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Seifelnasr A, Si XA, Xi J. Visualization and Estimation of Nasal Spray Delivery to Olfactory Mucosa in an Image-Based Transparent Nasal Model. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1657. [PMID: 37376105 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Nose-to-brain (N2B) drug delivery offers unique advantages over intravenous methods; however, the delivery efficiency to the olfactory region using conventional nasal devices and protocols is low. This study proposes a new strategy to effectively deliver high doses to the olfactory region while minimizing dose variability and drug losses in other regions of the nasal cavity. Materials and Methods: The effects of delivery variables on the dosimetry of nasal sprays were systematically evaluated in a 3D-printed anatomical model that was generated from a magnetic resonance image of the nasal airway. The nasal model comprised four parts for regional dose quantification. A transparent nasal cast and fluorescent imaging were used for visualization, enabling detailed examination of the transient liquid film translocation, real-time feedback on input effect, and prompt adjustment to delivery variables, which included the head position, nozzle angle, applied dose, inhalation flow, and solution viscosity. Results: The results showed that the conventional vertex-to-floor head position was not optimal for olfactory delivery. Instead, a head position tilting 45-60° backward from the supine position gave a higher olfactory deposition and lower variability. A two-dose application (250 mg) was necessary to mobilize the liquid film that often accumulated in the front nose following the first dose administration. The presence of an inhalation flow reduced the olfactory deposition and redistributed the sprays to the middle meatus. The recommended olfactory delivery variables include a head position ranging 45-60°, a nozzle angle ranging 5-10°, two doses, and no inhalation flow. With these variables, an olfactory deposition fraction of 22.7 ± 3.7% was achieved in this study, with insignificant discrepancies in olfactory delivery between the right and left nasal passages. Conclusions: It is feasible to deliver clinically significant doses of nasal sprays to the olfactory region by leveraging an optimized combination of delivery variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Seifelnasr
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Xiuhua April Si
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA 92504, USA
| | - Jinxiang Xi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
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Hummel T, Power Guerra N, Gunder N, Hähner A, Menzel S. Olfactory Function and Olfactory Disorders. Laryngorhinootologie 2023; 102:S67-S92. [PMID: 37130532 PMCID: PMC10184680 DOI: 10.1055/a-1957-3267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The sense of smell is important. This became especially clear to patients with infection-related olfactory loss during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We react, for example, to the body odors of other humans. The sense of smell warns us of danger, and it allows us to perceive flavors when eating and drinking. In essence, this means quality of life. Therefore, anosmia must be taken seriously. Although olfactory receptor neurons are characterized by regenerative capacity, anosmia is relatively common with about 5 % of anosmic people in the general population. Olfactory disorders are classified according to their causes (e. g., infections of the upper respiratory tract, traumatic brain injury, chronic rhinosinusitis, age) with the resulting different therapeutic options and prognoses. Thorough history taking is therefore important. A wide variety of tools are available for diagnosis, ranging from short screening tests and detailed multidimensional test procedures to electrophysiological and imaging methods. Thus, quantitative olfactory disorders are easily assessable and traceable. For qualitative olfactory disorders such as parosmia, however, no objectifying diagnostic procedures are currently available. Therapeutic options for olfactory disorders are limited. Nevertheless, there are effective options consisting of olfactory training as well as various additive drug therapies. The consultation and the competent discussion with the patients are of major importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hummel
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum Riechen und Schmecken, HNO Klinik, TU Dresden
| | - N Power Guerra
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institut für Experimentelle Chirurgie, Medizinische Universität Rostock, Rostock
| | - N Gunder
- Universitäts-HNO Klinik Dresden, Dresden
| | - A Hähner
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum Riechen und Schmecken, HNO Klinik, TU Dresden
| | - S Menzel
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum Riechen und Schmecken, HNO Klinik, TU Dresden
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3
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Patel ZM, Holbrook EH, Turner JH, Adappa ND, Albers MW, Altundag A, Appenzeller S, Costanzo RM, Croy I, Davis GE, Dehgani-Mobaraki P, Doty RL, Duffy VB, Goldstein BJ, Gudis DA, Haehner A, Higgins TS, Hopkins C, Huart C, Hummel T, Jitaroon K, Kern RC, Khanwalkar AR, Kobayashi M, Kondo K, Lane AP, Lechner M, Leopold DA, Levy JM, Marmura MJ, Mclelland L, Miwa T, Moberg PJ, Mueller CA, Nigwekar SU, O'Brien EK, Paunescu TG, Pellegrino R, Philpott C, Pinto JM, Reiter ER, Roalf DR, Rowan NR, Schlosser RJ, Schwob J, Seiden AM, Smith TL, Soler ZM, Sowerby L, Tan BK, Thamboo A, Wrobel B, Yan CH. International consensus statement on allergy and rhinology: Olfaction. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2022; 12:327-680. [PMID: 35373533 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The literature regarding clinical olfaction, olfactory loss, and olfactory dysfunction has expanded rapidly over the past two decades, with an exponential rise in the past year. There is substantial variability in the quality of this literature and a need to consolidate and critically review the evidence. It is with that aim that we have gathered experts from around the world to produce this International Consensus on Allergy and Rhinology: Olfaction (ICAR:O). METHODS Using previously described methodology, specific topics were developed relating to olfaction. Each topic was assigned a literature review, evidence-based review, or evidence-based review with recommendations format as dictated by available evidence and scope within the ICAR:O document. Following iterative reviews of each topic, the ICAR:O document was integrated and reviewed by all authors for final consensus. RESULTS The ICAR:O document reviews nearly 100 separate topics within the realm of olfaction, including diagnosis, epidemiology, disease burden, diagnosis, testing, etiology, treatment, and associated pathologies. CONCLUSION This critical review of the existing clinical olfaction literature provides much needed insight and clarity into the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with olfactory dysfunction, while also clearly delineating gaps in our knowledge and evidence base that we should investigate further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zara M Patel
- Otolaryngology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Eric H Holbrook
- Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Justin H Turner
- Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nithin D Adappa
- Otolaryngology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark W Albers
- Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aytug Altundag
- Otolaryngology, Biruni University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Simone Appenzeller
- Rheumatology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Richard M Costanzo
- Physiology and Biophysics and Otolaryngology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Ilona Croy
- Psychology and Psychosomatic Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Greg E Davis
- Otolaryngology, Proliance Surgeons, Seattle and Puyallup, Washington, USA
| | - Puya Dehgani-Mobaraki
- Associazione Naso Sano, Umbria Regional Registry of Volunteer Activities, Corciano, Italy
| | - Richard L Doty
- Smell and Taste Center, Otolaryngology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Valerie B Duffy
- Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - David A Gudis
- Otolaryngology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Antje Haehner
- Smell and Taste, Otolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas S Higgins
- Otolaryngology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Claire Hopkins
- Otolaryngology, Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, London Bridge Hospital, London, UK
| | - Caroline Huart
- Otorhinolaryngology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholgique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste, Otolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Robert C Kern
- Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ashoke R Khanwalkar
- Otolaryngology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Masayoshi Kobayashi
- Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Kenji Kondo
- Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andrew P Lane
- Otolaryngology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Matt Lechner
- Otolaryngology, Barts Health and University College London, London, UK
| | - Donald A Leopold
- Otolaryngology, University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Joshua M Levy
- Otolaryngology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael J Marmura
- Neurology Thomas Jefferson University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lisha Mclelland
- Otolaryngology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Takaki Miwa
- Otolaryngology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Paul J Moberg
- Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Sagar U Nigwekar
- Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Erin K O'Brien
- Otolaryngology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Teodor G Paunescu
- Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Carl Philpott
- Otolaryngology, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Jayant M Pinto
- Otolaryngology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Evan R Reiter
- Otolaryngology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - David R Roalf
- Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicholas R Rowan
- Otolaryngology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rodney J Schlosser
- Otolaryngology, Medical University of South Carolina, Mt Pleasant, South Carolina, USA
| | - James Schwob
- Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Allen M Seiden
- Otolaryngology, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Timothy L Smith
- Otolaryngology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Zachary M Soler
- Otolaryngology, Medical University of South Carolina, Mt Pleasant, South Carolina, USA
| | - Leigh Sowerby
- Otolaryngology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bruce K Tan
- Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Andrew Thamboo
- Otolaryngology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bozena Wrobel
- Otolaryngology, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Carol H Yan
- Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
