent from one another, making it difficult to compare cell preference of different parasite species and strains. In vivo measurements of cell tropism are also subjected to many confounding factors. Here we developed an ex vivo tropism assay for rodent malaria with highly purified fractions of murine reticulocytes and normocytes. We measured invasion into the different erythrocyte populations using flow cytometry and evaluated the tropism index of the parasite strains. We found that P. berghei ANKA displayed the strongest reticulocyte preference, followed by P. yoelii 17X1.1, whereas P. chabaudi AS and P. vinckei S67 showed mixed tropism. These preferences are intrinsic and were maintained at different reticulocyte and normocyte availabilities. Our study shed light on the true erythrocyte preference of the parasites and paves the way for future investigations on the receptor-ligand interactions mediating erythrocyte tropism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yew Wai Leong
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research Infectious Diseases Laboratories (A*STAR ID Labs), Immunos, Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos, Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Immunology Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Erica Qian Hui Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Immunology Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Laurent Rénia
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research Infectious Diseases Laboratories (A*STAR ID Labs), Immunos, Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos, Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Benoit Malleret
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos, Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Immunology Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kotraiah V, Phares TW, Terry FE, Hindocha P, Silk SE, Nielsen CM, Moise L, Tucker KD, Ashfield R, Martin WD, De Groot AS, Draper SJ, Gutierrez GM, Noe AR. Identification and Immune Assessment of T Cell Epitopes in Five Plasmodium falciparum Blood Stage Antigens to Facilitate Vaccine Candidate Selection and Optimization. Front Immunol 2021; 12:690348. [PMID: 34305923 PMCID: PMC8294059 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.690348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The hurdles to effective blood stage malaria vaccine design include immune evasion tactics used by the parasite such as redundant invasion pathways and antigen variation among circulating parasite strains. While blood stage malaria vaccine development primarily focuses on eliciting optimal humoral responses capable of blocking erythrocyte invasion, clinically-tested Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) vaccines have not elicited sterile protection, in part due to the dramatically high levels of antibody needed. Recent development efforts with non-redundant, conserved blood stage antigens suggest both high antibody titer and rapid antibody binding kinetics are important efficacy factors. Based on the central role of helper CD4 T cells in development of strong, protective immune responses, we systematically analyzed the class II epitope content in five leading Pf blood stage antigens (RH5, CyRPA, RIPR, AMA1 and EBA175) using in silico, in vitro, and ex vivo methodologies. We employed in silico T cell epitope analysis to enable identification of 67 HLA-restricted class II epitope clusters predicted to bind a panel of nine HLA-DRB1 alleles. We assessed a subset of these for HLA-DRB1 allele binding in vitro, to verify the in silico predictions. All clusters assessed (40 clusters represented by 46 peptides) bound at least two HLA-DR alleles in vitro. The overall epitope prediction to in vitro HLA-DRB1 allele binding accuracy was 71%. Utilizing the set of RH5 class II epitope clusters (10 clusters represented by 12 peptides), we assessed stimulation of T cells collected from HLA-matched RH5 vaccinees using an IFN-γ T cell recall assay. All clusters demonstrated positive recall responses, with the highest responses – by percentage of responders and response magnitude – associated with clusters located in the N-terminal region of RH5. Finally, a statistically significant correlation between in silico epitope predictions and ex vivo IFN-γ recall response was found when accounting for HLA-DR matches between the epitope predictions and donor HLA phenotypes. This is the first comprehensive analysis of class II epitope content in RH5, CyRPA, RIPR, AMA1 and EBA175 accompanied by in vitro HLA binding validation for all five proteins and ex vivo T cell response confirmation for RH5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sarah E Silk
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Rebecca Ashfield
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anne S De Groot
- EpiVax Inc., Providence, RI, United States.,Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Simon J Draper
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Amy R Noe
