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Cho H. Left-digit bias in self-reported height. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2024; 54:101384. [PMID: 38613984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2024.101384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Left-digit bias is a cognitive bias wherein individuals assess the magnitude of numbers by emphasizing the leftmost digit. For instance, people often perceive the difference between $9.99 and $10.00 larger than that between $10.00 and $10.01, given the distinct left digits in the former two numbers. This study associates self-reported height with this cognitive bias. Taller stature is frequently associated with desirable attributes such as higher earnings and leadership positions; individuals may aspire to be taller and, consequently, report a height greater than their actual measurement. We posit that this inclination is more pronounced when combined with left-digit bias. In other words, individuals whose actual height ends in nine, such as 169 cm, are more likely to report their height as 170 cm than individuals with an actual height of 170 cm who report it as 171 cm. To conduct this analysis, we used data from an annual health survey of adolescents in grades 7-12. Our findings indicate that male adolescents exhibit a left-digit bias in reporting their height, whereas female adolescents do not. We contribute to the literature by providing new evidence of left-digit bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunkuk Cho
- Yeungnam University, School of Economics and Finance, South Korea.
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2
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Zhang S, Diao J, Huang J, Liu Y, Mo L. Do Human Assertions Really Adhere Strictly to Norms? The Effect of Threatening Content in Information on Personalized Norm Perception. Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:625. [PMID: 39062448 PMCID: PMC11273758 DOI: 10.3390/bs14070625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Assertion is the use of declarative sentences to convey information, which necessitates meeting the "justified-belief norm" as a prerequisite. However, a significant amount of misinformation that did not meet these conditions was spread during COVID-19, leading to a reintroduction of the assertion norm. One possible hypothesis is that the threatening content of the misinformation influenced the perception of the norm. However, this remains unclear to researchers. Therefore, we conducted two experiments to investigate the effect of threatening content in information on individuals' perceptions of norms. In all the experiments, participants read backstories with and without threatening content, followed by answering assertion questions. It was observed that people do follow a looser assertion norm for information that contains threatening content. Additionally, further exploration revealed that threatening factors also lead individuals to more easily perceive the related content as truth and reduce the probability of being blamed. These two outcomes provide some explanation for the underlying mechanism of threatening factors' influence. The research results further refined the theory of assertion norms, offering a certain basis for information management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijia Zhang
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (S.Z.); (J.D.)
| | - Jiangdong Diao
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (S.Z.); (J.D.)
| | - Jiahui Huang
- Shenzhen Pingshan Foreign Languages Wenyuan School, Shenzhen 518000, China;
| | - Yanchi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Learning and International Promotion, School of International Culture, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Lei Mo
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (S.Z.); (J.D.)
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3
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Golverdi M, Soleimani Naeini AH, Shaker Ardakani M, Sharifirad MS. What are the antecedents of nosiness among nurses? A qualitative study. J Health Organ Manag 2024; 38:760-777. [PMID: 39008093 DOI: 10.1108/jhom-10-2023-0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nosiness is an annoying behavior at the workplace that can lead to negative consequences. It is characterized by being overly curious about other people's affairs. Specifically, this study aims to identify the factors contributing to nosiness among nurses. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH We conducted an exploratory qualitative interview study involving 38 nurses in Iran. The participants were selected by purposive sampling. FINDINGS We identified nine themes as the antecedents of nosiness among nurses: defamation motive, the need for certainty, the need for power, recreational motive, empathy, social comparison, the allure of the subject for the individual, having an employee-friendly workplace, and work environment and workload. ORIGINALITY/VALUE Understanding the antecedents of nosiness can help healthcare organizations curtail this phenomenon and foster a positive work environment, particularly in nursing where empathy, compassion, and attention to detail make them susceptible to nosiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Golverdi
- Faculty of Management and Accounting, College of Farabi, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Shaker Ardakani
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Public Administration, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Sharifirad
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Public Administration, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Iran
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Yu H, Han E. People see what they want to see: an EEG study. Cogn Neurodyn 2024; 18:1167-1181. [PMID: 38826667 PMCID: PMC11143153 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-023-09982-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
This study explored selective exposure and confirmation bias in the choices participants made about which political videos to watch, and whether their political positions changed after they watched videos that either agreed with or opposed their positions on two controversial issues in South Korea: North Korea policy and social welfare policy. The participants completed questionnaires before and after they watched the videos, were asked to select thumbnails of videos before they watched any, and had their brain wave activity measured through electroencephalogram (EEG) as they watched both types of videos. The participants demonstrated selective exposure as they primarily selected video thumbnails with content that matched their political orientations, and they demonstrated confirmation bias as their questionnaire responses after they watched the videos indicated that their positions had hardened. There were also statistically significant differences in alpha, beta, sensory motor rhythm, low beta, mid beta, and fast alpha activity depending on the political orientation consistency between the participants and the videos. Future studies could expand this line of research beyond college students and beyond Asia, and longitudinal work could also be conducted to determine if the obtained patterns remain constant over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heeseung Yu
- Department of Media and Communication, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eunkyoung Han
- Department of Media and Communication, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
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5
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Grokhowsky N. An inferential spatiotemporal approach for knowledge synthesis to identify trends in public health research. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28537. [PMID: 38628744 PMCID: PMC11019166 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Decisions follow patterns that are introduced by human perception. Research and development (R&D) are influenced by these patterns. Furthermore, R&D publications can represent repetitive attempts to solve similar, or the same problems. Literature reviews serve as an important tool for identifying these trends, but they are time consuming. The time commitment of a literature review can be reduced by using a sample of research. This will allow an infinite population of research to be generalized. Additionally, spatiotemporal analysis is most appropriate for fields that follow time and geographic trends, such as public health. Also, using research locations to perform this analysis potentially captures the social return of R&D, as knowledge gained. As a result, an inferential spatiotemporal methodological framework is introduced to quickly identify research trends using public health research. This was applied to a childhood Pb exposure case study. Methods A body of more than 1000 childhood elevated blood lead (Pb) level (EBLL) research articles were used to extract publication years, research locations, and subtopics. These publications were grouped into research locations (i.e., U.S. states where research was conducted; not publication location) and averaged over years published (i.e., 29 years). Binary indicator variables were derived using the subtopics extracted and the periods identified in time trend analyses. Explanatory variables were used to conduct hypothesis testing. Significant variables were used to generalize the population of the annual average EBLL articles written per state. Results The range of the annual average of EBLL research articles by state was 0-1.7 articles, with a mean of 0.3 articles. Thirty-eight explanatory variables suggested a significant effect on research article production. These included temporal, sociodemographic, education, structure age, environmental, and economic variables. The strongest effect on research production for U.S. states came from the number of structures built before 1950. A predictive model was selected to generalize the population of articles using time-periods 1990-95, environmental subtopic, and structures built before 1950. The locations with the most research production for this topic were California and New York. The locations with the least research production for this topic were Alaska, Hawaii, Nevada, Wyoming, North Dakota, South Dakota, Mississippi, Delaware, and New Hampshire. Conclusion If the trend for R&D is to make fast decisions, more human bias will be introduced into the decision-making process. Analytical tools that enable researchers to identify trends and ask more questions about their field will mitigate these biases. This hypothesis testing and predictive modeling methodology provide researchers and other decision makers with analytical tools they can use to quickly identify research trends and narrow their field of research. Additionally, this analysis potentially captures the impact of discovered ideas, as a social return spillover, for this topic.
