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Schwartzman JD, McCall M, Ghattas Y, Pugazhendhi AS, Wei F, Ngo C, Ruiz J, Seal S, Coathup MJ. Multifunctional scaffolds for bone repair following age-related biological decline: Promising prospects for smart biomaterial-driven technologies. Biomaterials 2024; 311:122683. [PMID: 38954959 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The repair of large bone defects due to trauma, disease, and infection can be exceptionally challenging in the elderly. Despite best clinical practice, bone regeneration within contemporary, surgically implanted synthetic scaffolds is often problematic, inconsistent, and insufficient where additional osteobiological support is required to restore bone. Emergent smart multifunctional biomaterials may drive important and dynamic cellular crosstalk that directly targets, signals, stimulates, and promotes an innate bone repair response following age-related biological decline and when in the presence of disease or infection. However, their role remains largely undetermined. By highlighting their mechanism/s and mode/s of action, this review spotlights smart technologies that favorably align in their conceivable ability to directly target and enhance bone repair and thus are highly promising for future discovery for use in the elderly. The four degrees of interactive scaffold smartness are presented, with a focus on bioactive, bioresponsive, and the yet-to-be-developed autonomous scaffold activity. Further, cell- and biomolecular-assisted approaches were excluded, allowing for contemporary examination of the capabilities, demands, vision, and future requisites of next-generation biomaterial-induced technologies only. Data strongly supports that smart scaffolds hold significant promise in the promotion of bone repair in patients with a reduced osteobiological response. Importantly, many techniques have yet to be tested in preclinical models of aging. Thus, greater clarity on their proficiency to counteract the many unresolved challenges within the scope of aging bone is highly warranted and is arguably the next frontier in the field. This review demonstrates that the use of multifunctional smart synthetic scaffolds with an engineered strategy to circumvent the biological insufficiencies associated with aging bone is a viable route for achieving next-generation therapeutic success in the elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Max McCall
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Yasmine Ghattas
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Abinaya Sindu Pugazhendhi
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA; Biionix Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Fei Wei
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA; Biionix Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Christopher Ngo
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA; Biionix Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Jonathan Ruiz
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Sudipta Seal
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA; Biionix Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA; Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Centre, Nanoscience Technology Center (NSTC), Materials Science and Engineering, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, USA, Orlando, FL
| | - Melanie J Coathup
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA; Biionix Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.
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Liu C, Liu J, Chen H. Overexpression of miR-7-5p Promoted Fracture Healing Through Inhibiting LRP4 and Activating Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway. INT J LOW EXTR WOUND 2024; 23:86-91. [PMID: 36883209 DOI: 10.1177/15347346231157443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Background. The bone healing after fracture had a great impact on the patients' life quality. However, how miR-7-5p participated in fracture healing has not been investigated. Methods. For in vitro studies, the pre-osteoblast cell line MC3T3-E1 was obtained. The male C57BL/6 mice were purchased for in vivo experiments, and the fracture model was constructed. Cell proliferation was determined by CCK8 assay, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was measured by commercial kit. Histological status was evaluated using H&E and TRAP staining. The RNA and protein levels were detected via RT-qPCR and western blotting, respectively. Results. Overexpression of miR-7-5p increased cell viability and ALP activity in vitro. Moreover, in vivo studies consistently indicated that transfection of miR-7-5p improved the histological status and increased the proportion of TRAP-positive cells. Overexpression of miR-7-5p suppressed LRP4 expression while upregulated Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Conclusion. MiR-7-5p decreased LRP4 level and further activated the Wnt/β-catenin signaling, facilitating the process of fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changtie Liu
- The Orthopaedic Trauma, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Junlin Liu
- The Orthopaedic Trauma, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hong Chen
- The Orthopaedic Trauma, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
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3
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Hosseini FS, Abedini AA, Chen F, Whitfield T, Ude CC, Laurencin CT. Oxygen-Generating Biomaterials for Translational Bone Regenerative Engineering. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:50721-50741. [PMID: 36988393 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c20715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Successful regeneration of critical-size defects remains one of the significant challenges in regenerative engineering. These large-scale bone defects are difficult to regenerate and are often reconstructed with matrices that do not provide adequate oxygen levels to stem cells involved in the regeneration process. Hypoxia-induced necrosis predominantly occurs in the center of large matrices since the host tissue's local vasculature fails to provide sufficient nutrients and oxygen. Indeed, utilizing oxygen-generating materials can overcome the central hypoxic region, induce tissue in-growth, and increase the quality of life for patients with extensive tissue damage. This article reviews recent advances in oxygen-generating biomaterials for translational bone regenerative engineering. We discussed different oxygen-releasing and delivery methods, fabrication methods for oxygen-releasing matrices, biology, oxygen's role in bone regeneration, and emerging new oxygen delivery methods that could potentially be used for bone regenerative engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh S Hosseini
- Connecticut Convergence Institute for Translation in Regenerative Engineering, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States
- Department of Skeletal Biology and Regeneration, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States
| | - Amir Abbas Abedini
- Connecticut Convergence Institute for Translation in Regenerative Engineering, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Feiyang Chen
- Connecticut Convergence Institute for Translation in Regenerative Engineering, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States
| | - Taraje Whitfield
- Connecticut Convergence Institute for Translation in Regenerative Engineering, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States
- Department of Skeletal Biology and Regeneration, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States
| | - Chinedu C Ude
- Connecticut Convergence Institute for Translation in Regenerative Engineering, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States
| | - Cato T Laurencin
- Connecticut Convergence Institute for Translation in Regenerative Engineering, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States
- Department of Skeletal Biology and Regeneration, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Department of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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4
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Oh WT, Yang YS, Xie J, Ma H, Kim JM, Park KH, Oh DS, Park-Min KH, Greenblatt MB, Gao G, Shim JH. WNT-modulating gene silencers as a gene therapy for osteoporosis, bone fracture, and critical-sized bone defects. Mol Ther 2023; 31:435-453. [PMID: 36184851 PMCID: PMC9931550 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Treating osteoporosis and associated bone fractures remains challenging for drug development in part due to potential off-target side effects and the requirement for long-term treatment. Here, we identify recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)-mediated gene therapy as a complementary approach to existing osteoporosis therapies, offering long-lasting targeting of multiple targets and/or previously undruggable intracellular non-enzymatic targets. Treatment with a bone-targeted rAAV carrying artificial microRNAs (miRNAs) silenced the expression of WNT antagonists, schnurri-3 (SHN3), and sclerostin (SOST), and enhanced WNT/β-catenin signaling, osteoblast function, and bone formation. A single systemic administration of rAAVs effectively reversed bone loss in both postmenopausal and senile osteoporosis. Moreover, the healing of bone fracture and critical-sized bone defects was also markedly improved by systemic injection or transplantation of AAV-bound allograft bone to the osteotomy sites. Collectively, our data demonstrate the clinical potential of bone-specific gene silencers to treat skeletal disorders of low bone mass and impaired fracture repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Taek Oh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street. LRB 217, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Yeon-Suk Yang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street. LRB 217, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jun Xie
