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Tian B, Chen Z, Yu Y, Yang Y, Fang A, Bi C, Qu Z, Fu Y, Mehmood MA, Zhou C, Jiang D. Transcriptional plasticity of schizotrophic Sclerotinia sclerotiorum responds to symptomatic rapeseed and endophytic wheat hosts. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0261223. [PMID: 37905914 PMCID: PMC10714719 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02612-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The broad host range of fungi with differential fungal responses leads to either a pathogenic or an endophytic lifestyle in various host plants. Yet, the molecular basis of schizotrophic fungal responses to different plant hosts remains unexplored. Here, we observed a general increase in the gene expression of S. sclerotiorum associated with pathogenicity in symptomatic rapeseed, including small protein secretion, appressorial formation, and oxalic acid toxin production. Conversely, in wheat, many carbohydrate metabolism and transport-associated genes were induced, indicating a general increase in processes associated with carbohydrate acquisition. Appressorium is required for S. sclerotiorum during colonization in symptomatic hosts but not in endophytic wheat. These findings provide new clues for understanding schizotrophic fungi, fungal evolution, and the emergence pathways of new plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binnian Tian
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ziyang Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Yu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuheng Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Anfei Fang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chaowei Bi
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zheng Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanping Fu
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mirza Abid Mehmood
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Plant Protection, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Changyong Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Wei YY, Liang S, Zhu XM, Liu XH, Lin FC. Recent Advances in Effector Research of Magnaporthe oryzae. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1650. [PMID: 38002332 PMCID: PMC10669146 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Recalcitrant rice blast disease is caused by Magnaporthe oryzae, which has a significant negative economic reverberation on crop productivity. In order to induce the disease onto the host, M. oryzae positively generates many types of small secreted proteins, here named as effectors, to manipulate the host cell for the purpose of stimulating pathogenic infection. In M. oryzae, by engaging with specific receptors on the cell surface, effectors activate signaling channels which control an array of cellular activities, such as proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. The most recent research on effector identification, classification, function, secretion, and control mechanism has been compiled in this review. In addition, the article also discusses directions and challenges for future research into an effector in M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Yun Wei
- College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China;
| | - Shuang Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (S.L.); (X.-M.Z.)
| | - Xue-Ming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (S.L.); (X.-M.Z.)
| | - Xiao-Hong Liu
- Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fu-Cheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (S.L.); (X.-M.Z.)
- Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Zhu Z, Xiong Z, Zou W, Shi Z, Li S, Zhang X, Liu S, Liu Y, Luo X, Ren J, Zhu Z, Dong P. Anti-oomycete ability of scopolamine against Phytophthora infestans, a terrible pathogen of potato late blight. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:6416-6428. [PMID: 37209269 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytophthora infestans causes late blight, threatening potato production. The tropane alkaloid scopolamine from some industrial plants (Datura, Atropa, etc.) has a broad-spectrum bacteriostatic effect, but its effect on P. infestans is unknown. RESULTS In the present study, scopolamine inhibited the mycelial growth of phytopathogenic oomycete P. infestans, and the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) was 4.25 g L-1 . The sporangia germination rates were 61.43%, 16.16%, and 3.99% at concentrations of zero (control), 0.5 IC50 , and IC50 , respectively. The sporangia viability of P. infestans was significantly reduced after scopolamine treatment through propidium iodide and fluorescein diacetate staining, speculating that scopolamine destroyed cell membrane integrity. The detached potato tuber experiment demonstrated that scopolamine lessened the pathogenicity of P. infestans in potato tubers. Under stress conditions, scopolamine showed good inhibition of P. infestans, indicating that scopolamine could be used in multiple adverse conditions. The combination effect of scopolamine and the chemical pesticide Infinito on P. infestans was more effective than the use of scopolamine or Infinito alone. Moreover, transcriptome analysis suggested that scopolamine leaded to a downregulation of most P. infestans genes, functioning in cell growth, cell metabolism, and pathogenicity. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first study to detect scopolamine inhibitory activity against P. infestans. Also, our findings highlight the potential of scopolamine as an eco-friendly option for controlling late blight in the future. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Hongshen Honors School, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ziwen Xiong
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Hongshen Honors School, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenjin Zou
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Hongshen Honors School, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiwen Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Hongshen Honors School, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shanying Li
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Hongshen Honors School, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinze Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shicheng Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Hongshen Honors School, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xunguang Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding for Tuber and Root Crops, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Ren
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding for Tuber and Root Crops, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhenglin Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pan Dong
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding for Tuber and Root Crops, Chongqing, China
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Sabnam N, Hussain A, Saha P. The secret password: Cell death-inducing proteins in filamentous phytopathogens - As versatile tools to develop disease-resistant crops. Microb Pathog 2023; 183:106276. [PMID: 37541554 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell death-inducing proteins (CDIPs) are some of the secreted effector proteins manifested by filamentous oomycetes and fungal pathogens to invade the plant tissue and facilitate infection. Along with their involvement in different developmental processes and virulence, CDIPs play a crucial role in plant-pathogen interactions. As the name implies, CDIPs cause necrosis and trigger localised cell death in the infected host tissues by the accumulation of higher concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), oxidative burst, accumulation of nitric oxide (NO), and electrolyte leakage. They also stimulate the biosynthesis of defense-related phytohormones such as salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), abscisic acid (ABA), and ethylene (ET), as well as the expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes that are important in disease resistance. Altogether, the interactions result in the hypersensitive response (HR) in the host plant, which might confer systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in some cases against a vast array of related and unrelated pathogens. The CDIPs, due to their capability of inducing host resistance, are thus unique among the array of proteins secreted by filamentous plant pathogens. More interestingly, a few transgenic plant lines have also been developed expressing the CDIPs with added resistance. Thus, CDIPs have opened an interesting hot area of research. The present study critically reviews the current knowledge of major types of CDIPs identified across filamentous phytopathogens and their modes of action in the last couple of years. This review also highlights the recent breakthrough technologies in studying plant-pathogen interactions as well as crop improvement by enhancing disease resistance through CDIPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazmiara Sabnam
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India.