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Piksa M, Noworyta K, Piasecki J, Gundersen A, Kunst J, Morzy M, Rygula R. Research Report: A Link between Sertraline Treatment and Susceptibility to (Mis)information. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:1515-1522. [PMID: 38484276 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent research revealed that several psycho-cognitive processes, such as insensitivity to positive and negative feedback, cognitive rigidity, pessimistic judgment bias, and anxiety, are involved in susceptibility to fake news. All of these processes have been previously associated with depressive disorder and are sensitive to serotoninergic manipulations. In the current study, a link between chronic treatment with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) sertraline and susceptibility to true and fake news was examined. Herein, a sample of 1162 participants was recruited via Prolific Academic for an online study. Half of the sample reported taking sertraline (Zoloft) for at least 8 weeks (sertraline group), and the other half confirmed not taking any psychiatric medication (control group). The sertraline group was further divided according to their daily dosage (50, 100, 150, and 200 mg/day). All participants completed a susceptibility to misinformation scale, wherein they were asked to determine the veracity of the presented true and fake news and their willingness to behaviorally engage with the news. The results were compared between those of the sertraline groups and the control group. The results showed that sertraline groups did not differ significantly in the assessment of the truthfulness of information or their ability to discern the truth. However, those taking sertraline appeared to have a significantly increased likelihood of behavioral engagement with the information, and this effect was observed for both true and fake news. The research presented here represents the initial endeavor to comprehend the neurochemical foundation of the susceptibility to misinformation. The association between sertraline treatment and increased behavioral engagement with information observed in this study can be explained in light of previous studies showing positive correlations between serotonin (5-HT) system activity and the inclination to engage in social behaviors. It can also be attributed to the anxiolytic effects of sertraline treatment, which mitigate the fear of social judgment. The heightened behavioral engagement with information in people taking sertraline may, as part of a general phenomenon, also shape their interactions with fake news. Future longitudinal studies should reveal the specificity and exact causality of these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Piksa
- Department of Pharmacology, Affective Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Noworyta
- Department of Pharmacology, Affective Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jan Piasecki
- Department of Philosophy and Bioethics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kopernika 40, 31-501 Krakow, Poland
| | - Aleksander Gundersen
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Postboks 1094, Blindern, 0317 Oslo Norway
| | - Jonas Kunst
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Postboks 1094, Blindern, 0317 Oslo Norway
| | - Mikolaj Morzy
- Faculty of Computing and Telecommunications, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 2, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Rafal Rygula
- Department of Pharmacology, Affective Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
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Shen Q, Fu S, Jiang X, Huang X, Lin D, Xiao Q, Khadijah S, Yan Y, Xiong X, Jin J, Ebstein RP, Xu T, Wang Y, Feng J. Factual and counterfactual learning in major adolescent depressive disorder, evidence from an instrumental learning study. Psychol Med 2024; 54:256-266. [PMID: 37161677 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291723001307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of adolescent depressive disorder is globally skyrocketing in recent decades, albeit the causes and the decision deficits depression incurs has yet to be well-examined. With an instrumental learning task, the aim of the current study is to investigate the extent to which learning behavior deviates from that observed in healthy adolescent controls and track the underlying mechanistic channel for such a deviation. METHODS We recruited a group of adolescents with major depression and age-matched healthy control subjects to carry out the learning task with either gain or loss outcome and applied a reinforcement learning model that dissociates valence (positive v. negative) of reward prediction error and selection (chosen v. unchosen). RESULTS The results demonstrated that adolescent depressive patients performed significantly less well than the control group. Learning rates suggested that the optimistic bias that overall characterizes healthy adolescent subjects was absent for the depressive adolescent patients. Moreover, depressed adolescents exhibited an increased pessimistic bias for the counterfactual outcome. Lastly, individual difference analysis suggested that these observed biases, which significantly deviated from that observed in normal controls, were linked with the severity of depressive symoptoms as measured by HAMD scores. CONCLUSIONS By leveraging an incentivized instrumental learning task with computational modeling within a reinforcement learning framework, the current study reveals a mechanistic decision-making deficit in adolescent depressive disorder. These findings, which have implications for the identification of behavioral markers in depression, could support the clinical evaluation, including both diagnosis and prognosis of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Shen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence for Information Behavior (Ministry of Education), 201620, Shanghai, China
- School of Business and Management, Shanghai International Studies University, 201620, Shanghai, China
- Joint Lab of Finance and Business Intelligence, Guangdong Institute of Intelligence Science and Technology, 519031, Zhuhai, China
| | - Shiguang Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence for Information Behavior (Ministry of Education), 201620, Shanghai, China
- School of Business and Management, Shanghai International Studies University, 201620, Shanghai, China
- Joint Lab of Finance and Business Intelligence, Guangdong Institute of Intelligence Science and Technology, 519031, Zhuhai, China
| | - Xiaoying Jiang
- Hangzhou Mental Health Center of Children and Adolescents, Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, 310006, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- Hangzhou Mental Health Center of Children and Adolescents, Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, 310006, Hangzhou, China
| | - Doudou Lin
- School of Management, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310023, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingyan Xiao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence for Information Behavior (Ministry of Education), 201620, Shanghai, China
- School of Business and Management, Shanghai International Studies University, 201620, Shanghai, China
- Joint Lab of Finance and Business Intelligence, Guangdong Institute of Intelligence Science and Technology, 519031, Zhuhai, China
| | - Sitti Khadijah
- School of Management, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310023, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaping Yan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, 310009, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence for Information Behavior (Ministry of Education), 201620, Shanghai, China
- School of Business and Management, Shanghai International Studies University, 201620, Shanghai, China
- Joint Lab of Finance and Business Intelligence, Guangdong Institute of Intelligence Science and Technology, 519031, Zhuhai, China
| | - Richard P Ebstein
- China Center for Behavioral Economics and Finance, Southwestern University of Finance & Economics, 611130, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Xu
- School of Business, University of Ningbo, 315210, Ningbo, China
| | - Yiquan Wang
- Hangzhou Mental Health Center of Children and Adolescents, Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, 310006, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Feng