- Leidos Life Sciences, Leidos Inc., Frederick, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Cai J, Chen S, Zhu F, Lu X, Liu T, Xu W. Whole-Killed Blood-Stage Vaccine: Is It Worthwhile to Further Develop It to Control Malaria? Front Microbiol 2021; 12:670775. [PMID: 33995336 PMCID: PMC8119638 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.670775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Major challenges have been encountered regarding the development of highly efficient subunit malaria vaccines, and so whole-parasite vaccines have regained attention in recent years. The whole-killed blood-stage vaccine (WKV) is advantageous as it can be easily manufactured and efficiently induced protective immunity against a blood-stage challenge, as well as inducing cross-stage protection against both the liver and sexual-stages. However, it necessitates a high dose of parasitized red blood cell (pRBC) lysate for immunization, and this raises concerns regarding its safety and low immunogenicity. Knowledge of the major components of WKV that can induce or evade the host immune response, and the development of appropriate human-compatible adjuvants will greatly help to optimize the WKV. Therefore, we argue that the further development of the WKV is worthwhile to control and potentially eradicate malaria worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Cai
- College of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Suilin Chen
- College of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- College of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao Lu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Taiping Liu
- College of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenyue Xu
- College of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Pirahmadi S, Zakeri S, Djadid ND, Mehrizi AA. A review of combination adjuvants for malaria vaccines: a promising approach for vaccine development. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:699-717. [PMID: 33798560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
It is obvious that there is a critical need for an efficient malaria vaccine to accelerate malaria eradication. Currently, recombinant subunit vaccination against malaria using proteins and peptides is gaining attention. However, one of the major drawbacks of this approach is the lack of an efficient and durable immune response. Therefore, subunit vaccines require adjuvants to make the vaccine sufficiently immunogenic. Considering the history of the RTS,S vaccine, it seems likely that no single adjuvant is capable of eliciting all the protective immune responses required in many malarial subunit vaccines and the use of combination adjuvants will be increasingly important as the science of malaria vaccines advances. In light of this, it appears that identifying the most effective mixture of adjuvants with minimal adverse effects offers tremendous opportunities in improving the efficacy of vaccines against malaria. Owing to the importance of a multi-adjuvanted approach in subunit malaria vaccine development, this review paper outlines some of the best known combination adjuvants used in malaria subunit vaccines, focusing on their proposed mechanisms of action, their immunological properties, and their notable results. The aim of the present review is to consolidate these findings to aid the application of these combination adjuvants in experimental malaria vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sakineh Pirahmadi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Zakeri
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Navid D Djadid
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram A Mehrizi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
γδ T cells suppress Plasmodium falciparum blood-stage infection by direct killing and phagocytosis. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:347-357. [PMID: 33432229 PMCID: PMC7906917 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-00847-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Activated Vγ9Vδ2 (γδ2) T lymphocytes that sense parasite-produced phosphoantigens are expanded in Plasmodium falciparum-infected patients. Although previous studies suggested that γδ2 T cells help control erythrocytic malaria, whether γδ2 T cells recognize infected red blood cells (iRBCs) was uncertain. Here we show that iRBCs stained for the phosphoantigen sensor butyrophilin 3A1 (BTN3A1). γδ2 T cells formed immune synapses and lysed iRBCs in a contact, phosphoantigen, BTN3A1 and degranulation-dependent manner, killing intracellular parasites. Granulysin released into the synapse lysed iRBCs and delivered death-inducing granzymes to the parasite. All intra-erythrocytic parasites were susceptible, but schizonts were most sensitive. A second protective γδ2 T cell mechanism was identified. In the presence of patient serum, γδ2 T cells phagocytosed and degraded opsonized iRBCs in a CD16-dependent manner, decreasing parasite multiplication. Thus, γδ2 T cells have two ways to control blood-stage malaria-γδ T cell antigen receptor (TCR)-mediated degranulation and phagocytosis of antibody-coated iRBCs.
