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Kotlarz K, Mielczarek M, Biecek P, Wojdak-Maksymiec K, Suchocki T, Topolski P, Jagusiak W, Szyda J. An Explainable Deep Learning Classifier of Bovine Mastitis Based on Whole-Genome Sequence Data-Circumventing the p >> n Problem. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4715. [PMID: 38731932 PMCID: PMC11083318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The serious drawback underlying the biological annotation of whole-genome sequence data is the p >> n problem, which means that the number of polymorphic variants (p) is much larger than the number of available phenotypic records (n). We propose a way to circumvent the problem by combining a LASSO logistic regression with deep learning to classify cows as susceptible or resistant to mastitis, based on single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes. Among several architectures, the one with 204,642 SNPs was selected as the best. This architecture was composed of two layers with, respectively, 7 and 46 units per layer implementing respective drop-out rates of 0.210 and 0.358. The classification of the test data resulted in AUC = 0.750, accuracy = 0.650, sensitivity = 0.600, and specificity = 0.700. Significant SNPs were selected based on the SHapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP). As a final result, one GO term related to the biological process and thirteen GO terms related to molecular function were significantly enriched in the gene set that corresponded to the significant SNPs. Our findings revealed that the optimal approach can correctly predict susceptibility or resistance status for approximately 65% of cows. Genes marked by the most significant SNPs are related to the immune response and protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Kotlarz
- Biostatistics Group, Department of Genetics, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kozuchowska 7, 51-631 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.K.); (M.M.); (T.S.)
- University Cancer Diagnostic Center, Poznan University of Medical Science, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
| | - Magda Mielczarek
- Biostatistics Group, Department of Genetics, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kozuchowska 7, 51-631 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.K.); (M.M.); (T.S.)
- University Cancer Diagnostic Center, Poznan University of Medical Science, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
| | - Przemysław Biecek
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Mechanics, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
- Faculty of Mathematics and Information Science, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Wojdak-Maksymiec
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Aleja Piastow 45, 70-311 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Suchocki
- Biostatistics Group, Department of Genetics, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kozuchowska 7, 51-631 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.K.); (M.M.); (T.S.)
- University Cancer Diagnostic Center, Poznan University of Medical Science, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Topolski
- National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland; (P.T.); (W.J.)
| | - Wojciech Jagusiak
- National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland; (P.T.); (W.J.)
- Faculty of Animal Science, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Szyda
- Biostatistics Group, Department of Genetics, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kozuchowska 7, 51-631 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.K.); (M.M.); (T.S.)
- University Cancer Diagnostic Center, Poznan University of Medical Science, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
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2
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Zheng X, Yang N, Mao R, Hao Y, Teng D, Wang J. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antibacterial peptide NZX in Staphylococcus aureus mastitis mouse model. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:260. [PMID: 38472422 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13101-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is associated with dairy mastitis, which causes serious economic losses to dairy farming industry. Antibacterial peptide NZX showed good antibacterial activity against S. aureus. This study aimed to evaluate pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of NZX against S. aureus-induced mouse mastitis. NZX exhibited potent in vitro antibacterial activity against the test S. aureus strains (minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC): 0.23-0.46 μM), low mutant prevention concentration (MPC: 1.18-3.68 μM), and a long post antibiotic effect (PAE: 2.20-8.84 h), which was superior to those of lincomycin and ceftiofur. Antibacterial mechanisms showed that NZX could penetrate the cell membrane, resulting in obvious cell membrane perforation and morphological changes, and bind to intracellular DNA. Furthermore, NZX had a good stability in milk environment (retention rate: 85.36%, 24 h) than that in mammary homogenate (47.90%, 24 h). In mouse mastitis model, NZX (25-400 μg/gland) could significantly reduce the