1
|
Yu Y, Zhang S, Duan C, Crouch C, Suo J, Tang X, Liu X, Liu J, Bruton B, Tarpey I, Suo X. Developing efficient strategies for localizing the enhanced yellow fluorescent protein subcellularly in transgenic Eimeria parasites. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4851. [PMID: 38418588 PMCID: PMC10902363 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55569-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Eimeria species serve as promising eukaryotic vaccine vectors. And that the location of heterologous antigens in the subcellular components of genetically modified Eimeria may determine the magnitude and type of immune responses. Therefore, our study aimed to target a heterologous fluorescent protein to the cell surface or microneme, two locations where are more effective in inducing protective immunity, of Eimeria tenella and E. acervulina sporozoites. We used an enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) as a tagging biomarker, fusing variously with some localization or whole sequences of compartmental proteins for targeting. After acquiring stable transgenic Eimeria populations, we observed EYFP expressing in expected locations with certain strategies. That is, EYFP successfully localized to the surface when it was fused between signal peptides and mature products of surface antigen 1 (SAG1). Furthermore, EYFP was efficiently targeted to the apical end, an optimal location for secretory organelle known as the microneme, when fused to the C terminus of microneme protein 2. Unexpectedly, EYFP exhibited dominantly in the apical end with only weak expression on the surface of the transgenic sporozoites when the parasites were transfected with plasmid with EYFP fused between signal peptides and mature products of E. tenella SAG 13. These strategies worked in both E. tenella and E. acervulina, laying a solid foundation for studying E. tenella and E. acervulina-based live vaccines that can be further tailored to the inclusion of cargo immunogens from other pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Sixin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chunhui Duan
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Colin Crouch
- MSD Animal Health, Walton Manor, Milton Keynes, MK7 7AJ, UK
| | - Jingxia Suo
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinming Tang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control (North) of MARA, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xianyong Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Beth Bruton
- MSD Animal Health, Walton Manor, Milton Keynes, MK7 7AJ, UK
| | - Ian Tarpey
- MSD Animal Health, Walton Manor, Milton Keynes, MK7 7AJ, UK
| | - Xun Suo
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu Q, Liu X, Zhao X, Zhu XQ, Suo X. Live attenuated anticoccidial vaccines for chickens. Trends Parasitol 2023; 39:1087-1099. [PMID: 37770352 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Chicken coccidiosis, caused by infection with single or multiple Eimeria species, results in significant economic losses to the global poultry industry. Over the past decades, considerable efforts have been made to generate attenuated Eimeria strains, and the use of live attenuated anticoccidial vaccines for disease prevention has achieved tremendous success. In this review, we evaluate the advantages and limitations of the methods of attenuation as well as attenuated Eimeria strains in a historical perspective. Also, we summarize the recent exciting research advances in transient/stable transfection systems and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based genome editing developed for Eimeria parasites, and discuss trends and challenges of developing live attenuated anticoccidial vaccines based on transgenesis and genome editing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province 030801, PR China
| | - Xianyong Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100093, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong Province 271018, PR China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province 030801, PR China.