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 368 Plantation Street AS6-2049, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 368 Plantation Street AS6-2049, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Viral Vector Core, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 368 Plantation Street AS6-2049, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Hong Ma
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 368 Plantation Street AS6-2049, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 368 Plantation Street AS6-2049, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Viral Vector Core, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 368 Plantation Street AS6-2049, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jung-Min Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street. LRB 217, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Kwang-Hwan Park
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | | | - Kyung-Hyun Park-Min
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA; Research Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Matthew B Greenblatt
- Research Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Guangping Gao
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 368 Plantation Street AS6-2049, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 368 Plantation Street AS6-2049, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Viral Vector Core, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 368 Plantation Street AS6-2049, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 368 Plantation Street AS6-2049, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Jae-Hyuck Shim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street. LRB 217, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 368 Plantation Street AS6-2049, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 368 Plantation Street AS6-2049, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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Tan J, Ren L, Xie K, Wang L, Jiang W, Guo Y, Hao Y. Functionalized TiCu/TiCuN coating promotes osteoporotic fracture healing by upregulating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Regen Biomater 2022; 10:rbac092. [PMID: 36683750 PMCID: PMC9847630 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbac092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis results in decreased bone mass and insufficient osteogenic function. Existing titanium alloy implants have insufficient osteoinductivity and delayed/incomplete fracture union can occur when used to treat osteoporotic fractures. Copper ions have good osteogenic activity, but their dose-dependent cytotoxicity limits their clinical use for bone implants. In this study, titanium alloy implants functionalized with a TiCu/TiCuN coating by arc ion plating achieved a controlled release of copper ions in vitro for 28 days. The coated alloy was co-cultured with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and showed excellent biocompatibility and osteoinductivity in vitro. A further exploration of the underlying mechanism by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting revealed that the enhancement effects are related to the upregulation of genes and proteins (such as axin2, β-catenin, GSK-3β, p-GSK-3β, LEF1 and TCF1/TCF7) involved in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. In vivo experiments showed that the TiCu/TiCuN coating significantly promoted osteoporotic fracture healing in a rat femur fracture model, and has good in vivo biocompatibility based on various staining results. Our study confirmed that TiCu/TiCuN-coated Ti promotes osteoporotic fracture healing associated with the Wnt pathway. Because the coating effectively accelerates the healing of osteoporotic fractures and improves bone quality, it has significant clinical application prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Tan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China,Clinical and Translational Research Center for 3D Printing Technology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Ling Ren
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110000, China
| | - Kai Xie
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China,Clinical and Translational Research Center for 3D Printing Technology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Correspondence address. E-mail: (Y.H.); (L.W.); (Y.G.)
| | - Wenbo Jiang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center for 3D Printing Technology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Yu Guo
- Correspondence address. E-mail: (Y.H.); (L.W.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yongqiang Hao
- Correspondence address. E-mail: (Y.H.); (L.W.); (Y.G.)
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6
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Qin Q, Liu Y, Yang Z, Aimaijiang M, Ma R, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Y. Hypoxia-Inducible Factors Signaling in Osteogenesis and Skeletal Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911201. [PMID: 36232501 PMCID: PMC9569554 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sufficient oxygen is required to maintain normal cellular and physiological function, such as a creature’s development, breeding, and homeostasis. Lately, some researchers have reported that both pathological hypoxia and environmental hypoxia might affect bone health. Adaptation to hypoxia is a pivotal cellular event in normal cell development and differentiation and in pathological settings such as ischemia. As central mediators of homeostasis, hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIFs) can allow cells to survive in a low-oxygen environment and are essential for the regulation of osteogenesis and skeletal repair. From this perspective, we summarized the role of HIF-1 and HIF-2 in signaling pathways implicated in bone development and skeletal repair and outlined the molecular mechanism of regulation of downstream growth factors and protein molecules such as VEGF, EPO, and so on. All of these present an opportunity for developing therapies for bone regeneration.
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7
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6-Bromoindirubin-3′-Oxime Regulates Colony Formation, Apoptosis, and Odonto/Osteogenic Differentiation in Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158676. [PMID: 35955809 PMCID: PMC9368902 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
6-bromoindirubin-3′-oxime (BIO) is a candidate small molecule that effectively modulates Wnt signalling owing to its stable property. The present study investigated the influence of BIO on the odonto/osteogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). hDPSCs were treated with 200, 400, or 800 nM BIO, and the effects on hDPSC responses and osteogenic differentiation were assessed. BIO-mediated Wnt activation was confirmed by β-catenin nuclear translocation detected by immunofluorescence staining. BIO attenuated colony formation and cell migration determined by in vitro wound-healing assay. BIO increased early apoptotic cell population evaluated using flow cytometry. For osteogenic induction, BIO promoted alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mineralisation in a dose-dependent manner. ALP, RUNX2, OCN, OSX, ANKH, DMP1, and DSPP mRNA expression were significantly upregulated. The OPG/RANKL expression ratio was also increased. Further, BIO attenuated adipogenic differentiation as demonstrated by decreased lipid accumulation and adipogenic-related gene expression. Bioinformatic analysis of RNA sequencing data from the BIO-treated hDPSCs revealed that BIO modulated pathways related to autophagy and actin cytoskeleton regulation. These findings demonstrated that BIO treatment promoted hDPSC osteogenic differentiation. Therefore, this small molecule is a strong candidate as a bioactive molecule to enhance dentin repair.
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Jing Z, Liang Z, Yang L, Du W, Yu T, Tang H, Li C, Wei W. Bone formation and bone repair: The roles and crosstalk of osteoinductive signaling pathways. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Modern genetic and immunological aspects of the pathogenesis of impaired consolidation of fractures (literature review). ACTA BIOMEDICA SCIENTIFICA 2022. [DOI: 10.29413/abs.2022-7.2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this article is to analyze the genetic and immunological mechanisms of the development of fracture consolidation disorders at the present scientific stage.Materials and methods. The search for literary sources was carried out in the open electronic databases of scientific literature PubMed and eLIBRARY. Search depth – 10 years.Results. The review analyzes the literature data on the current state of the study of the molecular genetic mechanisms of reparative regeneration including the development of fracture consolidation disorders. The mechanisms of the most important links of pathogenesis which most often lead to various violations of the processes of bone tissue repair are considered.Conclusion. The process of bone tissue repair is multifaceted, and many factors are involved in its implementation, however, we would like to note that the leading role in the course of reparative regeneration is played by a personalized genetically programmed response to this pathological condition. Nevertheless, despite the undeniable progress of modern medicine in studying the processes of bone recovery after a fracture, there are still many “white” spots in this issue, which dictates the need for further comprehensive study in order to effectively treat patients with impaired consolidation.