| | - Afzal Hussain
- Department of Bioinformatics, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India
| | - Pallabi Saha
- Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, 55108, United States; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India
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Lin Y, Zhu Y, Wang L, Zheng Y, Xie Y, Cai Q, He W, Xie H, Liu H, Wang Y, Cui L, Wei Y, Xie H, Zhang J. Overexpression of a GIPC glycosyltransferase gene, OsGMT1, suppresses plant immunity and delays heading time in rice. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 331:111674. [PMID: 36948404 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylinositol phosphorylceramides (GIPCs) are the major sphingolipids in the plant plasma membrane. In Arabidopsis, mutations of genes involved in the synthesis of GIPCs affect many physiological aspects of plants, including growth, pollen fertility, defense, and stress signaling. Loss of function of the GIPC MANNOSYL-TRANSFERASE1 (AtGMT1) results in GIPC misglycosylation and induces plant immune responses accompanied by a severely dwarfed phenotype, thus indicating that GIPCs play important roles in plant immunity. Here, we investigated the enzymatic activity and phenotypes of transgenic lines of OsGMT1, the ortholog of AtGMT1. Sphingolipidomic analysis indicated that OsGMT1 retained the enzymatic activity of GIPC hexose (Hex) glycosylation, but the knockout lines did not accumulate H2O2. In contrast, the OsGMT1 overexpression lines showed significant down-regulation of several defense-associated or cell wall synthesis-associated genes, and enhanced sensitivity to rice blast. Furthermore, we first demonstrated the sensitivity of rice cells to MoNLP1 protein through calcein AM release assays using rice protoplasts, thus legitimizing the presence of MoNLPs in rice blast fungus. In addition, yeast two-hybrid screens using OsGMT1 as bait revealed that OsGMT1 may regulate heading time through the OsHAP5C signaling pathway. Together, our findings suggested clear physiological functional differentiation of GMT1 orthologs between rice and Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuelong Lin
- College of Agronomy, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350019, China; State Key Laboratory for Ecological Control of Crop Pests between Fujian and Taiwan/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice/South China Research Base of State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Incubating Base of State Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Science and Technology/Fuzhou Branch of National Rice Improvement Center/Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas for South China/Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding/Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, Fujian, China
| | - Yongsheng Zhu
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350019, China; State Key Laboratory for Ecological Control of Crop Pests between Fujian and Taiwan/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice/South China Research Base of State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Incubating Base of State Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Science and Technology/Fuzhou Branch of National Rice Improvement Center/Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas for South China/Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding/Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, Fujian, China
| | - Lanning Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350019, China; State Key Laboratory for Ecological Control of Crop Pests between Fujian and Taiwan/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice/South China Research Base of State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Incubating Base of State Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Science and Technology/Fuzhou Branch of National Rice Improvement Center/Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas for South China/Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding/Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, Fujian, China
| | - Yanmei Zheng
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350019, China; State Key Laboratory for Ecological Control of Crop Pests between Fujian and Taiwan/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice/South China Research Base of State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Incubating Base of State Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Science and Technology/Fuzhou Branch of National Rice Improvement Center/Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas for South China/Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding/Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, Fujian, China
| | - Yunjie Xie
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350019, China; State Key Laboratory for Ecological Control of Crop Pests between Fujian and Taiwan/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice/South China Research Base of State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Incubating Base of State Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Science and Technology/Fuzhou Branch of National Rice Improvement Center/Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas for South China/Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding/Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, Fujian, China
| | - Qiuhua Cai
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350019, China; State Key Laboratory for Ecological Control of Crop Pests between Fujian and Taiwan/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice/South China Research Base of State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Incubating Base of State Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Science and Technology/Fuzhou Branch of National Rice Improvement Center/Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas for South China/Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding/Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, Fujian, China
| | - Wei He
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350019, China; State Key Laboratory for Ecological Control of Crop Pests between Fujian and Taiwan/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice/South China Research Base of State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Incubating Base of State Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Science and Technology/Fuzhou Branch of National Rice Improvement Center/Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas for South China/Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding/Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, Fujian, China
| | - Hongguang Xie
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350019, China; State Key Laboratory for Ecological Control of Crop Pests between Fujian and Taiwan/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice/South China Research Base of State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Incubating Base of State Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Science and Technology/Fuzhou Branch of National Rice Improvement Center/Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas for South China/Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding/Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, Fujian, China
| | - Haitao Liu
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350019, China; State Key Laboratory for Ecological Control of Crop Pests between Fujian and Taiwan/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice/South China Research Base of State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Incubating Base of State Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Science and Technology/Fuzhou Branch of National Rice Improvement Center/Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas for South China/Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding/Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, Fujian, China
| | - Yingheng Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350019, China; State Key Laboratory for Ecological Control of Crop Pests between Fujian and Taiwan/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice/South China Research Base of State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Incubating Base of State Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Science and Technology/Fuzhou Branch of National Rice Improvement Center/Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas for South China/Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding/Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, Fujian, China
| | - Lili Cui
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350019, China; State Key Laboratory for Ecological Control of Crop Pests between Fujian and Taiwan/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice/South China Research Base of State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Incubating Base of State Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Science and Technology/Fuzhou Branch of National Rice Improvement Center/Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas for South China/Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding/Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, Fujian, China
| | - Yidong Wei
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350019, China; State Key Laboratory for Ecological Control of Crop Pests between Fujian and Taiwan/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice/South China Research Base of State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Incubating Base of State Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Science and Technology/Fuzhou Branch of National Rice Improvement Center/Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas for South China/Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding/Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, Fujian, China
| | - Huaan Xie
- College of Agronomy, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350019, China; State Key Laboratory for Ecological Control of Crop Pests between Fujian and Taiwan/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice/South China Research Base of State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Incubating Base of State Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Science and Technology/Fuzhou Branch of National Rice Improvement Center/Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas for South China/Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding/Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, Fujian, China.
| | - Jianfu Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350019, China; State Key Laboratory for Ecological Control of Crop Pests between Fujian and Taiwan/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice/South China Research Base of State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Incubating Base of State Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Science and Technology/Fuzhou Branch of National Rice Improvement Center/Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas for South China/Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding/Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, Fujian, China.
