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Grießbach E, Raßbach P, Herbort O, Cañal-Bruland R. Dual-tasking modulates movement speed but not value-based choices during walking. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6342. [PMID: 38491146 PMCID: PMC10943095 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56937-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Value-based decision-making often occurs in multitasking scenarios relying on both cognitive and motor processes. Yet, laboratory experiments often isolate these processes, thereby neglecting potential interactions. This isolated approach reveals a dichotomy: the cognitive process by which reward influences decision-making is capacity-limited, whereas the influence of motor cost is free of such constraints. If true, dual-tasking should predominantly impair reward processing but not affect the impact of motor costs. To test this hypothesis, we designed a decision-making task in which participants made choices to walk toward targets for rewards while navigating past an obstacle. The motor cost to reach these rewards varied in real-time. Participants either solely performed the decision-making task, or additionally performed a secondary pitch-recall task. Results revealed that while both reward and motor costs influenced decision-making, the secondary task did not affect these factors. Instead, dual-tasking slowed down participants' walking, thereby reducing the overall reward rate. Hence, contrary to the prediction that the added cognitive demand would affect the weighing of reward or motor cost differentially, these processes seem to be maintained at the expense of slowing down the motor system. This slowdown may be indicative of interference at the locomotor level, thereby underpinning motor-cognitive interactions during decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Grießbach
- Department for Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department for the Psychology of Human Movement and Sport, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
| | - Philipp Raßbach
- Department of Psychology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Herbort
- Department of Psychology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rouwen Cañal-Bruland
- Department for the Psychology of Human Movement and Sport, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
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Lee DG, Daunizeau J, Pezzulo G. Evidence or Confidence: What Is Really Monitored during a Decision? Psychon Bull Rev 2023; 30:1360-1379. [PMID: 36917370 PMCID: PMC10482769 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-023-02255-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Assessing our confidence in the choices we make is important to making adaptive decisions, and it is thus no surprise that we excel in this ability. However, standard models of decision-making, such as the drift-diffusion model (DDM), treat confidence assessment as a post hoc or parallel process that does not directly influence the choice, which depends only on accumulated evidence. Here, we pursue the alternative hypothesis that what is monitored during a decision is an evolving sense of confidence (that the to-be-selected option is the best) rather than raw evidence. Monitoring confidence has the appealing consequence that the decision threshold corresponds to a desired level of confidence for the choice, and that confidence improvements can be traded off against the resources required to secure them. We show that most previous findings on perceptual and value-based decisions traditionally interpreted from an evidence-accumulation perspective can be explained more parsimoniously from our novel confidence-driven perspective. Furthermore, we show that our novel confidence-driven DDM (cDDM) naturally generalizes to decisions involving any number of alternative options - which is notoriously not the case with traditional DDM or related models. Finally, we discuss future empirical evidence that could be useful in adjudicating between these alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas G Lee
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy.
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Jean Daunizeau
- Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Paris, France
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit (TNU), ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Pezzulo
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
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Chen P, Hung HY, Goh JOS. Age-related differences in ERP correlates of value-based decision making. Neurobiol Aging 2023; 123:10-22. [PMID: 36610199 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates age-related differences in the temporal dynamics underlying neural processing of value for decision-making in younger and older adults. We applied a lottery-choice task with event-related potentials to determine how and when brain activity during choice and outcome processing diverge between younger and older adults. Behaviorally, older adults accepted more losing stakes than younger adults. During choice, younger adults evinced higher P2 ERP-response positivity with a later P3 positivity that monotonically increased with low to middle to high win probability. Older adults evinced lower P2 responses and P3 amplitudes with more positivity for high and low relative to middle win probability. Both age groups showed similar feedback-related negativity and late parietal positivity, indicating intact reward prediction error representations and salience integration. Feedback-P3 showed more complex sensitivity to expectancy violations in older than younger adults, suggesting subjective uncertainty about reward expectations. Reduced early general neural processing of objective stimulus value with greater contribution of downstream subjective processes might underlie older adult risk-taking behaviors.
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Abstract
Antisocial behavior may develop in otherwise normal persons as a result of neurological diseases, including patients with focal brain lesions, frontotemporal dementia, and Parkinson Disease patients taking dopamine agonist medications. Evidence from these neurological patients demonstrates that antisocial behaviors relate to dysfunction in several different brain regions that form a specific brain network, rather than any single location alone. This network associated with acquired antisocial behavior is involved in social decision-making (measured using moral decision-making tasks) and value-based decision-making (measured using neuroeconomic and reward-based tasks). Collectively, this work supports the hypothesis that antisocial behavior across different neurological diseases results from dysfunction within a common network of brain regions associated with social valuation and decision-making, providing insight into the neural mechanisms leading to acquired antisocial behavior. These findings have important implications, but also important limitations, for understanding criminal behavior in patients with psychopathy, for rehabilitation in criminals, for ethical discussions regarding moral and legal responsibility, and for forensic neurological evaluations in persons accused of crimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ryan Darby
- Department of Neurology, Division of Behavioral Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The goal of the current paper is to review the literature on the neural and behavioral factors involved in food decision-making in youth. RECENT FINDINGS Recent neuroimaging studies that employ passive viewing paradigms have found that exposure to food-related cues activate reward, motor planning, and attentional salience signals in children. Greater activations of reward signals and/or lower activations of control signals are associated with overeating and weight gain. Neuroimaging studies with decision-making paradigms have found the reward network in the brain activates during food choices, while control network activates less strongly. Findings suggest that exposure to food cues activates reward/valuation network, but activation of control network tends to be relatively weaker in children. Hedonic aspects of foods are predominantly considered in children's food choices, and their dietary self-control is not matured yet. The increased activation in reward network and the decreased activation in control network are associated with risk of developing obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oh-Ryeong Ha
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5030 Cherry St, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Seung-Lark Lim
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5030 Cherry St, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Amanda S Bruce
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
- Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyles and Nutrition; Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA.