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Yu H, Zhang J, Liu X, Li Y. microRNA-136-5p from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes facilitates fracture healing by targeting LRP4 to activate the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Bone Joint Res 2021; 10:744-758. [PMID: 34847690 PMCID: PMC8712601 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.1012.bjr-2020-0275.r2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have been reported to be a promising cellular therapeutic approach for various human diseases. The current study aimed to investigate the mechanism of BMSC-derived exosomes carrying microRNA (miR)-136-5p in fracture healing. Methods A mouse fracture model was initially established by surgical means. Exosomes were isolated from BMSCs from mice. The endocytosis of the mouse osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cell line was analyzed. CCK-8 and disodium phenyl phosphate microplate methods were employed to detect cell proliferation and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, respectively. The binding of miR-136-5p to low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein 4 (LRP4) was analyzed by dual luciferase reporter gene assay. HE staining, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, and immunohistochemistry were performed to evaluate the healing of the bone tissue ends, the positive number of osteoclasts, and the positive expression of β-catenin protein, respectively. Results miR-136-5p promoted fracture healing and osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. BMSC-derived exosomes exhibited an enriched miR-136-5p level, and were internalized by MC3T3-E1 cells. LRP4 was identified as a downstream target gene of miR-136-5p. Moreover, miR-136-5p or exosomes isolated from BMSCs (BMSC-Exos) containing miR-136-5p activated the Wnt/β-catenin pathway through the inhibition of LRP4 expression. Furthermore, BMSC-derived exosomes carrying miR-136-5p promoted osteoblast proliferation and differentiation, thereby promoting fracture healing. Conclusion BMSC-derived exosomes carrying miR-136-5p inhibited LRP4 and activated the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, thus facilitating fracture healing. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(12):744–758.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichi Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoning Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingzhi Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Individualized cyclic mechanical loading improves callus properties during the remodelling phase of fracture healing in mice as assessed from time-lapsed in vivo imaging. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23037. [PMID: 34845246 PMCID: PMC8630002 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02368-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Fracture healing is regulated by mechanical loading. Understanding the underlying mechanisms during the different healing phases is required for targeted mechanical intervention therapies. Here, the influence of individualized cyclic mechanical loading on the remodelling phase of fracture healing was assessed in a non-critical-sized mouse femur defect model. After bridging of the defect, a loading group (n = 10) received individualized cyclic mechanical loading (8–16 N, 10 Hz, 5 min, 3 × /week) based on computed strain distribution in the mineralized callus using animal-specific real-time micro-finite element analysis with 2D/3D visualizations and strain histograms. Controls (n = 10) received 0 N treatment at the same post-operative time-points. By registration of consecutive scans, structural and dynamic callus morphometric parameters were followed in three callus sub-volumes and the adjacent cortex showing that the remodelling phase of fracture healing is highly responsive to cyclic mechanical loading with changes in dynamic parameters leading to significantly larger formation of mineralized callus and higher degree of mineralization. Loading-mediated maintenance of callus remodelling was associated with distinct effects on Wnt-signalling-associated molecular targets Sclerostin and RANKL in callus sub-regions and the adjacent cortex (n = 1/group). Given these distinct local protein expression patterns induced by cyclic mechanical loading during callus remodelling, the femur defect loading model with individualized load application seems suitable to further understand the local spatio-temporal mechano-molecular regulation of the different fracture healing phases.
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12
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Notch-Wnt signal crosstalk regulates proliferation and differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells during intramembranous bone healing. NPJ Regen Med 2021; 6:29. [PMID: 34050174 PMCID: PMC8163848 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-021-00139-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult bone regeneration is orchestrated by the precise actions of osteoprogenitor cells (OPCs). However, the mechanisms by which OPC proliferation and differentiation are linked and thereby regulated are yet to be defined. Here, we present evidence that during intramembranous bone formation OPC proliferation is controlled by Notch signaling, while differentiation is initiated by activation of canonical Wnt signaling. The temporospatial separation of Notch and Wnt signal activation during the early stages of bone regeneration suggests crosstalk between the two pathways. In vitro and in vivo manipulation of the two essential pathways demonstrate that Wnt activation leads to initiation of osteogenic differentiation and at the same time inhibits Notch signaling, which results in termination of the proliferative phase. Here, we establish canonical Wnt signaling as a key regulator that facilitates the crosstalk between OPC proliferation and differentiation during intramembranous, primary bone healing.
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13
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Huang Y, Xu Y, Feng S, He P, Sheng B, Ni J. miR-19b enhances osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and promotes fracture healing through the WWP1/Smurf2-mediated KLF5/β-catenin signaling pathway. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:973-985. [PMID: 34035464 PMCID: PMC8178348 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00631-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC)-derived exosomes have been found to enhance fracture healing. In addition, microRNAs contributing to the healing of various bone fractures have attracted widespread attention in recent years, but knowledge of the mechanisms by which they act is still very limited. In this study, we clarified the function of altered microRNA-19b (miR-19b) expression in BMSCs in fracture healing. We modulated miR-19b expression via mimics/inhibitors in BMSCs and via agomirs in mice to explore the effects of these changes on osteogenic factors, bone cell mineralization and the healing status of modeled fractures. Through gain- and loss-of function assays, the binding affinity between miR-19b and WWP1/Smurf2 was identified and characterized to explain the underlying mechanism involving the KLF5/β-catenin signaling pathway. miR-19b promoted the differentiation of human BMSCs into osteoblasts by targeting WWP1 and Smurf2. Overexpression of WWP1 or Smurf2 degraded the target protein KLF5 in BMSCs through ubiquitination to inhibit fracture healing. KLF5 knockdown delayed fracture healing by modulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Furthermore, miR-19b enhanced fracture healing via the KLF5/β-catenin signaling pathway by targeting WWP1 or Smurf2. Moreover, miR-19b was found to be enriched in BMSC-derived exosomes, and treatment with exosomes promoted fracture healing in vivo. Collectively, these results indicate that mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomal miR-19b represses the expression of WWP1 or Smurf2 and elevates KLF5 expression through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, thereby facilitating fracture healing. Understanding how a small regulatory RNA molecule helps to promote fracture healing could lead to new treatments for broken bones. Working with human cells and mouse models, a team led by Yongqiang Xu from the Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital in Changsha, China, showed how microRNA-19b in extracellular vesicles secreted by bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) contributes to the healing process. The researchers found that the microRNA blocks the function of two proteins that normally restrain the activity of a third protein needed for BMSCs to home in on the site of injury and turn into new bone tissue. In mice with leg bone fractures, injections of microRNA-19b–filled vesicles derived from BMSCs accelerated healing and recovery, suggesting that similar therapies might be helpful in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongqiang Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, China.