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Shiga H, Wakabayashi H, Washiyama K, Noguchi T, Hiromasa T, Miyazono S, Kumai M, Ogawa K, Taki J, Kinuya S, Miwa T. Thallium-201 Imaging in Intact Olfactory Sensory Neurons with Reduced Pre-Synaptic Inhibition In Vivo. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:4989-4999. [PMID: 32820461 PMCID: PMC7541386 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02078-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we determined whether the 201Tl (thallium-201)-based olfactory imaging is affected if olfactory sensory neurons received reduced pre-synaptic inhibition signals from dopaminergic interneurons in the olfactory bulb in vivo. The thallium-201 migration rate to the olfactory bulb and the number of action potentials of olfactory sensory neurons were assessed 3 h following left side nasal administration of rotenone, a mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I inhibitor that decreases the number of dopaminergic interneurons without damaging the olfactory sensory neurons in the olfactory bulb, in mice (6–7 animals per group). The migration rate of thallium-201 to the olfactory bulb was significantly increased following intranasal administration of thallium-201 and rotenone (10 μg rotenone, p = 0.0012; 20 μg rotenone, p = 0.0012), compared with that in control mice. The number of action potentials was significantly reduced in the olfactory sensory neurons in the rotenone treated side of 20 μg rotenone-treated mice, compared with that in control mice (p = 0.0029). The migration rate of thallium-201 to the olfactory bulb assessed with SPECT-CT was significantly increased in rats 24 h after the left intranasal administration of thallium-201 and 100 μg rotenone, compared with that in control rats (p = 0.008, 5 rats per group). Our results suggest that thallium-201 migration to the olfactory bulb is increased in intact olfactory sensory neurons with reduced pre-synaptic inhibition from dopaminergic interneurons in olfactory bulb glomeruli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Shiga
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinadamachi, Kahokugun, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Wakabayashi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Kohshin Washiyama
- Advanced Clinical Research Center, Fukushima Global Medical Science Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Noguchi
- Department of Sensory Physiology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Tomo Hiromasa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Sadaharu Miyazono
- Department of Sensory Physiology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Masami Kumai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinadamachi, Kahokugun, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Kazuma Ogawa
- Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Junichi Taki
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Seigo Kinuya
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Takaki Miwa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinadamachi, Kahokugun, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
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5
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Functional Olfactory Nerve Regeneration Demonstrated by Thallium-201 Olfacto-Scintigraphy in Patients with Traumatic Anosmia: A Case Report. Case Rep Otolaryngol 2019; 2019:1069741. [PMID: 31827962 PMCID: PMC6881771 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1069741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Head trauma is one of the most common etiologies of olfactory dysfunction. It is difficult to use either the olfactory function test or magnetic resonance imaging to directly assess the course of damage to olfactory nerves. Thallium-201 (201Tl) olfacto-scintigraphy has been shown to be an able means for objectively assessing the olfactory nerve transport function. It is expected to be used to evaluate olfactory nerve regeneration after damage to the olfactory nerves. However, no such result has been reported. We present a patient who lost his olfactory function after experiencing head trauma. When his olfactory function remained anosmic, a 201Tl olfacto-scintigraphy showed no migration of 201Tl from the nasal mucosa to the olfactory bulb. After treatment with medicines and olfactory training, his olfactory function improved. A second 201Tl olfacto-scintigraphy showed an increased migration of 201Tl from the nasal mucosa to the olfactory bulb.
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6
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Shiga H, Okuda K, Taki J, Watanabe N, Tonami H, Kinuya S, Miwa T. Nasal thallium-201 uptake in patients with parosmia with and without hyposmia after upper respiratory tract infection. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2019; 9:1252-1256. [PMID: 31356735 PMCID: PMC6899886 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we aimed to determine whether nasal thallium-201 uptake of the olfactory cleft and olfactory bulb (OB) differs between patients with parosmia with and without hyposmia after upper respiratory tract infection (URTI). METHODS Twenty patients with parosmia after URTI were enrolled in this study (15 women and 5 men, 28 to 76 years old). Nasally administered thallium-201 migration to the OB, nasal thallium-201 uptake ratio in the olfactory cleft, and OB volume were determined in 10 patients with normal T&T olfactometry (Daiichi Yakuhin Sangyo, Tokyo, Japan) odor recognition thresholds (≤2.0) who still complained of parosmia (parosmia group), and 10 patients with T&T odor recognition thresholds >2.0 (parosmia and hyposmia group). RESULTS The nasal thallium-201 uptake ratio in the olfactory cleft was significantly higher in the parosmia group than in the parosmia and hyposmia group (p = 0.0015). Thallium-201 migration to the OB was not significantly different between the 2 groups (p = 0.31). The OB volume was significantly larger in the parosmia group than that in the parosmia and hyposmia group (p = 0.029); however, the mean OB volume in both the groups was lower than the normal threshold value in healthy individuals. CONCLUSION Our results signify the recovery of the olfactory epithelium; however, the olfactory neural projections to the OB and regeneration of OB were not complete in patients with parosmia with normal T&T recognition thresholds after URTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Shiga
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Koichi Okuda
- Department of Physics, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Junichi Taki
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Naoto Watanabe
- Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Radiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hisao Tonami
- Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Radiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Seigo Kinuya
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takaki Miwa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
