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Wang P, Meng Z, Deng K, Gao Z, Cai J. Vpr driving DNA methylation variation of CD4 + T cells in HIV-1 infection. Virol J 2024; 21:97. [PMID: 38671522 PMCID: PMC11046818 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02363-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the existence of available therapeutic interventions for HIV-1, this virus remains a significant global threat, leading to substantial morbidity and mortality. Within HIV-1-infected cells, the accessory viral protein r (Vpr) exerts control over diverse biological processes, including cell cycle progression, DNA repair, and apoptosis. The regulation of gene expression through DNA methylation plays a crucial role in physiological processes, exerting its influence without altering the underlying DNA sequence. However, a thorough examination of the impact of Vpr on DNA methylation in human CD4 + T cells has not been conducted. METHODS In this study, we employed base-resolution whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS), real-time quantitative RCR and western blot to explore the effect of Vpr on DNA methylation of host cells under HIV-1 infection. RESULTS We observed that HIV-1 infection leads to elevated levels of global DNA methylation in primary CD4 + T cells. Specifically, Vpr induces significant modifications in DNA methylation patterns, particularly affecting regions within promoters and gene bodies. These alterations notably influence genes related to immune-related pathways and olfactory receptor activity. Moreover, Vpr demonstrates a distinct ability to diminish the levels of methylation in histone genes. CONCLUSIONS These findings emphasize the significant involvement of Vpr in regulating transcription through the modulation of DNA methylation patterns. Together, the results of this investigation will considerably enhance our understanding of the influence of HIV-1 Vpr on the DNA methylation of host cells, offer potential avenues for the development of more effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuoyue Meng
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Deng
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiliang Gao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jinfeng Cai
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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2
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Dong W, Wang H, Li M, Li P, Ji S. Virus-induced host genomic remodeling dysregulates gene expression, triggering tumorigenesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1359766. [PMID: 38572321 PMCID: PMC10987825 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1359766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Virus-induced genomic remodeling and altered gene expression contribute significantly to cancer development. Some oncogenic viruses such as Human papillomavirus (HPV) specifically trigger certain cancers by integrating into the host's DNA, disrupting gene regulation linked to cell growth and migration. The effect can be through direct integration of viral genomes into the host genome or through indirect modulation of host cell pathways/proteins by viral proteins. Viral proteins also disrupt key cellular processes like apoptosis and DNA repair by interacting with host molecules, affecting signaling pathways. These disruptions lead to mutation accumulation and tumorigenesis. This review focuses on recent studies exploring virus-mediated genomic structure, altered gene expression, and epigenetic modifications in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixia Dong
- Department of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou Shuqing Medical College, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Huiqin Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou Shuqing Medical College, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Menghui Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou Shuqing Medical College, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou Shuqing Medical College, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shaoping Ji
- Department of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou Shuqing Medical College, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
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3
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Giacobbi NS, Mullapudi S, Nabors H, Pyeon D. The Chemokine CXCL14 as a Potential Immunotherapeutic Agent for Cancer Therapy. Viruses 2024; 16:302. [PMID: 38400076 PMCID: PMC10892169 DOI: 10.3390/v16020302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
There is great enthusiasm toward the development of novel immunotherapies for the treatment of cancer, and given their roles in immune system regulation, chemokines stand out as promising candidates for use in new cancer therapies. Many previous studies have shown how chemokine signaling pathways could be targeted to halt cancer progression. We and others have revealed that the chemokine CXCL14 promotes antitumor immune responses, suggesting that CXCL14 may be effective for cancer immunotherapy. However, it is still unknown what mechanism governs CXCL14-mediated antitumor activity, how to deliver CXCL14, what dose to apply, and what combinations with existing therapy may boost antitumor immune responses in cancer patients. Here, we provide updates on the role of CXCL14 in cancer progression and discuss the potential development and application of CXCL14 as an immunotherapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dohun Pyeon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (N.S.G.); (S.M.); (H.N.)
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4
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Trujillo-Cirilo L, Weiss-Steider B, Vargas-Angeles CA, Corona-Ortega MT, Rangel-Corona R. Immune microenvironment of cervical cancer and the role of IL-2 in tumor promotion. Cytokine 2023; 170:156334. [PMID: 37598478 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a heterogeneous mixture of resident and tumor cells that maintain close communication through their secretion products. The composition of the TME is dynamic and complex among the different types of cancer, where the immune cells play a relevant role in the elimination of tumor cells, however, under certain circumstances they contribute to tumor development. In cervical cancer (CC) the human papilloma virus (HPV) shapes the microenvironment in order to mediate persistent infections that favors transformation and tumor development. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is an important TME cytokine that induces CD8+ effector T cells and NKs to eliminate tumor cells, however, IL-2 can also suppress the immune response through Treg cells. Recent studies have shown that CC cells express the IL-2 receptor (IL-2R), that are induced to proliferate at low concentrations of exogenous IL-2 through alterations in the JAK/STAT pathway. This review provides an overview of the main immune cells that make up the TME in CC, as well as the participation of IL-2 in the tumor promotion. Finally, it is proposed that the low density of IL-2 produced by immunocompetent cells is used by tumor cells through its IL-2R as a mechanism to proliferate simultaneously depleting this molecule in order to evade immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Trujillo-Cirilo
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Research Unit Cell Differentiation and Cancer, L-4 P.B. FES Zaragoza, National University of Mexico, Av., Guelatao No. 66 Col. Ejercito de Oriente, Iztapalapa, C.P. 09230 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Benny Weiss-Steider
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Research Unit Cell Differentiation and Cancer, L-4 P.B. FES Zaragoza, National University of Mexico, Av., Guelatao No. 66 Col. Ejercito de Oriente, Iztapalapa, C.P. 09230 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Adrian Vargas-Angeles
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Research Unit Cell Differentiation and Cancer, L-4 P.B. FES Zaragoza, National University of Mexico, Av., Guelatao No. 66 Col. Ejercito de Oriente, Iztapalapa, C.P. 09230 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maria Teresa Corona-Ortega
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Research Unit Cell Differentiation and Cancer, L-4 P.B. FES Zaragoza, National University of Mexico, Av., Guelatao No. 66 Col. Ejercito de Oriente, Iztapalapa, C.P. 09230 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosalva Rangel-Corona
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Research Unit Cell Differentiation and Cancer, L-4 P.B. FES Zaragoza, National University of Mexico, Av., Guelatao No. 66 Col. Ejercito de Oriente, Iztapalapa, C.P. 09230 Mexico City, Mexico
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5
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Locatelli M, Faure-Dupuy S. Virus hijacking of host epigenetic machinery to impair immune response. J Virol 2023; 97:e0065823. [PMID: 37656959 PMCID: PMC10537592 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00658-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA hypermethylation, histone acetylation/methylation, or nucleosome positioning, result in differential gene expression. These modifications can have an impact on various pathways, including host antiviral immune responses. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of epigenetic modifications induced by viruses to counteract host antiviral immune responses, which are crucial for establishing and maintaining infection of viruses. Finally, we provide insights into the potential use of epigenetic modulators in combating viral infections and virus-induced diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maëlle Locatelli
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Suzanne Faure-Dupuy
- Université de Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016-CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France
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6
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Anić P, Golubić Talić J, Božinović K, Dediol E, Mravak-Stipetić M, Grce M, Milutin Gašperov N. Methylation of Immune Gene Promoters in Oral and Oropharyngeal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097698. [PMID: 37175405 PMCID: PMC10178514 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The proportion of oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OOSCC) that can be attributed to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is growing nowadays. A potential factor indicating the occurrence of HPV-positive OSCC is a change in the degree of methylation of gene promoters that play a key role in the immune response. In this study, we investigated the difference in the methylation of EDARADD, GBP4, HAVCR2, HLA DPB1, IL12RB1, MARCO, and SIGLEC12 gene promoters in samples of healthy oral mucosa versus samples of oral and oropharyngeal cancer. The presence of HPV infection in samples was examined earlier. To determine the difference in methylation of those gene promotors, isolated and bisulfite-modified DNA was analysed by the methylation-specific PCR method. The investigated gene promoters were found to be more hypomethylated in the oral and oropharyngeal cancer samples in comparison to normal tissue. The proportion of unmethylated gene promoters was similar in HPV-positive and HPV-negative cancers, although the data should be confirmed on a larger set of samples. To conclude, in samples of healthy oral mucosa, the investigated gene promoters were found to be methylated in a high percentage (73.3% to 100%), while in oral and oropharyngeal cancer samples, they were methylated in a low percentage (11.1% to 37%), regardless of HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Anić
- Research Department, Srebrnjak Children's Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Ksenija Božinović
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Emil Dediol
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Clinical Hospital Dubrava, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marinka Mravak-Stipetić
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Magdalena Grce
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Avila JP, Carvalho BM, Coimbra EC. A Comprehensive View of the Cancer-Immunity Cycle (CIC) in HPV-Mediated Cervical Cancer and Prospects for Emerging Therapeutic Opportunities. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041333. [PMID: 36831674 PMCID: PMC9954575 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) is the fourth most common cancer in women worldwide, with more than 500,000 new cases each year and a mortality rate of around 55%. Over 80% of these deaths occur in developing countries. The most important risk factor for CC is persistent infection by a sexually transmitted virus, the human papillomavirus (HPV). Conventional treatments to eradicate this type of cancer are accompanied by high rates of resistance and a large number of side effects. Hence, it is crucial to devise novel effective therapeutic strategies. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have aimed to develop immunotherapeutic methods for treating cancer. However, these strategies have not proven to be effective enough to combat CC. This means there is a need to investigate immune molecular targets. An adaptive immune response against cancer has been described in seven key stages or steps defined as the cancer-immunity cycle (CIC). The CIC begins with the release of antigens by tumor cells and ends with their destruction by cytotoxic T-cells. In this paper, we discuss several molecular alterations found in each stage of the CIC of CC. In addition, we analyze the evidence discovered, the molecular mechanisms and their relationship with variables such as histological subtype and HPV infection, as well as their potential impact for adopting novel immunotherapeutic approaches.