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Liu D, Lun Z, Liu N, Yuan G, Wang X, Li S, Peng YL, Lu X. Identification and Characterization of Novel Candidate Effector Proteins from Magnaporthe oryzae. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050574. [PMID: 37233285 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae secretes a large number of effector proteins to facilitate infection, most of which are not functionally characterized. We selected potential candidate effector genes from the genome of M. oryzae, field isolate P131, and cloned 69 putative effector genes for functional screening. Utilizing a rice protoplast transient expression system, we identified that four candidate effector genes, GAS1, BAS2, MoCEP1 and MoCEP2 induced cell death in rice. In particular, MoCEP2 also induced cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves through Agrobacteria-mediated transient gene expression. We further identified that six candidate effector genes, MoCEP3 to MoCEP8, suppress flg22-induced ROS burst in N. benthamiana leaves upon transient expression. These effector genes were highly expressed at a different stage after M. oryzae infection. We successfully knocked out five genes in M. oryzae, MoCEP1, MoCEP2, MoCEP3, MoCEP5 and MoCEP7. The virulence tests suggested that the deletion mutants of MoCEP2, MoCEP3 and MoCEP5 showed reduced virulence on rice and barley plants. Therefore, those genes play an important role in pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Liu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhiqin Lun
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ning Liu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guixin Yuan
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xingbin Wang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - You-Liang Peng
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xunli Lu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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7
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Xu H, Chang Q, Huang L, Wei P, Song Y, Guo Z, Peng YL, Fan J. An Agrobacterium-Mediated Transient Expression Method for Functional Assay of Genes Promoting Disease in Monocots. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087636. [PMID: 37108797 PMCID: PMC10142106 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression (AMTE) has been widely used for high-throughput assays of gene function in diverse plant species. However, its application in monocots is still limited due to low expression efficiency. Here, by using histochemical staining and a quantitative fluorescence assay of β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene expression, we investigated factors affecting the efficiency of AMTE on intact barley plants. We found prominent variation in GUS expression levels across diverse vectors commonly used for stable transformation and that the vector pCBEP produced the highest expression. Additionally, concurrent treatments of plants with one day of high humidity and two days of darkness following agro-infiltration also significantly increased GUS expression efficiency. We thus established an optimized method for efficient AMTE on barley and further demonstrated its efficiency on wheat and rice plants. We showed that this approach could produce enough proteins suitable for split-luciferase assays of protein-protein interactions on barley leaves. Moreover, we incorporated the AMTE protocol into the functional dissection of a complex biological process such as plant disease. Based on our previous research, we used the pCBEP vector to construct a full-length cDNA library of genes upregulated during the early stage of rice blast disease. A subsequent screen of the library by AMTE identified 15 candidate genes (out of ~2000 clones) promoting blast disease on barley plants. Four identified genes encode chloroplast-related proteins: OsNYC3, OsNUDX21, OsMRS2-9, and OsAk2. These genes were induced during rice blast disease; however, constitutive overexpression of these genes conferred enhanced disease susceptibility to Colletotrichum higginsianum in Arabidopsis. These observations highlight the power of the optimized AMTE approach on monocots as an effective tool for facilitating functional assays of genes mediating complex processes such as plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijiao Xu
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qingle Chang
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Luli Huang
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Peiyao Wei
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yulu Song
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zejian Guo
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - You-Liang Peng
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jun Fan
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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8
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Yan X, Tang B, Ryder LS, MacLean D, Were VM, Eseola AB, Cruz-Mireles N, Ma W, Foster AJ, Osés-Ruiz M, Talbot NJ. The transcriptional landscape of plant infection by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae reveals distinct families of temporally co-regulated and structurally conserved effectors. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:1360-1385. [PMID: 36808541 PMCID: PMC10118281 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae causes a devastating disease that threatens global rice (Oryza sativa) production. Despite intense study, the biology of plant tissue invasion during blast disease remains poorly understood. Here we report a high-resolution transcriptional profiling study of the entire plant-associated development of the blast fungus. Our analysis revealed major temporal changes in fungal gene expression during plant infection. Pathogen gene expression could be classified into 10 modules of temporally co-expressed genes, providing evidence for the induction of pronounced shifts in primary and secondary metabolism, cell signaling, and transcriptional regulation. A set of 863 genes encoding secreted proteins are differentially expressed at specific stages of infection, and 546 genes named MEP (Magnaportheeffector protein) genes were predicted to encode effectors. Computational prediction of structurally related MEPs, including the MAX effector family, revealed their temporal co-regulation in the same co-expression modules. We characterized 32 MEP genes and demonstrate that Mep effectors are predominantly targeted to the cytoplasm of rice cells via the biotrophic interfacial complex and use a common unconventional secretory pathway. Taken together, our study reveals major changes in gene expression associated with blast disease and identifies a diverse repertoire of effectors critical for successful infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Yan
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Bozeng Tang
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Lauren S Ryder
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Dan MacLean
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Vincent M Were
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Alice Bisola Eseola
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Neftaly Cruz-Mireles
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Weibin Ma
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Andrew J Foster
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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9
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Li Z, Liu J, Ma W, Li X. Characteristics, Roles and Applications of Proteinaceous Elicitors from Pathogens in Plant Immunity. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020268. [PMID: 36836624 PMCID: PMC9960299 DOI: 10.3390/life13020268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In interactions between pathogens and plants, pathogens secrete many molecules that facilitate plant infection, and some of these compounds are recognized by plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which induce immune responses. Molecules in both pathogens and plants that trigger immune responses in plants are termed elicitors. On the basis of their chemical content, elicitors can be classified into carbohydrates, lipopeptides, proteinaceous compounds and other types. Although many studies have focused on the involvement of elicitors in plants, especially on pathophysiological changes induced by elicitors in plants and the mechanisms mediating these changes, there is a lack of up-to-date reviews on the characteristics and functions of proteinaceous elicitors. In this mini-review, we provide an overview of the up-to-date knowledge on several important families of pathogenic proteinaceous elicitors (i.e., harpins, necrosis- and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (nep1)-like proteins (NLPs) and elicitins), focusing mainly on their structures, characteristics and effects on plants, specifically on their roles in plant immune responses. A solid understanding of elicitors may be helpful to decrease the use of agrochemicals in agriculture and gardening, generate more resistant germplasms and increase crop yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangqun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
- Institute of Biopharmaceuticals, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Junnan Liu
- School of Life Science, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Wenting Ma
- School of Life Science, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
- Institute of Biopharmaceuticals, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
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10
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Jayaraman K, Sevanthi AM, Raman KV, Jiwani G, Solanke AU, Mandal PK, Mohapatra T. Overexpression of a DUF740 family gene ( LOC_Os04g59420) imparts enhanced climate resilience through multiple stress tolerance in rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:947312. [PMID: 36743581 PMCID: PMC9893790 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.947312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Functional characterization of stress-responsive genes through the analysis of transgenic plants is a standard approach to comprehend their role in climate resilience and subsequently exploit them for sustainable crop improvement. In this study, we investigated the function of LOC_Os04g59420, a gene of DUF740 family (OsSRDP-Oryza sativa Stress Responsive DUF740 Protein) from rice, which showed upregulation in response to abiotic stress in the available global expression data, but is yet to be functionally characterized. Transgenic plants of the rice OsSRDP gene, driven by a stress-inducible promoter AtRd29A, were developed in the background of cv. Pusa Sugandh 2 (PS2) and their transgene integration and copy number were confirmed by molecular analysis. The three independent homozygous transgenic plants (AtRd29A::OsSRDP rice transformants) showed better resilience to drought, salinity, and cold stresses, but not heat stress, as compared to the non-transformed PS2, which corresponded with their respective relative transcript abundance for OsSRDP. Transgenic plants maintained higher RWC, photosynthetic pigments, and proline accumulation under drought and salinity stresses. Furthermore, they exhibited less accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) than PS2 under drought stress, as seen from the transcript abundance studies of the ROS genes. Under cold stress, OsSRDP transgenic lines illustrated minimal cell membrane injury compared to PS2. Additionally, the transgenic plants showed resistance to a virulent strain of rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae). The promoter analysis of the gene in N22 and PS2 revealed the presence of multiple abiotic and biotic stress-specific motif elements supporting our observation on multiple stress tolerance. Based on bioinformatics studies, we identified four potential candidate interaction partners for LOC_Os04g59420, of which two genes (LOC_Os05g09640 and LOC_Os06g50370) showed co-expression under biotic and drought stress along with OsSRDP. Altogether, our findings established that stress-inducible expression of OsSRDP can significantly enhance tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses and a biotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karikalan Jayaraman
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) - National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- Department of Botany, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Amitha Mithra Sevanthi