| | - Siyin Feng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Pan He
- Department of Orthopaedics, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Bing Sheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Jiangdong Ni
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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14
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Moore ER, Mathews OA, Yao Y, Yang Y. Prx1-expressing cells contributing to fracture repair require primary cilia for complete healing in mice. Bone 2021; 143:115738. [PMID: 33188955 PMCID: PMC7769995 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Bone is a dynamic organ that is continuously modified during development, load-induced adaptation, and fracture repair. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms for natural fracture healing can lead to therapeutics that enhance the quality of newly formed tissue, advance the rate of healing, or replace the need for invasive surgical procedures. Prx1-expressing cells in the periosteum are thought to supply the majority of osteoblasts and chondrocytes in the fracture callus, but the exact mechanisms for this behavior are unknown. The primary cilium is a sensory organelle that is known to mediate several signaling pathways involved in fracture healing and required for Prx1-expressing cells to contribute to juvenile bone development and adult load-induced bone formation. We therefore investigated the role of Prx1-expressing cell primary cilia in fracture repair by developing a mouse model that enabled us to simultaneously track Prx1 lineage cell fate and disrupt Prx1-expressing cell primary cilia in vivo. The cilium KO mice exhibited abnormally large calluses with significantly decreased bone formation and persistent cartilage nodules. Analysis of mRNA expression in the early soft callus revealed downregulation of osteogenesis, Hh signaling, and Wnt signaling, and upregulation of chondrogenesis and angiogenesis. The mutant mice also exhibited decreased Osx and Periostin but increased αSMA and PECAM-1 protein expression in the hard callus. We further used a Gli1LacZ reporter and found that Hh signaling was significantly upregulated in the mutant callus at later stages of healing. Interestingly, altered protein expression and Hh signaling did not correlate with labeled Prx1-lineage cells, suggesting loss of cilia altered Hh signaling non-autonomously. Overall, cilium KO mice demonstrated severely delayed and incomplete fracture healing, and our findings suggest Prx1-expressing cell primary cilia are necessary to tune Hh signaling for proper fracture repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - O Amandhi Mathews
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; University of Dallas, Irving, TX, USA
| | - Yichen Yao
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingzi Yang
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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15
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The Potential Function of Super Enhancers in Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells during Osteogenic Differentiation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6614762. [PMID: 33575331 PMCID: PMC7857871 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6614762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Super enhancers (SEs) are large clusters of transcriptional activity enhancers, which drive and control the expression of cell identity genes, as well as differentiation of specific cell types. SEs have great application potential in pathogenic mechanism studies in developmental biology, cancer, and other diseases. However, the potential function and regulatory mechanism of SEs in the osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) are unknown. Therefore, this study investigated the potential function of SEs in the osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs and their target genes. Osteogenesis was induced in three hBMSCs groups for 14 days. Further, ChIP-seq was performed on cells before and after osteogenic differentiation. Two target genes were then selected from cells before and after osteogenic differentiation for RT-qPCR. Finally, the selected SE target genes were analyzed by bioinformatics. In total, 1,680 SEs were identified in hBMSCs. After 14 days of osteogenic induction, only 342 SEs were detected in cells, among which 1,380 unique SEs were detected in hBMSCs, 42 unique SEs were found in cells induced by osteoblast differentiation after 14 days, and 300 SEs were common in both groups. Further, 1,680 genes were found to be regulated by SEs in hBMSCs, including 1,094 genes with protein-coding function and 586 noncoding genes. Additionally, 342 genes were regulated by SEs in cells after 14 days of osteogenic differentiation induction, of which 223 and 119 had protein-coding and noncoding functions, respectively. KEGG analysis of SE target genes before and after osteogenic differentiation showed the TGF-β, PI3K-Akt, and ECM receptor signaling pathways as highly enriched and closely related to osteogenic differentiation. Further, RT-qPCR results of four selected target genes confirmed the sequencing results. Taken together, osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs involves changes in multiple SEs, which may regulate the osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs by regulating the expression of target genes.
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16
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Local injections of β-NGF accelerates endochondral fracture repair by promoting cartilage to bone conversion. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22241. [PMID: 33335129 PMCID: PMC7747641 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78983-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There are currently no pharmacological approaches in fracture healing designed to therapeutically stimulate endochondral ossification. In this study, we test nerve growth factor (NGF) as an understudied therapeutic for fracture repair. We first characterized endogenous expression of Ngf and its receptor tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) during tibial fracture repair, finding that they peak during the cartilaginous phase. We then tested two injection regimens and found that local β-NGF injections during the endochondral/cartilaginous phase promoted osteogenic marker expression. Gene expression data from β-NGF stimulated cartilage callus explants show a promotion in markers associated with endochondral ossification such as Ihh, Alpl, and Sdf-1. Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed the promotion of genes associated with Wnt activation, PDGF- and integrin-binding. Subsequent histological analysis confirmed Wnt activation following local β-NGF injections. Finally, we demonstrate functional improvements to bone healing following local β-NGF injections which resulted in a decrease in cartilage and increase of bone volume. Moreover, the newly formed bone contained higher trabecular number, connective density, and bone mineral density. Collectively, we demonstrate β-NGF’s ability to promote endochondral repair in a murine model and uncover mechanisms that will serve to further understand the molecular switches that occur during cartilage to bone transformation.
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17
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Schupbach D, Comeau-Gauthier M, Harvey E, Merle G. Wnt modulation in bone healing. Bone 2020; 138:115491. [PMID: 32569871 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Genetic studies have been instrumental in the field of orthopaedics for finding tools to improve the standard management of fractures and delayed unions. The Wnt signaling pathway that is crucial for development and maintenance of many organs also has a very promising pathway for enhancement of bone regeneration. The Wnt pathway has been shown to have a direct effect on stem cells during bone regeneration, making Wnt a potential target to stimulate bone repair after trauma. A more complete view of how Wnt influences animal bone regeneration has slowly come to light. This review article provides an overview of studies done investigating the modulation of the canonical Wnt pathway in animal bone regeneration models. This not only includes a summary of the recent work done elucidating the roles of Wnt and β-catenin in fracture healing, but also the results of thirty transgenic studies, and thirty-eight pharmacological studies. Finally, we discuss the discontinuation of sclerostin clinical trials, ongoing clinical trials with lithium, the results of Dkk antibody clinical trials, the shift into combination therapies and the future opportunities to enhance bone repair and regeneration through the modulation of the Wnt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Schupbach
- Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, McGill University, Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Room A10-110, Montreal, Québec H3G 1A4, Canada; Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Room A7-117, Montreal, Québec H3G 1A4, Canada.
| | - Marianne Comeau-Gauthier
- Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, McGill University, Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Room A10-110, Montreal, Québec H3G 1A4, Canada; Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Room A7-117, Montreal, Québec H3G 1A4, Canada.
| | - Edward Harvey
- Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, McGill University, Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Room A10-110, Montreal, Québec H3G 1A4, Canada.
| | - Geraldine Merle
- Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, McGill University, Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Room A10-110, Montreal, Québec H3G 1A4, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, 2500, chemin de Polytechnique, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada.