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8
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Dhandapani H, Bose M, Kesavan S. The Immune-related ceRNA Network in Prognosis of Cervical Cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2022; 23:3347-3354. [PMID: 36308358 PMCID: PMC9924325 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2022.23.10.3347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapy is gaining attention and it is being included as one of the treatment strategies for cancer patients. However, the molecular mechanisms of immune-related genes and their affinity for cervical cancer progression remain unclear. In this study, we have developed an immune-related competing endogenous RNA [ceRNA] network and assessed the tumour infiltrating immune cells towards the prognosis of cervical cancer. METHODS Differential RNA expression pattern between stages I and II-IV of cervical cancer patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas [TCGA] was analyzed. Immune-related ceRNA network based on the immune gene signatures were retrieved and their targets were predicted using miRwalk 3.0. CIBERSORT was employed to identify the immune cell types based on their respective transcripts. The prognostic significance of RNAs in the ceRNA network and immune cell subsets was analyzed. RESULTS Significant differences in 22 long non-coding RNAs [lncRNAs], 15 microRNAs [miRNAs], and 252 messenger RNAs [mRNAs] between stages I and II-IV of cervical cancer were observed. Further, we shortlisted the 49 immune-related mRNAs based on immune gene signature and predicted their target miRNAs and lncRNAs. A potential ceRNA network of 4 lncRNAs, 10 miRNAs, and 11 mRNAs had a strong correlation for prognosis. Out of 11 protein-coding immune mRNAs, IRF4 and AZGP1 had high degrees of interaction. In addition, the evaluation of immune cell subsets showed increased infiltration of M1 macrophages had better survival outcome. CONCLUSIONS We have identified an immune-related ceRNA network based on differentially expressed transcripts between stages I and II-IV which may help predict the prognosis of cervical cancer.
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9
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The HPV Induced Cancer Resource (THInCR): a Suite of Tools for Investigating HPV-Dependent Human Carcinogenesis. mSphere 2022; 7:e0031722. [PMID: 35950764 PMCID: PMC9429961 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00317-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are highly infectious and cause the most common sexually transmitted viral infections. They induce hyperproliferation of squamous epithelial tissue, often forming warts. Virally encoded proteins reprogram gene expression and cell growth to create an optimal environment for viral replication. In addition to their normal roles in infection, functional alterations induced by viral proteins establish conditions that frequently contribute to human carcinogenesis. In fact, ~5% of human cancers are caused by HPVs, with virtually all cervical squamous cell carcinomas (CESC) and an increasing number of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSC) attributed to HPV infection. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) molecularly characterized thousands of primary human cancer samples in many cancer types, including CESC and HNSC, and created a comprehensive atlas of genomic, epigenomic, and transcriptomic data. This publicly available genome-wide information provides an unprecedented opportunity to expand the knowledge of the role that HPV plays in human carcinogenesis. While many tools exist to mine these data, few, if any, focus on the comparison of HPV-positive cancers with their HPV-negative counterparts or adjacent normal control tissue. We have constructed a suite of web-based tools, The HPV Induced Cancer Resource (THInCR), to utilize TCGA data for research related to HPV-induced CESC and HNSC. These tools allow investigators to gain greater biological and medical insights by exploring the impacts of HPV on cellular gene expression (mRNA and microRNA), altered gene methylation, and associations with patient survival and immune landscape features. These tools are accessible at https://thincr.ca/. IMPORTANCE The suite of analytical tools of THInCR provides the opportunity to investigate the roles that candidate target genes identified in cell lines or other model systems contribute to in actual HPV-dependent human cancers and is based on large-scale TCGA data sets. Expression of target genes, including both mRNA and microRNA, can be correlated with HPV gene expression, epigenetic changes in DNA methylation, patient survival, and numerous immune features, like leukocyte infiltration, interferon gamma response, T cell response, etc. Data from these analyses may immediately provide evidence to validate in vitro observations, reveal insights into mechanisms of virus-mediated alterations in cell growth, behavior, gene expression, and innate and adaptive immunity and may help hypothesis generation for further investigations.
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10
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Loick SM, Fröhlich A, Gabrielpillai J, Franzen A, Vogt TJ, Dietrich J, Wiek C, Scheckenbach K, Strieth S, Landsberg J, Dietrich D. DNA Methylation and mRNA Expression of OX40 (TNFRSF4) and GITR (TNFRSF18, AITR) in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Correlates With HPV Status, Mutational Load, an Interferon-γ Signature, Signatures of Immune Infiltrates, and Survival. J Immunother 2022; 45:194-206. [PMID: 34908008 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily members 4 (TNFRSF4, OX40) and 18 (TNFRSF18, GITR, AITR) are under investigation as targets for immunotherapy of various cancers, including head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Understanding the regulation of OX40 and GITR, particularly on an epigenetic level, might help to develop companion predictive biomarkers. We conducted broad correlation analyses of DNA methylation of 46 CpG sites within the GITR/OX40 gene locus in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas and normal adjacent tissues provided by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Research Network. We analyzed methylation levels with regard to transcriptional gene activity (mRNA expression), human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, differential methylation between tumors and normal adjacent tissues, signatures of immune cell infiltrates, an interferon-γ signature, mutational load, and overall survival. Moreover, we investigated methylation levels in HPV-positive and HPV-negative cell lines and in isolated monocytes, granulocytes, CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, and B cells from peripheral blood from healthy donors. Our results revealed a complex and sequence-contextual methylation pattern in accordance with features of epigenetic regulated genes. We detected significant methylation differences between normal adjacent and tumor tissues, between HPV-positive and HPV-negative tumors, between tumor and immune cells, and significant correlations between methylation and mRNA expression. We further found significant correlations of CpG methylation with overall survival, signatures of immune cell infiltrates, an interferon-γ signature, and mutational load. Our study provides a framework to prospectively test specific CpG sites as biomarkers, in particular in the context of immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia M Loick
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Bonn (UKB)
| | - Anne Fröhlich
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn
| | | | - Alina Franzen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Bonn (UKB)
| | - Timo J Vogt
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Bonn (UKB)
| | - Jörn Dietrich
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Bonn (UKB)
| | - Constanze Wiek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kathrin Scheckenbach
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sebastian Strieth
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Bonn (UKB)
| | | | - Dimo Dietrich
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Bonn (UKB)
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Kausar S, Liu R, Gul I, Abbas MN, Cui H. Transcriptome Sequencing Highlights the Regulatory Role of DNA Methylation in Immune-Related Genes' Expression of Chinese Oak Silkworm, Antheraea pernyi. INSECTS 2022; 13:296. [PMID: 35323594 PMCID: PMC8951095 DOI: 10.3390/insects13030296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antheraea pernyi is an important lepidopteran used as a model insect species to investigate immune responses, development, and metabolism modulation. DNA methylation has recently been found to control various physiological processes throughout the life of animals; however, DNA methylation and its effect on the physiology of insects have been poorly investigated so far. In the present study, to better understand DNA methylation and its biological role in the immune system, we analyzed transcriptome profiles of A. pernyi pupae following DNA methylation inhibitor injection and Gram-positive bacteria stimulation. We then compared the profiles with a control group. We identified a total of 55,131 unigenes from the RNA sequence data. A comparison of unigene expression profiles showed that a total of 680 were up-regulated and 631 unigenes were down-regulated in the DNA-methylation-inhibition-bacteria-infected group compared to the control group (only bacteria-injected pupae), respectively. Here, we focused on the immune-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and screened 10 genes that contribute to immune responses with an up-regulation trend, suggesting that microbial pathogens evade host immunity by increasing DNA methylation of the host genome. Furthermore, several other unigenes related to other pathways were also changed, as shown in the KEGG analysis. Taken together, our data revealed that DNA methylation seems to play a crucial biological role in the regulation of gene expression in insects, and that infection may enhance the host genome DNA methylation by a yet-unknown mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Kausar
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Ruochen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Isma Gul
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Muhammad Nadeem Abbas
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
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12
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Lebeau A, Bruyere D, Roncarati P, Peixoto P, Hervouet E, Cobraiville G, Taminiau B, Masson M, Gallego C, Mazzucchelli G, Smargiasso N, Fleron M, Baiwir D, Hendrick E, Pilard C, Lerho T, Reynders C, Ancion M, Greimers R, Twizere JC, Daube G, Schlecht-Louf G, Bachelerie F, Combes JD, Melin P, Fillet M, Delvenne P, Hubert P, Herfs M. HPV infection alters vaginal microbiome through down-regulating host mucosal innate peptides used by Lactobacilli as amino acid sources. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1076. [PMID: 35228537 PMCID: PMC8885657 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28724-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the high prevalence of both cervico-vaginal human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and bacterial vaginosis (BV) worldwide, their causal relationship remains unclear. While BV has been presumed to be a risk factor for HPV acquisition and related carcinogenesis for a long time, here, supported by both a large retrospective follow-up study (n = 6,085) and extensive in vivo data using the K14-HPV16 transgenic mouse model, we report a novel blueprint in which the opposite association also exists. Mechanistically, by interacting with several core members (NEMO, CK1 and β-TrCP) of both NF-κB and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways, we show that HPV E7 oncoprotein greatly inhibits host defense peptide expression. Physiologically secreted by the squamous mucosa lining the lower female genital tract, we demonstrate that some of these latter are fundamental factors governing host-microbial interactions. More specifically, several innate molecules down-regulated in case of HPV infection are hydrolyzed, internalized and used by the predominant Lactobacillus species as amino acid source sustaining their growth/survival. Collectively, this study reveals a new viral immune evasion strategy which, by its persistent/negative impact on lactic acid bacteria, ultimately causes the dysbiosis of vaginal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alizee Lebeau
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Diane Bruyere
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Patrick Roncarati
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Paul Peixoto
- INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR 1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- EPIGENEXP platform, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Eric Hervouet
- INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR 1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- EPIGENEXP platform, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Gael Cobraiville
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicines, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Bernard Taminiau
- Department of Food Sciences-Microbiology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Murielle Masson
- Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie Strasbourg, UMR 7242, CNRS, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Carmen Gallego
- INSERM UMR 996, Inflammation Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, University of Paris-Saclay, Clamart, France
| | - Gabriel Mazzucchelli
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Smargiasso
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Maximilien Fleron
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
- GIGA Proteomic Facility, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Dominique Baiwir
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
- GIGA Proteomic Facility, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Elodie Hendrick
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Pilard
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Thomas Lerho
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Celia Reynders
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Marie Ancion
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Roland Greimers
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Center of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Jean-Claude Twizere
- Laboratory of Signaling and Protein Interactions, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Georges Daube
- Department of Food Sciences-Microbiology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Geraldine Schlecht-Louf
- INSERM UMR 996, Inflammation Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, University of Paris-Saclay, Clamart, France
| | - Françoise Bachelerie
- INSERM UMR 996, Inflammation Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, University of Paris-Saclay, Clamart, France
| | - Jean-Damien Combes
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Pierrette Melin
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Center of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Marianne Fillet
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicines, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Philippe Delvenne
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Center of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Pascale Hubert
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Michael Herfs
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium.