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Chen HY, Dix A, Goh JOS, Smolka MN, Thurm F, Li SC. Effects and mechanisms of information saliency in enhancing value-based decision-making in younger and older adults. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 99:86-98. [PMID: 33422897 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aging attenuates frontostriatal network functioning, which could lead to deficits in value computation when decision-making involves uncertainty. Although it has been shown that visually enhancing information saliency of outcome probability can improve decision-making in old age, mechanisms of this effect are still unclear. In the present study, the saliency of outcome probability was increased using a color-coding scheme as a decision aid in a mixed lottery choice task, and spontaneous eye-blink rate and pupillary responses were assessed in younger and older adults. Older adults showed lower value sensitivity than younger adults; however, increasing information saliency benefitted choice behaviors in both age groups. Furthermore, the decision aid reduced pupil size during decision-making in both age groups, suggesting that enhancing information saliency decreases cognitive demands of value computation. Baseline value sensitivity was negatively correlated with benefit of enhancing information saliency only in older adults. As value representations in older decision makers are less distinctive at baseline, they may have required more environmental compensation than younger adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Yu Chen
- Chair of Lifespan Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Annika Dix
- Chair of Lifespan Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Chair of Engineering Psychology and Applied Cognitive Research, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Centre for Tactile Internet with Human-in-the-Loop (CeTI), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Joshua Oon Soo Goh
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Franka Thurm
- Chair of Lifespan Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Shu-Chen Li
- Chair of Lifespan Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Centre for Tactile Internet with Human-in-the-Loop (CeTI), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Su YS, Chen JT, Tang YJ, Yuan SY, McCarrey AC, Goh JOS. Age-related differences in striatal, medial temporal, and frontal involvement during value-based decision processing. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 69:185-198. [PMID: 29909176 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate neural representation of value and application of decision strategies are necessary to make optimal investment choices in real life. Normative human aging alters neural selectivity and control processing in brain regions implicated in value-based decision processing including striatal, medial temporal, and frontal areas. However, the specific neural mechanisms of how these age-related functional brain changes modulate value processing in older adults remain unclear. Here, young and older adults performed a lottery-choice functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment in which probabilities of winning different magnitudes of points constituted expected values of stakes. Increasing probability of winning modulated striatal responses in young adults, but modulated medial temporal and ventromedial prefrontal areas instead in older adults. Older adults additionally engaged higher responses in dorso-medio-lateral prefrontal cortices to more unfavorable stakes. Such extrastriatal involvement mediated age-related increase in risk-taking decisions. Furthermore, lower resting-state functional connectivity between lateral prefrontal and striatal areas also predicted lottery-choice task risk-taking that was mediated by higher functional connectivity between prefrontal and medial temporal areas during the task, with this mediation relationship being stronger in older than younger adults. Overall, we report evidence of a systemic neural mechanistic change in processing of probability in mixed-lottery values with age that increases risk-taking of unfavorable stakes in older adults. Moreover, individual differences in age-related effects on baseline frontostriatal communication may be a central determinant of such subsequent age differences in value-based decision neural processing and resulting behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shiang Su
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Taiwan International Graduate Program in Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jheng-Ting Chen
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yong-Jheng Tang
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yun Yuan
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Anna C McCarrey
- Department of Psychology, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA
| | - Joshua Oon Soo Goh
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Artificial Intelligence and Advanced Robotics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Rose AK, Brown K, MacKillop J, Field M, Hogarth L. Alcohol devaluation has dissociable effects on distinct components of alcohol behaviour. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:1233-1244. [PMID: 29480437 PMCID: PMC5869941 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4839-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Substance-related behaviour is often viewed as an appetitive behaviour, motivated by the reinforcing effects of the drug. However, there are various indices of substance motivation (e.g. attentional bias, behavioural economic demand, craving) and it is unclear how these are related or whether they play an important role in all types of substance-related behaviour. OBJECTIVES (1) To determine the effect of alcohol devaluation on several indices of alcohol motivation and goal-directed and cue-elicited alcohol behaviour. (2) To investigate which components of motivation mediate any effect of devaluation on behaviour. METHODS Sixty-two social drinkers gave baseline measures of alcohol craving, behavioural economic demand and choice for alcohol vs. soft drink. Participants tasted alcohol which was either unadulterated (control) or adulterated with a bitter solution (devaluation) before craving and demand were measured again. Alcohol choice was assessed in several phases: extinction (evaluating goal-directed behaviour), in the presence of drink cues (Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT, cue-elicited behaviour)), and reacquisition. Attentional bias (AB) was measured by tracking eye movements towards the drink cues during novel PIT trials where both cues were presented. Finally, consumption was evaluated in a taste test. RESULTS Alcohol devaluation reduced alcohol-related demand, AB, alcohol choice in all phases, and consumption. Alcohol cues presented during PIT increased alcohol choice above baseline irrespective of devaluation. AB and demand for alcohol fully mediated the effect of devaluation on alcohol choice during extinction, AB fully mediated the effect on cue-elicited (specific PIT) alcohol choice and alcohol consumption. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol behaviour in social drinkers is largely sensitive to devaluation, i.e. governed by current motivational value of the drug (suggesting goal-directed behaviour). However, a dissociable form of stimulus control can also drive alcohol-seeking independently of drug value (specific PIT). Mediation analyses suggests that AB may play a paradoxical role in both forms of alcohol seeking and consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail K Rose
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK.
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Kyle Brown
- Faculty of Business, Law, and Social Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - James MacKillop
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Matt Field
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lee Hogarth
- Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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