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18
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Zhang XY, Chen YP, Zhang C, Zhang X, Xia T, Han J, Yang N, Song SL, Xu CH. Icariin Accelerates Fracture Healing via Activation of the WNT1/β-catenin Osteogenic Signaling Pathway. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 21:1645-1653. [PMID: 32525771 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200611121539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Icariin has been shown to enhance bone formation. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to investigate whether icariin also promotes bone fracture healing and its mechanisms. METHODS First, we isolated and cultured rat bone marrow stromal cells (rBMSCs) with icariincontaining serum at various concentrations (0%, 2.5%, 5% and 10%) and then measured alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and the expression of Core-binding factor, alpha 1 (Cbfα1), bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4) in the rBMSCs. Second, we established a model of fracture healing in rats and performed gavage treatment for 20 days. Then, we detected bone biochemical markers (ELISA kits) in the serum, fracture healing (digital radiography, DR), and osteocalcin expression (immunohistochemistry). RESULTS Icariin treatment increased ALP activity and induced the expression of Cbfα1, BMP-2 and BMP-4 in rBMSCs in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, Icariin increased the serum levels of osteocalcin (OC), bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP), N-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen (NTX-1), C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-1) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP-5b); promoted osteocalcin secretion at the fracture site; and accelerated fracture healing. CONCLUSION Icariin can promote the levels of bone-formation markers, accelerate fracture healing, and activate the WNT1/β-catenin osteogenic signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yun Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated with the Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530011, China
| | - Yue-Ping Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated with the Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530011, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated with the Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530011, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated with the Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530011, China
| | - Tian Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated with the Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530011, China
| | - Jie Han
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated with the Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530011, China
| | - Nan Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated with the Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530011, China
| | - Shi-Lei Song
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated with the Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530011, China
| | - Can-Hong Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated with the Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530011, China
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19
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Rothe R, Schulze S, Neuber C, Hauser S, Rammelt S, Pietzsch J. Adjuvant drug-assisted bone healing: Part III - Further strategies for local and systemic modulation. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2020; 73:439-488. [PMID: 31177207 DOI: 10.3233/ch-199104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this third in a series of reviews on adjuvant drug-assisted bone healing, further approaches aiming at influencing the healing process are discussed. Local and systemic modulation of bone metabolism is pursued with use of a number of drugs with completely different indications, which are characterized by a pleiotropic spectrum of action. These include drugs used to treat lipid disorders (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors), hypertension (ACE inhibitors), osteoporosis (bisphosphonates), cancer (proteasome inhibitors) and others. Potential applications to enhance bone healing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Rothe
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sabine Schulze
- University Center of Orthopaedics and Traumatology (OUC), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christin Neuber
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sandra Hauser
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Rammelt
- University Center of Orthopaedics and Traumatology (OUC), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Tatzberg 4, Dresden
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany.,Technische Universität Dresden, School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Dresden, Germany
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20
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Touri M, Moztarzadeh F, Abu Osman NA, Dehghan MM, Brouki Milan P, Farzad-Mohajeri S, Mozafari M. Oxygen-Releasing Scaffolds for Accelerated Bone Regeneration. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:2985-2994. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Touri
- Biomaterial Group, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering (Center of Excellence), Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 1591634311, Iran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Fathollah Moztarzadeh
- Biomaterial Group, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering (Center of Excellence), Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 1591634311, Iran
| | - Noor Azuan Abu Osman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Dehghan
- Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417466191, Iran
- Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417466191, Iran
| | - Peiman Brouki Milan
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14496-14535, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14496-14535, Iran
| | | | - Masoud Mozafari
- Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14496-14535, Iran
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21
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Inoue K, Hu X, Zhao B. Regulatory network mediated by RBP-J/NFATc1-miR182 controls inflammatory bone resorption. FASEB J 2019; 34:2392-2407. [PMID: 31908034 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902227r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bone resorption is a severe consequence of inflammatory diseases associated with osteolysis, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), often leading to disability in patients. In physiological conditions, the differentiation of bone-resorbing osteoclasts is delicately regulated by the balance between osteoclastogenic and anti-osteoclastogenic mechanisms. Inflammation has complex impact on osteoclastogenesis and bone destruction, and the underlying mechanisms of which, especially feedback inhibition, are underexplored. Here, we identify a novel regulatory network mediated by RBP-J/NFATc1-miR182 in TNF-induced osteoclastogenesis and inflammatory bone resorption. This network includes negative regulator RBP-J and positive regulators, NFATc1 and miR182, of osteoclast differentiation. In this network, miR182 is a direct target of both RBP-J and NFATc1. RBP-J represses, while NFATc1 activates miR182 expression through binding to specific open chromatin regions in the miR182 promoter. Inhibition of miR182 by RBP-J servers as a critical mechanism that limits TNF-induced osteoclast differentiation and inflammatory bone resorption. Inflammation, such as that which occurs in RA, shifts the expression levels of the components in this network mediated by RBP-J/NFATc1-miR182-FoxO3/PKR (previously identified miR182 targets) towards more osteoclastogenic, rather than healthy conditions. Treatment with TNF inhibitors in RA patients reverses the expression changes of the network components and osteoclastogenic potential. Thus, this network controls the balance between activating and repressive signals that determine the extent of osteoclastogenesis. These findings collectively highlight the biological significance and translational implication of this newly identified intrinsic regulatory network in inflammatory osteoclastogenesis and osteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Inoue
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Baohong Zhao
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.,Graduate Program in Cell and Development Biology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
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22
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The Potential Role of Cycloastragenol in Promoting Diabetic Wound Repair In Vitro. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:7023950. [PMID: 31930133 PMCID: PMC6939423 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7023950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Refractory wound healing is a severe complication of diabetes with a significant socioeconomic burden. Whereas current therapies are insufficient to accelerate repair, stem cell-based therapy is increasingly recognized as an alternative that improves healing outcomes. The aim of the present study is to explore the role of cycloastragenol (CAG), a naturally occurring compound in Astragali Radix, in ameliorating refractory cutaneous wound healing in vitro, which may provide a new insight into therapeutic strategy for diabetic wounds. Methods Human epidermal stem cells (EpSCs) obtained from nine patients were exposed to CAG, with or without DKK1 (a Wnt signaling inhibitor). A lentiviral short hairpin RNA (shRNA) system was used to establish the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and β-catenin knockdown cell line. Cell counting kit-8, scratch wound healing, and transwell migration assay were used to determine the effects of CAG in cell growth and migration. The activation of TERT, β-catenin, and c-Myc was determined using real-time qPCR and western blot analysis. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) was performed to evaluate the associations among CAG, TERT, and Wnt/β-catenin signals. Results CAG not only promoted the proliferation and migration ability of EpSCs but also increased the expression levels of TERT, β-catenin, c-Myc. These effects of CAG were most pronounced at a dose of 0.3 μM. Notably, the CAG-promoted proliferative and migratory abilities of EpSCs were abrogated in TERT and β-catenin-silenced cells. In addition, the ChIP results strongly suggested that CAG-modulated TERT was closely associated with the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Conclusion Our data indicate that CAG is a TERT activator of EpSCs and is associated with their proliferation and migration, a role it may play through the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
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23
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Sun Z, Jin H, Zhou H, Yu L, Wan H, He Y. Guhong Injection promotes fracture healing by activating Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 120:109436. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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24
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Zhao C, Yu T, Dou Q, Guo Y, Yang X, Chen Y. Knockout of TLR4 promotes fracture healing by activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 216:152766. [PMID: 31796334 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.152766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) on fracture healing. METHODS The open tibial fracture models in TLR4 knockout (TLR4-/-) and wild type (WT) C57BL-6 J mice were established. The radiological examination, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, Micro-CT scan and biological torsion test were performed on 7, 14 and 21 days after operation. Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kit was used to detect the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). Western blotting was used to detect the expression of β-catenin, Wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 4 and 5B (Wnt4 and Wnt5B), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) of the callus tissue obtained from mice. RESULTS TLR4 knockout promoted fracture healing, reduced the number of osteoclasts, increased bone callus volume (BV) and callus mineralized volume fraction (BV/TV%) (P < 0.05), increased the maximum torque and torsional stiffness of callus (P < 0.05), reduced TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 expression (P < 0.01), and increased the expression levels of β-catenin, Wnt4, Wnt5B, PCNA and BMP-2 (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION TLR4 knockout reduced inflammatory and promoted fracture healing by activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunju Zhao
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Qilu Hospital of ShanDong University, No. 107, Cultural West Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province, 250012, China; Department Of Orthopedics, Liaocheng People's Hospital, No. 67, Dongchang West Road, Liaocheng City, Shandong Province, 252000, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Qilu Hospital of ShanDong University, No. 107, Cultural West Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province, 250012, China; Department Of Orthopedics, Liaocheng People's Hospital, No. 67, Dongchang West Road, Liaocheng City, Shandong Province, 252000, China
| | - Qingjun Dou
- Department Of Orthopedics, Liaocheng People's Hospital, No. 67, Dongchang West Road, Liaocheng City, Shandong Province, 252000, China
| | - Yue Guo
- Department Of Orthopedics, Liaocheng People's Hospital, No. 67, Dongchang West Road, Liaocheng City, Shandong Province, 252000, China
| | - Xiaofei Yang
- Department Of Orthopedics, Liaocheng People's Hospital, No. 67, Dongchang West Road, Liaocheng City, Shandong Province, 252000, China
| | - Yunzhen Chen
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Qilu Hospital of ShanDong University, No. 107, Cultural West Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province, 250012, China.
