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Liu CW, Chen SY, Wang YM, Lu LY, Chen P, Liang TY, Liu WC, Kumar A, Kuo SH, Lee JC, Lo CC, Wu SC, Pan MK. The cerebellum computes frequency dynamics for motions with numerical precision and cross-individual uniformity. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4615547. [PMID: 39149481 PMCID: PMC11326405 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4615547/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Cross-individual variability is considered the essence of biology, preventing precise mathematical descriptions of biological motion1-7 like the physics law of motion. Here we report that the cerebellum shapes motor kinematics by encoding dynamic motor frequencies with remarkable numerical precision and cross-individual uniformity. Using in-vivo electrophysiology and optogenetics in mice, we confirmed that deep cerebellar neurons encoded frequencies via populational tuning of neuronal firing probabilities, creating cerebellar oscillations and motions with matched frequencies. The mechanism was consistently presented in self-generated rhythmic and non-rhythmic motions triggered by a vibrational platform, or skilled tongue movements of licking in all tested mice with cross-individual uniformity. The precision and uniformity allowed us to engineer complex motor kinematics with designed frequencies. We further validated the frequency-coding function of the human cerebellum using cerebellar electroencephalography recordings and alternating-current stimulation during voluntary tapping tasks. Our findings reveal a cerebellar algorithm for motor kinematics with precision and uniformity, the mathematical foundation for brain-computer interface for motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wei Liu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Ying Chen
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Mei Wang
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cerebellar Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Yun-Lin Branch, Yun-Lin, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Yin Lu
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cerebellar Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Yun-Lin Branch, Yun-Lin, Taiwan
| | - Peng Chen
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yu Liang
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chuan Liu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ami Kumar
- The Initiative for Columbia Ataxia and Tremor, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sheng-Han Kuo
- The Initiative for Columbia Ataxia and Tremor, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jye-Chang Lee
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chuan Lo
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, National Chin-Hua University, Shin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Chi Wu
- Department of Engineering and Bioinformatics, Chin-Hua University, Shin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Kai Pan
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cerebellar Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Yun-Lin Branch, Yun-Lin, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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2
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Gruver KM, Jiao JWY, Fields E, Song S, Sjöström PJ, Watt AJ. Structured connectivity in the output of the cerebellar cortex. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5563. [PMID: 38982047 PMCID: PMC11233638 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49339-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The spatial organization of a neuronal circuit is critically important for its function since the location of neurons is often associated with function. In the cerebellum, the major output of the cerebellar cortex are synapses made from Purkinje cells onto neurons in the cerebellar nuclei, yet little has been known about the spatial organization of these synapses. We explored this question using whole-cell electrophysiology and optogenetics in acute sagittal cerebellar slices to produce spatial connectivity maps of cerebellar cortical output in mice. We observed non-random connectivity where Purkinje cell inputs clustered in cerebellar transverse zones: while many nuclear neurons received inputs from a single zone, several multi-zonal connectivity motifs were also observed. Single neurons receiving input from all four zones were overrepresented in our data. These findings reveal that the output of the cerebellar cortex is spatially structured and represents a locus for multimodal integration in the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M Gruver
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jenny W Y Jiao
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Eviatar Fields
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sen Song
- Laboratory of Brain and Intelligence and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Per Jesper Sjöström
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Alanna J Watt
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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3
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Gouhier A, Villette V, Mathieu B, Ayon A, Bradley J, Dieudonné S. Identification and Organization of a Postural Anti-Gravity Module in the Cerebellar Vermis. Neuroscience 2024:S0306-4522(24)00263-X. [PMID: 38897374 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The cerebellum is known to control the proper balance of isometric muscular contractions that maintain body posture. Current optogenetic manipulations of the cerebellar cortex output, however, have focused on ballistic body movements, examining movement initiation or perturbations. Here, by optogenetic stimulations of cerebellar Purkinje cells, which are the output of the cerebellar cortex, we evaluate body posture maintenance. By sequential analysis of body movement, we dissect the effect of optogenetic stimulation into a directly induced movement that is then followed by a compensatory reflex to regain body posture. We identify a module in the medial part of the anterior vermis which, through multiple muscle tone regulation, is involved in postural anti-gravity maintenance of the body. Moreover, we report an antero-posterior and medio-lateral functional segregation over the vermal lobules IV/V/VI. Taken together our results open new avenues for better understanding of the modular functional organization of the cerebellar cortex and its role in postural anti-gravity maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Gouhier
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Vincent Villette
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Benjamin Mathieu
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Annick Ayon
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Jonathan Bradley
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Stéphane Dieudonné
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France.