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) - National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Kalappan Venkat Raman
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) - National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Gitanjali Jiwani
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) - National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Amolkumar U. Solanke
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) - National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Pranab Kumar Mandal
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) - National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Trilochan Mohapatra
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi, India
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Dal’Sasso TCS, Rody HVS, Oliveira LO. Genome-Wide Analysis and Evolutionary History of the Necrosis- and Ethylene-Inducing Peptide 1-Like Protein (NLP) Superfamily Across the Dothideomycetes Class of Fungi. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-03125-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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12
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Xiang J, Cheng J, Wei L, Li M, Wu J. Functional analysis of the Nep1-like proteins from Plasmopara viticola. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2022; 17:2000791. [PMID: 35152834 PMCID: PMC9176246 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.2000791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Necrosis and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (Nep1) -like proteins (NLP) are secreted by multiple taxonomically unrelated plant pathogens (bacteria, fungi, and oomycete) and are best known for inducing cell death and immune responses in dicotyledonous plants. A group of putative NLP genes from obligate biotrophic oomycete Plasmopara viticola were predicted by RNA-Seq in our previous study, but their activity has not been established. Therefore, we analyzed the P. viticola NLP (PvNLP) family and identified seven PvNLP genes. They all belong to type 1 NLP genes and form a P. viticola-specific cluster when compared with other pathogen NLP genes. The expression of PvNLPs was induced during early infection process and the expression patterns could be categorized into two groups. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient expression assays revealed that only PvNLP7 was cytotoxic and could induce Phytophthora capsici resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana. Functional analysis showed that PvNLP4, PvNLP5, PvNLP7, and PvNLP10 significantly improved disease resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana to Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. Moreover, the four genes caused an inhibition of plant growth which is typically associated with enhanced immunity when over-expressed in Arabidopsis. Further research found that PvNLP7 could activate the expression of defense-related genes and its conserved NPP1 domain was critical for cell death- and immunity-inducing activity. This record of NLP genes from P. viticola showed a functional diversification, laying a foundation for further study on pathogenic mechanism of the devastating pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Xiang
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianhui Cheng
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingzhu Wei
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingshan Li
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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13
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Dal'Sasso TCDS, Rocha VDD, Rody HVS, Costa MDBL, Oliveira LOD. The necrosis- and ethylene-inducing peptide 1-like protein (NLP) gene family of the plant pathogen Corynespora cassiicola. Curr Genet 2022; 68:645-659. [PMID: 36098767 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-022-01252-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Effectors are secreted by plant-associated microorganisms to modify the host cell physiology. As effectors, the Necrosis- and Ethylene-inducing peptide 1-like proteins (NLPs) are involded in the early phases of plant infection and may trigger host immune responses. Corynespora cassiicola is a polyphagous plant pathogen that causes target spot on many agriculturally important crops. Using genome assembly, gene prediction, and proteome annotation tools, we retrieved 135 NLP-encoding genes from proteomes of 44 isolates. We explored the evolutionary history of NLPs using Bayesian phylogeny, gene genealogies, and selection analyses. We accessed the expression profiles of the NLP genes during the early phase of C. cassiicola-soybean interaction. Three NLP putative-effector genes (Cc_NLP1.1, Cc_NLP1.2A, and Cc_NLP1.2B) were maintained in the genomes of all isolates tested. An NLP putative-non-effector gene (Cc_NLP1.3) was found in three isolates that had been originally obtained from soybean. Putative-effector NLPs were under different selective constraints: Cc_NLP1.1 was under stronger selective pressure, while Cc_NLP1.2A was under a more relaxed constraint. Meanwhile, Cc_NLP1.2B likely evolved under either positive or balancing selection. Despite highly divergent, the putative-effector NLPs maintain conserved the residues necessary to trigger plant immune responses, suggesting they are potentially functional. Only the Cc_NLP1.1 putative-effector gene was significantly expressed at the early hours of soybean colonization, while Cc_NLP1.2A and Cc_NLP1.2B showed much lower levels of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hugo Vianna Silva Rody
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade de São Paulo/Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Piracicaba, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Orlando de Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil.
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14
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Sahu PK, Sao R, Choudhary DK, Thada A, Kumar V, Mondal S, Das BK, Jankuloski L, Sharma D. Advancement in the Breeding, Biotechnological and Genomic Tools towards Development of Durable Genetic Resistance against the Rice Blast Disease. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11182386. [PMID: 36145787 PMCID: PMC9504543 DOI: 10.3390/plants11182386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Rice production needs to be sustained in the coming decades, as the changeable climatic conditions are becoming more conducive to disease outbreaks. The majority of rice diseases cause enormous economic damage and yield instability. Among them, rice blast caused by Magnaportheoryzae is a serious fungal disease and is considered one of the major threats to world rice production. This pathogen can infect the above-ground tissues of rice plants at any growth stage and causes complete crop failure under favorable conditions. Therefore, management of blast disease is essentially required to sustain global food production. When looking at the drawback of chemical management strategy, the development of durable, resistant varieties is one of the most sustainable, economic, and environment-friendly approaches to counter the outbreaks of rice blasts. Interestingly, several blast-resistant rice cultivars have been developed with the help of breeding and biotechnological methods. In addition, 146 R genes have been identified, and 37 among them have been molecularly characterized to date. Further, more than 500 loci have been identified for blast resistance which enhances the resources for developing blast resistance through marker-assisted selection (MAS), marker-assisted backcross breeding (MABB), and genome editing tools. Apart from these, a better understanding of rice blast pathogens, the infection process of the pathogen, and the genetics of the immune response of the host plant are very important for the effective management of the blast disease. Further, high throughput phenotyping and disease screening protocols have played significant roles in easy comprehension of the mechanism of disease spread. The present review critically emphasizes the pathogenesis, pathogenomics, screening techniques, traditional and molecular breeding approaches, and transgenic and genome editing tools to develop a broad spectrum and durable resistance against blast disease in rice. The updated and comprehensive information presented in this review would be definitely helpful for the researchers, breeders, and students in the planning and execution of a resistance breeding program in rice against this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parmeshwar K. Sahu
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur 492012, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Richa Sao
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur 492012, Chhattisgarh, India
| | | | - Antra Thada
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur 492012, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Vinay Kumar
- ICAR-National Institute of Biotic Stress Management, Baronda, Raipur 493225, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Suvendu Mondal
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, Maharashtra, India
| | - Bikram K. Das
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ljupcho Jankuloski
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre, International Atomic Energy Agency, 1400 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence: (L.J.); (D.S.); Tel.: +91-7000591137 (D.S.)
| | - Deepak Sharma
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur 492012, Chhattisgarh, India
- Correspondence: (L.J.); (D.S.); Tel.: +91-7000591137 (D.S.)
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15
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Khairi MHF, Nor Muhammad NA, Bunawan H, Abdul Murad AM, Ramzi AB. Unveiling the Core Effector Proteins of Oil Palm Pathogen Ganoderma boninense via Pan-Secretome Analysis. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080793. [PMID: 36012782 PMCID: PMC9409662 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma boninense is the major causal agent of basal stem rot (BSR) disease in oil palm, causing the progressive rot of the basal part of the stem. Despite its prominence, the key pathogenicity determinants for the aggressive nature of hemibiotrophic infection remain unknown. In this study, genome sequencing and the annotation of G. boninense T10 were carried out using the Illumina sequencing platform, and comparative genome analysis was performed with previously reported G. boninense strains (NJ3 and G3). The pan-secretome of G. boninense was constructed and comprised 937 core orthogroups, 243 accessory orthogroups, and 84 strain-specific orthogroups. In total, 320 core orthogroups were enriched with candidate effector proteins (CEPs) that could be classified as carbohydrate-active enzymes, hydrolases, and non-catalytic proteins. Differential expression analysis revealed an upregulation of five CEP genes that was linked to the suppression of PTI signaling cascade, while the downregulation of four CEP genes was linked to the inhibition of PTI by preventing host defense elicitation. Genome architecture analysis revealed the one-speed architecture of the G. boninense genome and the lack of preferential association of CEP genes to transposable elements. The findings obtained from this study aid in the characterization of pathogenicity determinants and molecular biomarkers of BSR disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Hazwan Fikri Khairi
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.H.F.K.); (N.A.N.M.); (H.B.)
| | - Nor Azlan Nor Muhammad
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.H.F.K.); (N.A.N.M.); (H.B.)
| | - Hamidun Bunawan
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.H.F.K.); (N.A.N.M.); (H.B.)