Collapse
|
38
|
Gualdrón-López M, Díaz-Varela M, Toda H, Aparici-Herraiz I, Pedró-Cos L, Lauzurica R, Lacerda MVG, Fernández-Sanmartín MA, Fernandez-Becerra C, Del Portillo HA. Multiparameter Flow Cytometry Analysis of the Human Spleen Applied to Studies of Plasma-Derived EVs From Plasmodium vivax Patients. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:596104. [PMID: 33732657 PMCID: PMC7957050 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.596104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The spleen is a secondary lymphoid organ with multiple functions including the removal of senescent red blood cells and the coordination of immune responses against blood-borne pathogens, such as malaria parasites. Despite the major role of the spleen, the study of its function in humans is limited by ethical implications to access human tissues. Here, we employed multiparameter flow cytometry combined with cell purification techniques to determine human spleen cell populations from transplantation donors. Spleen immuno-phenotyping showed that CD45+ cells included B (30%), CD4+ T (16%), CD8+ T (10%), NK (6%) and NKT (2%) lymphocytes. Myeloid cells comprised neutrophils (16%), monocytes (2%) and DCs (0.3%). Erythrocytes represented 70%, reticulocytes 0.7% and hematopoietic stem cells 0.02%. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound nanoparticles involved in intercellular communication and secreted by almost all cell types. EVs play several roles in malaria that range from modulation of immune responses to vascular alterations. To investigate interactions of plasma-derived EVs from Plasmodium vivax infected patients (PvEVs) with human spleen cells, we used size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) to separate EVs from the bulk of soluble plasma proteins and stained isolated EVs with fluorescent lipophilic dyes. The integrated cellular analysis of the human spleen and the methodology employed here allowed in vitro interaction studies of human spleen cells and EVs that showed an increased proportion of T cells (CD4+ 3 fold and CD8+ 4 fold), monocytes (1.51 fold), B cells (2.3 fold) and erythrocytes (3 fold) interacting with PvEVs as compared to plasma-derived EVs from healthy volunteers (hEVs). Future functional studies of these interactions can contribute to unveil pathophysiological processes involving the spleen in vivax malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melisa Gualdrón-López
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clinic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,IGTP: Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Haruka Toda
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clinic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Laura Pedró-Cos
- IGTP: Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ricardo Lauzurica
- Nephrology Service, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
| | - Marcus V G Lacerda
- Fundaçao de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil.,Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane (ILMD), Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Carmen Fernandez-Becerra
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clinic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,IGTP: Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hernando A Del Portillo
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clinic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,IGTP: Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,ICREA: Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Furtado R, Chorro L, Zimmerman N, Guillen E, Spaulding E, Chin SS, Daily JP, Lauvau G. Blockade of LAG-3 in PD-L1-Deficient Mice Enhances Clearance of Blood Stage Malaria Independent of Humoral Responses. Front Immunol 2021; 11:576743. [PMID: 33519801 PMCID: PMC7840658 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.576743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells expressing high levels of inhibitory receptors such as PD-1 and LAG-3 are a hallmark of chronic infections and cancer. Checkpoint blockade therapies targeting these receptors have been largely validated as promising strategies to restore exhausted T cell functions and clearance of chronic infections and tumors. The inability to develop long-term natural immunity in malaria-infected patients has been proposed to be at least partially accounted for by sustained expression of high levels of inhibitory receptors on T and B lymphocytes. While blockade or lack of PD-1/PD-L1 and/or LAG-3 was reported to promote better clearance of Plasmodium parasites in various mouse models, how exactly blockade of these pathways contributes to enhanced protection is not known. Herein, using the mouse model of non-lethal P. yoelii (Py) infection, we reveal that the kinetics of blood parasitemia as well as CD4+ T follicular helper (TFH) and germinal center (GC) B cell responses are indistinguishable between PD-1-/-, PD-L1-/- and WT mice. Yet, we also report that monoclonal antibody (mAb) blockade of LAG-3 in PD-L1-/- mice promotes accelerated control of blood parasite growth and clearance, consistent with prior therapeutic blockade experiments. However, neither CD4+ TFH and GC B cell responses, nor parasite-specific Ab serum titers and capacity to transfer protection differed. We also found that i) the majority of LAG-3+ cells are T cells, ii) selective depletion of CD4+ but not CD8+ T cells prevents anti-LAG-3-mediated protection, and iii) production of effector cytokines by CD4+ T cells is increased in anti-LAG-3-treated versus control mice. Thus, taken together, these results are consistent with a model in which blockade and/or deficiency of PD-L1 and LAG-3 on parasite-specific CD4+ T cells unleashes their ability to effectively clear blood parasites, independently from humoral responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Furtado