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4
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Prati JM, Pontes-Silva A, Gianlorenço ACL. The cerebellum and its connections to other brain structures involved in motor and non-motor functions: A comprehensive review. Behav Brain Res 2024; 465:114933. [PMID: 38458437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
The cerebellum has a large network of neurons that communicate with several brain structures and participate in different functions. Recent studies have demonstrated that the cerebellum is not only associated with motor functions but also participates in several non-motor functions. It is suggested that the cerebellum can modulate behavior through many connections with different nervous system structures in motor, sensory, cognitive, autonomic, and emotional processes. Recently, a growing number of clinical and experimental studies support this theory and provide further evidence. In light of recent findings, a comprehensive review is needed to summarize the knowledge on the influence of the cerebellum on the processing of different functions. Therefore, the aim of this review was to describe the neuroanatomical aspects of the activation of the cerebellum and its connections with other structures of the central nervous system in different behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Mário Prati
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Therapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - André Pontes-Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Therapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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5
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Öhman J, Sjölin E, Cundari M, Johansson F, Gilbert M, Boele HJ, Svensson P, Rasmussen A. The Effect of Nucleo-Olivary Stimulation on Climbing Fiber EPSPs in Purkinje Cells. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024:10.1007/s12311-024-01682-1. [PMID: 38467957 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-024-01682-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Climbing fibers, connecting the inferior olive and Purkinje cells, form the nervous system's strongest neural connection. These fibers activate after critical events like motor errors or anticipation of rewards, leading to bursts of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in Purkinje cells. The number of EPSPs is a crucial variable when the brain is learning a new motor skill. Yet, we do not know what determines the number of EPSPs. Here, we measured the effect of nucleo-olivary stimulation on periorbital elicited climbing fiber responses through in-vivo intracellular Purkinje cell recordings in decerebrated ferrets. The results show that while nucleo-olivary stimulation decreased the probability of a response occurring at all, it did not reduce the number of EPSPs. The results suggest that nucleo-olivary stimulation does not influence the number of EPSPs in climbing fiber bursts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Öhman
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Elias Sjölin
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maurizio Cundari
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Unit of Neuropsychiatry, Hospital of Helsingborg, Helsingborg, Sweden
- Unit of Neurology, Hospital of Helsingborg, Helsingborg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Johansson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mike Gilbert
- School of Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Henk-Jan Boele
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Washington Road, Princeton, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pär Svensson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Rasmussen
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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6
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van Hoogstraten WS, Lute MCC, Liu Z, Broersen R, Mangili L, Kros L, Gao Z, Wang X, van den Maagdenberg AMJM, De Zeeuw CI. Disynaptic Inhibitory Cerebellar Control Over Caudal Medial Accessory Olive. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0262-23.2023. [PMID: 38242692 PMCID: PMC10875979 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0262-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The olivocerebellar system, which is critical for sensorimotor performance and learning, functions through modules with feedback loops. The main feedback to the inferior olive comes from the cerebellar nuclei (CN), which are predominantly GABAergic and contralateral. However, for the subnucleus d of the caudomedial accessory olive (cdMAO), a crucial region for oculomotor and upper body movements, the source of GABAergic input has yet to be identified. Here, we demonstrate the existence of a disynaptic inhibitory projection from the medial CN (MCN) to the cdMAO via the superior colliculus (SC) by exploiting retrograde, anterograde, and transsynaptic viral tracing at the light microscopic level as well as anterograde classical and viral tracing combined with immunocytochemistry at the electron microscopic level. Retrograde tracing in Gad2-Cre mice reveals that the cdMAO receives GABAergic input from the contralateral SC. Anterograde transsynaptic tracing uncovered that the SC neurons receiving input from the contralateral MCN provide predominantly inhibitory projections to contralateral cdMAO, ipsilateral to the MCN. Following ultrastructural analysis of the monosynaptic projection about half of the SC terminals within the contralateral cdMAO are GABAergic. The disynaptic GABAergic projection from the MCN to the ipsilateral cdMAO mirrors that of the monosynaptic excitatory projection from the MCN to the contralateral cdMAO. Thus, while completing the map of inhibitory inputs to the olivary subnuclei, we established that the MCN inhibits the cdMAO via the contralateral SC, highlighting a potential push-pull mechanism in directional gaze control that appears unique in terms of laterality and polarity among olivocerebellar modules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marit C C Lute
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3015 GD, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam 1105 BA, The Netherlands
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Robin Broersen
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Luca Mangili
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Lieke Kros
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Zhenyu Gao
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaolu Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Arn M J M van den Maagdenberg
- Departments of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
- Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3015 GD, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam 1105 BA, The Netherlands
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