- School of Economics, Hefei University of Technology, 230601, Hefei, China
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8
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Olabarria A, Burgués-Freitas A, López de Aguileta A, Zubiri-Esnaola H, Torras-Gómez E, Joanpere M, López de Aguileta G, Álvarez-Guerrero G, Aiello E, Pulido C, Redondo-Sama G. When the Media Omits or Includes Scientific Evidence in Its Publications: Science and Battles on X about Child Sexual Abuse. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1857. [PMID: 38136059 PMCID: PMC10742056 DOI: 10.3390/children10121857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Scientific evidence of social impact demonstrates how violence against children is successfully prevented. Currently, the scientific research on social impact has a focus on the analysis of actions that succeed in the implementation of such scientific evidence. This article is based on scientific research that looks at which media actions help or hinder the implementation of evidence-based actions to solve the most sensitive social problems. The social media analytics methodology has identified the posts and reposts generated during two consecutive days by news articles published by three newspapers about the official report on child sexual abuse in Spain. Their analyses have been made through communicative methodology, including voices of adult victims or survivors of child sexual abuse. The results indicate that media information that omits scientific evidence of social impact provokes battles between diverse ideological groups, while information based on scientific evidence of social impact generates consensus among people from different ideologies and actions oriented to overcome the problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Olabarria
- Department of Didactics of Language and Literature, University of the Basque Country, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain; (A.O.); (H.Z.-E.)
| | | | - Ane López de Aguileta
- Social Work Training and Research Section, University of Barcelona, 08034 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Harkaitz Zubiri-Esnaola
- Department of Didactics of Language and Literature, University of the Basque Country, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain; (A.O.); (H.Z.-E.)
| | | | - Mar Joanpere
- Department of Business Management, University Rovira i Virgili, 43204 Reus, Spain;
| | - Garazi López de Aguileta
- Department of Curriculum & Instruction, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Garazi Álvarez-Guerrero
- Faculty of Education and Sport, University of Deusto, 48007 Bilbao, Spain;
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of the Basque Country, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Emilia Aiello
- Department of Sociology, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Cristina Pulido
- Department of Journalism and Communication Sciences, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
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Bieske L, Zinner M, Dahlhausen F, Trübel H. Trends, challenges, and success factors in pharmaceutical portfolio management: Cognitive biases in decision-making and their mitigating measures. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103734. [PMID: 37572999 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Effective portfolio management is crucial for innovation and sustaining revenue in pharmaceutical companies. This article holistically reviews trends, challenges, and approaches to pharmaceutical portfolio management and focuses, in particular, on cognitive biases in portfolio decision-making. Portfolio managers strongly rely on external innovation and face increasing competitive pressure and portfolio complexity. The ability to address biases and make robust decisions remains a challenge. Portfolio management practitioners most commonly face confirmation bias, champion bias, or misaligned incentives, which they seek to mitigate through expert input, team diversity, and rewarding truth-seeking. Ultimately, highest-quality portfolio management decision-making could be enabled by three factors: high-quality data, structured review processes, and comprehensive mitigating measures against biases in decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linn Bieske
- Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Germany
| | | | | | - Hubert Trübel
- Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Germany; The Knowledge House GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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10
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Lee DG, Daunizeau J, Pezzulo G. Evidence or Confidence: What Is Really Monitored during a Decision? Psychon Bull Rev 2023; 30:1360-1379. [PMID: 36917370 PMCID: PMC10482769 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-023-02255-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Assessing our confidence in the choices we make is important to making adaptive decisions, and it is thus no surprise that we excel in this ability. However, standard models of decision-making, such as the drift-diffusion model (DDM), treat confidence assessment as a post hoc or parallel process that does not directly influence the choice, which depends only on accumulated evidence. Here, we pursue the alternative hypothesis that what is monitored during a decision is an evolving sense of confidence (that the to-be-selected option is the best) rather than raw evidence. Monitoring confidence has the appealing consequence that the decision threshold corresponds to a desired level of confidence for the choice, and that confidence improvements can be traded off against the resources required to secure them. We show that most previous findings on perceptual and value-based decisions traditionally interpreted from an evidence-accumulation perspective can be explained more parsimoniously from our novel confidence-driven perspective. Furthermore, we show that our novel confidence-driven DDM (cDDM) naturally generalizes to decisions involving any number of alternative options - which is notoriously not the case with traditional DDM or related models. Finally, we discuss future empirical evidence that could be useful in adjudicating between these alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas G Lee
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy.
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Jean Daunizeau
- Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Paris, France
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit (TNU), ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Pezzulo
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
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11
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Kube T. Biased belief updating in depression. Clin Psychol Rev 2023; 103:102298. [PMID: 37290245 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive approaches to depression have benefitted from recent research on belief updating, examining how new information is used to alter beliefs. This review presents recent advances in understanding various sources of bias in belief updating in depression. Specifically, research has demonstrated that people with depression have difficulty revising negative beliefs in response to novel positive information, whereas belief updating in depression is not related to an enhanced integration of negative information. In terms of mechanisms underlying the deficient processing of positive information, research has shown that people with depression use defensive cognitive strategies to devalue novel positive information. Furthermore, the disregard of novel positive information can be amplified by the presence of state negative affect, and the resulting persistence of negative beliefs in turn perpetuates chronically low mood, contributing to a self-reinforcing negative feedback loop of beliefs and affect. Synthesising previous research, this review proposes a coherent framework of when belief change is likely to occur, and argues that future research also needs to elucidate why people with depression hesitate to abandon negative beliefs. Recent insights from belief updating have not only improved the understanding of the psychopathology of depression, but also have the potential to improve its cognitive-behavioural treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Kube
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Germany.