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Laurent Chorro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Natalie Zimmerman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Erik Guillen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Emily Spaulding
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Shu Shien Chin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Johanna P Daily
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Grégoire Lauvau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ferluga J, Singh I, Rout S, Al-Qahtani A, Yasmin H, Kishore U. Immune Responses in Malaria and Vaccine Strategies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1313:273-291. [PMID: 34661899 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67452-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a pandemic with nearly half of global population at risk, caused by parasite Plasmodium species, particularly P. falciparum with a high morbidity and mortality, especially among children. There is an urgent need for development of population protective vaccines, such as in sub-Saharan low-income countries, where P. falciparum malaria is endemic. After years of endeavour with children and adults for safety and efficacy clinical trials, the P. falciparum circumsporozoite protein antigen, is targeted by specific antibodies induced by recombinant vaccine, called TRS,S. TRS,S has been authorized by WHO and Malawi Government to be the first malaria vaccine for up to 2 years of aged children for protection against malaria. Other malaria vaccines in clinical trials are also very promising candidates, including the original live, X-ray attenuated P-sporozoite vaccine, inducing antigen-specific T cell immunity at liver stage. Malaria parasite at blood symptomatic stage is targeted by specific antibodies to parasite-infected erythrocytes, which are important against pathogenic placenta-infected erythrocyte sequestration. Here, the demographic distribution of Plasmodium species and their pathogenicity in infected people are discussed. The role of innate phagocytic cells and malaria antigen specific T cell immunity, as well as that of specific antibody production by B cells are highlighted. The paramount role of cytotoxic CD8+ T cellular immunity in malaria people protection is also included.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janez Ferluga
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Iesha Singh
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sashmita Rout
- Department of Physiology, All-India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Ahmed Al-Qahtani
- Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadida Yasmin
- Immunology and Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India
| | - Uday Kishore
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hojo-Souza NS, de Azevedo PO, de Castro JT, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Lieberman J, Junqueira C, Gazzinelli RT. Contributions of IFN-γ and granulysin to the clearance of Plasmodium yoelii blood stage. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008840. [PMID: 32913355 PMCID: PMC7482970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
P. vivax-infected Retics (iRetics) express human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-I), are recognized by CD8+ T cells and killed by granulysin (GNLY) and granzymes. However, how Plasmodium infection induces MHC-I expression on Retics is unknown. In addition, whether GNLY helps control Plasmodium infection in vivo has not been studied. Here, we examine these questions using rodent infection with the P. yoelii 17XNL strain, which has tropism for Retics. Infection with P. yoelii caused extramedullary erythropoiesis, reticulocytosis and expansion of CD8+CD44+CD62L- IFN-γ-producing T cells that form immune synapses with iRetics. We now provide evidence that MHC-I expression by iRetic is dependent on IFN-γ-induced transcription of IRF-1, MHC-I and β2-microglobulin (β2-m) in erythroblasts. Consistently, CTLs from infected wild type (WT) mice formed immune synapses with iRetics in an IFN-γ- and MHC-I-dependent manner. When challenged with P. yoelii 17XNL, WT mice cleared parasitemia and survived, while IFN-γ KO mice remained parasitemic and all died. β2-m KO mice that do not express MHC-I and have virtually no CD8+ T cells had prolonged parasitemia, and 80% survived. Because mice do not express GNLY, GNLY-transgenic mice can be used to assess the in vivo importance of GNLY. Parasite clearance was accelerated in GNLY-transgenic mice and depletion of CD8+ T cells ablated the GNLY-mediated resistance to P. yoelii. Altogether, our results indicate that in addition to previously