| | - Xun Suo
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100093, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Britez JD, Rodriguez AE, Di Ciaccio L, Marugán-Hernandez V, Tomazic ML. What Do We Know about Surface Proteins of Chicken Parasites Eimeria? Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1295. [PMID: 37374079 DOI: 10.3390/life13061295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Poultry is the first source of animal protein for human consumption. In a changing world, this sector is facing new challenges, such as a projected increase in demand, higher standards of food quality and safety, and reduction of environmental impact. Chicken coccidiosis is a highly widespread enteric disease caused by Eimeria spp. which causes significant economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide; however, the impact on family poultry holders or backyard production-which plays a key role in food security in small communities and involves mainly rural women-has been little explored. Coccidiosis disease is controlled by good husbandry measures, chemoprophylaxis, and/or live vaccination. The first live vaccines against chicken coccidiosis were developed in the 1950s; however, after more than seven decades, none has reached the market. Current limitations on their use have led to research in next-generation vaccines based on recombinant or live-vectored vaccines. Next-generation vaccines are required to control this complex parasitic disease, and for this purpose, protective antigens need to be identified. In this review, we have scrutinised surface proteins identified so far in Eimeria spp. affecting chickens. Most of these surface proteins are anchored to the parasite membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) molecule. The biosynthesis of GPIs, as well as the role of currently identified surface proteins and interest as vaccine candidates has been summarised. The potential role of surface proteins in drug resistance and immune escape and how these could limit the efficacy of control strategies was also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesica Daiana Britez
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria, IPVET, INTA-CONICET, Nicolás Repetto y Los Reseros, Hurlingham 1686, Argentina
| | - Anabel Elisa Rodriguez
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, IPVET, INTA-CONICET, Nicolás Repetto y Los Reseros, Hurlingham 1686, Argentina
| | - Lucía Di Ciaccio
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria, IPVET, INTA-CONICET, Nicolás Repetto y Los Reseros, Hurlingham 1686, Argentina
| | | | - Mariela Luján Tomazic
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria, IPVET, INTA-CONICET, Nicolás Repetto y Los Reseros, Hurlingham 1686, Argentina
- Cátedra de Biotecnología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tomazic ML, Marugan-Hernandez V, Rodriguez AE. Next-Generation Technologies and Systems Biology for the Design of Novel Vaccines Against Apicomplexan Parasites. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:800361. [PMID: 35071390 PMCID: PMC8777213 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.800361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites of the phylum Apicomplexa are the causative agents of important diseases such as malaria, toxoplasmosis or cryptosporidiosis in humans, and babesiosis and coccidiosis in animals. Whereas the first human recombinant vaccine against malaria has been approved and recently recommended for wide administration by the WHO, most other zoonotic parasitic diseases lack of appropriate immunoprophylaxis. Sequencing technologies, bioinformatics, and statistics, have opened the "omics" era into apicomplexan parasites, which has led to the development of systems biology, a recent field that can significantly contribute to more rational design for new vaccines. The discovery of novel antigens by classical approaches is slow and limited to very few antigens identified and analyzed by each study. High throughput approaches based on the expansion of the "omics", mainly genomics and transcriptomics have facilitated the functional annotation of the genome for many of these parasites, improving significantly the understanding of the parasite biology, interactions with the host, as well as virulence and host immune response. Developments in genetic manipulation in apicomplexan parasites have also contributed to the discovery of new potential vaccine targets. The present minireview does a comprehensive summary of advances in "omics", CRISPR/Cas9 technologies, and in systems biology approaches applied to apicomplexan parasites of economic and zoonotic importance, highlighting their potential of the holistic view in vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Luján Tomazic
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria (IPVET), INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina.,Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Catedra de Biotecnología, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Marugan-Hernandez V, Sanchez-Arsuaga G, Vaughan S, Burrell A, Tomley FM. Do All Coccidia Follow the Same Trafficking Rules? Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11090909. [PMID: 34575057 PMCID: PMC8465013 DOI: 10.3390/life11090909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Coccidia are a subclass of the Apicomplexa and include several genera of protozoan parasites that cause important diseases in humans and animals, with Toxoplasma gondii becoming the ‘model organism’ for research into the coccidian molecular and cellular processes. The amenability to the cultivation of T. gondii tachyzoites and the wide availability of molecular tools for this parasite have revealed many mechanisms related to their cellular trafficking and roles of parasite secretory organelles, which are critical in parasite-host interaction. Nevertheless, the extrapolation of the T. gondii mechanisms described in tachyzoites to other coccidian parasites should be done carefully. In this review, we considered published data from Eimeria parasites, a coccidian genus comprising thousands of species whose infections have important consequences in livestock and poultry. These studies suggest that the Coccidia possess both shared and diversified mechanisms of protein trafficking and secretion potentially linked to their lifecycles. Whereas trafficking and secretion appear to be well conversed prior to and during host-cell invasion, important differences emerge once endogenous development commences. Therefore, further studies to validate the mechanisms described in T. gondii tachyzoites should be performed across a broader range of coccidians (including T. gondii sporozoites). In addition, further genus-specific research regarding important disease-causing Coccidia is needed to unveil the individual molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis related to their specific lifecycles and hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Marugan-Hernandez
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms AL9 7TA, UK; (G.S.-A.); (F.M.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)-17-0766-9445
| | - Gonzalo Sanchez-Arsuaga
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms AL9 7TA, UK; (G.S.-A.); (F.M.T.)