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25
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Wehrle E, Tourolle Né Betts DC, Kuhn GA, Scheuren AC, Hofmann S, Müller R. Evaluation of longitudinal time-lapsed in vivo micro-CT for monitoring fracture healing in mouse femur defect models. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17445. [PMID: 31768003 PMCID: PMC6877534 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53822-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Longitudinal in vivo micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) is of interest to non-invasively capture the healing process of individual animals in preclinical fracture healing studies. However, it is not known whether longitudinal imaging itself has an impact on callus formation and remodeling. In this study, a scan group received weekly micro-CT measurements (week 0-6), whereas controls were only scanned post-operatively and at week 5 and 6. Registration of consecutive scans using a branching scheme (bridged vs. unbridged defect) combined with a two-threshold approach enabled assessment of localized bone turnover and mineralization kinetics relevant for monitoring callus remodeling. Weekly micro-CT application did not significantly change any of the assessed callus parameters in the defect and periosteal volumes. This was supported by histomorphometry showing only small amounts of cartilage residuals in both groups, indicating progression towards the end of the healing period. Also, immunohistochemical staining of Sclerostin, previously associated with mediating adverse radiation effects on bone, did not reveal differences between groups. The established longitudinal in vivo micro-CT-based approach allows monitoring of healing phases in mouse femur defect models without significant effects of anesthesia, handling and radiation on callus properties. Therefore, this study supports application of longitudinal in vivo micro-CT for healing-phase-specific monitoring of fracture repair in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Wehrle
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Gisela A Kuhn
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Sandra Hofmann
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ralph Müller
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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26
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Herrmann M, Jakob F. Bone Marrow Niches for Skeletal Progenitor Cells and their Inhabitants in Health and Disease. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 14:305-319. [PMID: 30674266 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x14666190123161447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The bone marrow hosts skeletal progenitor cells which have most widely been referred to as Mesenchymal Stem or Stromal Cells (MSCs), a heterogeneous population of adult stem cells possessing the potential for self-renewal and multilineage differentiation. A consensus agreement on minimal criteria has been suggested to define MSCs in vitro, including adhesion to plastic, expression of typical surface markers and the ability to differentiate towards the adipogenic, osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages but they are critically discussed since the differentiation capability of cells could not always be confirmed by stringent assays in vivo. However, these in vitro characteristics have led to the notion that progenitor cell populations, similar to MSCs in bone marrow, reside in various tissues. MSCs are in the focus of numerous (pre)clinical studies on tissue regeneration and repair. Recent advances in terms of genetic animal models enabled a couple of studies targeting skeletal progenitor cells in vivo. Accordingly, different skeletal progenitor cell populations could be identified by the expression of surface markers including nestin and leptin receptor. While there are still issues with the identity of, and the overlap between different cell populations, these studies suggested that specific microenvironments, referred to as niches, host and maintain skeletal progenitor cells in the bone marrow. Dynamic mutual interactions through biological and physical cues between niche constituting cells and niche inhabitants control dormancy, symmetric and asymmetric cell division and lineage commitment. Niche constituting cells, inhabitant cells and their extracellular matrix are subject to influences of aging and disease e.g. via cellular modulators. Protective niches can be hijacked and abused by metastasizing tumor cells, and may even be adapted via mutual education. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on bone marrow skeletal progenitor cell niches in physiology and pathophysiology. We discuss the plasticity and dynamics of bone marrow niches as well as future perspectives of targeting niches for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marietta Herrmann
- IZKF Group Tissue Regeneration in Musculoskeletal Diseases, University Clinics Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.,Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Franz Jakob
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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27
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Ju C, Liu R, Zhang YW, Zhang Y, Zhou R, Sun J, Lv XB, Zhang Z. Mesenchymal stem cell-associated lncRNA in osteogenic differentiation. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 115:108912. [PMID: 31048188 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the ability to differentiate into multiple cell types, including osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic lineages. Osteogenic differentiation of MSCs plays a critical role in bone tissue engineering. Inducing MSC osteogenesis represents a potential treatment that promotes bone formation and bone regeneration. Recently, long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) was shown to participate in the occurrence and development of various diseases. Different lncRNA expression patterns can regulate the cell cycle, proliferation, metastasis, immunobiology and differentiation. With the recent extensive study of lncRNAs, an increasing number of lncRNAs are being studied in the MSC field. Furthermore, some lncRNAs have been confirmed to regulate MSC osteogenesis. Therefore, here, we review research concerning lncRNA in osteogenic differentiation of MSCs and highlight the importance of lncRNA in bone formation and bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Ju
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis and Precision Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China; Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330008, China; Nanchang Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China; Medical Department of Graduate School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China.
| | - Renfeng Liu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis and Precision Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China; Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330008, China; Nanchang Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China; Medical Department of Graduate School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China.