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13
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HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer: epidemiology, molecular biology and clinical management. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2022; 19:306-327. [PMID: 35105976 PMCID: PMC8805140 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-022-00603-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 141.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive (HPV+) oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) has one of the most rapidly increasing incidences of any cancer in high-income countries. The most recent (8th) edition of the UICC/AJCC staging system separates HPV+ OPSCC from its HPV-negative (HPV−) counterpart to account for the improved prognosis seen in the former. Indeed, owing to its improved prognosis and greater prevalence in younger individuals, numerous ongoing trials are examining the potential for treatment de-intensification as a means to improve quality of life while maintaining acceptable survival outcomes. In addition, owing to the distinct biology of HPV+ OPSCCs, targeted therapies and immunotherapies have become an area of particular interest. Importantly, OPSCC is often detected at an advanced stage owing to a lack of symptoms in the early stages; therefore, a need exists to identify and validate possible diagnostic biomarkers to aid in earlier detection. In this Review, we provide a summary of the epidemiology, molecular biology and clinical management of HPV+ OPSCC in an effort to highlight important advances in the field. Ultimately, a need exists for improved understanding of the molecular basis and clinical course of this disease to guide efforts towards early detection and precision care, and to improve patient outcomes. The incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) is increasing rapidly in most developed countries. In this Review, the authors provide an overview of the epidemiology, molecular biology and treatment of HPV-positive OPSCC, including discussions of the role of treatment de-escalation and emerging novel therapies. The incidence of human papillomavirus-associated oropharyngeal cancer (HPV+ OPSCC) is expected to continue to rise over the coming decades until the benefits of gender-neutral prophylactic HPV vaccination begin to become manifest. The incidence of HPV+ OPSCC appears to be highest in high-income countries, although more epidemiological data are needed from low- and middle-income countries, in which HPV vaccination coverage remains low. The substantially better prognosis of patients with HPV+ OPSCC compared to those with HPV– OPSCC has been recognized in the American Joint Committee on Cancer TNM8 staging guidelines, which recommend stratification by HPV status to improve staging. The molecular biology and genomic features of HPV+ OPSCC are similar to those of other HPV-associated malignancies, with HPV oncogenes (E6 and E7) acting as key drivers of pathogenesis. Treatment de-intensification is being pursued in clinical trials, although identifying the ~15% of patients with HPV+ OPSCC who have recurrent disease, and who therefore require more intensive treatment, remains a key challenge.
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14
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Arumugam T, Ramphal U, Adimulam T, Chinniah R, Ramsuran V. Deciphering DNA Methylation in HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:795121. [PMID: 34925380 PMCID: PMC8674454 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.795121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With approximately 38 million people living with HIV/AIDS globally, and a further 1.5 million new global infections per year, it is imperative that we advance our understanding of all factors contributing to HIV infection. While most studies have focused on the influence of host genetic factors on HIV pathogenesis, epigenetic factors are gaining attention. Epigenetics involves alterations in gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. DNA methylation is a critical epigenetic mechanism that influences both viral and host factors. This review has five focal points, which examines (i) fluctuations in the expression of methylation modifying factors upon HIV infection (ii) the effect of DNA methylation on HIV viral genes and (iii) host genome (iv) inferences from other infectious and non-communicable diseases, we provide a list of HIV-associated host genes that are regulated by methylation in other disease models (v) the potential of DNA methylation as an epi-therapeutic strategy and biomarker. DNA methylation has also been shown to serve as a robust therapeutic strategy and precision medicine biomarker against diseases such as cancer and autoimmune conditions. Despite new drugs being discovered for HIV, drug resistance is a problem in high disease burden settings such as Sub-Saharan Africa. Furthermore, genetic therapies that are under investigation are irreversible and may have off target effects. Alternative therapies that are nongenetic are essential. In this review, we discuss the potential role of DNA methylation as a novel therapeutic intervention against HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilona Arumugam
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Upasana Ramphal
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine & Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Theolan Adimulam
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Romona Chinniah
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Veron Ramsuran
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine & Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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15
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Powell SF, Vu L, Spanos WC, Pyeon D. The Key Differences between Human Papillomavirus-Positive and -Negative Head and Neck Cancers: Biological and Clinical Implications. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5206. [PMID: 34680354 PMCID: PMC8533896 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a unique malignancy associated with two distinct risk factors: exposure to typical carcinogens and infection of human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV encodes the potent oncoproteins E6 and E7, which bypass many important oncogenic processes and result in cancer development. In contrast, HPV-negative HNSCC is developed through multiple mutations in diverse oncogenic driver genes. While the risk factors associated with HPV-positive and HPV-negative HNSCCs are discrete, HNSCC patients still show highly complex molecular signatures, immune infiltrations, and treatment responses even within the same anatomical subtypes. Here, we summarize the current understanding of biological mechanisms, treatment approaches, and clinical outcomes in comparison between HPV-positive and -negative HNSCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven F. Powell
- Cancer Biology and Immunotherapies Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA;
| | - Lexi Vu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - William C. Spanos
- Cancer Biology and Immunotherapies Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA;
| | - Dohun Pyeon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
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16
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Genetic Predisposition to Persistent Human Papillomavirus-Infection and Virus-Induced Cancers. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9102092. [PMID: 34683414 PMCID: PMC8539927 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are the most common sexually transmitted pathogens worldwide and among the more than 200 identified HPV types, approximately 15 high risk (HR-HPV) types are oncogenic, being strongly associated with the development of cervical cancer, anogenital cancers and an increasing fraction of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). HPV-associated cervix cancer accounts for 83% of HPV-attributable cancers, and more than two-thirds of those cases occur in developing countries. Despite the high frequency of HPV infections, in most cases, the virus is cleared by the host immune response and only a small proportion of infected individuals develop persistent infections that can result in malignant transformation, indicating that other elements, including biological, genetic and environmental factors may influence the individual susceptibility to HPV-associated cancers. Previous studies have quantified that heritability, in the form of genetic variants, common in the general population, is implicated in nearly 30% of cervical cancers and a large number of studies conducted across various populations have identified genetic variants that appear to be associated with genes that predispose or protect the host to HPV infections thereby affecting individual susceptibility to HPV-associated cancers. In this article, we provide an overview of gene association studies on HPV-associated cancers with emphasis on genome-wide association study (GWAS) that have identified novel genetic factors linked to HPV infection or HPV-associated cancers.
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17
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Lee SA, Ho C, Troxler M, Lin CY, Chung SH. Non-Metabolic Functions of PKM2 Contribute to Cervical Cancer Cell Proliferation Induced by the HPV16 E7 Oncoprotein. Viruses 2021; 13:433. [PMID: 33800513 PMCID: PMC8001101 DOI: 10.3390/v13030433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) mainly catalyzes glycolysis, but it also exerts non-glycolytic functions in several cancers. While it has been shown to interact with the human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) E7 oncoprotein, the functional significance of PKM2 in HPV-associated cervical cancer has been elusive. Here, we show that HPV16 E7 increased the expression of PKM2 in cervical cancer cells. TCGA data analyses revealed a higher level of PKM2 in HPV+ than HPV- cervical cancers and a worse prognosis for patients with high PKM2 expression. Functionally, we demonstrate that shRNA-mediated PKM2 knockdown decreased the proliferation of HPV+ SiHa cervical cancer cells. PKM2 knockdown also inhibited the E7-induced proliferation of cervical cancer cells. ML265 activating the pyruvate kinase function of PKM2 inhibited cell cycle progression and colony formation. ML265 treatments decreased phosphorylation of PKM2 at the Y105 position that has been associated with non-glycolytic functions. On the contrary, HPV16 E7 increased the PKM2 phosphorylation. Our results indicate that E7 increases PKM2 expression and activates a non-glycolytic function of PKM2 to promote cervical cancer cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sang-Hyuk Chung
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA; (S.-A.L.); (C.H.); (M.T.); (C.-Y.L.)