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12
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Trudel N, Lockwood PL, Rushworth MFS, Wittmann MK. Neural activity tracking identity and confidence in social information. eLife 2023; 12:71315. [PMID: 36763582 PMCID: PMC9917428 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans learn about the environment either directly by interacting with it or indirectly by seeking information about it from social sources such as conspecifics. The degree of confidence in the information obtained through either route should determine the impact that it has on adapting and changing behaviour. We examined whether and how behavioural and neural computations differ during non-social learning as opposed to learning from social sources. Trial-wise confidence judgements about non-social and social information sources offered a window into this learning process. Despite matching exactly the statistical features of social and non-social conditions, confidence judgements were more accurate and less changeable when they were made about social as opposed to non-social information sources. In addition to subjective reports of confidence, differences were also apparent in the Bayesian estimates of participants' subjective beliefs. Univariate activity in dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and posterior temporoparietal junction more closely tracked confidence about social as opposed to non-social information sources. In addition, the multivariate patterns of activity in the same areas encoded identities of social information sources compared to non-social information sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadescha Trudel
- Wellcome Centre of Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Experimental Psychology, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Patricia L Lockwood
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
- Institute for Mental Health, School of Psychology, University of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
- Centre for Developmental Science, School of Psychology, University of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Matthew FS Rushworth
- Wellcome Centre of Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Experimental Psychology, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre of Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Marco K Wittmann
- Wellcome Centre of Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Experimental Psychology, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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13
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Chen X, Liu J, Luo YJ, Feng C. Brain Systems Underlying Fundamental Motivations of Human Social Conformity. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:328-342. [PMID: 36287291 PMCID: PMC9905476 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00960-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
From birth to adulthood, we often align our behaviors, attitudes, and opinions with a majority, a phenomenon known as social conformity. A seminal framework has proposed that conformity behaviors are mainly driven by three fundamental motives: a desire to gain more information to be accurate, to obtain social approval from others, and to maintain a favorable self-concept. Despite extensive interest in neuroimaging investigation of social conformity, the relationship between brain systems and these fundamental motivations has yet to be established. Here, we reviewed brain imaging findings of social conformity with a componential framework, aiming to reveal the neuropsychological substrates underlying different conformity motivations. First, information-seeking engages the evaluation of social information, information integration, and modification of task-related activity, corresponding to brain networks implicated in reward, cognitive control, and tasks at hand. Second, social acceptance involves the anticipation of social acceptance or rejection and mental state attribution, mediated by networks of reward, punishment, and mentalizing. Third, self-enhancement entails the excessive representation of positive self-related information and suppression of negative self-related information, ingroup favoritism and/or outgroup derogation, and elaborated mentalizing processes to the ingroup, supported by brain systems of reward, punishment, and mentalizing. Therefore, recent brain imaging studies have provided important insights into the fundamental motivations of social conformity in terms of component processes and brain mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510631, China
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Jiaxi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510631, China
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Yue-Jia Luo
- Department of Applied Psychology, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, 266113, China.
- The State Key Lab of Cognitive and Learning, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
- The Research Center of Brain Science and Visual Cognition, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650506, China.
- College of Teacher Education, Qilu Normal University, Jinan, 250200, China.
| | - Chunliang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
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14
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Sharot T, Rollwage M, Sunstein CR, Fleming SM. Why and When Beliefs Change. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2023; 18:142-151. [PMID: 35939828 DOI: 10.1177/17456916221082967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Why people do or do not change their beliefs has been a long-standing puzzle. Sometimes people hold onto false beliefs despite ample contradictory evidence; sometimes they change their beliefs without sufficient reason. Here, we propose that the utility of a belief is derived from the potential outcomes associated with holding it. Outcomes can be internal (e.g., positive/negative feelings) or external (e.g., material gain/loss), and only some are dependent on belief accuracy. Belief change can then be understood as an economic transaction in which the multidimensional utility of the old belief is compared against that of the new belief. Change will occur when potential outcomes alter across attributes, for example because of changing environments or when certain outcomes are made more or less salient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tali Sharot
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London.,Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
| | - Max Rollwage
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.,Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London
| | | | - Stephen M Fleming
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.,Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London
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15
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Grignolio A, Morelli M, Tamietto M. Why is fake news so fascinating to the brain? Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:5967-5971. [PMID: 36256496 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Grignolio
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Interdepartmental Center for Research Ethics and Integrity, National Research Council (CNR), Italy
| | - Micaela Morelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marco Tamietto
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.,Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
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16
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Cogliati Dezza I, Maher C, Sharot T. People adaptively use information to improve their internal states and external outcomes. Cognition 2022; 228:105224. [PMID: 35850045 PMCID: PMC10510028 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Information can strongly impact people's affect, their level of uncertainty and their decisions. It is assumed that people seek information with the goal of improving all three. But are they successful at achieving this goal? Answering this question is important for assessing the impact of self-driven information consumption on people's well-being. Here, over five experiments (total N = 727) we show that participants accurately predict the impact of information on their internal states (e.g., affect and cognition) and external outcomes (e.g., material rewards), and use these predictions to guide information-seeking choices. A model incorporating participants' subjective expectations regarding the impact of information on their affective, cognitive, and material outcomes accounted for information-seeking choices better than a model that included only objective proxies of those measures. This model also accounted for individual differences in information-seeking choices. By balancing considerations of the impact of information on affective, cognitive and material outcomes when seeking knowledge, participants became happier, more certain and made better decisions when they sought information relative to when they did not, suggesting that the actual consequences of receiving information aligned with their subjective expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Cogliati Dezza
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, 26 Bedford Way, London WC1H 0AP, UK; Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, Ghent, BE, Belgium; The Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, 10-12 Russell Square, London, WC1B 5EH, UK.
| | - C Maher
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, 26 Bedford Way, London WC1H 0AP, UK; The Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, 10-12 Russell Square, London, WC1B 5EH, UK
| | - T Sharot
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, 26 Bedford Way, London WC1H 0AP, UK; The Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, 10-12 Russell Square, London, WC1B 5EH, UK; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 43 Vassar St, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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17
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Baptista A, Jacquet PO, Sidarus N, Cohen D, Chambon V. Susceptibility of agency judgments to social influence. Cognition 2022; 226:105173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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18
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Borchardt W, Kamzabek T, Lovallo D. Behavioral strategy in the wild. MANAGEMENT RESEARCH REVIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1108/mrr-12-2021-0876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
A decade after Powell et al.’s (2011) seminal article on behavioral strategy, which called for models to solve real-world problems, the authors revisit the field to ask whether behavioral strategy is coming of age. The purpose of this paper is to explain how behavioral strategy can and has been used in real-world settings.