| | - Yuan-Wei Zhang
- Medical Department of Graduate School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330008, China; Nanchang Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
| | - Ruihao Zhou
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis and Precision Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
| | - Jun Sun
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis and Precision Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
| | - Xiao-Bin Lv
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis and Precision Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis and Precision Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China; Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330008, China; Nanchang Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
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28
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Liu D, He S, Chen S, Yang L, Yang J, Bao Q, Qin H, Zhao Y, Zong Z. Different effects of Wnt/β-catenin activation and parathyroid hormone on diaphyseal and metaphyseal in the early phase of femur bone healing of mice. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2019; 46:652-663. [PMID: 30908657 PMCID: PMC6593981 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and agents related to the manipulation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling are two promising anabolic anti-osteoporotic therapies that have been shown to promote the healing of bone fractures. Now, it is widely accepted that cortical bone and trabecular bone are two different compartments, and should be treated as separate compartments in pathological processes, such as fracture healing. It is currently unknown whether PTH and the activation of β-catenin signalling would demonstrate different effects on cortical bone and trabecular bone healing. In the current study, single 0.6-mm cortex holes were made in the femur metaphysis and diaphysis of mice, and then, PTH application and β-catenin activation were used to observe the promoting effect on bone healing. The effects of β-catenin and PTH signalling on fracture healing were observed by X-ray and CT at 3, 6, and 14 days after fracture, and the levels of β-catenin were detected by RT-PCR assay, and the number of specific antigen-positive cells of BRDU, OCN, RUNX2 was counted by immunohistochemical staining. While β-catenin activation and PTH were found to demonstrate similar effects on accelerating metaphyseal bone healing, activation of β-catenin showed a more striking effect than PTH on promoting diaphyseal bone healing. These findings might be helpful for selecting proper medication to accelerate fracture healing of different bone compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daocheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sihao He
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sixu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiazhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Quanwei Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yufeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhaowen Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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29
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Villaseñor A, Aedo-Martín D, Obeso D, Erjavec I, Rodríguez-Coira J, Buendía I, Ardura JA, Barbas C, Gortazar AR. Metabolomics reveals citric acid secretion in mechanically-stimulated osteocytes is inhibited by high glucose. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2295. [PMID: 30783155 PMCID: PMC6381120 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38154-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteocytes are the main cells of bone tissue and play a crucial role in bone formation and resorption. Recent studies have indicated that Diabetes Mellitus (DM) affects bone mass and potentially causes higher bone fracture risk. Previous work on osteocyte cell cultures has demonstrated that mechanotransduction is impaired after culture under diabetic pre-conditioning with high glucose (HG), specifically osteoclast recruitment and differentiation. The aim of this study was to analyze the extracellular metabolic changes of osteocytes regarding two conditions: pre-conditioning to either basal levels of glucose (B), mannitol (M) or HG cell media, and mechanical stimulation by fluid flow (FF) in contrast to static condition (SC). Secretomes were analyzed using Liquid Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis both coupled to Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS and CE-MS, respectively). Results showed the osteocyte profile was very similar under SC, regardless of their pre-conditioning treatment, while, after FF stimulation, secretomes followed different metabolic signatures depending on the pre-conditioning treatment. An important increment of citrate pointed out that osteocytes release citrate outside of the cell to induce osteoblast activation, while HG environment impaired FF effect. This study demonstrates for the first time that osteocytes increase citrate excretion under mechanical stimulation, and that HG environment impaired this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Villaseñor
- IMMA, Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, CEU San Pablo University, Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28668, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Aedo-Martín
- IMMA, Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, CEU San Pablo University, Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28668, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Obeso
- IMMA, Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, CEU San Pablo University, Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28668, Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Faculty of Pharmacy, CEU San Pablo University, Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28668, Madrid, Spain
| | - Igor Erjavec
- Laboratory for Mineralized Tissues, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Juan Rodríguez-Coira
- IMMA, Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, CEU San Pablo University, Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28668, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Buendía
- IMMA, Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, CEU San Pablo University, Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28668, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Ardura
- IMMA, Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, CEU San Pablo University, Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28668, Madrid, Spain.,Basic Medical Sciences Department, School of Medicine, CEU San Pablo University, Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28668, Madrid, Spain
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Faculty of Pharmacy, CEU San Pablo University, Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28668, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arancha R Gortazar
- IMMA, Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, CEU San Pablo University, Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28668, Madrid, Spain. .,Basic Medical Sciences Department, School of Medicine, CEU San Pablo University, Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28668, Madrid, Spain.
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30
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Houschyar KS, Tapking C, Borrelli MR, Popp D, Duscher D, Maan ZN, Chelliah MP, Li J, Harati K, Wallner C, Rein S, Pförringer D, Reumuth G, Grieb G, Mouraret S, Dadras M, Wagner JM, Cha JY, Siemers F, Lehnhardt M, Behr B. Wnt Pathway in Bone Repair and Regeneration - What Do We Know So Far. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 6:170. [PMID: 30666305 PMCID: PMC6330281 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling plays a central regulatory role across a remarkably diverse range of functions during embryonic development, including those involved in the formation of bone and cartilage. Wnt signaling continues to play a critical role in adult osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Disruptions in this highly-conserved and complex system leads to various pathological conditions, including impaired bone healing, autoimmune diseases and malignant degeneration. For reconstructive surgeons, critically sized skeletal defects represent a major challenge. These are frequently associated with significant morbidity in both the recipient and donor sites. The Wnt pathway is an attractive therapeutic target with the potential to directly modulate stem cells responsible for skeletal tissue regeneration and promote bone growth, suggesting that Wnt factors could be used to promote bone healing after trauma. This review summarizes our current understanding of the essential role of the Wnt pathway in bone regeneration and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khosrow S Houschyar
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christian Tapking
- Department of Surgery, Shriners Hospital for Children-Galveston, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States.,Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Trauma Center, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mimi R Borrelli
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Daniel Popp
- Department of Surgery, Shriners Hospital for Children-Galveston, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States.,Division of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dominik Duscher
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Zeshaan N Maan
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Malcolm P Chelliah
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Jingtao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kamran Harati
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christoph Wallner
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Susanne Rein
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery-Burn Center-Clinic St. Georg, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dominik Pförringer
- Clinic and Policlinic of Trauma Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Georg Reumuth
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Burn Unit, Trauma Center Bergmannstrost Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Gerrit Grieb
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Gemeinschaftskrankenhaus Havelhoehe, Teaching Hospital of the Charité Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sylvain Mouraret
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Department of Periodontology, Service of Odontology, Rothschild Hospital, AP-HP, Paris 7 - Denis, Diderot University, U.F.R. of Odontology, Paris, France
| | - Mehran Dadras
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Johannes M Wagner
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jungul Y Cha
- Orthodontic Department, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Frank Siemers
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Burn Unit, Trauma Center Bergmannstrost Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Marcus Lehnhardt
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Björn Behr
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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31
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Chen S, Liu D, He S, Yang L, Bao Q, Qin H, Liu H, Zhao Y, Zong Z. Differential effects of type 1 diabetes mellitus and subsequent osteoblastic β-catenin activation on trabecular and cortical bone in a mouse model. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:1-14. [PMID: 30518745 PMCID: PMC6281645 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0186-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a pathological condition associated with osteopenia. WNT/β-catenin signaling is implicated in this process. Trabecular and cortical bone respond differently to WNT/β-catenin signaling in healthy mice. We investigated whether this signaling has different effects on trabecular and cortical bone in T1DM. We first established a streptozotocin-induced T1DM mouse model and then constitutively activated β-catenin in osteoblasts in the setting of T1DM (T1-CA). The extent of bone loss was greater in trabecular bone than that in cortical bone in T1DM mice, and this difference was consistent with the reduction in the expression of β-catenin signaling in the two bone compartments. Further experiments demonstrated that in T1DM mice, trabecular bone showed lower levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) than the levels in cortical bone, leading to lower WNT/β-catenin signaling activity through the inhibition of the IGF-1R/Akt/glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) pathway. After β-catenin was activated in T1-CA mice, the bone mass and bone strength increased to substantially greater extents in trabecular bone than those in cortical bone. In addition, the cortical bone of the T1-CA mice displayed an unexpected increase in bone porosity, with increased bone resorption. The downregulated expression of WNT16 might be responsible for these cortical bone changes. In conclusion, we found that although the activation of WNT/β-catenin signaling increased the trabecular bone mass and bone strength in T1DM mice, it also increased the cortical bone porosity, impairing the bone strength. These findings should be considered in the future treatment of T1DM-related osteopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, 400038, ChongQing, China.,Department of Orthopedics, The 118th Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, 325000, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Daocheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, 400038, ChongQing, China.,Department of Emergency, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 400037, ChongQing, China
| | - Sihao He
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, 400038, ChongQing, China.,Department of Emergency, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 400037, ChongQing, China
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, 400038, ChongQing, China.,Department of Emergency, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 400037, ChongQing, China
| | - Quanwei Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, 400038, ChongQing, China.,Department of Emergency, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 400037, ChongQing, China
| | - Hao Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, 400038, ChongQing, China.,Department of Emergency, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 400037, ChongQing, China
| | - Huayu Liu
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 400042, ChongQing, China
| | - Yufeng Zhao
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 400042, ChongQing, China
| | - Zhaowen Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, 400038, ChongQing, China. .,Department of Emergency, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 400037, ChongQing, China.