described mechanisms, IFN-γ promotes host resistance to the Retic-tropic P. yoelii 17XNL strain by promoting MHC-I expression on iRetics that become targets for CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes and GNLY. CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are important for immune defense against intracellular pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria and parasites, and tumor surveillance. CTLs, which recognize peptide epitopes presented by MHC-I molecules expressed in nucleated cells, become activated and kill infected target cells by releasing the contents of cytotoxic granules into the immunological synapse. Since most Plasmodium spp. infect erythrocytes that are enucleated and do not express MHC-I, the role of CD8+ T cells in the blood-stage of malaria has been neglected. We recently showed that P. vivax-infected reticulocytes express MHC-I and are killed in a manner dependent on granulysin (GNLY), a cytotoxic granule effector protein. However, the protective role of CD8+ T cells is controversial and the role of GNLY in vivo remains to be demonstrated. Here, we show that CTLs and GNLY mediate mouse resistance to blood-stage infection with P. yoelii, a rodent malaria parasite that preferably infects reticulocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Júlia Teixeira de Castro
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Judy Lieberman
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RTG); (CJ); (JL)
| | - Caroline Junqueira
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RTG); (CJ); (JL)
| | - Ricardo Tostes Gazzinelli
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
- Plataforma de Medicina Translacional, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail: (RTG); (CJ); (JL)
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Novais FO, Nguyen BT, Scott P. Granzyme B Inhibition by Tofacitinib Blocks the Pathology Induced by CD8 T Cells in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 141:575-585. [PMID: 32738245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In cutaneous leishmaniasis, the immune response is not only protective but also mediates immunopathology. We previously found that cytolytic CD8 T cells promote inflammatory responses that are difficult to treat with conventional therapies that target the parasite. Therefore, we hypothesized that inhibiting CD8 T-cell cytotoxicity would reduce disease severity in patients. IL-15 is a potential target for such a treatment because it is highly expressed in human patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions and promotes granzyme B‒dependent CD8 T-cell cytotoxicity. Here we tested whether tofacitinib, which inhibits IL-15 signaling by blocking Jak3, might decrease CD8-dependent pathology. We found that tofacitinib reduced the expression of granzyme B by CD8 T cells in vitro and in vivo systemic and topical treatment, with tofacitinib protecting mice from developing severe cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions. Importantly, tofacitinib treatment did not alter T helper type 1 responses or parasite control. Collectively, our results suggest that host-directed therapies do not need to be limited to autoimmune disorders and that topical tofacitinib application should be considered a strategy for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis disease in combination with antiparasitic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda O Novais
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Current address: Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
| | - Ba T Nguyen
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Phillip Scott
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
MicroRNA-155 Deficiency Exacerbates Trypanosoma cruzi Infection. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00948-19. [PMID: 32312766 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00948-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by the intracellular protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is a public health problem affecting 6 to 8 million people, mainly in Latin America. The role of microRNAs in the pathogenesis of Chagas disease has not been well described. Here, we investigate the role of microRNA-155 (miR-155), a proinflammatory host innate immune regulator responsible for T helper type 1 and type 17 (Th1 and Th17) development and macrophage responses during T. cruzi infection. For this, we compared the survival and parasite growth and distribution in miR-155-/- and wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice. The lack of miR-155 caused robust parasite infection and diminished survival of infected mice, while WT mice were resistant to infection. Immunological analysis of infected mice indicated that, in the absence of miR-155, there was decreased interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) production. In addition, we found that there was a significant reduction of CD8-positive (CD8+) T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and NK-T cells and increased accumulation of neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes in miR-155-/- mice. Collectively, these data indicate that miR-155 is an important immune regulatory molecule critical for the control of T. cruzi infection.