bacterial load of mammary tissue in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, NZX (100 μg/gland) could relieve the inflammatory symptoms of mammary tissue, and significantly decreased its pathological scores. The concentration-time curve of NZX (100 μg/gland) in the mammary tissue was plotted and the corresponding pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained by non-compartment model calculation. Those parameters of Tmax, T1/2, Cmax and AUC were 0.5 h, 35.11 h, 32.49 μg/g and 391 μg·h/g, respectively. Therefore, these results suggest that NZX could act as a promising candidate for treating dairy mastitis disease caused by S. aureus. KEY POINTS: • NZX could kill S. aureus by dual mechanism involved in membrane and DNA disruption • NZX could relieve S. aureus-induced mouse mastitis • Pharmacokinetic parameters of NZX in mouse mammary gland were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueling Zheng
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
- Innovative Team of Antimicrobial Peptides and Alternatives to Antibiotics, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Yang
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
- Innovative Team of Antimicrobial Peptides and Alternatives to Antibiotics, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruoyu Mao
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
- Innovative Team of Antimicrobial Peptides and Alternatives to Antibiotics, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Hao
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
- Innovative Team of Antimicrobial Peptides and Alternatives to Antibiotics, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Da Teng
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
- Innovative Team of Antimicrobial Peptides and Alternatives to Antibiotics, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
- Innovative Team of Antimicrobial Peptides and Alternatives to Antibiotics, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Giannuzzi D, Capra E, Bisutti V, Vanzin A, Marsan PA, Cecchinato A, Pegolo S. Methylome-wide analysis of milk somatic cells upon subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:1805-1820. [PMID: 37939836 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Better understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind bovine mastitis is fundamental for improving the management of this disease, which continues to be of major concern for the dairy industry, especially in its subclinical form. Disease severity and progression depend on numerous aspects, such as livestock genetics, and the interaction between the causative agent, the host, and the environment. In this context, epigenetic mechanisms have proven to have a role in controlling the response of the animal to inflammation. Therefore, in this study we aimed to explore genome-wide DNA methylation of milk somatic cells (SC) in healthy cows (n = 15) and cows affected by naturally occurring subclinical mastitis by Streptococcus agalactiae (n = 12) and Prototheca spp. (n = 11), to better understand the role of SC methylome in the host response to disease. Differentially methylated regions (DMR) were evaluated comparing: (1) Strep. agalactiae-infected versus healthy; (2) Prototheca-infected versus healthy, and (3) mastitis versus healthy and (4) Strep. agalactiae-infected versus Prototheca-infected. The functional analysis was performed at 2 levels. To begin with, we extracted differentially methylated genes (DMG) from promoter DMR, which were analyzed using the Cytoscape ClueGO plug-in. Coupled with this DMG-driven approach, all the genes associated with promoter-methylated regions were fed to the Pathifier algorithm. From the DMR analysis, we identified 1,081 hypermethylated and 361 hypomethylated promoter regions in Strep. agalactiae-infected animals, while 1,514 hypermethylated and 358 hypomethylated promoter regions were identified in Prototheca-infected animals, when compared with the healthy controls. When considering infected animals as a whole group (regardless of the pathogen), we found 1,576 hypermethylated and 460 hypomethylated promoter regions. Both pathogens were associated with methylation differences in genes involved in pathways related to meiosis, reproduction and tissue remodeling. Exploring the whole methylome, in subclinically infected cows we observed a strong deregulation of immune-related pathways, such as nuclear factor kB and toll-like receptors signaling pathways, and of energy-related pathways such as the tricarboxylic acid cycle and unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis. In conclusion, no evident pathogen-specific SC methylome signature was detected in the present study. Overall, we observed a clear regulation of host immune response driven by DNA methylation upon subclinical mastitis. Further studies on a larger cohort of animals are needed to validate our results and to possibly identify a unique SC methylome that signifies pathogen-specific alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Giannuzzi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - E Capra
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council (IBBA CNR), 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - V Bisutti
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro, Italy.