| | - Abdul Munir Abdul Murad
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Ahmad Bazli Ramzi
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.H.F.K.); (N.A.N.M.); (H.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +603-8921-4546; Fax: +603-8921-3398
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16
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Yang G, Yang J, Zhang Q, Wang W, Feng L, Zhao L, An B, Wang Q, He C, Luo H. The Effector Protein CgNLP1 of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Affects Invasion and Disrupts Nuclear Localization of Necrosis-Induced Transcription Factor HbMYB8-Like to Suppress Plant Defense Signaling. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:911479. [PMID: 35770165 PMCID: PMC9234567 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.911479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi secrete numerous effectors to modulate host defense systems. Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which fungal effectors regulate plant defense is of great importance for the development of novel strategies for disease control. In this study, we identified necrosis- and ethylene-inducing protein 1 (Nep1)-like protein (NLP) effector gene, CgNLP1, which contributed to conidial germination, appressorium formation, invasive growth, and virulence of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides to the rubber tree. Transient expression of CgNLP1 in the leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana induced ethylene production in plants. Ectopic expression of CgNLP1 in Arabidopsis significantly enhanced the resistance to Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria brassicicola. An R2R3 type transcription factor HbMYB8-like of rubber tree was identified as the target of CgNLP1.HbMYB8-like, localized on the nucleus, and induced cell death in N. benthamiana. CgNLP1 disrupted nuclear accumulation of HbMYB8-like and suppressed HbMYB8-like induced cell death, which is mediated by the salicylic acid (SA) signal pathway. This study suggested a new strategy whereby C. gloeosporioides exploited the CgNLP1 effector to affect invasion and suppress a host defense regulator HbMYB8-like to facilitate infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyong Yang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Qiwei Zhang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Wenfeng Wang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Liping Feng
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Bang An
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Qiannan Wang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Chaozu He
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Hongli Luo
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
- *Correspondence: Hongli Luo
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17
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Chen MM, Yang SR, Wang J, Fang YL, Peng YL, Fan J. Fungal oxysterol-binding protein-related proteins promote pathogen virulence and activate plant immunity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2125-2141. [PMID: 34864987 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Oxysterol-binding protein-related proteins (ORPs) are a conserved class of lipid transfer proteins that are closely involved in multiple cellular processes in eukaryotes, but their roles in plant-pathogen interactions are mostly unknown. We show that transient expression of ORPs of Magnaporthe oryzae (MoORPs) in Nicotiana benthamina plants triggered oxidative bursts and cell death; treatment of tobacco Bright Yellow-2 suspension cells with recombinant MoORPs elicited the production of reactive oxygen species. Despite ORPs being normally described as intracellular proteins, we detected MoORPs in fungal culture filtrates and intercellular fluids from barley plants infected with the fungus. More importantly, infiltration of Arabidopsis plants with recombinant Arabidopsis or fungal ORPs activated oxidative bursts, callose deposition, and PR1 gene expression, and enhanced plant disease resistance, implying that ORPs may function as endogenous and exogenous danger signals triggering plant innate immunity. Extracellular application of fungal ORPs exerted an opposite impact on salicylic acid and jasmonic acid/ethylene signaling pathways. Brassinosteroid Insensitive 1-associated Kinase 1 was dispensable for the ORP-activated defense. Besides, simultaneous knockout of MoORP1 and MoORP3 abolished fungal colony radial growth and conidiation, whereas double knockout of MoORP1 and MoORP2 compromised fungal virulence on barley and rice plants. These observations collectively highlight the multifaceted role of MoORPs in the modulation of plant innate immunity and promotion of fungal development and virulence in M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Meng Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Si-Ru Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Li Fang
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - You-Liang Peng
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Fan
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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18
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Chen JB, Bao SW, Fang YL, Wei LY, Zhu WS, Peng YL, Fan J. An LRR-only protein promotes NLP-triggered cell death and disease susceptibility by facilitating oligomerization of NLP in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:1808-1822. [PMID: 34403491 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Necrosis- and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (Nep1)-like proteins (NLPs) constitute a superfamily of proteins toxic to dicot plants, but the molecular basis of this toxicity remains obscure. Using quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis we investigated the genetic variation underlying ion leakage in Arabidopsis plants elicited with MoNLP1 derived from Magnaporthe oryzae. The QTL conditioning MoNLP1 toxicity was positionally cloned and further characterized to elucidate its mode of action. MoNLP1-triggered cell death varied significantly across > 250 Arabidopsis accessions and three QTLs were identified conferring the observed variation. The QTL on chromosome 4 was uncovered to encode a leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-only protein designated as NTCD4, which shares high sequence identity with a set of nucleotide-binding LRR proteins. NTCD4 was secreted into the apoplast and physically interacted with multiple NLPs. Apoplastic NTCD4 facilitated the oligomerization of NLP, which was closely associated with toxicity in planta. The natural genetic variation causing D3N change in NTCD4 reduced the secretion efficiency of NTCD4 and the infection of Botrytis cinerea on Arabidopsis plants. These observations demonstrate that the plant-derived NTCD4 is recruited by NLPs to promote toxicity via facilitating their oligomerization, which extends our understanding of a key step in the toxic mode of action of NLPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Bin Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Wen Bao
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Li Fang
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Lu-Yang Wei
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Wang-Sheng Zhu
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - You-Liang Peng
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Fan
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
- Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
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Seong K, Krasileva KV. Computational Structural Genomics Unravels Common Folds and Novel Families in the Secretome of Fungal Phytopathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:1267-1280. [PMID: 34415195 PMCID: PMC9447291 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-21-0071-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Structural biology has the potential to illuminate the evolution of pathogen effectors and their commonalities that cannot be readily detected at the primary sequence level. Recent breakthroughs in protein structure modeling have demonstrated the feasibility to predict the protein folds without depending on homologous templates. These advances enabled a genome-wide computational structural biology approach to help understand proteins based on their predicted folds. In this study, we employed structure prediction methods on the secretome of the destructive fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. Out of 1,854 secreted proteins, we predicted the folds of 1,295 proteins (70%). We showed that template-free modeling by TrRosetta captured 514 folds missed by homology modeling, including many known effectors and virulence factors, and that TrRosetta generally produced higher quality models for secreted proteins. Along with sensitive homology search, we employed structure-based clustering, defining not only homologous groups with divergent members but also sequence-unrelated structurally analogous groups. We demonstrate that this approach can reveal new putative members of structurally similar MAX effectors and novel analogous effector families present in M. oryzae and possibly in other phytopathogens. We also investigated the evolution of expanded putative ADP-ribose transferases with predicted structures. We suggest that the loss of catalytic activities of the enzymes might have led them to new evolutionary trajectories to be specialized as protein binders. Collectively, we propose that computational structural genomics approaches can be an integral part of studying effector biology and provide valuable resources that were inaccessible before the advent of machine learning-based structure prediction.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Askani L, Schumacher S, Fuchs R. Sequence and Gene Expression Analysis of Recently Identified NLP from Plasmopara viticola. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9071453. [PMID: 34361889 PMCID: PMC8311650 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Grapevine downy mildew, evoked by the obligate biotrophic oomycete Plasmopara viticola, is one of the most challenging diseases in viticulture. P. viticola establishes an infection by circumvention of plant immunity, which is achieved by the secretion of effector molecules. One family of potential effectors are the necrosis- and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (Nep1)-like proteins (NLP). NLP are most abundant in plant pathogenic microorganisms and exist in cytotoxic and non-cyctotoxic forms. Cytotoxic NLP often act as virulence factors and are synthesized in necrotrophic or hemibiotrophic pathogens during the transition from biotrophic to necrotrophic growth. In addition to these cytotoxic NLP, many non-cytotoxic NLP have been identified; their function in biotrophic pathogens is still unknown. In 2020, eight different NLP coding genes were identified in P. viticola and named PvNLP1 to PvNLP8 (Plasmopara viticolaNLP 1–8). In the present study, PvNLP4 to PvNLP8 were characterized by using qPCR analysis and transient expression in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. Gene expression analysis showed high PvNLP expression during the early stages of infection. Necrosis-inducing activity of PvNLP was not observed in the nonhost N. benthamiana.