| | - Sue Vaughan
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK;
| | - Alana Burrell
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK;
| | - Fiona M. Tomley
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms AL9 7TA, UK; (G.S.-A.); (F.M.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Aitfella Lahlou R, Bounechada M, Mohammedi A, Silva LR, Alves G. Dietary use of Rosmarinus officinalis and Thymus vulgaris as anticoccidial alternatives in poultry. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
7
|
Cha JO, Shim KS, Lee HW, Kim HC. Statistical Prediction of the Peak Point (Time) Required for Release of Maximum Number of Sporocysts after Eimeria Tenella Oocyst Excystation. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2020-1415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JO Cha
- Jeonbuk National University, Republic of Korea
| | - KS Shim
- Jeonbuk National University, Republic of Korea; Jeonbuk National University, Republic of Korea
| | - HW Lee
- Kangwon National University, Republic of Korea
| | - HC Kim
- Kangwon National University, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Marugan-Hernandez V, Jeremiah G, Aguiar-Martins K, Burrell A, Vaughan S, Xia D, Randle N, Tomley F. The Growth of Eimeria tenella: Characterization and Application of Quantitative Methods to Assess Sporozoite Invasion and Endogenous Development in Cell Culture. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:579833. [PMID: 33154954 PMCID: PMC7590826 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.579833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro development of the complete life cycle of Eimeria species has been achieved in primary cultures of avian epithelial cells with low efficiency. The use of immortalized cell lines simplifies procedures but only allows partial development through one round of parasite invasion and intracellular replication. We have assessed the suitability of Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK) cells to support qualitative and quantitative studies on sporozoite invasion and intracellular development of Eimeria tenella. Analysis of parasite ultrastructure by transmission electron microscopy and serial block face-scanning electron microscopy proved the suitability of the system to generate good quality schizonts and first-generation merozoites. Parasite protein expression profiles elucidated by mass spectrometry corroborated previous findings occurring during the development of the parasite such as the presence of alternative types of surface antigen at different stages and increased abundance of proteins from secretory organelles during invasion and endogenous development. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) allowed the tracking of development by detecting DNA division, whereas reverse transcription qPCR of sporozoite- and merozoite-specific genes could detect early changes before cell division and after merozoite formation, respectively. These results correlated with the analysis of development using ImageJ semi-automated image analysis of fluorescent parasites, demonstrating the suitability and reproducibility of the MDBK culture system. This systems also allowed the evaluation of the effects on invasion and development when sporozoites were pre-incubated with anticoccidial drugs, showing similar effects to those reported before. We have described through this study a series of methods and assays for the further application of this in vitro culture model to more complex studies of Eimeria including basic research on parasite cell biology and host-parasite interactions and for screening anticoccidial drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgia Jeremiah
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alana Burrell
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sue Vaughan
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dong Xia
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nadine Randle
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Tomley
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhou BH, Ding HY, Yang JY, Chai J, Guo HW, Wang HW. Effects of diclazuril on the expression of enolase in second-generation merozoites of Eimeria tenella. Poult Sci 2020; 99:6402-6409. [PMID: 33248555 PMCID: PMC7705050 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Eimeria tenella is an obligate intracellular parasite of the chicken cecum; it brings huge economic loss to the chicken industry. Enolase is a multifunctional glycolytic enzyme involved in many processes of parasites, such as infection and migration. In this study, the effect of diclazuril on the expression of enolase in second-generation merozoites of E. tenella (EtENO) was reported. The prokaryotic expression plasmid pET-28a-EtENO was constructed and transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Then, it was subjected to expression under the induction of