| | - A Vanzin
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - P Ajmone Marsan
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122, Piacenza, Italy
| | - A Cecchinato
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - S Pegolo
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
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Srithanasuwan A, Schukken YH, Pangprasit N, Chuammitri P, Suriyasathaporn W. Different cellular and molecular responses of Bovine milk phagocytes to persistent and transient strains of Streptococcus uberis causing mastitis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0295547. [PMID: 38206970 PMCID: PMC10783761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus uberis is frequently isolated from milk collected from dairy cows with mastitis. According to the host's immunity, bacterial virulence, and their interaction, infection with some strains can induce persistent subclinical inflammation, while infection with others induces severe inflammation and transient mastitis. This study compared the inflammatory response of milk-isolated white blood cells (mWBCs) to persistent and transient S. uberis strains. Quarter milk samples were collected aseptically for bacterial culture from all lactating cows once a week over a 10-week period. A transient and noncapsular strain with a 1-week intramammary infection duration was selected from this herd, while a persistent and capsular S. uberis strain with an intramammary infection longer than 2 months from our previous study was selected based on an identical pulse field gel electrophoresis pattern during the IMI episode. Cellular and molecular responses of mWBCs were tested, and the data were analyzed using repeated analysis of variance. The results showed a higher response in migration, reactive oxygen species generation, and bacterial killing when cells were stimulated with transient S. uberis. In contrast, the persistent strain led to increased neutrophil extracellular trap release. This study also highlighted several important molecular aspects of mWBCs. Gene expression analyses by real-time RT-PCR revealed a significant elevation in the expression of Toll-like receptors (TLR-1, TLR-2, TLR-6) and proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha or TNF-α) with the transient strain. Additionally, Streptococcus uberis capsule formation might contribute to the capability of these strains to induce different immune responses. Altogether, these results focus on the immune function of activated mWBCs which demonstrate that a transient strain can elicit a stronger local immune response and, subsequently, lead to rapid recovery from mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anyaphat Srithanasuwan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ynte H. Schukken
- Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- GD Animal Health, Deventer, the Netherlands
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Noppason Pangprasit
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Phongsakorn Chuammitri
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health and Production, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Witaya Suriyasathaporn
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health and Production, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Asian Satellite Campuses Institute-Cambodian Campus, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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5
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He Z, Zhao C, He Y, Liu Z, Fan G, Zhu K, Wang Y, Zhang N, Fu Y, Hu X. Enterogenic Stenotrophomonas maltophilia migrates to the mammary gland to induce mastitis by activating the calcium-ROS-AMPK-mTOR-autophagy pathway. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:157. [PMID: 38124149 PMCID: PMC10731779 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00952-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mastitis is an inflammatory disease of the mammary gland that has serious economic impacts on the dairy industry and endangers food safety. Our previous study found that the body has a gut/rumen-mammary gland axis and that disturbance of the gut/rumen microbiota could result in 'gastroenterogenic mastitis'. However, the mechanism has not been fully clarified. Recently, we found that long-term feeding of a high-concentrate diet induced mastitis in dairy cows, and the abundance of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (S. maltophilia) was significantly increased in both the rumen and milk microbiota. Accordingly, we hypothesized that 'gastroenterogenic mastitis' can be induced by the migration of endogenous gut bacteria to the mammary gland. Therefore, this study investigated the mechanism by which enterogenic S. maltophilia induces mastitis. RESULTS First, S. maltophilia was labelled with superfolder GFP and administered to mice via gavage. The results showed that treatment with S. maltophilia promoted the occurrence of mastitis and increased the permeability of the blood-milk barrier, leading to intestinal inflammation and intestinal leakage. Furthermore, tracking of ingested S. maltophilia revealed that S. maltophilia could migrate from the gut to the mammary gland and induce mastitis. Subsequently, mammary gland transcriptome analysis showed that the calcium and AMPK signalling pathways were significantly upregulated in mice treated with S. maltophilia. Then, using mouse mammary epithelial cells (MMECs), we verified that S. maltophilia induces mastitis through activation of the calcium-ROS-AMPK-mTOR-autophagy pathway. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the results showed that enterogenic S. maltophilia could migrate from the gut to the mammary gland via the gut-mammary axis and activate the calcium-ROS-AMPK-mTOR-autophagy pathway to induce mastitis. Targeting the gut-mammary gland axis may also be an effective method to treat mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqi He
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Caijun Zhao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yuhong He
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zhuoyu Liu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Guyue Fan
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Kun Zhu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yiqi Wang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Naisheng Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yunhe Fu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, China.