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21
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Yang K, Dong X, Li J, Wang Y, Cheng Y, Zhai Y, Li X, Wei L, Jing M, Dou D. Type 2 Nep1-Like Proteins from the Biocontrol Oomycete Pythium oligandrum Suppress Phytophthora capsici Infection in Solanaceous Plants. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:496. [PMID: 34206578 PMCID: PMC8303654 DOI: 10.3390/jof7070496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
As a non-pathogenic oomycete, the biocontrol agent Pythium oligandrum is able to control plant diseases through direct mycoparasite activity and boosting plant immune responses. Several P. oligandrum elicitors have been found to activate plant immunity as microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). Necrosis- and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (Nep1)-like proteins (NLPs) are a group of MAMPs widely distributed in eukaryotic and prokaryotic plant pathogens. However, little is known about their distribution and functions in P. oligandrum and its sister species Pythium periplocum. Here, we identified a total of 25 NLPs from P. oligandrum (PyolNLPs) and P. periplocum (PypeNLPs). Meanwhile, we found that PyolNLPs/PypeNLPs genes cluster in two chromosomal segments, and our analysis suggests that they expand by duplication and share a common origin totally different from that of pathogenic oomycetes. Nine PyolNLPs/PypeNLPs induced necrosis in Nicotiana benthamiana by agroinfiltration. Eight partially purified PyolNLPs/PypeNLPs were tested for their potential biocontrol activity. PyolNLP5 and PyolNLP7 showed necrosis-inducing activity in N. benthamiana via direct protein infiltration. At sufficient concentrations, they both significantly reduced disease severity and suppressed the in planta growth of Phytophthora capsici in solanaceous plants including N. benthamiana (tobacco), Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) and Capsicum annuum (pepper). Our assays suggest that the Phytophthora suppression effect of PyolNLP5 and PyolNLP7 is irrelevant to reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Instead, they induce the expression of antimicrobial plant defensin genes, and the induction depends on their conserved nlp24-like peptide pattern. This work demonstrates the biocontrol role of two P. oligandrum NLPs for solanaceous plants, which uncovers a novel approach of utilizing NLPs to develop bioactive formulae for oomycete pathogen control with no ROS-caused injury to plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (K.Y.); (X.D.); (J.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.)
| | - Xiaohua Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (K.Y.); (X.D.); (J.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.)
| | - Jialu Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (K.Y.); (X.D.); (J.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yi Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (K.Y.); (X.D.); (J.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yang Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (K.Y.); (X.D.); (J.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.)
| | - Ying Zhai
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA;
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Guangzhou 510640, China;
| | - Lihui Wei
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China;
| | - Maofeng Jing
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (K.Y.); (X.D.); (J.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.)
| | - Daolong Dou
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (K.Y.); (X.D.); (J.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.)
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Zhao X, Qiu T, Feng H, Yin C, Zheng X, Yang J, Peng YL, Zhao W. A novel glycine-rich domain protein, GRDP1, functions as a critical feedback regulator for controlling cell death and disease resistance in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:608-622. [PMID: 32995857 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lesion mimic mutants constitute a valuable genetic resource for unraveling the signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms governing the programmed cell death and defense responses of plants. Here, we identified a lesion mimic mutant, spl-D, from T-DNA insertion rice lines. The mutant exhibited higher accumulation of H2O2, spontaneous cell death, decreased chlorophyll content, up-regulation of defense-related genes, and enhanced disease resistance. The causative gene, OsGRDP1, encodes a cytosol- and membrane-associated glycine-rich domain protein. OsGRDP1 was expressed constitutively in all of the organs of the wild-type plant, but was up-regulated throughout plant development in the spl-D mutant. Both the overexpression and knockdown (RNAi) of OsGRDP1 resulted in the lesion mimic phenotype. Moreover, the intact-protein level of OsGRDP1 was reduced in the spotted leaves from both overexpression and RNAi plants, suggesting that the disruption of intact OsGRDP1 is responsible for lesion formation. OsGRDP1 interacted with an aspartic proteinase, OsAP25. In the spl-D and overexpression plants, proteinase activity was elevated, and lesion formation was partially suppressed by an aspartic proteinase inhibitor. Taken together, our results reveal that OsGRDP1 is a critical feedback regulator, thus contributing to the elucidation of the mechanism underlying cell death and disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tiancheng Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Huijing Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Changfa Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xunmei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - You-Liang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wensheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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23
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Abstract
Most genomes within the species complex of Fusarium oxysporum are organized into two compartments: the core chromosomes (CCs) and accessory chromosomes (ACs). As opposed to CCs, which are conserved and vertically transmitted to carry out essential housekeeping functions, lineage- or strain-specific ACs are believed to be initially horizontally acquired through unclear mechanisms. These two genomic compartments are different in terms of gene density, the distribution of transposable elements, and epigenetic markers. Although common in eukaryotes, the functional importance of ACs is uniquely emphasized among fungal species, specifically in relationship to fungal pathogenicity and their adaptation to diverse hosts. With a focus on the cross-kingdom fungal pathogen F. oxysporum, this review provides a summary of the differences between CCs and ACs based on current knowledge of gene functions, genome structures, and epigenetic signatures, and explores the transcriptional crosstalk between the core and accessory genomes.
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24
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Li Y, Han Y, Qu M, Chen J, Chen X, Geng X, Wang Z, Chen S. Apoplastic Cell Death-Inducing Proteins of Filamentous Plant Pathogens: Roles in Plant-Pathogen Interactions. Front Genet 2020; 11:661. [PMID: 32676100 PMCID: PMC7333776 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous pathogens, such as phytopathogenic oomycetes and fungi, secrete a remarkable diversity of apoplastic effector proteins to facilitate infection, many of which are able to induce cell death in plants. Over the past decades, over 177 apoplastic cell death-inducing proteins (CDIPs) have been identified in filamentous oomycetes and fungi. An emerging number of studies have demonstrated the role of many apoplastic CDIPs as essential virulence factors. At the same time, apoplastic CDIPs have been documented to be recognized by plant cells as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The recent findings of extracellular recognition of apoplastic CDIPs by plant leucine-rich repeat-receptor-like proteins (LRR-RLPs) have greatly advanced our understanding of how plants detect them and mount a defense response. This review summarizes the latest advances in identifying apoplastic CDIPs of plant pathogenic oomycetes and fungi, and our current understanding of the dual roles of apoplastic CDIPs in plant-filamentous pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Li
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yijuan Han
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mengyu Qu
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xueqing Geng
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Songbiao Chen
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
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Nazar Pour F, Cobos R, Rubio Coque JJ, Serôdio J, Alves A, Félix C, Ferreira V, Esteves AC, Duarte AS. Toxicity of Recombinant Necrosis and Ethylene-Inducing Proteins (NLPs) from Neofusicoccum parvum. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E235. [PMID: 32272814 PMCID: PMC7232490 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neofusicoccum parvum is a fungal pathogen associated with a wide range of plant hosts. Despite being widely studied, the molecular mechanism of infection of N. parvum is still far from being understood. Analysis of N. parvum genome lead to the identification of six putative genes encoding necrosis and ethylene-inducing proteins (NLPs). The sequence of NLPs genes (NprvNep 1-6) were analyzed and four of the six NLP genes were successfully cloned, expressed in E. coli and purified by affinity chromatography. Pure recombinant proteins were characterized according to their phytotoxic and cytotoxic effects to tomato leaves and to mammalian Vero cells, respectively. These assays revealed that all NprvNeps tested are cytotoxic to Vero cells and also induce cell death in tomato leaves. NprvNep2 was the most toxic to Vero cells, followed by NprvNep1 and 3. NprvNep4 induced weaker, but, nevertheless, still significant toxic effects to Vero cells. A similar trend of toxicity was observed in tomato leaves: the most toxic was NprvNep 2 and the least toxic NprvNep 4. This study describes for the first time an overview of the NLP gene family of N. parvum and provides additional insights into its pathogenicity mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forough Nazar Pour
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (F.N.P.); (J.S.); (A.A.); (C.F.); (V.F.)