Collapse
|
44
|
Loughland JR, Woodberry T, Field M, Andrew DW, SheelaNair A, Dooley NL, Piera KA, Amante FH, Kenangalem E, Price RN, Engwerda CR, Anstey NM, McCarthy JS, Boyle MJ, Minigo G. Transcriptional profiling and immunophenotyping show sustained activation of blood monocytes in subpatent Plasmodium falciparum infection. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1144. [PMID: 32566226 PMCID: PMC7302943 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Malaria, caused by Plasmodium infection, remains a major global health problem. Monocytes are integral to the immune response, yet their transcriptional and functional responses in primary Plasmodium falciparum infection and in clinical malaria are poorly understood. METHODS The transcriptional and functional profiles of monocytes were examined in controlled human malaria infection with P. falciparum blood stages and in children and adults with acute malaria. Monocyte gene expression and functional phenotypes were examined by RNA sequencing and flow cytometry at peak infection and compared to pre-infection or at convalescence in acute malaria. RESULTS In subpatent primary infection, the monocyte transcriptional profile was dominated by an interferon (IFN) molecular signature. Pathways enriched included type I IFN signalling, innate immune response and cytokine-mediated signalling. Monocytes increased TNF and IL-12 production upon in vitro toll-like receptor stimulation and increased IL-10 production upon in vitro parasite restimulation. Longitudinal phenotypic analyses revealed sustained significant changes in the composition of monocytes following infection, with increased CD14+CD16- and decreased CD14-CD16+ subsets. In acute malaria, monocyte CD64/FcγRI expression was significantly increased in children and adults, while HLA-DR remained stable. Although children and adults showed a similar pattern of differentially expressed genes, the number and magnitude of gene expression change were greater in children. CONCLUSIONS Monocyte activation during subpatent malaria is driven by an IFN molecular signature with robust activation of genes enriched in pathogen detection, phagocytosis, antimicrobial activity and antigen presentation. The greater magnitude of transcriptional changes in children with acute malaria suggests monocyte phenotypes may change with age or exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Loughland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneQLDAustralia,Menzies School of Health ResearchDarwinNTAustralia
| | - Tonia Woodberry
- Menzies School of Health ResearchDarwinNTAustralia,Charles Darwin UniversityDarwinNTAustralia,Present address:
The University of NewcastleCallaghanNSWAustralia
| | - Matt Field
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine and Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular BiologyJames Cook UniversityCairnsQLDAustralia,John Curtin School of Medical ResearchAustralian National UniversityCanberraACTAustralia
| | - Dean W Andrew
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Arya SheelaNair
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | | | - Kim A Piera
- Menzies School of Health ResearchDarwinNTAustralia,Charles Darwin UniversityDarwinNTAustralia
| | - Fiona H Amante
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Enny Kenangalem
- Timika Malaria Research ProgramPapuan Health and Community Development FoundationTimikaIndonesia,District Health AuthorityTimikaIndonesia
| | - Ric N Price
- Menzies School of Health ResearchDarwinNTAustralia,Charles Darwin UniversityDarwinNTAustralia,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global HealthNuffield Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK,Mahidol‐Oxford Tropical Medicine Research UnitFaculty of Tropical MedicineMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | | | - Nicholas M Anstey
- Menzies School of Health ResearchDarwinNTAustralia,Charles Darwin UniversityDarwinNTAustralia
| | | | - Michelle J Boyle
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneQLDAustralia,Menzies School of Health ResearchDarwinNTAustralia
| | - Gabriela Minigo
- Menzies School of Health ResearchDarwinNTAustralia,Charles Darwin UniversityDarwinNTAustralia,College of Health and Human SciencesCharles Darwin UniversityDarwinNTAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Lewis SM, Williams A, Eisenbarth SC. Structure and function of the immune system in the spleen. Sci Immunol 2020; 4:4/33/eaau6085. [PMID: 30824527 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aau6085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 516] [Impact Index Per Article: 129.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The spleen is the largest secondary lymphoid organ in the body and, as such, hosts a wide range of immunologic functions alongside its roles in hematopoiesis and red blood cell clearance. The physical organization of the spleen allows it to filter blood of pathogens and abnormal cells and facilitate low-probability interactions between antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and cognate lymphocytes. APCs specific to the spleen regulate the T and B cell response to these antigenic targets in the blood. This review will focus on cell types, cell organization, and immunologic functions specific to the spleen and how these affect initiation of adaptive immunity to systemic blood-borne antigens. Potential differences in structure and function between mouse and human spleen will also be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Lewis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Adam Williams
- Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Stephanie C Eisenbarth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. .,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Sorgi S, Bonezi V, Dominguez MR, Gimenez AM, Dobrescu I, Boscardin S, Nakaya HI, Bargieri DY, Soares IS, Silveira ELV. São Paulo School of Advanced Sciences on Vaccines: an overview. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2020; 26:e20190061. [PMID: 32362926 PMCID: PMC7187638 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2019-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Two years ago, we held an exciting event entitled the São Paulo School of Advanced Sciences on Vaccines (SPSASV). Sixty-eight Ph.D. students, postdoctoral fellows and independent researchers from 37 different countries met at the Mendes Plaza Hotel located in the city of Santos, SP - Brazil to discuss the challenges and the new frontiers of vaccinology. The SPSASV provided a critical and comprehensive view of vaccine research from basics to the current state-of-the-art techniques performed worldwide. For 10 days, we discussed all the aspects of vaccine development in 36 lectures, 53 oral presentations and 2 poster sessions. At the end of the course, participants were further encouraged to present a model of a grant proposal related to vaccine development against individual pathogens. Among the targeted pathogens were viruses (Chikungunya, HIV, RSV, and Influenza), bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Streptococcus pyogenes), parasites (Plasmodium falciparum or Plasmodium vivax), and the worm Strongyloides stercoralis. This report highlights some of the knowledge shared at the SPSASV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sorgi
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Universita’ degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italia
| | - Vivian Bonezi
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana R. Dominguez
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alba Marina Gimenez
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Irina Dobrescu
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvia Boscardin
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Helder I. Nakaya
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel Y. Bargieri
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Irene S. Soares
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo L. V. Silveira
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Silva-Filho JL, Lacerda MVG, Recker M, Wassmer SC, Marti M, Costa FTM. Plasmodium vivax in Hematopoietic Niches: Hidden and Dangerous. Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:447-458. [PMID: 32298632 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Estimation of Plasmodium vivax biomass based on circulating biomarkers indicates the existence of a predominant biomass outside of the circulation that is not captured by peripheral parasitemia, in particular in patients with complicated outcomes. A series of recent studies have suggested that the hematopoietic niche of the bone marrow (BM) is a major reservoir for parasite replication and the development of transmission stages. However, significant knowledge gaps remain in our understanding of host-parasite interactions, pathophysiology, and the implications for treatment and diagnosis of such a reservoir. Here, we discuss the current status of this emerging research field in the context of P. vivax.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João Luiz Silva-Filho
- Laboratório de Doenças Tropicais - Prof Luiz Jacintho da Silva Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil; Wellcome Center for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Marcus V G Lacerda
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil; Instituto Leônidas and Maria Deane, Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Mario Recker
- Centre for Mathematics and the Environment, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, UK
| | - Samuel C Wassmer
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Matthias Marti
- Wellcome Center for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Fabio T M Costa
- Laboratório de Doenças Tropicais - Prof Luiz Jacintho da Silva Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Immunity to malaria has been linked to the availability and function of helper CD4+ T cells, cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and γδ T cells that can respond to both the asymptomatic liver stage and the symptomatic blood stage of Plasmodium sp. infection. These T cell responses are also thought to be modulated by regulatory T cells. However, the precise mechanisms governing the development and function of Plasmodium-specific T cells and their capacity to form tissue-resident and long-lived memory populations are less well understood. The field has arrived at a point where the push for vaccines that exploit T cell-mediated immunity to malaria has made it imperative to define and reconcile the mechanisms that regulate the development and functions of Plasmodium-specific T cells. Here, we review our current understanding of the mechanisms by which T cell subsets orchestrate host resistance to Plasmodium infection on the basis of observational and mechanistic studies in humans, non-human primates and rodent models. We also examine the potential of new experimental strategies and human infection systems to inform a new generation of approaches to harness T cell responses against malaria.