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Liu J, Liu H, Cao G, Cui Y, Wang H, Chen X, Xu F, Li X. Microbiota Characterization of the Cow Mammary Gland Microenvironment and Its Association with Somatic Cell Count. Vet Sci 2023; 10:699. [PMID: 38133250 PMCID: PMC10747812 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10120699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Subclinical mastitis is a common disease that threatens the welfare and health of dairy cows and causes huge economic losses. Somatic cell count (SCC) is the most suitable indirect index used to evaluate the degree of mastitis. To explore the relationship between SCC, diversity in the microbiome, and subclinical mastitis, we performed next-generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene of cow's milk with different SCC ranges. The data obtained showed that the microbiota was rich and coordinated with SCC below 2 × 105. SCC above 2 × 105 showed a decrease in the diversity of microbial genera. When SCC was below 2 × 105, the phylum Actinobacteriota accounted for the most. When SCC was between 2 × 105 and 5 × 105, Firmicutes accounted for the most, and when SCC exceeded 5 × 105, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria accounted for the most. Pathogenic genera such as Streptococcus spp. were absent, while SCC above 2 × 105 showed a decrease in the diversity of microbial genera. SCC was positively correlated with the percentage of Romboutsia, Turicibacter, and Paeniclostridium and negatively correlated with the percentage of Staphylococcus, Psychrobacter, Aerococcus, and Streptococcus. Romboutsia decreased 6.19 times after the SCC exceeded 2 × 105; the SCC increased exponentially from 2 × 105 to 5 × 105 and above 1 × 106 in Psychrobacter. Analysis of the microbiota of the different SCC ranges suggests that the development of mastitis may not only be a primary infection but may also be the result of dysbiosis in the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (J.L.)
| | - Huan Liu
- National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (J.L.)
| | - Guangjie Cao
- National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (J.L.)
| | - Yifang Cui
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Huanhuan Wang
- National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (J.L.)
| | - Xiaojie Chen
- National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (J.L.)
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Products on Feed-origin Risk Factor, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Fei Xu
- National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (J.L.)
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Products on Feed-origin Risk Factor, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiubo Li
- National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (J.L.)
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Products on Feed-origin Risk Factor, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
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7
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Bhosle VK, Sun C, Patel S, Ho TWW, Westman J, Ammendolia DA, Langari FM, Fine N, Toepfner N, Li Z, Sharma M, Glogauer J, Capurro MI, Jones NL, Maynes JT, Lee WL, Glogauer M, Grinstein S, Robinson LA. The chemorepellent, SLIT2, bolsters innate immunity against Staphylococcus aureus. eLife 2023; 12:e87392. [PMID: 37773612 PMCID: PMC10541174 DOI: 10.7554/elife.87392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are essential for host defense against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The neuro-repellent, SLIT2, potently inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis, and might, therefore, be expected to impair antibacterial responses. We report here that, unexpectedly, neutrophils exposed to the N-terminal SLIT2 (N-SLIT2) fragment kill extracellular S. aureus more efficiently. N-SLIT2 amplifies reactive oxygen species production in response to the bacteria by activating p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase that in turn phosphorylates NCF1, an essential subunit of the NADPH oxidase complex. N-SLIT2 also enhances the exocytosis of neutrophil secondary granules. In a murine model of S. aureus skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI), local SLIT2 levels fall initially but increase subsequently, peaking at 3 days after infection. Of note, the neutralization of endogenous SLIT2 worsens SSTI. Temporal fluctuations in local SLIT2 levels may promote neutrophil recruitment and retention at the infection site and hasten bacterial clearance by augmenting neutrophil oxidative burst and degranulation. Collectively, these actions of SLIT2 coordinate innate immune responses to limit susceptibility to S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikrant K Bhosle
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
| | - Chunxiang Sun
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Sajedabanu Patel
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
| | - Tse Wing Winnie Ho
- The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Unity Health TorontoTorontoCanada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, Medical Sciences Building, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Johannes Westman
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
| | - Dustin A Ammendolia
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical Sciences Building, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Fatemeh Mirshafiei Langari
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Noah Fine
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Nicole Toepfner
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Zhubing Li
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