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18
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Zheng H, Zou Z, Wu X, Xu Y, Zhu J, Zhou Q, Han R, Song Y, Cheng H. HPV11E7 inhibits IMQ-induced chemokine and colony-stimulating factor production in keratinocytes. Gene 2020; 760:145003. [PMID: 32739587 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Imiquimod (IMQ) is approved as a first-line treatment for genital warts caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. However, the recurrence rate is very high. HPV E7 protein plays a critical role in HPV immune escape. However, the role of HPV11 E7 protein in genital warts recurrence during IMQ treatment is not clear. Here, we found that the expression profile of NHEK cells was obviously changed after IMQ treatment, and a large number of genes encoding cytokines and genes involved in cytokine-mediated signaling pathways and cellular metabolic signaling pathways were up- or downregulated. HPV11E7 overexpression inhibited the IMQ-induced production of of multiple chemokines and colony-stimulating factors in NHEK cells. Furthermore, we found that HPV11E7 could impair the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Therefore, our results suggested that HPV11 E7 diminishes the production of chemokines, colony-stimulating factors and other cytokines via inhibition of the MAPK signaling pathway, which suppresses the therapeutic effect of IMQ and promotes the recurrence of diseases, such as condyloma acuminatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Zheng
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, PR China; Department of Dermatology, Lin Hai First People's Hospital, Taizhou 317000, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Ziqi Zou
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Xia Wu
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yaohan Xu
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Rui Han
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yinjing Song
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, PR China.
| | - Hao Cheng
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, PR China.
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19
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Loss of MHC Class I Expression in HPV-associated Cervical and Vulvar Neoplasia: A Potential Mechanism of Resistance to Checkpoint Inhibition. Am J Surg Pathol 2020; 44:1184-1191. [PMID: 32496434 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000001506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cell expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I is required for antigen presentation and adaptive immune recognition. Absent or diminished MHC class I expression is thought to contribute to immunotherapeutic resistance in some epithelial tumors but has not been previously studied in cervical and vulvar carcinoma. Given that anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) checkpoint inhibition is deployed for programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1)-positive recurrent and metastatic cervical squamous carcinomas, identifying tumors with loss of MHC class I is of clinical interest to optimize the selection of immunotherapeutic candidates. Immunohistochemistry for PD-L1 and MHC class I combined A, B, and C heavy chains (MHC class I) was assessed in 58 human papillomavirus-associated cervical and vulvar lesions, including 27 squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs) and 31 invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Although 84% of SCC and 22% of SIL were PD-L1-positive, 35.5% (11/31) of SCC and 18.5% (5/27) of SIL also showed clonal or complete loss of MHC class I. Loss of MHC class I expression was more common in PD-L1-positive (10/26, 38%) versus PD-L1-negative SCC (1/5, 20%). In summary, over one third of human papillomavirus-associated cervical and vulvar SCC show clonal or complete loss of MHC class I expression, including many PD-L1-positive cases. This suggests that the efficacy of checkpoint inhibitors targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis may be limited in a subset of cervical and vulvar squamous neoplasms due to an impaired ability to engage with the adaptive immune system related to loss of MHC class I expression.
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20
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Song Y, Wu X, Xu Y, Zhu J, Li J, Zou Z, Chen L, Zhang B, Hua C, Rui H, Zheng Q, Zhou Q, Wang Q, Cheng H. HPV E7 inhibits cell pyroptosis by promoting TRIM21-mediated degradation and ubiquitination of the IFI16 inflammasome. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:2924-2937. [PMID: 33061806 PMCID: PMC7545706 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.50074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a DNA virus that causes sexually transmitted infections. The HPV oncoprotein E7 plays a critical role in the regulation of host immunity to promote the immune escape of HPV and the occurrence of cervical cancer or genital warts. Pyroptosis, a highly inflammatory form of programmed cell death, can be induced by inflammasomes and acts as a defense against pathogenic infection. However, whether HPV E7 can regulate cell pyroptosis to evade immune surveillance has not been determined. In this study, we found that HPV E7 could inhibit cell pyroptosis induced by transfection with dsDNA. The activation of the inflammasome, and the production of IL-18 and IL-1β were also restrained by HPV E7. Mass spectrometry and immunoprecipitation showed that HPV E7 interacted with IFI16 and TRIM21. We also discovered that HPV E7 recruited the E3 ligase TRIM21 to ubiquitinate and degrade the IFI16 inflammasome, leading to the inhibition of cell pyroptosis and self-escape from immune surveillance. Thus, our study reveals an important immune escape mechanism in HPV infection and may provide targets for the development of a novel immunotherapeutic strategy to effectively restore antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjing Song
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Xia Wu
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yaohan Xu
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Jiaying Li
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ziqi Zou
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Luxia Chen
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Boya Zhang
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Chunting Hua
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Han Rui
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Qiaoli Zheng
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, PR China
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21
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Jee B, Yadav R, Pankaj S, Shahi SK. Immunology of HPV-mediated cervical cancer: current understanding. Int Rev Immunol 2020; 40:359-378. [PMID: 32853049 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2020.1811859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human papilloma virus (HPV) has emerged as a primary cause of cervical cancer worldwide. HPV is a relatively small (55 nm in diameter) and non-enveloped virus containing approximately 8 kb long double stranded circular DNA genome. To date, 228 genotypes of HPV have been identified. Although all HPV infections do not lead to the development of malignancy of cervix, only persistent infection of high-risk types of HPV (mainly with HPV16 and HPV18) results in the disease. In addition, the immunity of the patients also acts as a key determinant in the carcinogenesis. Since, no HPV type specific medication is available for the patient suffering with cervical cancer, hence, a deep understanding of the disease etiology may be vital for developing an effective strategy for its prevention and management. From the immunological perspectives, the entire mechanisms of disease progression still remain unclear despite continuous efforts. In the present review, the recent developments in immunology of HPV-mediated cervix carcinoma were discussed. At the end, the prevention of disease using HPV type specific recombinant vaccines was also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babban Jee
- Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Renu Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, India
| | - Sangeeta Pankaj
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Regional Cancer Centre, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Shivendra Kumar Shahi
- Department of Microbiology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
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22
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Niu L, Zheng Z, Xue Q, Cheng H, Liu Y, Wang H, Hu X, Zhang A, Liu B, Xu X. Two coupled mutations abolished the binding of CEBPB to the promoter of CXCL14 that displayed an antiviral effect on PRRSV by activating IFN signaling. FASEB J 2020; 34:11257-11271. [PMID: 32648265 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000477r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is the most economically important infectious disease of pigs worldwide. Our previous study revealed that Tongcheng (TC) pigs display higher resistance to PRRS than Largewhite (LW) pigs, but the genetic mechanism remains unknown. Here, we first confirmed that CXCL14 was downregulated in lungs and porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) responding to PRRS virus (PRRSV) infection, but the decline in LW pigs was more obvious than that in TC pigs. Then, we found that the overexpression of CXCL14 activated type-I interferon (IFN-I) signaling by upregulating interferon beta (IFNB), which plays a major role in the antiviral effect. To further decipher the mechanism underlying its differential expression, we characterized the core promoter of CXCL14 as being located from -145 to 276 bp of the transcription start site (TSS) and identified two main haplotypes that displayed significant differential transcriptional activities. We further identified two coupled point mutations that altered the binding status of CEBPB and were responsible for the differential expression in TC and LW pigs. The regulatory effect of CEBPB on CXCL14 was further confirmed by RNA interference (RNAi) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), providing crucial clues for deciphering the mechanism of CXCL14 downregulation in unusual conditions. The present study revealed the potential antiviral effect of CXCL14, occurring via activation of interferon signaling, and suggested that CXCL14 contributes to the PRRS resistance of TC pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhu Niu
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education & College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, College of Fishery, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiwei Zheng
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education & College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Qianjing Xue
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education & College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Huijun Cheng
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education & College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education & College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanling Wang
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education & College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, College of Fishery, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xueying Hu
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Anding Zhang
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Bang Liu
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education & College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,Key Lab of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuewen Xu
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education & College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,Key Lab of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
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23
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Protection and immune modulation of activated human vaginal epithelial cells by Aurea helianthus extract. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9227. [PMID: 32513981 PMCID: PMC7280265 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65821-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Aurea helianthus extract is associated with various properties including anti-melanogenesis, anti-oxidation, tumorigenic suppression, and immunoregulation; however, the mechanism by which it executes the immunomodulation of human vaginal epithelial cells (HVECs) remains elusive. We established three immunological functions of the extract. First, it mediated tumorigenic suppression in HVECs. Expression of cytokeratin 8, cancer antigen-125, and vimentin was dramatically downregulated in HVECs exposed to the extract under oxidative and fungal stresses. Second, the extract activated dendritic cells and macrophages. On exposing progenitor dendritic cells to the extract, the number of CD304+ cells increased by 40%; further, under oxidative and fungal stresses, this number was approximately 1.8 and 1.3 times lower, respectively, compared to that in the stressed cells. In monocytic differentiation, the number of dendritic cells and macrophages increased 9 and 6 times, respectively, compared to that in the control. Additionally, the extract enhanced and recovered polarisation by approximately 1.5 and 2 times, respectively, than that under stressed conditions. Third, the phagocytic activity of macrophages, against HPV16, 18, and 33 peptides, was enhanced by 12–35 times compared with that under stressed conditions. Thus, A. helianthus extract is a strong stimulator of the immune system and tumorigenic suppression under stress conditions.