isopropyl-β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside. The expressed products were identified and purified. The purified EtENO protein was used for antibody preparation. The EtENO mRNA and protein expression levels were analyzed via real-time PCR and Western blotting. Localization of EtENO on the merozoites was examined by immunofluorescence technique. The mRNA and protein expression levels of EtENO were decreased by 36.3 and 40.36%, respectively, by diclazuril treatment. EtENO distributed in the surface, cytoplasm, and nucleus of the infected/control group. With diclazuril treatment, it was significantly reduced in the surface and cytoplasm and even disappeared in the nucleus of the infected/diclazuril group. These observations suggested that EtENO may play an important role in mechanism of diclazuril anticoccidial action and be a potential drug target for the intervention with E. tenella infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bian-Hua Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hai-Yan Ding
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Yun Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Chai
- School of Information Technology and Urban Construction, Luoyang Polytechnic, Luoyang 471934, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Wei Guo
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Wei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li C, Zhao Q, Zhu S, Wang Q, Wang H, Yu S, Yu Y, Liang S, Zhao H, Huang B, Dong H, Han H. Eimeria tenella Eimeria-specific protein that interacts with apical membrane antigen 1 (EtAMA1) is involved in host cell invasion. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:373. [PMID: 32711572 PMCID: PMC7382093 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04229-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Avian coccidiosis is a widespread, economically significant disease of poultry, caused by several Eimeria species. These parasites have complex and diverse life-cycles that require invasion of their host cells. This is mediated by various proteins secreted from apical secretory organelles. Apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1), which is released from micronemes and is conserved across all apicomplexans, plays a central role in the host cell invasion. In a previous study, some putative EtAMA1-interacting proteins of E. tenella were screened. In this study, we characterized one putative EtAMA1-interacting protein, E. tenella Eimeria -specific protein (EtEsp). Methods Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion protein pull-down (GST pull-down) were used to confirm the interaction between EtAMA1 and EtEsp in vivo and in vitro. The expression of EtEsp was analyzed in different developmental stages of E. tenella with quantitative PCR and western blotting. The secretion of EtEsp protein was tested with staurosporine when sporozoites were incubated in complete medium at 41 °C. The localization of EtEsp was analyzed with an immunofluorescence assay (IFA). An in vitro invasion inhibition assay was conducted to assess the ability of antibodies against EtEsp to inhibit cell invasion by E. tenella sporozoites. Results The interaction between EtAMA1 and EtEsp was confirmed with BiFC and by GST pull-down. Our results show that EtEsp is differentially expressed during distinct phases of the parasite life-cycle. IFA showed that the EtEsp protein is mainly distributed on the parasite surface, and that the expression of this protein increases during the development of the parasite in the host cells. Using staurosporine, we showed that EtEsp is a secreted protein, but not from micronemes. In inhibition tests, a polyclonal anti-rEtEsp antibody attenuated the capacity of E. tenella to invade host cells. Conclusion In this study, we show that EtEsp interacts with EtAMA1 and that the protein is secreted protein, but not from micronemes. The protein participates in sporozoite invasion of host cells and is maybe involved in the growth of the parasite. These data have implications for the use of EtAMA1 or EtAMA1-interacting proteins as targets in intervention strategies against avian coccidiosis.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Qiping Zhao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Shunhai Zhu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Qingjie Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Shuilan Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Yu Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, PR China.,College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Shashan Liang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, PR China.,College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Huanzhi Zhao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Bing Huang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Hui Dong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, PR China.