| | - Manraj Sharma
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
| | - Judah Glogauer
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Mariana I Capurro
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
| | - Nicola L Jones
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoCanada
- Department of Physiology, Medical Sciences Building, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
- Department of Paediatrics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Jason T Maynes
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, The Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoCanada
- Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Warren L Lee
- The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Unity Health TorontoTorontoCanada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, Medical Sciences Building, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
- Department of Medicine and Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
- Department of Dental Oncology and Maxillofacial Prosthetics, University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer CentreTorontoCanada
- Centre for Advanced Dental Research and Care, Mount Sinai HospitalTorontoCanada
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
- The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Unity Health TorontoTorontoCanada
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Lisa A Robinson
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
- Department of Paediatrics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
- Division of Nephrology, The Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoCanada
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8
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Yang J, Hai Z, Hou L, Liu Y, Zhang D, Zhou X. Baicalin Attenuates Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL)-Induced Cytoskeleton Rearrangement via Regulating the RhoA/ROCK/LIMK and PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β Pathways in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14520. [PMID: 37833969 PMCID: PMC10572466 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) exert physiological effects by rearrangement of the host cell cytoskeleton. Staphylococcus aureus-secreted PFTs play an important role in bovine mastitis. In the study, we examined the effects of recombinant Panton-Valentine leukocidin (rPVL) on cytoskeleton rearrangement, and identified the signaling pathways involved in regulating the process in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) in vitro. Meanwhile, the underlying regulatory mechanism of baicalin for this process was investigated. The results showed that S. aureus induced cytoskeleton rearrangement in BMECs mainly through PVL. S. aureus and rPVL caused alterations in the cell morphology and layer integrity due to microfilament and microtubule rearrangement and focal contact inability. rPVL strongly induced the phosphorylation of cofilin at Ser3 mediating by the activation of the RhoA/ROCK/LIMK pathway, and resulted in the activation of loss of actin stress fibers, or the hyperphosphorylation of Tau at Ser396 inducing by the inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β pathways, and decreased the microtubule assembly. Baicalin significantly attenuated rPVL-stimulated cytoskeleton rearrangement in BMECs. Baicalin inhibited cofilin phosphorylation or Tau hyperphosphorylation via regulating the activation of RhoA/ROCK/LIMK and PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β signaling pathways. These findings provide new insights into the pathogenesis and potential treatment in S. aureus causing bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xuezhang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for the Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources of Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (J.Y.); (Z.H.)
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Gudra D, Valdovska A, Jonkus D, Galina D, Kairisa D, Ustinova M, Viksne K, Fridmanis D, Kalnina I. Genomic Characterization and Initial Insight into Mastitis-Associated SNP Profiles of Local Latvian Bos taurus Breeds. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2776. [PMID: 37685039 PMCID: PMC10487150 DOI: 10.3390/ani13172776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Latvia has two local Bos taurus breeds-Latvian Brown (LBG) and Latvian Blue (LZG)-characterized by a good adaptation to the local climate, longevity, and high fat and protein contents in milk. Since these are desired traits in the dairy industry, this study investigated the genetic background of the LBG and LZG breeds and identified the genetic factors associated with mastitis. Blood and semen samples were acquired, and whole genome sequencing was then performed to acquire a genomic sequence with at least 35× or 10× coverage. The heterozygosity, nucleotide diversity, and LD analysis indicated that LBG and LZG cows have similar levels of genetic diversity compared to those of other breeds. An analysis of the population structure revealed that each breed clustered together, but the overall differentiation between the breeds was small. The highest genetic variance was observed in the LZG breed compared with the LBG breed. Our results show that SNP rs721295390 is associated with mastitis in the LBG breed, and SNPs rs383806754, chr29:43998719CG>C, and rs462030680 are associated with mastitis in the LZG breed. This study shows that local Latvian LBG and LZG breeds have a pronounced genetic differentiation, with each one suggesting its own mastitis-associated SNP profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dita Gudra
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (D.G.); (M.U.); (K.V.); (D.F.)