| | - Rebeca Cobos
- Instituto de Investigación de la Viña y el Vino (IIVV), Escuela de Ingeniería Agraria, Universidad de León, Avda. Portugal, 41, 24009 León, Spain; (R.C.); (J.J.R.C.)
| | - Juan José Rubio Coque
- Instituto de Investigación de la Viña y el Vino (IIVV), Escuela de Ingeniería Agraria, Universidad de León, Avda. Portugal, 41, 24009 León, Spain; (R.C.); (J.J.R.C.)
| | - João Serôdio
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (F.N.P.); (J.S.); (A.A.); (C.F.); (V.F.)
| | - Artur Alves
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (F.N.P.); (J.S.); (A.A.); (C.F.); (V.F.)
| | - Carina Félix
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (F.N.P.); (J.S.); (A.A.); (C.F.); (V.F.)
| | - Vanessa Ferreira
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (F.N.P.); (J.S.); (A.A.); (C.F.); (V.F.)
| | - Ana Cristina Esteves
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Estrada da Circunvalação, 3504-505 Viseu, Spain;
| | - Ana Sofia Duarte
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Estrada da Circunvalação, 3504-505 Viseu, Spain;
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26
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Baetsen-Young A, Man Wai C, VanBuren R, Day B. Fusarium virguliform e Transcriptional Plasticity Is Revealed by Host Colonization of Maize versus Soybean. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:336-351. [PMID: 31852777 PMCID: PMC7008477 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We exploited the broad host range of Fusarium virguliforme to identify differential fungal responses leading to either an endophytic or a pathogenic lifestyle during colonization of maize (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max), respectively. To provide a foundation to survey the transcriptomic landscape, we produced an improved de novo genome assembly and annotation of F. virguliforme using PacBio sequencing. Next, we conducted a high-resolution time course of F. virguliforme colonization and infection of both soybean, a symptomatic host, and maize, an asymptomatic host. Comparative transcriptomic analyses uncovered a nearly complete network rewiring, with less than 8% average gene coexpression module overlap upon colonizing the different plant hosts. Divergence of transcriptomes originating from host specific temporal induction genes is central to infection and colonization, including carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) and necrosis inducing effectors. Upregulation of Zn(II)-Cys6 transcription factors were uniquely induced in soybean at 2 d postinoculation, suggestive of enhanced pathogen virulence on soybean. In total, the data described herein suggest that F. virguliforme modulates divergent infection profiles through transcriptional plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Baetsen-Young
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Ching Man Wai
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Robert VanBuren
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Brad Day
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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27
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Lenarčič T, Pirc K, Hodnik V, Albert I, Borišek J, Magistrato A, Nürnberger T, Podobnik M, Anderluh G. Molecular basis for functional diversity among microbial Nep1-like proteins. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007951. [PMID: 31479498 PMCID: PMC6743777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrosis and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (Nep1)-like proteins (NLPs) are secreted by several phytopathogenic microorganisms. They trigger necrosis in various eudicot plants upon binding to plant sphingolipid glycosylinositol phosphorylceramides (GIPC). Interestingly, HaNLP3 from the obligate biotroph oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis does not induce necrosis. We determined the crystal structure of HaNLP3 and showed that it adopts the NLP fold. However, the conformations of the loops surrounding the GIPC headgroup-binding cavity differ from those of cytotoxic Pythium aphanidermatum NLPPya. Essential dynamics extracted from μs-long molecular dynamics (MD) simulations reveals a limited conformational plasticity of the GIPC-binding cavity in HaNLP3 relative to toxic NLPs. This likely precludes HaNLP3 binding to GIPCs, which is the underlying reason for the lack of toxicity. This study reveals that mutations at key protein regions cause a switch between non-toxic and toxic phenotypes within the same protein scaffold. Altogether, these data provide evidence that protein flexibility is a distinguishing trait of toxic NLPs and highlight structural determinants for a potential functional diversification of non-toxic NLPs utilized by biotrophic plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tea Lenarčič
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katja Pirc
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vesna Hodnik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Isabell Albert
- Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jure Borišek
- CNR-IOM-Democritos at International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandra Magistrato
- CNR-IOM-Democritos at International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa
| | - Marjetka Podobnik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail: (MP); (GA)
| | - Gregor Anderluh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail: (MP); (GA)
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28
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Seidl MF, Van den Ackerveken G. Activity and Phylogenetics of the Broadly Occurring Family of Microbial Nep1-Like Proteins. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 57:367-386. [PMID: 31283435 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-082718-100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Necrosis- and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (Nep1)-like proteins (NLP) have an extremely broad taxonomic distribution; they occur in bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes. NLPs come in two forms, those that are cytotoxic to eudicot plants and those that are noncytotoxic. Cytotoxic NLPs bind to glycosyl inositol phosphoryl ceramide (GIPC) sphingolipids that are abundant in the outer leaflet of plant plasma membranes. Binding allows the NLP to become cytolytic in eudicots but not monocots. The function of noncytotoxic NLPs remains enigmatic, but the expansion of NLP genes in oomycete genomes suggests they are important. Several plant species have evolved the capacity to recognize NLPs as molecular patterns and trigger plant immunity, e.g., Arabidopsis thaliana detects nlp peptides via the receptor-like protein RLP23. In this review, we provide a historical perspective from discovery to understanding of molecular mechanisms and describe the latest developments in the NLP field to shed light on these fascinating microbial proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Seidl
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Van den Ackerveken
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands;
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Guo X, Zhong D, Xie W, He Y, Zheng Y, Lin Y, Chen Z, Han Y, Tian D, Liu W, Wang F, Wang Z, Chen S. Functional Identification of Novel Cell Death-inducing Effector Proteins from Magnaporthe oryzae. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 12:59. [PMID: 31388773 PMCID: PMC6684714 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-019-0312-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secreted effector proteins play critical roles in plant-fungal interactions. The Magnaporthe oryzae genome encodes a large number of secreted proteins. However, the function of majority of M. oryzae secreted proteins remain to be characterized. We previously identified 851 in planta-expressed M. oryzae genes encoding putative secreted proteins, and characterized five M. oryzae cell death-inducing proteins MoCDIP1 to MoCDIP5. In the present study, we expand our work on identification of novel MoCDIP proteins. RESULTS We performed transient expression assay of 98 more in planta-expressed M. oryzae putative secreted protein genes, and identified eight novel proteins, MoCDIP6 to MoCDIP13, that induced plant cell death. Yeast secretion assay and truncation expression analysis revealed that the signal peptides that led the secretion of proteins to the extracellular space, were required for cell death inducing activity of the novel MoCDIPs except for MoCDIP8. Exogenous treatment of rice seedlings with recombinant MoCDIP6 or MoCDIP7 resulted in enhanced resistance to blast fungus, indicating that the two MoCDIPs trigger cell death and elicit defense responses in rice. CONCLUSIONS The newly identified MoCDIP6 to MoCDIP13, together with previously identified MoCDIP1 to MoCDIP5, provide valuable targets for further dissection of the molecular mechanisms underlying the rice-blast fungus interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Guo
- Institute of Oceanography, Marine Biotechnology Center, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
- Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Institute, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Debin Zhong
- Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Institute, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Wei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yanhua He
- Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Institute, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Yueqin Zheng
- Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Institute, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Institute, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Zaijie Chen
- Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Institute, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Yijuan Han
- Institute of Oceanography, Marine Biotechnology Center, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Dagang Tian
- Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Institute, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Wende Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Institute, Fuzhou, 350003, China.