Design/methodology/approach
This study presents a conceptual review with case study examples of the impact of behavioral strategy on real-world problems.
Findings
This study illustrates several examples where behavioral strategy debiasing has been effective. Although no causal claims can be made, with the stark contrast between the negative impact of biased strategies and the positive results emerging from debiasing techniques, this study argues that there is evidence of the benefits of a behavioral strategy mindset, and that this should be the mindset of a responsible strategic leader.
Practical implications
This study presents a demonstration of analytical, debate and organizational debiasing techniques and how they are being used in real-world settings, specifically military intelligence, Mergers and acquisitions deal-making, resource allocation and capital projects.
Social implications
Behavioral strategy has broad application in private and public sectors. It has proven practical value in various settings, for example, the application of reference class forecasting in large infrastructure projects.
Originality/value
A conceptual review of behavioral strategy in the wild.
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19
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Lima Dias Pinto I, Rungratsameetaweemana N, Flaherty K, Periyannan A, Meghdadi A, Richard C, Berka C, Bansal K, Garcia JO. Intermittent brain network reconfigurations and the resistance to social media influence. Netw Neurosci 2022; 6:870-896. [PMID: 36605415 PMCID: PMC9810364 DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its development, social media has grown as a source of information and has a significant impact on opinion formation. Individuals interact with others and content via social media platforms in a variety of ways, but it remains unclear how decision-making and associated neural processes are impacted by the online sharing of informational content, from factual to fabricated. Here, we use EEG to estimate dynamic reconfigurations of brain networks and probe the neural changes underlying opinion change (or formation) within individuals interacting with a simulated social media platform. Our findings indicate that the individuals who changed their opinions are characterized by less frequent network reconfigurations while those who did not change their opinions tend to have more flexible brain networks with frequent reconfigurations. The nature of these frequent network configurations suggests a fundamentally different thought process between intervals in which individuals are easily influenced by social media and those in which they are not. We also show that these reconfigurations are distinct to the brain dynamics during an in-person discussion with strangers on the same content. Together, these findings suggest that brain network reconfigurations may not only be diagnostic to the informational context but also the underlying opinion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kristen Flaherty
- US DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA,Cornell Tech, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aditi Periyannan
- US DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA,Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Chris Berka
- Advanced Brain Monitoring, Carlsbad, CA, USA
| | - Kanika Bansal
- US DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,* Corresponding Authors: ;
| | - Javier Omar Garcia
- US DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA,* Corresponding Authors: ;
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20
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Acar K, Horntvedt O, Cabrera A, Olsson A, Ingvar M, Lebedev AV, Petrovic P. COVID-19 conspiracy ideation is associated with the delusion proneness trait and resistance to update of beliefs. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10352. [PMID: 35725585 PMCID: PMC9208343 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14071-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid spread of conspiracy ideas associated with the recent COVID-19 pandemic represents a major threat to the ongoing and coming vaccination programs. Yet, the cognitive factors underlying the pandemic-related conspiracy beliefs are not well described. We hypothesized that such cognitive style is driven by delusion proneness, a trait phenotype associated with formation of delusion-like beliefs that exists on a continuum in the normal population. To probe this hypothesis, we developed a COVID-19 conspiracy questionnaire (CCQ) and assessed 577 subjects online. Their responses clustered into three factors that included Conspiracy, Distrust and Fear/Action as identified using principal component analysis. We then showed that CCQ (in particular the Conspiracy and Distrust factors) related both to general delusion proneness assessed with Peter's Delusion Inventory (PDI) as well as resistance to belief update using a Bias Against Disconfirmatory Evidence (BADE) task. Further, linear regression and pathway analyses suggested a specific contribution of BADE to CCQ not directly explained by PDI. Importantly, the main results remained significant when using a truncated version of the PDI where questions on paranoia were removed (in order to avoid circular evidence), and when adjusting for ADHD- and autistic traits (that are known to be substantially related to delusion proneness). Altogether, our results strongly suggest that pandemic-related conspiracy ideation is associated with delusion proneness trait phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Acar
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, K8 Klinisk neurovetenskap, K8 Neuro Ingvar, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - O Horntvedt
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, K8 Klinisk neurovetenskap, K8 Neuro Ingvar, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Cabrera
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, K8 Klinisk neurovetenskap, K8 Neuro Ingvar, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Olsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, K8 Klinisk neurovetenskap, K8 Neuro Ingvar, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Ingvar
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, K8 Klinisk neurovetenskap, K8 Neuro Ingvar, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A V Lebedev
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, K8 Klinisk neurovetenskap, K8 Neuro Ingvar, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P Petrovic
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, K8 Klinisk neurovetenskap, K8 Neuro Ingvar, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Dennison JB, Sazhin D, Smith DV. Decision neuroscience and neuroeconomics: Recent progress and ongoing challenges. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2022; 13:e1589. [PMID: 35137549 PMCID: PMC9124684 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, decision neuroscience and neuroeconomics have developed many new insights in the study of decision making. This review provides an overarching update on how the field has advanced in this time period. Although our initial review a decade ago outlined several theoretical, conceptual, methodological, empirical, and practical challenges, there has only been limited progress in resolving these challenges. We summarize significant trends in decision neuroscience through the lens of the challenges outlined for the field and review examples where the field has had significant, direct, and applicable impacts across economics and psychology. First, we review progress on topics including reward learning, explore-exploit decisions, risk and ambiguity, intertemporal choice, and valuation. Next, we assess the impacts of emotion, social rewards, and social context on decision making. Then, we follow up with how individual differences impact choices and new exciting developments in the prediction and neuroforecasting of future decisions. Finally, we consider how trends in decision-neuroscience research reflect progress toward resolving past challenges, discuss new and exciting applications of recent research, and identify new challenges for the field. This article is categorized under: Psychology > Reasoning and Decision Making Psychology > Emotion and Motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey B Dennison
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel Sazhin
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David V Smith
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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22
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Glickman M, Moran R, Usher M. Evidence integration and decision confidence are modulated by stimulus consistency. Nat Hum Behav 2022; 6:988-999. [PMID: 35379981 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-022-01318-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Evidence integration is a normative algorithm for choosing between alternatives with noisy evidence, which has been successful in accounting for vast amounts of behavioural and neural data. However, this mechanism has been challenged by non-integration heuristics, and tracking decision boundaries has proven elusive. Here we first show that the decision boundaries can be extracted using a model-free behavioural method termed decision classification boundary, which optimizes choice classification based on the accumulated evidence. Using this method, we provide direct support for evidence integration over non-integration heuristics, show that the decision boundaries collapse across time and identify an integration bias whereby incoming evidence is modulated based on its consistency with preceding information. This consistency bias, which is a form of pre-decision confirmation bias, was supported in four cross-domain experiments, showing that choice accuracy and decision confidence are modulated by stimulus consistency. Strikingly, despite its seeming sub-optimality, the consistency bias fosters performance by enhancing robustness to integration noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Glickman
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, UK. .,Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Rani Moran
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marius Usher
- School of Psychology, University of Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel. .,Sagol School of Neuroscience, University of Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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23