| | - Anda Valdovska
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, LV-3001 Jelgava, Latvia
- Scientific Laboratory of Biotechnology, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, LV-3001 Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Daina Jonkus
- Faculty of Agriculture, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, LV-3001 Jelgava, Latvia (D.K.)
| | - Daiga Galina
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, LV-3001 Jelgava, Latvia
- Scientific Laboratory of Biotechnology, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, LV-3001 Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Daina Kairisa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, LV-3001 Jelgava, Latvia (D.K.)
| | - Maija Ustinova
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (D.G.); (M.U.); (K.V.); (D.F.)
| | - Kristine Viksne
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (D.G.); (M.U.); (K.V.); (D.F.)
- Scientific Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Davids Fridmanis
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (D.G.); (M.U.); (K.V.); (D.F.)
| | - Ineta Kalnina
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (D.G.); (M.U.); (K.V.); (D.F.)
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10
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Hasankhani A, Bakherad M, Bahrami A, Shahrbabak HM, Pecho RDC, Shahrbabak MM. Integrated analysis of inflammatory mRNAs, miRNAs, and lncRNAs elucidates the molecular interactome behind bovine mastitis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13826. [PMID: 37620551 PMCID: PMC10449796 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41116-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is known as intramammary inflammation, which has a multifactorial complex phenotype. However, the underlying molecular pathogenesis of mastitis remains poorly understood. In this study, we utilized a combination of RNA-seq and miRNA-seq techniques, along with computational systems biology approaches, to gain a deeper understanding of the molecular interactome involved in mastitis. We retrieved and processed one hundred transcriptomic libraries, consisting of 50 RNA-seq and 50 matched miRNA-seq data, obtained from milk-isolated monocytes of Holstein-Friesian cows, both infected with Streptococcus uberis and non-infected controls. Using the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) approach, we constructed co-expressed RNA-seq-based and miRNA-seq-based modules separately. Module-trait relationship analysis was then performed on the RNA-seq-based modules to identify highly-correlated modules associated with clinical traits of mastitis. Functional enrichment analysis was conducted to understand the functional behavior of these modules. Additionally, we assigned the RNA-seq-based modules to the miRNA-seq-based modules and constructed an integrated regulatory network based on the modules of interest. To enhance the reliability of our findings, we conducted further analyses, including hub RNA detection, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction, screening of hub-hub RNAs, and target prediction analysis on the detected modules. We identified a total of 17 RNA-seq-based modules and 3 miRNA-seq-based modules. Among the significant highly-correlated RNA-seq-based modules, six modules showed strong associations with clinical characteristics of mastitis. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that the turquoise module was directly related to inflammation persistence and mastitis development. Furthermore, module assignment analysis demonstrated that the blue miRNA-seq-based module post-transcriptionally regulates the turquoise RNA-seq-based module. We also identified a set of different RNAs, including hub-hub genes, hub-hub TFs (transcription factors), hub-hub lncRNAs (long non-coding RNAs), and hub miRNAs within the modules of interest, indicating their central role in the molecular interactome underlying the pathogenic mechanisms of S. uberis infection. This study provides a comprehensive insight into the molecular crosstalk between immunoregulatory mRNAs, miRNAs, and lncRNAs during S. uberis infection. These findings offer valuable directions for the development of molecular diagnosis and biological therapies for mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliakbar Hasankhani
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Maryam Bakherad
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Abolfazl Bahrami
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Hossein Moradi Shahrbabak
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
| | | | - Mohammad Moradi Shahrbabak
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
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11