| | - Hongyu Han
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pastor-Fernández I, Kim S, Marugán-Hernández V, Soutter F, Tomley FM, Blake DP. Vaccination with transgenic Eimeria tenella expressing Eimeria maxima AMA1 and IMP1 confers partial protection against high-level E. maxima challenge in a broiler model of coccidiosis. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:343. [PMID: 32650837 PMCID: PMC7350274 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04210-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Poultry coccidiosis is a parasitic enteric disease with a highly negative impact on chicken production. In-feed chemoprophylaxis remains the primary method of control, but the increasing ineffectiveness of anticoccidial drugs, and potential future restrictions on their use has encouraged the use of commercial live vaccines. Availability of such formulations is constrained by their production, which relies on the use of live chickens. Several experimental approaches have been taken to explore ways to reduce the complexity and cost of current anticoccidial vaccines including the use of live vectors expressing relevant Eimeria proteins. We and others have shown that vaccination with transgenic Eimeria tenella parasites expressing Eimeria maxima Apical Membrane Antigen-1 or Immune Mapped Protein-1 (EmAMA1 and EmIMP1) partially reduces parasite replication after challenge with a low dose of E. maxima oocysts. In the present study, we have reassessed the efficacy of these experimental vaccines using commercial birds reared at high stocking densities and challenged with both low and high doses of E. maxima to evaluate how well they protect chickens against the negative impacts of disease on production parameters. Methods Populations of E. tenella parasites expressing EmAMA1 and EmIMP1 were obtained by nucleofection and propagated in chickens. Cobb500 broilers were immunised with increasing doses of transgenic oocysts and challenged two weeks later with E. maxima to quantify the effect of vaccination on parasite replication, local IFN-γ and IL-10 responses (300 oocysts), as well as impacts on intestinal lesions and body weight gain (10,000 oocysts). Results Vaccination of chickens with E. tenella expressing EmAMA1, or admixtures of E. tenella expressing EmAMA1 or EmIMP1, was safe and induced partial protection against challenge as measured by E. maxima replication and severity of pathology. Higher levels of protection were observed when both antigens were delivered and was associated with a partial modification of local immune responses against E. maxima, which we hypothesise resulted in more rapid immune recognition of the challenge parasites. Conclusions This study offers prospects for future development of multivalent anticoccidial vaccines for commercial chickens. Efforts should now be focused on the discovery of additional antigens for incorporation into such vaccines.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iván Pastor-Fernández
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertforshire, AL9 7TA, UK. .,SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sungwon Kim
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertforshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Virginia Marugán-Hernández
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertforshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Francesca Soutter
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertforshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Fiona M Tomley
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertforshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Damer P Blake
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertforshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Towards Innovative Design and Application of Recombinant Eimeria as a Vaccine Vector. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00861-19. [PMID: 32094255 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00861-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient delivery of antigenic cargo to trigger protective immune responses is critical to the success of vaccination. Genetically engineered microorganisms, including virus, bacteria, and protozoa, can be modified to carry and deliver heterologous antigens to the host immune system. The biological vectors can induce a broad range of immune responses and enhance heterologous antigen-specific immunological outcomes. The protozoan genus Eimeria is widespread in domestic animals, causing serious coccidiosis. Eimeria parasites with strong immunogenicity are potent coccidiosis vaccine candidates and offer a valuable model of live vaccines against infectious diseases in animals. Eimeria parasites can also function as a vaccine vector. Herein, we review recent advances in design and application of recombinant Eimeria as a vaccine vector, which has been a topic of ongoing research in our laboratory. By recapitulating the establishment of an Eimeria transfection platform and its application, it will help lay the foundation for the future development of effective parasite-based vaccine delivery vectors and beyond.