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24
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de Vos L, Grünwald I, Bawden EG, Dietrich J, Scheckenbach K, Wiek C, Zarbl R, Bootz F, Landsberg J, Dietrich D. The landscape of CD28, CD80, CD86, CTLA4, and ICOS DNA methylation in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Epigenetics 2020; 15:1195-1212. [PMID: 32281488 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2020.1754675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CTLA-4 blocking therapeutic antibodies are currently under investigation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). A better understanding of the epigenetic regulation of the CD28 superfamily members CD28, CTLA-4, and ICOS and their B7 ligands, CD80 and CD86, could support the development of biomarkers for response prediction to anti-CTLA-4 immunotherapy. We investigated methylation of the encoding genes CD28, CTLA4, ICOS, CD80, and CD86 at single CpG resolution (51 CpG sites) in a cohort of HNSCC (N = 528) and normal adjacent tissue samples (N = 50) provided by The Cancer Genome Research Atlas, in isolated blood leukocytes from healthy individuals (N = 28), and HNSCC cell lines (N = 39). We analysed methylation levels with regard to mRNA expression, overall survival, mutational load, interferon-γ signature, and signatures of immune cell infiltrates. Depending on the location of the CpG sites (promoter, promoter flank, gene body, and intergenic sites), we found significant differences in methylation levels among isolated leukocytes, between leukocytes and HNSCC cell lines, and among HNSCCs. Methylation of all analysed genes correlated inversely or positively with mRNA expression, depending on the CpG site. CD28, CTLA4, and ICOS revealed almost identical correlation patterns. Furthermore, we found significant correlations with survival and features of response to immunotherapy, i.e. interferon-γ signature, signatures of tumour infiltrating immune cells, and mutational load. Our results suggest CD28, CTLA4, ICOS, CD80, and CD86 expression levels are epigenetically co-regulated by DNA methylation. This study provides rationale to test their DNA methylation as potential biomarker for prediction of response to CTLA-4 immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka de Vos
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn , Bonn, Germany
| | - Ingela Grünwald
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn , Bonn, Germany
| | - Emma Grace Bawden
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jörn Dietrich
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn , Bonn, Germany
| | - Kathrin Scheckenbach
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Constanze Wiek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Romina Zarbl
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn , Bonn, Germany
| | - Friedrich Bootz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn , Bonn, Germany
| | - Jennifer Landsberg
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn , Bonn, Germany
| | - Dimo Dietrich
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn , Bonn, Germany
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25
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Franciosi JR, Gelmini GF, Roxo VS, de Carvalho NS, Bicalho MDG. Is there a role played by HLA-E, if any, in HPV immune evasion? Scand J Immunol 2020; 91:e12850. [PMID: 31733115 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer incidence worldwide exceeds half a million new cases per year. The human papillomavirus (HPV) being the major causative agent of CC uses a variety of strategies to evade immune surveillance, where the immune status varies amongst individuals. This immune evasion altered by HPV is reflected in persistent infections, causing the evolution of cervical neoplasia. The role of the immune system in viral recognition and elimination is of extreme relevance in the development of CC. The interactions of the HLA-E ligand in the target cell along with CD94/NKG2 receptors, which are expressed predominantly, but not exclusively, on NK cells' surface, are responsible for activating or inhibiting cytotoxic activity according to their function. The engagement between HLA-E and CD94/NKG2 molecules is one of the fundamental surveillance mechanisms in patients with CIN I, II and III, where HLA-E expression increases significantly, especially in HPV 16 and 18 infections. Higher HLA-E expression was observed in most histopathological types of CC, and at the same time was correlated to best survival of the patient. This review aims to summarize and discuss the immunological role of HLA-E in the context of HPV infection and immune system evasion, and the oncogenic process of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackline Rachel Franciosi
- Departamento de Tocoginecologia, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Parana (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Georgia Fernanda Gelmini
- Laboratório de Imunogenética e Histocompatibilidade, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Valeria Sperandio Roxo
- Laboratório de Imunogenética e Histocompatibilidade, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Newton Sergio de Carvalho
- Departamento de Tocoginecologia, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Parana (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Maria da Graça Bicalho
- Departamento de Tocoginecologia, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Parana (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunogenética e Histocompatibilidade, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
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26
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Na Rangsee N, Yanatatsaneejit P, Pisitkun T, Somparn P, Jintaridth P, Topanurak S. Host proteome linked to HPV E7-mediated specific gene hypermethylation in cancer pathways. Infect Agent Cancer 2020; 15:7. [PMID: 32025240 PMCID: PMC6998090 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-020-0271-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection causes around 90% of cervical cancer cases, and cervical cancer is a leading cause of female mortality worldwide. HPV-derived oncoprotein E7 participates in cervical carcinogenesis by inducing aberrant host DNA methylation. However, the targeting specificity of E7 methylation of host genes is not fully understood but is important in the down-regulation of crucial proteins of the hallmark cancer pathways. In this study, we aim to link E7-driven aberrations in the host proteome to corresponding gene promoter hypermethylation events in the hope of providing novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers to indicate the progression of cervical cancer. Methods HEK293 cells were transfected with pcDNA3.1-E7 plasmid and empty vector and subjected to mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis. Down-regulated proteins (where relative abundance was determined significant by paired T-test) relevant to cancer pathways were selected as gene candidates for mRNA transcript abundance measurement by qPCR and expression compared with that in SiHa cells (HPV type 16 positive). Methylation Specific PCR was used to determine promoter hypermethylation in genes downregulated in both SiHa and transfected HEK293 cell lines. The FunRich and STRING databases were used for identification of potential regulatory transcription factors and the proteins interacting with transcription factor gene candidates, respectively. Results Approximately 400 proteins totally were identified in proteomics analysis. The transcripts of six genes involved in the host immune response and cell proliferation (PTMS, C1QBP, BCAP31, CDKN2A, ZMYM6 and HIST1H1D) were down-regulated, corresponding to proteomic results. Methylation assays showed four gene promoters (PTMS, C1QBP, BCAP31 and CDKN2A) were hypermethylated with 61, 55.5, 70 and 78% increased methylation, respectively. Those four genes can be regulated by the GA-binding protein alpha chain, specificity protein 1 and ETS-like protein-1 transcription factors, as identified from FunRich database predictions. Conclusions HPV E7 altered the HEK293 proteome, particularly with respect to proteins involved in cell proliferation and host immunity. Down-regulation of these proteins appears to be partly mediated via host DNA methylation. E7 possibly complexes with the transcription factors of its targeting genes and DNMT1, allowing methylation of specific target gene promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nopphamon Na Rangsee
- 1Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | | | - Trairak Pisitkun
- 3Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Poorichaya Somparn
- 3Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand.,4Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Pornrutsami Jintaridth
- 5Department of Tropical Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Supachai Topanurak
- 1Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
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27
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Genome-Wide Transcriptome Analysis of Human Papillomavirus 16-Infected Primary Keratinocytes Reveals Subtle Perturbations Mostly due to E7 Protein Expression. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01360-19. [PMID: 31748387 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01360-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
It is established that the host cell transcriptomes of natural lesions, organotypic rafts, and human papillomavirus (HPV)-immortalized keratinocytes are altered in the presence of HPV genomes. However, the establishment of HPV-harboring cell lines requires selection and immortalization, which makes it impossible to distinguish between alterations directly induced by HPV or indirectly by the need for immortalization or selection. To address direct effects of HPV infection on the host cell transcriptome, we have used our recently established infection model that allows efficient infection of primary keratinocytes with HPV16 virions. We observed only a small set of genes to be deregulated at the transcriptional level at 7 days postinfection (dpi), most of which fall into the category regulated by pocket proteins pRb, p107, and p130. Furthermore, cell cycle genes were not deregulated in cells infected with a virus lacking E7 despite the presence of episomal genome and viral transcripts. These findings imply that the majority of transcriptional changes are due to the E7 protein impairing pocket protein function. Additional pathways, such as the Fanconi anemia-BRCA pathway, became perturbed only after long-term culturing of infected cells. When grown as organotypic raft cultures, keratinocytes infected with wild-type but not E7 mutant virus had perturbed transcriptional regulation of pathways previously identified in natural lesions and in rafts derived from immortalized keratinocytes. We conclude that the HPV infection model provides a valuable tool to distinguish immediate transcriptional alterations from those induced by persistent infection and the need for selection and immortalization.IMPORTANCE To establish infection and complete the viral life cycle, human papillomavirus (HPV) needs to alter the transcriptional program of host cells. Until recently, studies were restricted to keratinocyte-derived cell lines immortalized by HPV due to the lack of experimental systems to efficiently infect primary keratinocytes. Need for selection and immortalization made it impossible to distinguish between alterations induced by HPV and secondary adaptation due to selection and immortalization. With our recent establishment of an extracellular matrix (ECM)-to-cell transfer system allowing efficient infection of primary keratinocytes, we were able to identify transcriptional changes attributable to HPV16 infection. Most perturbed genes fall into the class of S-phase genes, which are regulated by pocket proteins. Indeed, infection with viruses lacking E7 abrogated most transcriptional changes. It is important to note that many transcriptional alterations thought to be important for the HPV life cycle are actually late events that may reflect immortalization and, possibly, disease progression.