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Han P, Winkler N, Hummel C, Hähner A, Gerber J, Hummel T. Alterations of Brain Gray Matter Density and Olfactory Bulb Volume in Patients with Olfactory Loss after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:2632-2640. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Han
- Interdisciplinary Center on Smell and Taste, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nicole Winkler
- Interdisciplinary Center on Smell and Taste, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Cornelia Hummel
- Interdisciplinary Center on Smell and Taste, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Antje Hähner
- Interdisciplinary Center on Smell and Taste, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Hummel
- Interdisciplinary Center on Smell and Taste, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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8
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Ponto LLB, Walsh S, Huang J, Mundt C, Thede-Reynolds K, Leonard Watkins G, Sunderland J, Acevedo M, Donovan M. Pharmacoimaging of Blood-Brain Barrier Permeable (FDG) and Impermeable (FLT) Substrates After Intranasal (IN) Administration. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 20:15. [PMID: 29218424 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0157-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
To illustrate the use of imaging to quantify the transfer of materials from the nasal cavity to other anatomical compartments, specifically, transfer to the brain using the thymidine analogue, [18F]fluorothymidine (FLT), and the glucose analogue, [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). Anesthetized rats were administered FLT or FDG by intranasal instillation (IN) or tail-vein injection (IV). PET/CT imaging was performed for up to 60 min. Volumes-of-interest (VOIs) for the olfactory bulb (OB) and the remaining brain were created on the CT and transferred to the co-registered dynamic PET. Time-activity curves (TACs) were generated and compared. The disposition patterns were successfully visualized and quantified and differences in brain distribution patterns were observed. For FDG, the concentration was substantially higher in the OB than the brain only after IN administration. For FLT, the concentration was higher in the OB than the brain after both IN and IV and higher after IN than after IV administration at all times, whereas the concentration in the brain was higher after IN than after IV administration at early times only. Approximately 50 and 9% of the IN FDG and FLT doses, respectively, remained in the nasal cavity at 20 min post-administration. The initial phase of clearance was similar for both agents (t1/2 = 2.53 and 3.36 min) but the slow clearance phase was more rapid for FLT than FDG (t1/2 = 32.1 and 85.2 min, respectively). Pharmacoimaging techniques employing PET/CT can be successfully implemented to quantitatively investigate and compare the disposition of radiolabeled agents administered by a variety of routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Boles Ponto
- Department of Radiology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA. .,PET Imaging Center, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA.
| | - Susan Walsh
- Department of Radiology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jiangeng Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Christine Mundt
- Department of Radiology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,PET Imaging Center, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - Katherine Thede-Reynolds
- Department of Radiology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,PET Imaging Center, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - G Leonard Watkins
- Department of Radiology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,PET Imaging Center, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - John Sunderland
- Department of Radiology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,PET Imaging Center, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - Michael Acevedo
- Department of Radiology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Maureen Donovan
- College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Usefulness of our proposed olfactory scoring system during endoscopic sinus surgery in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 275:415-423. [PMID: 29204922 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-017-4831-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The primary aim of the current study was to examine the usefulness of our proposed olfactory scoring system in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients with olfactory disorders (n = 213) receiving endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). MATERIALS AND METHODS Analyzed patients were divided into two groups: an eosinophilic CRS (ECRS) group (n = 153); and a non-ECRS group (n = 60). The T&T recognition threshold test was used to evaluate olfaction at baseline and at 3 and 12 months after ESS. Patients with mean recognition threshold < 2.0 at 3 or 12 months or with a decrease of ≥ 1.0 as compared with baseline were defined as showing clinical improvement. We scored mucosal conditions as normal (0 points), edema (1 point), and polyp (2 points) at the canopy of olfactory cleft (OC), middle and superior turbinates, superior nasal meatus, and sphenoethmoidal recess during ESS. The total score of OCs (SOCs) was calculated (range 0-20 points). We compared SOCs between ECRS and non-ECRS groups. Factors related to olfactory improvement were also investigated using uni- and multivariate analyses. RESULTS SOCs in the ECRS and non-ECRS groups showed significant correlations with mean recognition thresholds at baseline and at 3 and 12 months. In the multivariate analysis for predicting improvement of mean recognition threshold, lower SOCs were significantly associated with olfactory improvement factors at 3 and 12 months postoperatively in the ECRS group. CONCLUSION SOCs appears promising for estimating olfactory prognosis after ESS in CRS patients.
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