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Luther B, Flattes V. Bias and the Psychological Safety in Healthcare Teams. Orthop Nurs 2022; 41:118-122. [PMID: 35358130 DOI: 10.1097/nor.0000000000000831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The levels of biases, stereotypes, and prejudices are present at the same level within our healthcare teams as they are in society in general. The effect of biases on teams, team development, and team functioning is less known, but what to do with bias is known and important for all healthcare clinicians to understand. Exploring bias and psychological safety is vital for optimal team development. Teams need trust, sense of belonging, and a culture of open communication to provide the best care possible for their patients; yet often teams do not address their own biases or stereotypes nor do they feel prepared to open these conversations. In this article, we present a case study, provide definitions of bias and psychological safety, as well as offer strategies to combat biases, provide steps all of the healthcare team can employ to promote belongingness in the interprofessional team, and offer strategies of supporting team members experiencing biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Luther
- Brenda Luther, PhD, RN, Associate Professor, University of Utah, College of Nursing, Salt Lake City
- Valerie Flattes, PhD, APRN, ANP-BC, Associate Dean for Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion, University of Utah College of Nursing, Salt Lake City
| | - Valerie Flattes
- Brenda Luther, PhD, RN, Associate Professor, University of Utah, College of Nursing, Salt Lake City
- Valerie Flattes, PhD, APRN, ANP-BC, Associate Dean for Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion, University of Utah College of Nursing, Salt Lake City
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24
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Chen X, Li S, Zhang Y, Zhai Y, Zhang Z, Feng C. Different drives of herding: An exploratory study of motivations underlying social conformity. Psych J 2022; 11:247-258. [PMID: 35080146 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We often align our behaviors, attitudes, and opinions in line with a majority of others, a phenomenon known as "social conformity." A seminal framework has proposed that conformity behaviors are mainly driven by three fundamental motives: a desire to gain more information to be accurate, to obtain social approval from others, and to maintain a favorable self-concept. However, previous studies usually have interpreted conformity behaviors as driven by one motive or another, largely ignoring the fact that human behaviors could be concurrently induced by multiple and even conflicting motivations. Adopting a typical conformity paradigm widely used in previous studies, we explored distinct and concurrent motives underlying the same conformity behavior, combining personality and individual differences with more nuanced analyses of observed conformity behaviors. Our findings provide novel evidence to show that three motivations exist within a single conformity behavior, suggesting that multiple motivations drive the conformity concurrently. These findings provide a potential solution for the extensive debate about what drives human social conformity and help to better understand the conformity behavior in daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, South China Normal University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Suiqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, South China Normal University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yijie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, South China Normal University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuzhu Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, South China Normal University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhixin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, South China Normal University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunliang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, South China Normal University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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25
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Noll B, Filatova T, Need A, Taberna A. Contextualizing cross national patterns in household climate change adaptation. NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE 2022; 12:30-35. [PMID: 35058987 PMCID: PMC7612236 DOI: 10.1038/s41558-021-01222-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding social and behavioral drivers and constraints of household adaptation is essential to effectively address increasing climate-induced risks. Factors shaping household adaptation are commonly treated as universal; despite an emerging understanding that adaptations are shaped by social, institutional, and cultural contexts. Using original surveys in the United States, China, Indonesia, and the Netherlands (N=3,789) - we explore variations in factors shaping households' adaptations to flooding, the costliest hazard worldwide. We find that social influence, worry, climate change beliefs, self-efficacy, and perceived costs exhibit universal effects on household adaptations, despite countries' differences. Disparities occur in the effects of response efficacy, flood experience, beliefs in governmental actions, demographics, and media, which we attribute to specific cultural or institutional characteristics. Climate adaptation policies can leverage on the revealed similarities when extrapolating best practices across countries, yet should exercise caution as context-specific socio-behavioral drivers may discourage or even reverse household adaptation motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brayton Noll
- Corresponding Author: , Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands
| | - Tatiana Filatova
- Corresponding Author: , Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands
| | - Ariana Need
- Faculty of Behavioral, Management and Social Sciences, University of Twente, the Netherlands
| | - Alessandro Taberna
- Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands
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26
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Panitz C, Endres D, Buchholz M, Khosrowtaj Z, Sperl MFJ, Mueller EM, Schubö A, Schütz AC, Teige-Mocigemba S, Pinquart M. A Revised Framework for the Investigation of Expectation Update Versus Maintenance in the Context of Expectation Violations: The ViolEx 2.0 Model. Front Psychol 2021; 12:726432. [PMID: 34858264 PMCID: PMC8632008 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.726432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Expectations are probabilistic beliefs about the future that shape and influence our perception, affect, cognition, and behavior in many contexts. This makes expectations a highly relevant concept across basic and applied psychological disciplines. When expectations are confirmed or violated, individuals can respond by either updating or maintaining their prior expectations in light of the new evidence. Moreover, proactive and reactive behavior can change the probability with which individuals encounter expectation confirmations or violations. The investigation of predictors and mechanisms underlying expectation update and maintenance has been approached from many research perspectives. However, in many instances there has been little exchange between different research fields. To further advance research on expectations and expectation violations, collaborative efforts across different disciplines in psychology, cognitive (neuro)science, and other life sciences are warranted. For fostering and facilitating such efforts, we introduce the ViolEx 2.0 model, a revised framework for interdisciplinary research on cognitive and behavioral mechanisms of expectation update and maintenance in the context of expectation violations. To support different goals and stages in interdisciplinary exchange, the ViolEx 2.0 model features three model levels with varying degrees of specificity in order to address questions about the research synopsis, central concepts, or functional processes and relationships, respectively. The framework can be applied to different research fields and has high potential for guiding collaborative research efforts in expectation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Panitz
- Department of Psychology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Department of Psychology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Dominik Endres
- Department of Psychology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Merle Buchholz
- Department of Psychology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Zahra Khosrowtaj
- Department of Psychology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Matthias F J Sperl
- Department of Psychology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Department of Psychology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Erik M Mueller
- Department of Psychology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Anna Schubö
- Department of Psychology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Martin Pinquart
- Department of Psychology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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27
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Abstract
Vast amounts of personalized information are now available to individuals. A vital research challenge is to establish how people decide what information they wish to obtain. Here, over five studies examining information-seeking in different domains we show that information-seeking is associated with three diverse motives. Specifically, we find that participants assess whether information is useful in directing action, how it will make them feel, and whether it relates to concepts they think of often. We demonstrate that participants integrate these assessments into a calculation of the value of information that explains information seeking or its avoidance. Different individuals assign different weights to these three factors when seeking information. Using a longitudinal approach, we find that the relative weights assigned to these information-seeking motives within an individual show stability over time, and are related to mental health as assessed using a battery of psychopathology questionnaires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Kelly
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, WC1H 0AP, UK.