Collapse
|
49
|
Hernández-Castañeda MA, Happ K, Cattalani F, Wallimann A, Blanchard M, Fellay I, Scolari B, Lannes N, Mbagwu S, Fellay B, Filgueira L, Mantel PY, Walch M. γδ T Cells Kill Plasmodium falciparum in a Granzyme- and Granulysin-Dependent Mechanism during the Late Blood Stage. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:1798-1809. [PMID: 32066596 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium spp., the causative agent of malaria, have a complex life cycle. The exponential growth of the parasites during the blood stage is responsible for almost all malaria-associated morbidity and mortality. Therefore, tight immune control of the intraerythrocytic replication of the parasite is essential to prevent clinical malaria. Despite evidence that the particular lymphocyte subset of γδ T cells contributes to protective immunity during the blood stage in naive hosts, their precise inhibitory mechanisms remain unclear. Using human PBMCs, we confirmed in this study that γδ T cells specifically and massively expanded upon activation with Plasmodium falciparum culture supernatant. We also demonstrate that these activated cells gain cytolytic potential by upregulating cytotoxic effector proteins and IFN-γ. The killer cells bound to infected RBCs and killed intracellular P. falciparum via the transfer of the granzymes, which was mediated by granulysin in a stage-specific manner. Several vital plasmodial proteins were efficiently destroyed by granzyme B, suggesting proteolytic degradation of these proteins as essential in the lymphocyte-mediated death pathway. Overall, these data establish a granzyme- and granulysin-mediated innate immune mechanism exerted by γδ T cells to kill late-stage blood-residing P. falciparum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Andrea Hernández-Castañeda
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Katharina Happ
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Filippo Cattalani
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Alexandra Wallimann
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Marianne Blanchard
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Isabelle Fellay
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Brigitte Scolari
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Nils Lannes
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Smart Mbagwu
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Benoît Fellay
- Cantonal Hospital of Fribourg, 1752 Villars-sur-Glâne, Switzerland
| | - Luis Filgueira
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Pierre-Yves Mantel
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Michael Walch
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Fu Y, Ding Y, Wang Q, Zhu F, Tan Y, Lu X, Guo B, Zhang Q, Cao Y, Liu T, Cui L, Xu W. Blood-stage malaria parasites manipulate host innate immune responses through the induction of sFGL2. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay9269. [PMID: 32133407 PMCID: PMC7043914 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay9269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Malaria parasites suppress host immune responses to facilitate their survival, but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Here, we found that blood-stage malaria parasites predominantly induced CD4+Foxp3+CD25+ regulatory T cells to release soluble fibrinogen-like protein 2 (sFGL2), which substantially enhanced the infection. This was attributed to the capacity of sFGL2 to inhibit macrophages from releasing monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and to sequentially reduce the recruitment of natural killer/natural killer T cells to the spleen and the production of interferon-γ. sFGL2 inhibited c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation in the Toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway of macrophages dependent on FcγRIIB receptor to release MCP-1. Notably, sFGL2 were markedly elevated in the sera of patients with malaria, and recombinant FGL2 substantially suppressed Plasmodium falciparum from inducing macrophages to release MCP-1. Therefore, we highlight a previously unrecognized immune suppression strategy of malaria parasites and uncover the fundamental mechanism of sFGL2 to suppress host innate immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Fu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (The Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (The Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Qinghui Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (The Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Yulong Tan
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Army Medical University (The Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Lu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (The Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Bo Guo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (The Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Qingfeng Zhang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yaming Cao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Taiping Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (The Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Liwang Cui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Wenyue Xu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (The Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|