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32
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Wang Y, Kim J, Chan A, Whyne C, Nam D. A two phase regulation of bone regeneration: IL-17F mediates osteoblastogenesis via C/EBP-β in vitro. Bone 2018; 116:47-57. [PMID: 30010083 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
T lymphocytes and pro-inflammatory cytokines, specifically interleukin-17F (IL-17F) have been identified as important regulators in bone regeneration during fracture repair. To better understand the molecular mechanisms of IL-17F-mediated osteoblastogenesis, a mouse pre-osteoblast cell line (MC3T3-E1) was utilized to characterize the intracellular signal transduction of IL-17F. Comparisons to the established canonical Wnt signaling pathway were made using Wnt3a ligand. Our results demonstrated greater bone marker gene expression in IL-17F-treated cells, compared to cells treated with Wnt3a. Western blot analysis confirmed degradation of β-catenin and up-regulation of two key proteins in osteoblast differentiation, Runx2 and C/EBP-β, in response to IL-17F treatment. RNA silencing of IL-17F receptors, IL-17Ra and IL-17Rc via siRNA transfection resulted in decreased expression of Act2, Runx2, and C/EBP-β, demonstrating the direct ligand-receptor interaction between IL-17F and IL-17Ra/c as an activator of osteoblastogenesis. Our findings suggest that IL-17F promotes osteoblast differentiation independent of the canonical Wnt pathway and β-catenin signaling, presenting new insights on modulating the adaptive immune response in the inflammatory phase, temporally distinct from the reparative and remodeling phases of fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufa Wang
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jieun Kim
- MD/PhD Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrea Chan
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cari Whyne
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Diane Nam
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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33
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Meesters DM, Wijnands KAP, Brink PRG, Poeze M. Malnutrition and Fracture Healing: Are Specific Deficiencies in Amino Acids Important in Nonunion Development? Nutrients 2018; 10:E1597. [PMID: 30384490 PMCID: PMC6266771 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasing incidence of fractures now, and in the future, the absolute number of bone-healing complications such as nonunion development will also increase. Next to fracture-dependent factors such as large bone loss volumes and inadequate stabilization, the nutritional state of these patients is a major influential factor for the fracture repair process. In this review, we will focus on the influence of protein/amino acid malnutrition and its influence on fracture healing. Mainly, the arginine-citrulline-nitric oxide metabolism is of importance since it can affect fracture healing via several precursors of collagen formation, and through nitric oxide synthases it has influences on the bio-molecular inflammatory responses and the local capillary growth and circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis M Meesters
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Karolina A P Wijnands
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter R G Brink
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Martijn Poeze
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Gao X, Ge J, Li W, Zhou W, Xu L. LncRNA KCNQ1OT1 promotes osteogenic differentiation to relieve osteolysis via Wnt/β-catenin activation. Cell Biosci 2018. [PMID: 29541443 PMCID: PMC5842584 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-018-0216-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Resveratrol (RSV) has been reported to stimulate osteoblast differentiation in which Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway played a crucial role. However, whether and how RSV activated Wnt/β-catenin pathway in osteogenic differentiation still remained elusive. Methods In vivo polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) particle-induced osteolysis (PIO) mouse model and in vitro PMMA particle-stimulated mouse mesenchymal stem cells (mMSCs) experiments were established. Relative expression levels of lncRNA KCNQ1OT1, β-catenin, Runx2, Osterix and osteocalcin were determined using quantitative Real-Time PCR. Western blotting was used to measure β-catenin protein expression. In addition, the alkaline phosphatase activity and mineral deposition level using alizarin red S staining were performed to examine osteogenic differentiation status. The interaction between KCNQ1OT1 and β-catenin was confirmed by RNA pull down assay. Results RSV significantly attenuated PIO in vivo and PMMA-particle inhibition of osteogenic differentiation of mMSCs. Moreover, KCNQ1OT1 exerted the similar function in mMSCs by regulating β-catenin. Further study demonstrated that RSV exerted its effect on osteoblastic differentiation by regulating KCNQ1OT1. Consequently, RSV alleviated PMMA-particle inhibition of osteoblastic differentiation via Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation in vivo and in vitro. Conclusion RSV accelerated osteoblast differentiation by regulating lncRNA KCNQ1OT1 via Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation, indicating the functional role of RSV in modulating osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuren Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 Huaihai West Rd., Xuzhou, 221002 Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Ge
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 Huaihai West Rd., Xuzhou, 221002 Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Weiyi Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 Huaihai West Rd., Xuzhou, 221002 Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Wangchen Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 Huaihai West Rd., Xuzhou, 221002 Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 Huaihai West Rd., Xuzhou, 221002 Jiangsu People's Republic of China
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Tanjaya J, Lord EL, Wang C, Zhang Y, Kim JK, Nguyen A, Baik L, Pan HC, Chen E, Kwak JH, Zhang X, Wu B, Soo C, Ting K. The Effects of Systemic Therapy of PEGylated NEL-Like Protein 1 (NELL-1) on Fracture Healing in Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 188:715-727. [PMID: 29294300 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Fractures are common, with an incidence of 13.7 per 1000 adults annually. Systemic agents have been widely used for enhancing bone regeneration; however, the efficacy of these therapeutics for the management and prevention of fracture remains unclear. NEL-like protein 1 (NELL-1) is a potent pro-osteogenic cytokine that has been modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG)ylation [PEGylated NELL-1 (NELL-PEG)] to enhance its pharmacokinetics for systemic therapy. Our aim was to investigate the effects of systemic administration of NELL-PEG on fracture healing in mice and on overall bone properties in uninjured bones. Ten-week-old CD-1 mice were subjected to an open osteotomy of bilateral radii and treated with weekly injections of NELL-PEG or PEG phosphate-buffered saline as control. Systemic injection of NELL-PEG resulted in improved bone mineral density of the fracture site and accelerated callus union. After 4 weeks of treatment, mice treated with NELL-PEG exhibited substantially enhanced callus volume, callus mineralization, and biomechanical properties. NELL-PEG injection significantly augmented bone regeneration, as confirmed by high expression of bone turnover rate, bone formation rate, and mineral apposition rate. Consistently, the immunohistochemistry results also confirmed a high bone remodeling activity in the NELL-PEG-treated group. Our findings suggest that weekly injection of NELL-PEG may have the clinical potential to accelerate fracture union and enhance overall bone properties, which may help prevent subsequent fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Tanjaya
- Division of Growth and Development and the Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Elizabeth L Lord
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chenchao Wang
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Plastic Surgery, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yulong Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jong K Kim
- Division of Growth and Development and the Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alan Nguyen
- Division of Growth and Development and the Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Llyod Baik
- Division of Growth and Development and the Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hsin C Pan
- Division of Growth and Development and the Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Eric Chen
- Division of Growth and Development and the Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jin H Kwak
- Division of Growth and Development and the Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Xinli Zhang
- Division of Growth and Development and the Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Benjamin Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chia Soo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kang Ting
- Division of Growth and Development and the Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
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