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London, WC1B 5EH, UK.
| | - Tali Sharot
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, WC1H 0AP, UK.
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London, WC1B 5EH, UK.
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28
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Zheng J, Hu L, Li L, Shen Q, Wang L. Confidence Modulates the Conformity Behavior of the Investors and Neural Responses of Social Influence in Crowdfunding. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:766908. [PMID: 34803641 PMCID: PMC8600065 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.766908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The decision about whether to invest can be affected by the choices or opinions of others known as a form of social influence. People make decisions with fluctuating confidence, which plays an important role in the decision process. However, it remains a fair amount of confusion regarding the effect of confidence on the social influence as well as the underlying neural mechanism. The current study applied a willingness-to-invest task with the event-related potentials method to examine the behavioral and neural manifestations of social influence and its interaction with confidence in the context of crowdfunding investment. The behavioral results demonstrate that the conformity tendency of the people increased when their willingness-to-invest deviated far from the group. Besides, when the people felt less confident about their initial judgment, they were more likely to follow the herd. In conjunction with the behavioral findings, the neural results of the social information processing indicate different susceptibilities to small and big conflicts between the own willingness of the people and the group, with small conflict evoked less negative feedback-related negativity (FRN) and more positive late positive potential (LPP). Moreover, confidence only modulated the later neural processing by eliciting larger LPP in the low confidence, implying more reliance on social information. These results corroborate previous findings regarding the conformity effect and its neural mechanism in investment decision and meanwhile extend the existing works of literature through providing behavioral and neural evidence to the effect of confidence on the social influence in the crowdfunding marketplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehui Zheng
- School of Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Neuromanagement Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linfeng Hu
- School of Management, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu Li
- School of Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Neuromanagement Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Shen
- School of Management, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Neuromanagement Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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29
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Zhao J, Luo Y. A framework to address cognitive biases of climate change. Neuron 2021; 109:3548-3551. [PMID: 34555315 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We propose a framework that outlines several predominant cognitive biases of climate change, identifies potential causes, and proposes debiasing tools, with the ultimate goal of depolarizing climate beliefs and promoting actions to mitigate climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Zhao
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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30
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Walton G, Pointon M, Barker J, Turner M, Wilkinson AJ. Information discernment and the psychophysiological effects of misinformation. GLOBAL KNOWLEDGE, MEMORY AND COMMUNICATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1108/gkmc-03-2021-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to determine to what extent a person’s psychophysiological well-being is affected by misinformation and whether their level of information discernment has any positive or negative effect on the outcome.
Design/methodology/approach
Participants (n = 48) were randomly and blindly allocated to one of two groups: control group participants were told a person they were working with was a student; experimental group participants were additionally led to believe that this other participant had extreme religious views. This was both stigmatising and misinforming, as this other person was an actor. Participants completed a pre-screening booklet and a series of tasks. Participants’ cardiovascular responses were measured during the procedure.
Findings
Participants with high levels of information discernment, i.e. those who are curious, use multiple sources to verify information, are sceptical about search engine information, are cognisant of the importance of authority and are aware that knowledge changes and is contradictory at times exhibited an adaptive stress response, i.e. healthy psychophysiological outcomes and responded with positive emotions before and after a stressful task.
Social implications
The findings indicate the potential harmful effects of misinformation and discuss how information literacy or Metaliteracy interventions may address this issue.
Originality/value
The first study to combine the hitherto unrelated theoretical areas of information discernment (a sub-set of information literacy), affective states (positive affect negative affect survey) and stress (challenge and threat cardiovascular measures).
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31
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McSweeney B. Fooling ourselves and others: confirmation bias and the trustworthiness of qualitative research – Part 1 (the threats). JOURNAL OF ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE MANAGEMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1108/jocm-04-2021-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PurposeTo describe the implicit epistemic flaw of “confirmation bias” and to illustrate and evaluate the threats to qualitative research trustworthiness from that bias.Design/methodology/approachThe article overviews evidence and analysis from a wide range of disciplines. The adverse effect of three varieties of confirmation bias is described in some detail in illustrative examples.FindingsIt is argued that the threats from the bias go to the heart of the research. A subsequent article summarizes and critiques counter-arguments.Practical implicationsDiscussions and illustrations of varieties of confirmation bias can increase awareness of the unwitting bias and reduce its influence.Social implicationsThe bias not only threatens the trustworthiness of academic and other professional research but also underpins much ideological extremism, the effectiveness of post-truth politics and inter- and intra-group conflict. These are directly discussed in the article.Originality/valueThe article extends and enriches descriptions of threats to the trustworthiness of qualitative from confirmation bias. Such threats are inadequately recognized in many qualitative research arenas. It identifies a previously unrecognized variety of confirmation bias: hollow citations.