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28
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Heft Neal ME, Haring CT, Mann JE, Brenner JC, Spector ME, Swiecicki PL. Novel Immunotherapeutic Approaches in Head and Neck Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 5. [PMID: 32661502 DOI: 10.20517/2394-4722.2019.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Unresectable recurrent or metastatic head and neck cancer is an incurable disease with survival of approximately 12 months. Head and neck tumors exhibit numerous derangements in the tumor microenvironment that aid in immune evasion and may serve as targets for future therapies. Pembrolizumab is now approved as a first line therapy. Despite the promise of currently approved immunotherapies there continues to be low response rates and additional strategies are needed. Here, alterations in the immune microenvironment and current therapeutic strategies are reviewed with a focus on novel immunologic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Heft Neal
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - C T Haring
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - J E Mann
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - J C Brenner
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan.,Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan
| | - M E Spector
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - P L Swiecicki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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29
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Zhang L, Tian S, Pei M, Zhao M, Wang L, Jiang Y, Yang T, Zhao J, Song L, Yang X. Crosstalk between histone modification and DNA methylation orchestrates the epigenetic regulation of the costimulatory factors, Tim‑3 and galectin‑9, in cervical cancer. Oncol Rep 2019; 42:2655-2669. [PMID: 31661141 PMCID: PMC6859457 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus is known to cause cervical cancer. The binding of the costimulatory factors, Tim-3 and galectin-9, can cause immune tolerance and lead to immune escape during carcinogenesis. Epigenetic regulation is essential for Tim-3/galectin-9 expression, which affects the outcome of local cervical cancer infection. Hence, exploring the epigenetic regulatory mechanisms of costimulatory signaling by Tim-3/galectin-9 is of great interest for investigating the mechanisms through which these proteins are regulated in cervical cancer tumorigenesis. In this study, we report that E2F-1 and FOXM1 mediated by HPV18 E6 and E7 can enhance the transcriptional activity of Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) by binding to its promoter region, resulting in the induced expression of the EZH2-specific target protein, H3K27me3, which consequently reduces the expression of the downstream target gene, DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A). EZH2 and H3K27me3 directly interact with the DNMT3A promoter region to negatively regulate its expression in HeLa cells. Moreover, the downregulated DNMT3A and the decreased methylation levels in HAVCR2/LGALS9 promoter regions in HeLa cells promoted the expression of Tim-3/galectin-9. Furthermore, the high expression of Tim-3/galectin-9 was associated with HPV positivity among patients with cervical cancer. Moreover, HAVCR2/LGALS9 promoter regions were hypermethylated in normal cervical tissues, and this hypermethylated status inhibited gene expression. On the whole, these findings suggest that EZH2, H3K27me3 and DNMT3A mediate the epigenetic regulation of the negative stimulatory molecules, Tim-3 and galectin-9 in cervical cancer which is associated with HPV18 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Sijuan Tian
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Meili Pei
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Minyi Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yifan Jiang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Ting Yang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Lihua Song
- Research Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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30
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Huang H, Wu P, Zhang S, Shang Q, Yin H, Hou Q, Zhong J, Guo X. DNA methylomes and transcriptomes analysis reveal implication of host DNA methylation machinery in BmNPV proliferation in Bombyx mori. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:736. [PMID: 31615392 PMCID: PMC6792228 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6146-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrosis virus (BmNPV) is a major pathogen that threatens the sustainability of the sericultural industry. DNA methylation is a widespread gene regulation mode in epigenetics, which plays an important role in host immune response. Until now, little has been known about epigenetic regulation on virus diseases in insects. This study aims to explore the role of DNA methylation in BmNPV proliferation. RESULTS Inhibiting DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) activity of silkworm can suppress BmNPV replication. The integrated analysis of transcriptomes and DNA methylomes in silkworm midguts infected with or without BmNPV showed that both the expression pattern of transcriptome and DNA methylation pattern are changed significantly upon BmNPV infection. A total of 241 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were observed in BmNPV infected midguts, among which, 126 DMRs were hyper-methylated and 115 DMRs were hypo-methylated. Significant differences in both mRNA transcript level and DNA methylated levels were found in 26 genes. BS-PCR validated the hypermethylation of BGIBMGA014008, a structural maintenance of chromosomes protein gene in the BmNPV-infected midgut. In addition, DNMT inhibition reduced the expression of inhibitor of apoptosis family genes, iap1 from BmNPV, Bmiap2, BmSurvivin1 and BmSurvivin2. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that DNA methylation plays positive roles in BmNPV proliferation and loss of DNMT activity could induce the apoptosis of infected cells to suppress BmNPV proliferation. Our results may provide a new idea and research direction for the molecular mechanism on insect-virus interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoling Huang
- Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, China
| | - Ping Wu
- Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, 212018, China. .,Quality inspection center for sericultural products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhenjiang, 212018, China.
| | - Shaolun Zhang
- Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, China
| | - Qi Shang
- Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, China
| | - Haotong Yin
- Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, China
| | - Qirui Hou
- Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, China.,The Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, 212018, China.,Quality inspection center for sericultural products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhenjiang, 212018, China
| | - Jinbo Zhong
- Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, China
| | - Xijie Guo
- Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, 212018, China.
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31
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Westrich JA, Vermeer DW, Silva A, Bonney S, Berger JN, Cicchini L, Greer RO, Song JI, Raben D, Slansky JE, Lee JH, Spanos WC, Pyeon D. CXCL14 suppresses human papillomavirus-associated head and neck cancer through antigen-specific CD8 + T-cell responses by upregulating MHC-I expression. Oncogene 2019; 38:7166-7180. [PMID: 31417179 PMCID: PMC6856418 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0911-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Evasion of the host immune responses is critical for both persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and associated cancer progression. We have previously shown that expression of the homeostatic chemokine CXCL14 is significantly downregulated by the HPV oncoprotein E7 during cancer progression. Restoration of CXCL14 expression in HPV-positive head and neck cancer (HNC) cells dramatically suppresses tumor growth and increases survival through an immune-dependent mechanism in mice. While CXCL14 recruits natural killer (NK) and T cells to the tumor microenvironment, the mechanism by which CXCL14 mediates tumor suppression through NK and/or T cells remained undefined. Here, we report that CD8+ T cells are required for CXCL14-mediated tumor suppression. Using a CD8+ T cell receptor transgenic model, we show that the CXCL14-mediated antitumor CD8+ T cell responses require antigen specificity. Interestingly, CXCL14 expression restores major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) expression on HPV-positive HNC cells downregulated by HPV, and knockdown of MHC-I expression in HNC cells results in loss of tumor suppression even with CXCL14 expression. These results suggest that CXCL14 enacts antitumor immunity through restoration of MHC-I expression on tumor cells and promoting antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses to suppress HPV-positive HNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Westrich
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Daniel W Vermeer
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, 57104, USA
| | - Alexa Silva
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Stephanie Bonney
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Jennifer N Berger
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Louis Cicchini
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Robert O Greer
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, University of Colorado School of Dental Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - John I Song
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - David Raben
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Jill E Slansky
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - John H Lee
- Chan Soon-Shiong Institute for Medicine, El Segundo, CA, 90245, USA
| | - William C Spanos
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, 57104, USA
| | - Dohun Pyeon
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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32
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Shibata T, Lieblong BJ, Sasagawa T, Nakagawa M. The promise of combining cancer vaccine and checkpoint blockade for treating HPV-related cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2019; 78:8-16. [PMID: 31302573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated intraepithelial neoplasia or cancers are ideal candidates for cancer immunotherapy since HPV oncoproteins, such as E6 and E7 proteins of high-risk HPVs, could be utilized as foreign antigens. In HPV-associated cancers as well as nonviral cancers, the cancer cells may evade host immunity through the expression of immune checkpoint molecules, downregulation of human leukocyte antigen, and activation of immune regulatory cells. Because of these immune suppressive mechanisms, HPV therapeutic vaccines have shown little efficacy against HPV-associated cancers, although they have shown efficacy in treating HPV-associated intraepithelial neoplasias. Recently, checkpoint blockade emerged as a promising new treatment for solid cancers; however, these therapies have shown only modest efficacy against HPV-associated cancers. Here we reviewed literature analyzing a combinatory therapy using an immune checkpoint inhibitor and an HPV therapeutic vaccine for treating HPV-associated cancers to compensate for shortfalls of each monotherapy. Complimentary modes of T cell activation would be deployed; as vaccines would directly stimulate the T cells, while checkpoint inhibitors would do so by releasing inhibition. Some promising studies using animal models and early human clinical trials raised a possibility that such combinations may be efficacious in regressing HPV-associated cancers. Epitope spreading (the phenomenon in which non-targeted antigens become new targets of immune response) may play a critical role mechanistically. Currently ongoing studies will shed light as to whether such combination therapy would indeed be a promising new treatment paradigm. Current and future studies must also determine the adverse effect profile of such a combination treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Shibata
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
| | - Benjamin J Lieblong
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Toshiyuki Sasagawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
| | - Mayumi Nakagawa
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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Paired Box-1 (PAX1) Activates Multiple Phosphatases and Inhibits Kinase Cascades in Cervical Cancer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9195. [PMID: 31235851 PMCID: PMC6591413 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45477-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation alteration, such as global hypomethylation and localized hypermethylation, within the promoters of tumor suppressor genes, is an important risk factor in cervical cancer. The potential use of DNA methylation detection, in cervical cancer screening or triage of mildly abnormal cytology, has recently been demonstrated. In particular, PAX1 DNA methylation testing was approved as an adjunct to cytology, in Taiwan, and is now undergoing registration trials in China. However, the function of PAX1 in cancer biology remains largely unknown. Here, we show that PAX1 inhibits malignant phenotypes upon oncogenic stress. Specifically, PAX1 expression inhibited the phosphorylation of multiple kinases, after challenges with oncogenic growth factors such as EGF and IL-6. Analogously, PAX1 activated a panel of phosphatases, including DUSP1, 5, and 6, and inhibited EGF/MAPK signaling. PAX1 also interacted with SET1B, increasing histone H3K4 methylation and DNA demethylation of numerous phosphatase-encoding genes. Furthermore, hypermethylated PAX1 associated with poor prognosis in cervical cancer. Taken together, this study reveals, for the first time, the functional relevance of PAX1 in cancer biology, and further supports the prospect of targeting multifold oncogenic kinase cascades, which jointly contribute to multiresistance, via epigenetic reactivation of PAX1.