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Noleto PG, Gilbert FB, Rossignol C, Cunha P, Germon P, Rainard P, Martins RP. Punch-excised explants of bovine mammary gland to model early immune response to infection. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:100. [PMID: 37420291 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00899-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammary gland (MG) infections (mastitis) are frequent diseases of dairy cows that affect milk quality, animal welfare and farming profitability. These infections are commonly associated with the bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Different in vitro models have been used to investigate the early response of the MG to bacteria, but the role of the teat in mastitis pathogenesis has received less attention. In this study, we used punch-excised teat tissue as an ex vivo model to study the immune mechanisms that arise early during infection when bacteria have entered the MG. RESULTS Cytotoxicity and microscopic analyses showed that bovine teat sinus explants have their morphology and viability preserved after 24 h of culture and respond to ex vivo stimulation with TLR-agonists and bacteria. LPS and E. coli trigger stronger inflammatory response in teat when compared to LTA and S. aureus, leading to a higher production of IL-6 and IL-8, as well as to an up-regulation of proinflammatory genes. We also demonstrated that our ex vivo model can be applied to frozen-stored explants. CONCLUSIONS In compliance with the 3Rs principle (replacement, reduction and refinement) in animal experimentation, ex vivo explant analyses proved to be a simple and affordable approach to study MG immune response to infection. This model, which better reproduces organ complexity than epithelial cell cultures or tissue slices, lends itself particularly well to studying the early phases of the MG immune response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Patricia Cunha
- ISP, INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR1282, Nouzilly, France
| | - Pierre Germon
- ISP, INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR1282, Nouzilly, France
| | - Pascal Rainard
- ISP, INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR1282, Nouzilly, France
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12
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Bisutti V, Mach N, Giannuzzi D, Vanzin A, Capra E, Negrini R, Gelain ME, Cecchinato A, Ajmone-Marsan P, Pegolo S. Transcriptome-wide mapping of milk somatic cells upon subclinical mastitis infection in dairy cattle. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:93. [PMID: 37403140 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00890-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subclinical intramammary infection (IMI) represents a significant problem in maintaining dairy cows' health. Disease severity and extent depend on the interaction between the causative agent, environment, and host. To investigate the molecular mechanisms behind the host immune response, we used RNA-Seq for the milk somatic cells (SC) transcriptome profiling in healthy cows (n = 9), and cows naturally affected by subclinical IMI from Prototheca spp. (n = 11) and Streptococcus agalactiae (S. agalactiae; n = 11). Data Integration Analysis for Biomarker discovery using Latent Components (DIABLO) was used to integrate transcriptomic data and host phenotypic traits related to milk composition, SC composition, and udder health to identify hub variables for subclinical IMI detection. RESULTS A total of 1,682 and 2,427 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified when comparing Prototheca spp. and S. agalactiae to healthy animals, respectively. Pathogen-specific pathway analyses evidenced that Prototheca's infection upregulated antigen processing and lymphocyte proliferation pathways while S. agalactiae induced a reduction of energy-related pathways like the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. The integrative analysis of commonly shared DEGs between the two pathogens (n = 681) referred to the core-mastitis response genes, and phenotypic data evidenced a strong covariation between those genes and the flow cytometry immune cells (r2 = 0.72), followed by the udder health (r2 = 0.64) and milk quality parameters (r2 = 0.64). Variables with r ≥ 0.90 were used to build a network in which the top 20 hub variables were identified with the Cytoscape cytohubba plug-in. The genes in common between DIABLO and cytohubba (n = 10) were submitted to a ROC analysis which showed they had excellent predictive performances in terms of discriminating healthy and mastitis-affected animals (sensitivity > 0.89, specificity > 0.81, accuracy > 0.87, and precision > 0.69). Among these genes, CIITA could play a key role in regulating the animals' response to subclinical IMI. CONCLUSIONS Despite some differences in the enriched pathways, the two mastitis-causing pathogens seemed to induce a shared host immune-transcriptomic response. The hub variables identified with the integrative approach might be included in screening and diagnostic tools for subclinical IMI detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Bisutti
- DAFNAE, University of Padova, Viale Dell'Università 16, Legnaro, PD, 35020, Italy.