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32
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The cherry effect or the issue behind well-being. Cogn Process 2021; 22:711-713. [PMID: 34047894 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-021-01032-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Humans define well-being on predefined assumptions, based on inner and outer criteria as references. As illustrated, these criteria are subject to constant change, even in a situation when one is acting freely and is in control of all possible external influences. Even in scenarios that seemingly allow autonomy with one variable to analyse, underlying "irrationality" affects our ability to define and operationalize any desirable trait or state, such as well-being, euthymia or health. Before eating a bowl full of cherries, one creates an idea of how much cherries he/she will eat. However, as one starts eating, perception and following assumptions change. As cherries labeled as most desirable disappear, other cherries start to appear more alluring. The cherry effect could be of relevance in defining the terms such as well-being, euthymia and basically any other term encompassing a complex category of the human condition dependent on our perceived reality.
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33
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Faerman A, Spiegel D. Shared cognitive mechanisms of hypnotizability with executive functioning and information salience. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5704. [PMID: 33707531 PMCID: PMC7970985 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84954-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, evidence linked hypnotizability to the executive control and information salience networks, brain structures that play a role in cognitive conflict resolution and perseveration (insisting on applying a previously learned logical rule on a new set). Despite the growing body of neuroimaging evidence, the cognitive phenotype of hypnotizability is not well understood. We hypothesized that higher hypnotizability would correspond to lower perseveration and set-shifting. Seventy-two healthy adults were tested for hypnotizability and executive functions (perseveration and set-shifting). Multiple regression analyses were performed to test the relationship between hypnotizability and perseveration and set-shifting. Higher hypnotizability was associated with lower perseveration after accounting for age and education. Hypnotizability significantly predicted perseveration but not set-shifting. Our results indicate an inverse relationship between trait hypnotizability and perseveration, an executive function that utilizes regions of both the executive control and the salience systems. This suggests that hypnotizability may share a common cognitive mechanism with error evaluation and implementation of logical rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afik Faerman
- Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
| | - David Spiegel
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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34
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Sui Y, Zhang B. Determinants of the Perceived Credibility of Rebuttals Concerning Health Misinformation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:1345. [PMID: 33540869 PMCID: PMC7908451 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18031345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Users provide and share information with a broad audience on different forms of social media; however, information accuracy is questionable. Currently, the health information field is severely affected by misinformation. Thus, addressing health misinformation is integral for enhancing public health. This research can help relevant practitioners (i.e., government officials, medical and health service personnel, and educators) find the most effective correctional interventions for governing health misinformation. We constructed a theoretical model for credibility-oriented determinants refuting misinformation based on the elaboration likelihood model. We aggregated 415 pieces of valid data through a questionnaire survey. A partial least squares structural equation model evaluated this research model. The results indicated that both perceived information quality and perceived source credibility can enhance perceived information credibility. Under some circumstances, the influence of information quality on information credibility may be more important than that of the information source. However, the cognitive conflict and knowledge self-confidence of information receivers weaken the influence of information quality on information credibility. In contrast, cognitive conflict can strengthen the influence of source credibility on information credibility. Further, perceived information quality can be affected by information usefulness, understandability, and relevance, while perceived source reliability can be affected by source expertise and authority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Sui
- School of Economics and Management, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China;
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35
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Ossola P, Garrett N, Sharot T, Marchesi C. Belief updating in bipolar disorder predicts time of recurrence. eLife 2020; 9:e58891. [PMID: 33168133 PMCID: PMC7655098 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder is a chronic relapsing condition in which mood episodes are interspersed with periods of wellbeing (euthymia). Shorter periods of euthymia are associated with poorer functioning, so it is crucial to identify predictors of relapse to facilitate treatment. Here, we test the hypothesis that specific valence-dependent learning patterns emerge prior to the clinical manifestation of a relapse, predicting its timing. The ability to update beliefs in response to positive and negative information was quantified in bipolar patients during euthymia, who were then monitored for 5 years. We found that reduced tendency to update beliefs in response to positive relative to negative information predicted earlier relapse. Less updating in response to positive information may generate pessimistic beliefs, which in turn can lead to more severe prodromal symptoms (e.g. sleep disturbance, irritability etc.). The results suggest that measuring valence-dependent belief updating could facilitate risk prediction in bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ossola
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università di ParmaParmaItaly
| | - Neil Garrett
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Tali Sharot
- Affective Brain Lab, Department of Experimental Psychology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Carlo Marchesi
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università di ParmaParmaItaly
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36
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Abstract
We construct our beliefs to meet two sometimes conflicting goals: forming accurate beliefs to inform our decisions and forming desirable beliefs that we value for their own sake. In this NeuroView, we consider emerging neuroscience evidence on how the brain motivates itself to form particular beliefs and why it does so.
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37
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Rollwage M, Loosen A, Hauser TU, Moran R, Dolan RJ, Fleming SM. Confidence drives a neural confirmation bias. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2634. [PMID: 32457308 PMCID: PMC7250867 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16278-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A prominent source of polarised and entrenched beliefs is confirmation bias, where evidence against one's position is selectively disregarded. This effect is most starkly evident when opposing parties are highly confident in their decisions. Here we combine human magnetoencephalography (MEG) with behavioural and neural modelling to identify alterations in post-decisional processing that contribute to the phenomenon of confirmation bias. We show that holding high confidence in a decision leads to a striking modulation of post-decision neural processing, such that integration of confirmatory evidence is amplified while disconfirmatory evidence processing is abolished. We conclude that confidence shapes a selective neural gating for choice-consistent information, reducing the likelihood of changes of mind on the basis of new information. A central role for confidence in shaping the fidelity of evidence accumulation indicates that metacognitive interventions may help ameliorate this pervasive cognitive bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Rollwage
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London WC1B 5EH, UK.
| | - Alisa Loosen
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London WC1B 5EH, UK
| | - Tobias U Hauser
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London WC1B 5EH, UK
| | - Rani Moran
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London WC1B 5EH, UK
| | - Raymond J Dolan
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London WC1B 5EH, UK
| | - Stephen M Fleming
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London WC1B 5EH, UK
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London WC1H 0AP, UK
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38
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Sharot T, Sunstein CR. How people decide what they want to know. Nat Hum Behav 2020; 4:14-19. [DOI: 10.1038/s41562-019-0793-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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