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Combined Transcriptome and Proteome Analysis of Immortalized Human Keratinocytes Expressing Human Papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) Oncogenes Reveals Novel Key Factors and Networks in HPV-Induced Carcinogenesis. mSphere 2019; 4:4/2/e00129-19. [PMID: 30918060 PMCID: PMC6437273 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00129-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cancers still remain a big health problem, especially in developing countries, despite the availability of prophylactic vaccines. Although HPV oncogenes have been intensively investigated for decades, a study applying recent advances in RNA-Seq and quantitative proteomic approaches to a precancerous model system with well-defined HPV oncogene expression alongside HPV-negative parental cells has been missing until now. Here, combined omics analyses reveal global changes caused by the viral oncogenes in a less biased way and allow the identification of novel factors and key cellular networks potentially promoting malignant transformation. In addition, this system also provides a basis for mechanistic research on novel key factors regulated by HPV oncogenes, especially those that are confirmed in vivo in cervical cancer as well as in head and neck cancer patient samples from TCGA data sets. Although the role of high-risk human papillomaviruses (hrHPVs) as etiological agents in cancer development has been intensively studied during the last decades, there is still the necessity of understanding the impact of the HPV E6 and E7 oncogenes on host cells, ultimately leading to malignant transformation. Here, we used newly established immortalized human keratinocytes with a well-defined HPV16 E6E7 expression cassette to get a more complete and less biased overview of global changes induced by HPV16 by employing transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) and stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC). This is the first study combining transcriptome and proteome data to characterize the impact of HPV oncogenes in human keratinocytes in comparison with their virus-negative counterparts. To enhance the informative value and accuracy of the RNA-Seq data, four different bioinformatic workflows were used. We identified potential novel upstream regulators (e.g., CNOT7, SPDEF, MITF, and PAX5) controlling distinct clusters of genes within the HPV-host cell network as well as distinct factors (e.g., CPPED1, LCP1, and TAGLN) with essential functions in cancer. Validated results in this study were compared to data sets from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), demonstrating that several identified factors were also differentially expressed in cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma (CESC) and HPV-positive head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCs). This highly integrative approach allows the identification of novel HPV-induced cellular changes that are also reflected in cancer patients, providing a promising omics data set for future studies in both basic and translational research. IMPORTANCE Human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cancers still remain a big health problem, especially in developing countries, despite the availability of prophylactic vaccines. Although HPV oncogenes have been intensively investigated for decades, a study applying recent advances in RNA-Seq and quantitative proteomic approaches to a precancerous model system with well-defined HPV oncogene expression alongside HPV-negative parental cells has been missing until now. Here, combined omics analyses reveal global changes caused by the viral oncogenes in a less biased way and allow the identification of novel factors and key cellular networks potentially promoting malignant transformation. In addition, this system also provides a basis for mechanistic research on novel key factors regulated by HPV oncogenes, especially those that are confirmed in vivo in cervical cancer as well as in head and neck cancer patient samples from TCGA data sets.
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TET1 promotes 5hmC-dependent stemness, and inhibits a 5hmC-independent epithelial-mesenchymal transition, in cervical precancerous lesions. Cancer Lett 2019; 450:53-62. [PMID: 30771438 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
DNA hypermethylation is a driving force in carcinogenesis. However, the role of active DNA hypomethylation in cancer remains largely unknown. This process, facilitated by ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenase 1 (TET1), which oxidizes 5-methylcytosine (5 mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), has never been studied in cervical cancer. Here, we found that TET1 and 5hmC correlative increases from normal cervix to Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), maximizing in High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), and decreasing in invasive cancer. Full-length HPV-immortalized HSIL cells demonstrated higher TET1/5hmC levels, and stemness properties, compared to invasive cancer cells. TET1 silencing promoted the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), to transform precancerous cells in vivo. TET1 increased 5hmC in the ZEB1 and VIM promoters, surprisingly, silencing both genes. TET1 interaction with the histone modifiers, LSD1 and EZH2, on the ZEB1 promoter, resulted in gene silencing, via loss of histone H3K4 trimethylation, and gain of histone H3K27 trimethylation. Taken together, TET1 promotes stemness properties, and inhibits EMT, in HSIL cells, through 5hmC-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
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Fernandez-Jimenez N, Garcia-Etxebarria K, Plaza-Izurieta L, Romero-Garmendia I, Jauregi-Miguel A, Legarda M, Ecsedi S, Castellanos-Rubio A, Cahais V, Cuenin C, Degli Esposti D, Irastorza I, Hernandez-Vargas H, Herceg Z, Bilbao JR. The methylome of the celiac intestinal epithelium harbours genotype-independent alterations in the HLA region. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1298. [PMID: 30718669 PMCID: PMC6362130 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37746-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Human Leucocyte Antigen (HLA) locus and other DNA sequence variants identified in Genome-Wide Association (GWA) studies explain around 50% of the heritability of celiac disease (CD). However, the pathogenesis of CD could be driven by other layers of genomic information independent from sequence variation, such as DNA methylation, and it is possible that allele-specific methylation explains part of the SNP associations. Since the DNA methylation landscape is expected to be different among cell types, we analyzed the methylome of the epithelial and immune cell populations of duodenal biopsies in CD patients and controls separately. We found a cell type-specific methylation signature that includes genes mapping to the HLA region, namely TAP1 and HLA-B. We also performed Immunochip SNP genotyping of the same samples and interrogated the expression of some of the affected genes. Our analysis revealed that the epithelial methylome is characterized by the loss of CpG island (CGI) boundaries, often associated to altered gene expression, and by the increased variability of the methylation across the samples. The overlap between differentially methylated positions (DMPs) and CD-associated SNPs or variants contributing to methylation quantitative trait loci (mQTLs) is minimal. In contrast, there is a notable enrichment of mQTLs among the most significant CD-associated SNPs. Our results support the notion that DNA methylation alterations constitute a genotype-independent event and confirm its role in the HLA region (apart from the well-known, DQ allele-specific effect). Finally, we find that a fraction of the CD-associated variants could exert its phenotypic effect through DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Fernandez-Jimenez
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon CEDEX 08, Lyon, France
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Leioa, Basque Country, 48940, Spain
| | - Koldo Garcia-Etxebarria
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Leioa, Basque Country, 48940, Spain
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Leticia Plaza-Izurieta
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Leioa, Basque Country, 48940, Spain
| | - Irati Romero-Garmendia
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Leioa, Basque Country, 48940, Spain
| | - Amaia Jauregi-Miguel
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Leioa, Basque Country, 48940, Spain
| | - Maria Legarda
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Basque Country, 48903, Spain
| | - Szilvia Ecsedi
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon CEDEX 08, Lyon, France
- Universite Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, iBV, Nice, France
| | - Ainara Castellanos-Rubio
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Leioa, Basque Country, 48940, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Vincent Cahais
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon CEDEX 08, Lyon, France
| | - Cyrille Cuenin
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon CEDEX 08, Lyon, France
| | - Davide Degli Esposti
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon CEDEX 08, Lyon, France
- Irstea - Laboratoire d'écotoxicologie, UR "Milieux aquatiques, écologie et pollutions", Villeurbanne, France
| | - Iñaki Irastorza
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Basque Country, 48903, Spain
| | - Hector Hernandez-Vargas
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon CEDEX 08, Lyon, France
- Department of Immunology, Virology and Inflammation; TGF beta and Immune Evasion Group; Cancer Research Center of Lyon; INSERM, CNRS, Centre Léon Bérard Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Zdenko Herceg
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon CEDEX 08, Lyon, France
| | - Jose Ramon Bilbao
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Leioa, Basque Country, 48940, Spain.
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain.
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HPV16-Related Cervical Cancers and Precancers Have Increased Levels of Host Cell DNA Methylation in Women Living with HIV. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113297. [PMID: 30360578 PMCID: PMC6274896 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Data on human papillomavirus (HPV) type-specific cervical cancer risk in women living with human immunodeficiency virus (WLHIV) are needed to understand HPV–HIV interaction and to inform prevention programs for this population. We assessed high-risk HPV type-specific prevalence in cervical samples from 463 WLHIV from South Africa with different underlying, histologically confirmed stages of cervical disease. Secondly, we investigated DNA hypermethylation of host cell genes ASCL1, LHX8, and ST6GALNAC5, as markers of advanced cervical disease, in relation to type-specific HPV infection. Overall, HPV prevalence was 56% and positivity increased with severity of cervical disease: from 28.0% in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 1 or less (≤CIN1) to 100% in invasive cervical cancer (ICC). HPV16 was the most prevalent type, accounting for 9.9% of HPV-positive ≤CIN1, 14.3% of CIN2, 31.7% of CIN3, and 45.5% of ICC. HPV16 was significantly more associated with ICC and CIN3 than with ≤CIN1 (adjusted for age, ORMH 7.36 (95% CI 2.33–23.21) and 4.37 (95% CI 1.81–10.58), respectively), as opposed to non-16 high-risk HPV types. Methylation levels of ASCL1, LHX8, and ST6GALNAC5 in cervical scrapes of women with CIN3 or worse (CIN3+) associated with HPV16 were significantly higher compared with methylation levels in cervical scrapes of women with CIN3+ associated with non-16 high-risk HPV types (p-values 0.017, 0.019, and 0.026, respectively). When CIN3 and ICC were analysed separately, the same trend was observed, but the differences were not significant. Our results confirm the key role that HPV16 plays in uterine cervix carcinogenesis, and suggest that the evaluation of host cell gene methylation levels may monitor the progression of cervical neoplasms also in WLHIV.