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhou BH, Jia LS, Guo HW, Ding HY, Yang JY, Wang HW. Eukaryotic elongation factor 2 is involved in the anticoccidial action of diclazuril in the second-generation merozoites of Eimeria tenella. Vet Parasitol 2019; 276:108991. [PMID: 31770701 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.108991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Eimeria tenella, an obligate intracellular parasite, can actively invade the cecal epithelial cells of chickens and cause severe enteric disease. Eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) plays a major role in protein synthesis and cell survival. This study aims to explore the exact mechanisms underlying diclazuril inhibition in second-generation merozoites of E. tenella. The eEF2 cDNA of the second-generation merozoites of E. tenella (EtEF2) was cloned by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and rapid amplification of cDNA ends. Diclazuril-induced expression profiles of EtEF2 were also analyzed. The cloned full-length cDNA (2893 bp) of the EtEF2 nucleotide sequence encompassed a 2499 bp open reading frame (ORF) that encoded a polypeptide of 832 residues with an estimated molecular mass of 93.12 kDa and a theoretical isoelectric point of 5.99. The EtEF2 nucleotide sequence was submitted to the GenBank database with the accession number KF188423. The EtEF2 protein sequence shared 99 % homology with the eEF2 sequence of Toxoplasma gondii (GenBank XP_002367778.1). The GTPase activity domain and ADP-ribosylation domain were conserved signature sequences of the eEF2 gene family. The changes in the transcriptional and translational levels of EtEF2 were detected through quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analyses. The mRNA expression level of EtEF2 was 2.706 fold increases and the protein level of EtEF2 was increased 67.31 % under diclazuril treatment. In addition, the localization of EtEF2 was investigated through immunofluorescence assay. Experimental results demonstrated that EtEF2 was distributed primarily in the cytoplasm of second-generation merozoites, and its fluorescence intensity was enhanced after diclazuril treatment. These findings indicated that EtEF2 may have an important role in understanding the signaling mechanism underlying the anticoccidial action of diclazuril and could be a promising target for novel drug exploration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bian-Hua Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Kaiyuan Avenue 263, Luoyang 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liu-Shu Jia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Kaiyuan Avenue 263, Luoyang 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong-Wei Guo
- College of Animal Science&Technology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Longzi Hubei Road 6, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hai-Yan Ding
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Kaiyuan Avenue 263, Luoyang 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing-Yun Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Kaiyuan Avenue 263, Luoyang 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong-Wei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Kaiyuan Avenue 263, Luoyang 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Price DRG, Küster T, Øines Ø, Oliver EM, Bartley K, Nunn F, Lima Barbero JF, Pritchard J, Karp-Tatham E, Hauge H, Blake DP, Tomley FM, Nisbet AJ. Evaluation of vaccine delivery systems for inducing long-lived antibody responses to Dermanyssus gallinae antigen in laying hens. Avian Pathol 2019; 48:S60-S74. [PMID: 31032631 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2019.1612514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dermanyssus gallinae, the poultry red mite, is a global threat to the commercial egg-laying industry. Control of D. gallinae is difficult, with only a limited number of effective pesticides and non-chemical treatments available. Here, we characterize the candidate vaccine antigen D. gallinae cathepsin D-1 (Dg-CatD-1) and demonstrate that purified refolded recombinant Dg-Cat-D1 (rDg-CatD-1) is an active aspartyl proteinase which digests haemoglobin with a pH optimum of pH 4. Soluble protein extracts from D. gallinae also have haemoglobinase activity, with a pH optimum comparable to the recombinant protein, and both proteinase activities were inhibited by the aspartyl proteinase inhibitor Pepstatin A. Enzyme activity and the ubiquitous localization of Dg-CatD-1 protein in sections of adult female mites is consistent with Dg-CatD-1 being a lysosomal proteinase. Using Dg-CatD-1 as a model vaccine antigen, we compared vaccine delivery methods in laying hens via vaccination with: (i) purified rDg-CatD-1 with Montanide™ ISA 71 VG adjuvant; (ii) recombinant DNA vaccines for expression of rDg-CatD-1 and (iii) transgenic coccidial parasite Eimeria tenella expressing rDg-CatD-1. In two independent trials, only birds vaccinated with rDg-CatD-1 with Montanide™ ISA 71 VG produced a strong and long-lasting serum anti-rDg-Cat-D1 IgY response, which was significantly higher than that in control birds vaccinated with adjuvant only. Furthermore, we showed that egg-laying rates of D. gallinae mites fed on birds vaccinated with rDg-CatD-1 in Montanide™ ISA 71 VG was reduced significantly compared with mites fed on unvaccinated birds. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Dermanyssus gallinae cathepsin D-1 (Dg-CatD-1) digests haemoglobin Vaccination of hens with rDg-CatD-1 in Montanide™ ISA 71 VG results in long-lasting IgY levels Serum anti-rDg-CatD-1 antibodies reduce egg laying in D. gallinae after a single blood meal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R G Price
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Tatiana Küster
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College , North Mymms , UK
| | | | | | - Kathryn Bartley
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Francesca Nunn
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park , Edinburgh , UK
| | | | - James Pritchard
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College , North Mymms , UK
| | - Eleanor Karp-Tatham
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College , North Mymms , UK
| | | | - Damer P Blake
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College , North Mymms , UK
| | - Fiona M Tomley