| | - Zonghua Wang
- Institute of Oceanography, Marine Biotechnology Center, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Songbiao Chen
- Institute of Oceanography, Marine Biotechnology Center, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.
- Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Institute, Fuzhou, 350003, China.
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Kou Y, Qiu J, Tao Z. Every Coin Has Two Sides: Reactive Oxygen Species during Rice⁻ Magnaporthe oryzae Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051191. [PMID: 30857220 PMCID: PMC6429160 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in many important processes, including the growth, development, and responses to the environments, in rice (Oryza sativa) and Magnaporthe oryzae. Although ROS are known to be critical components in rice⁻M. oryzae interactions, their regulations and pathways have not yet been completely revealed. Recent studies have provided fascinating insights into the intricate physiological redox balance in rice⁻M. oryzae interactions. In M. oryzae, ROS accumulation is required for the appressorium formation and penetration. However, once inside the rice cells, M. oryzae must scavenge the host-derived ROS to spread invasive hyphae. On the other side, ROS play key roles in rice against M. oryzae. It has been known that, upon perception of M. oryzae, rice plants modulate their activities of ROS generating and scavenging enzymes, mainly on NADPH oxidase OsRbohB, by different signaling pathways to accumulate ROS against rice blast. By contrast, the M. oryzae virulent strains are capable of suppressing ROS accumulation and attenuating rice blast resistance by the secretion of effectors, such as AvrPii and AvrPiz-t. These results suggest that ROS generation and scavenging of ROS are tightly controlled by different pathways in both M. oryzae and rice during rice blast. In this review, the most recent advances in the understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of ROS accumulation and signaling during rice⁻M. oryzae interaction are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Kou
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China.
| | - Jiehua Qiu
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China.
| | - Zeng Tao
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Cobos R, Calvo-Peña C, Álvarez-Pérez JM, Ibáñez A, Diez-Galán A, González-García S, García-Angulo P, Acebes JL, Coque JJR. Necrotic and Cytolytic Activity on Grapevine Leaves Produced by Nep1-Like Proteins of Diplodia seriata. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1282. [PMID: 31749815 PMCID: PMC6843023 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Many phytopathogenic fungi produce necrosis and ethylene inducing peptide 1 (Nep1-like proteins or NLP) that trigger leaf necrosis and the activation of defense mechanisms. These proteins have been widely studied in plant pathogens as Moniliophthora perniciosa or Botrytis cinerea between others, but little is known about their biological roles in grapevine trunk pathogens. Advances in the sequencing of genomes of several fungi involved in grapevine trunk diseases have revealed that these proteins are present in several copies in their genomes. The aim of this project was to analyze the presence of genes encoding NLP proteins in the Diplodia seriata genome and to characterize their putative role as virulence factors associated to grapevine trunk diseases. In this study, we characterized four NLPs from Diplodia seriata. All proteins showed highly similar amino acid sequences and contained the characteristic peptide motifs of NLPs. DserNEPs slightly reduced the viability of Vitis vinifera L. cell cultures. The cytolytic activity from DserNEP1 was stronger than that from DserNEP2, even at low concentrations. Purified DserNEPs also produced necrosis in leaves when they were inoculated into micropropagules of V. vinifera L. This is the first record of Nep1-like proteins from a fungus associated with grapevine trunk diseases and also from a member of the Botryosphaeriaceae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Cobos
- Instituto de Investigación de la Viña y el Vino, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- RGA-bioinvestigación S.L., León, Spain
- *Correspondence: Rebeca Cobos, ; Juan José Rubio Coque,
| | - Carla Calvo-Peña
- Instituto de Investigación de la Viña y el Vino, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | | | - Ana Ibáñez
- Instituto de Investigación de la Viña y el Vino, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Jose Luis Acebes
- Instituto de Investigación de la Viña y el Vino, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Juan José R. Coque
- Instituto de Investigación de la Viña y el Vino, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- RGA-bioinvestigación S.L., León, Spain
- *Correspondence: Rebeca Cobos, ; Juan José Rubio Coque,
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Twaruschek K, Spörhase P, Michlmayr H, Wiesenberger G, Adam G. New Plasmids for Fusarium Transformation Allowing Positive-Negative Selection and Efficient Cre- loxP Mediated Marker Recycling. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1954. [PMID: 30258410 PMCID: PMC6143793 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In filamentous fungi such as Fusarium graminearum, disruption of multiple genes of interest in the same strain (e.g., to test for redundant gene function) is a difficult task due to the limited availability of reliable selection markers. We have created a series of transformation vectors that allow antibiotic-based selection of transformants and subsequent negative selection for marker removal using thymidine kinase fusions combined with the Cre-loxP system. The fusion genes contain commonly used C-terminal drug resistance markers, either nptII (G418), nat1 (nourseothricin), or hph (hygromycin B). These resistance genes are fused to the sequence encoding Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSVtk). Despite the presence of the 1 kb HSVtk gene (about ∼30% increase in total marker size), there is only a slight reduction in transformation efficiency on a molar basis. The fusion genes expressed under the Trichoderma pyruvate kinase (PKI) promoter also confer antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli, allowing straightforward construction of disruption plasmids. For removal of the loxP flanked resistance cassettes, protoplasts of transformants are directly treated with purified Cre recombinase protein. Loss of the HSVtk containing cassette is selected by restoration of resistance to 5-fluoro-2-deoxyuridine (FdU). As a proof of principle, we demonstrated the efficiency of the HSVtk-based marker removal in Fusarium by reversing the disruption phenotype of the gene responsible for production of the red pigment aurofusarin. We first disrupted the FgPKS12 gene via integration of the loxP-flanked HSVtk-nptII cassette into the promoter or the first intron, thereby generating transformants with a white mycelium phenotype. Using Cre recombinase and FdU, the selection marker was subsequently removed, and the resulting transformants regained red pigmentation despite the remaining loxP site. We also found that it is possible to remove several unselected loxP-flanked cassettes with a single Cre protein treatment, as long as one of them contains a negative selectable HSVtk cassette. The negative selection system can also be used to introduce allele swaps into strains without leaving marker sequences, by first disrupting the gene of interest and then complementing the deletion in situ with genomic DNA containing a different allele.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gerlinde Wiesenberger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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