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Ou R, Zhu L, Zhao L, Li W, Tao F, Lu Y, He Q, Li J, Ren Y, Xu Y. HPV16 E7-induced upregulation of KDM2A promotes cervical cancer progression by regulating miR-132-radixin pathway. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:2659-2671. [PMID: 30132864 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and viral proteins expression cause a number of epigenetic alterations leading to cervical carcinogenesis. The recent discovery of a large amount of histone methylation modifiers reveals important roles of these enzymes in regulating tumor progression. METHODS The changes in expression of 48 histone methylation modifiers were assessed following knockdown of HPV16 E7 in CaSki cells. Lysine-specific demethylase 2A (KDM2A)-regulated microRNAs (miRNAs) in cervical cancer pathogenesis were disclosed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The function of KDM2A-miRNAs on cervical cancer was investigated in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Upregulation of KDM2A induced by HPV16 E7 promotes cervical cancer cell proliferation and invasion and is correlated with poor prognosis in patients with cervical cancer. KDM2A physically interacts with the promoter of miR-132 and suppresses its expression by removing the mono or dimethyl group from H3K36 at the miR-132 locus. Functionally, miR-132 represses cancer cell proliferation and invasion by inhibiting radixin (RDX). Upregulated KDM2A promotes cervical cancer progression by repressing miR-132, which results in a derepression of RDX. Therefore, KDM2A functions as a tumor activator in cervical cancer pathogenesis by binding miR-132 promoter and abrogating its tumor suppressive function. CONCLUSION Our results suggest a function for KDM2A in cervical cancer progression and suggest its candidacy as a new prognostic biomarker and target for clinical management of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongying Ou
- Laboratory for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Institutes of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Linyu Zhu
- Department of Dermatovenereology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Laboratory for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Institutes of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Division of PET/CT, Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenfeng Li
- Laboratory for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Institutes of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fengxing Tao
- Laboratory for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Institutes of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Dermatovenereology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yiyi Lu
- Laboratory for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Institutes of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Dermatovenereology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qin He
- Laboratory for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Institutes of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianrong Li
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Yi Ren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Yunsheng Xu
- Laboratory for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Institutes of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Dermatovenereology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
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Barros MR, de Melo CML, Barros MLCMGR, de Cássia Pereira de Lima R, de Freitas AC, Venuti A. Activities of stromal and immune cells in HPV-related cancers. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2018; 37:137. [PMID: 29976244 PMCID: PMC6034319 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0802-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system is composed of immune as well as non-immune cells. As this system is a well-established component of human papillomavirus- (HPV)-related carcinogenesis, high risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) prevents its routes and mechanisms in order to cause the persistence of infection. Among these mechanisms are those originated from stromal cells, which include the cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), the myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and the host infected cells themselves, i.e. the keratinocytes. These types of cells play central role since they modulate immune cells activities to create a prosperous milieu for cancer development, and the knowledge how such interactions occur are essential for prognostic assessment and development of preventive and therapeutic approaches. Nevertheless, the precise mechanisms are not completely understood, and this lack of knowledge precluded the development of entirely efficient immunotherapeutic strategies for HPV-associated tumors. As a result, an intense work for attaining how host immune response works, and developing of effective therapies has been applied in the last decade. Based on this, this review aims to discuss the major mechanisms of immune and non-immune cells modulated by hrHPV and the potential and existing immunotherapies involving such mechanisms in HPV-related cancers. It is noticed that the combination of immunotherapies has been demonstrated to be essential for obtaining better results, especially because the possibility of increasing the modulating capacity of the HPV-tumor microenvironment has been shown to be central in strengthening the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marconi Rego Barros
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy (LEMTE), Department of Genetics, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, Av. Prof Moraes Rego, 1235, Recife, PE CEP-50670-901 Brazil
| | - Cristiane Moutinho Lagos de Melo
- Laboratory of Immunological and Antitumor Analysis (LAIA), Department of Antibiotics, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, Av. Prof Artur de Sá, s/n, Recife, PE CEP-50740-525 Brazil
| | | | - Rita de Cássia Pereira de Lima
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy (LEMTE), Department of Genetics, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, Av. Prof Moraes Rego, 1235, Recife, PE CEP-50670-901 Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos de Freitas
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy (LEMTE), Department of Genetics, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, Av. Prof Moraes Rego, 1235, Recife, PE CEP-50670-901 Brazil
| | - Aldo Venuti
- HPV-Unit, Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostic and Technological Innovation, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
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40
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Westrich JA, Warren CJ, Klausner MJ, Guo K, Liu CW, Santiago ML, Pyeon D. Human Papillomavirus 16 E7 Stabilizes APOBEC3A Protein by Inhibiting Cullin 2-Dependent Protein Degradation. J Virol 2018; 92:e01318-17. [PMID: 29367246 PMCID: PMC5972886 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01318-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
APOBEC3 (A3) mutation signatures have been observed in a variety of human cancer genomes, including those of cervical and head and neck cancers caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. However, the driving forces that promote off-target A3 activity remain mostly unclear. Here, we report a mechanism for the dramatic increase of A3A protein levels in HPV-positive keratinocytes. We show that expression of the viral protein E7 from high-risk HPVs, but not E7 from low-risk HPVs, significantly prolongs the cellular half-life of A3A protein in human keratinocytes and HPV-positive cancer cell lines. We have mapped several residues within the cullin 2 (CUL2) binding motif of HPV16 E7 as being important for mediating A3A protein stabilization. Furthermore, we provide direct evidence that both A3A and HPV16 E7 interact with CUL2, suggesting that the E7-CUL2 complex formed during HPV infection may regulate A3A protein levels in the cell. Using an in vitro cytidine deaminase assay, we show that E7-stabilized A3A remains catalytically active. Taken together, our findings suggest that the HPV oncoprotein E7 dysregulates endogenous A3A protein levels and thus provides novel mechanistic insight into cellular triggers of A3 mutations in HPV-positive cancers.IMPORTANCE Human papillomavirus (HPV) is causally associated with over 5% of all human malignancies. Several recent studies have shown that a subset of cancers, including HPV-positive head and neck and cervical cancers, have distinct mutational signatures potentially caused by members of the APOBEC3 cytidine deaminase family. However, the mechanism that induces APOBEC3 activity in cancer cells is poorly understood. Here, we report that the HPV oncoprotein E7 stabilizes the APOBEC3A (A3A) protein in human keratinocytes by inhibiting ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation in a cullin-dependent manner. Interestingly, the HPV E7-stabilized A3A protein maintains its deaminase activity. These findings provide a new insight into cancer mutagenesis enhanced by virus-induced A3A protein stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Westrich
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Cody J Warren
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Michael J Klausner
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kejun Guo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Chang-Wei Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Mario L Santiago
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Dohun Pyeon
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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DNA Tumor Virus Regulation of Host DNA Methylation and Its Implications for Immune Evasion and Oncogenesis. Viruses 2018; 10:v10020082. [PMID: 29438328 PMCID: PMC5850389 DOI: 10.3390/v10020082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses have evolved various mechanisms to evade host immunity and ensure efficient viral replication and persistence. Several DNA tumor viruses modulate host DNA methyltransferases for epigenetic dysregulation of immune-related gene expression in host cells. The host immune responses suppressed by virus-induced aberrant DNA methylation are also frequently involved in antitumor immune responses. Here, we describe viral mechanisms and virus–host interactions by which DNA tumor viruses regulate host DNA methylation to evade antiviral immunity, which may contribute to the generation of an immunosuppressive microenvironment during cancer development. Recent trials of immunotherapies have shown promising results to treat multiple cancers; however, a significant number of non-responders necessitate identifying additional targets for cancer immunotherapies. Thus, understanding immune evasion mechanisms of cancer-causing viruses may provide great insights for reversing immune suppression to prevent and treat associated cancers.
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Analysis of Class I Major Histocompatibility Complex Gene Transcription in Human Tumors Caused by Human Papillomavirus Infection. Viruses 2017; 9:v9090252. [PMID: 28891951 PMCID: PMC5618018 DOI: 10.3390/v9090252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncoproteins from high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPV) downregulate the transcription of the class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC-I) antigen presentation apparatus in tissue culture model systems. This could allow infected or transformed cells to evade the adaptive immune response. Using data from over 800 human cervical and head & neck tumors from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we determined the impact of HPV status on the mRNA expression of all six MHC-I heavy chain genes, and the β2 microglobulin light chain. Unexpectedly, these genes were all expressed at high levels in HPV positive (HPV+) cancers compared with normal control tissues. Indeed, many of these genes were expressed at significantly enhanced levels in HPV+ tumors. Similarly, the transcript levels of several other components of the MHC-I peptide-loading complex were also high in HPV+ cancers. The coordinated expression of high mRNA levels of the MHC-I antigen presentation apparatus could be a consequence of the higher intratumoral levels of interferon γ in HPV+ carcinomas, which correlate with signatures of increased infiltration by T- and NK-cells. These data, which were obtained from both cervical and oral tumors in large human cohorts, indicates that HPV oncoproteins do not efficiently suppress the transcription of the antigen presentation apparatus in human tumors.
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