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College , North Mymms , UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pastor-Fernández I, Pegg E, Macdonald SE, Tomley FM, Blake DP, Marugán-Hernández V. Laboratory Growth and Genetic Manipulation of Eimeria tenella. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 53:e81. [PMID: 30811108 DOI: 10.1002/cpmc.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Eimeria is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that contains a large number of species, most of which are absolutely host-specific. Seven species have been recognized to infect chickens. Infection of susceptible chickens results in an intestinal disease called coccidiosis, characterized by mucoid or hemorrhagic enteritis, which is associated with impaired feed conversion or mortality in severe cases. Intensive farming practices have increased the significance of coccidiosis since parasite transmission is favored by high-density housing of large numbers of susceptible chickens. Routine chemoprophylaxis and/or vaccination with live parasite vaccines provides effective control of Eimeria, although the emergence of drug resistance and the relative cost and production capacity of current vaccine lines can prove limiting. As pressure to reduce drug use in livestock production intensifies, novel vaccination strategies are needed. Development of effective protocols supporting genetic complementation of Eimeria species has until recently been hampered by their inability to replicate efficiently in vitro. Now, the availability of such protocols has raised the prospect of generating transgenic parasite lines that function as vaccine vectors to express and deliver heterologous antigens. For example, this technology has the potential to streamline the production of live anticoccidial vaccines through the generation of parasite lines that co-express immunoprotective antigens derived from multiple Eimeria species. In this paper we describe detailed protocols for genetic manipulation, laboratory growth, and in vivo propagation of Eimeria tenella parasites, which will encourage future work from other researchers to expand biological understanding of Eimeria through reverse genetics. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iván Pastor-Fernández
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Pegg
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E Macdonald
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona M Tomley
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Damer P Blake
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Virginia Marugán-Hernández
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Development of cross-protective Eimeria-vectored vaccines based on apical membrane antigens. Int J Parasitol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
17
|
Marugan-Hernandez V, Fiddy R, Nurse-Francis J, Smith O, Pritchard L, Tomley FM. Characterization of novel microneme adhesive repeats (MAR) in Eimeria tenella. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:491. [PMID: 29041988 PMCID: PMC5646145 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2454-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The phylum Apicomplexa comprises a wide variety of parasites of significant medical and economic relevance. These parasites have extremely different host and tissue tropisms; for example Toxoplasma gondii can invade virtually any nucleated cell and infect almost all warm-blooded vertebrates, whereas Eimeria tenella infects only chickens and is restricted in its growth to epithelial cells of the caecum. Proteins released from the microneme secretory organelles (MICs) are critical for apicomplexan invasion of host cells and allow parasites to bind a diverse range of host cell oligosaccharide epitopes. MICs bear modular arrangements of sequences with adhesive proteins and interestingly the sialic-acid binding MAR (microneme adhesive repeat) domain containing proteins (MCPs) are suggested to make significant contributions to the different host and tissue tropisms of T. gondii and E. tenella. Results In this study, we evaluated the binding capacity of Type I MAR domains from novel E. tenella MCPs. Variants of the previously described HxT motif were analysed showing that HxT and VxT variants bind, whereas HxS and YxE variants did not. One of these MCP containing a single MAR (EtMCP2) showed an apical localization when expressed as a fusion with the fluorescent reporter mCherry in transgenic populations and a similar pattern of transcripts per zoite during endogenous development in vitro as the well-characterised microneme protein EtMIC2. Conclusions Variation in the binding properties of the MAR of different EtMCPs was confirmed and their ability to bind a wider range of sialic acids and terminal linkages should be studied. In addition, transgenesis technology has been used for first time in Eimeria parasites as a rapid tool for the study of endogenous protein localization by fusion with a fluorescent reporter. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-017-2454-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Marugan-Hernandez
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - Rebekah Fiddy
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Jazmine Nurse-Francis
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Oliver Smith
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Laura Pritchard
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Fiona M Tomley
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abbas A, Iqbal Z, Abbas RZ, Khan MK, Khan JA, Sindhu ZUD, Mahmood MS, Saleemi MK. In vivo anticoccidial effects of Beta vulgaris (sugar beet) in broiler chickens. Microb Pathog 2017; 111:139-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|