| | - Núria Mach
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 23 Chemin Des Capelles, Toulouse, 31300, France
| | - Diana Giannuzzi
- DAFNAE, University of Padova, Viale Dell'Università 16, Legnaro, PD, 35020, Italy
| | - Alice Vanzin
- DAFNAE, University of Padova, Viale Dell'Università 16, Legnaro, PD, 35020, Italy
| | - Emanuele Capra
- IBBA, National Research Council, Via Einstein, Lodi, 26900, Italy
| | - Riccardo Negrini
- DIANA, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via E. Parmense 84, Piacenza, 29122, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Gelain
- BCA, University of Padova, Viale Dell'Università 16, Legnaro, PD, 35020, Italy
| | - Alessio Cecchinato
- DAFNAE, University of Padova, Viale Dell'Università 16, Legnaro, PD, 35020, Italy
| | - Paolo Ajmone-Marsan
- DIANA, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via E. Parmense 84, Piacenza, 29122, Italy
| | - Sara Pegolo
- DAFNAE, University of Padova, Viale Dell'Università 16, Legnaro, PD, 35020, Italy
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13
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Dobrut A, Wójcik-Grzybek D, Młodzińska A, Pietras-Ożga D, Michalak K, Tabacki A, Mroczkowska U, Brzychczy-Włoch M. Detection of immunoreactive proteins of Escherichia coli, Streptococcus uberis, and Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from cows with diagnosed mastitis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:987842. [PMID: 36844415 PMCID: PMC9950269 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.987842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mastitis is a widespread mammary gland disease of dairy cows that causes severe economic losses to dairy farms. Mastitis can be caused by bacteria, fungi, and algae. The most common species isolated from infected milk are, among others, Streptococcus spp., and Escherichia coli. The aim of our study was protein detection based on both in silico and in vitro methods, which allowed the identification of immunoreactive proteins representative of the following species: Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Escherichia coli. Methods The study group included 22 milk samples and 13 serum samples obtained from cows with diagnosed mastitis, whereas the control group constituted 12 milk samples and 12 serum samples isolated from healthy animals. Detection of immunoreactive proteins was done by immunoblotting, while amino acid sequences from investigated proteins were determined by MALDI-TOF. Then, bioinformatic analyses were performed on detected species specific proteins in order to investigate their immunoreactivity. Results As a result, we identified 13 proteins: 3 (molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis protein B, aldehyde reductase YahK, outer membrane protein A) for E. coli, 4 (elongation factor Tu, tRNA uridine 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl modification enzyme MnmG, GTPase Obg, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) for S. uberis, and 6 (aspartate carbamoyltransferase, elongation factor Tu, 60 kDa chaperonin, elongation factor G, galactose-6-phosphate isomerase subunit LacA, adenosine deaminase) for S. agalactiae, which demonstrated immunoreactivity to antibodies present in serum from cows with diagnosed mastitis. Discussion Due to the confirmed immunoreactivity, specificity and localization in the bacterial cell, these proteins can be considered considered potential targets in innovative rapid immunodiagnostic assays for bovine mastitis, however due to the limited number of examined samples, further examination is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dobrut
- Department of Molecular Medical Microbiology, Chair of Microbiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland,*Correspondence: Anna Dobrut,
| | - Dagmara Wójcik-Grzybek
- Department of Experimental Physiology, Chair of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Dorota Pietras-Ożga
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Michalak
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | | | | | - Monika Brzychczy-Włoch
- Department of Molecular Medical Microbiology, Chair of Microbiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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14
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Wang M, Cai M, Zhu X, Nan X, Xiong B, Yang L. Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles from Dairy Cows with Clinical and Subclinical Mastitis. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13010171. [PMID: 36611779 PMCID: PMC9818007 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous vesicles found in biological fluids with essential functions. However, milk-derived EV proteins from clinical mastitis (CM) and subclinical mastitis (SM) cows have yet to be studied in detail. In this study, milk-derived EVs of CM, SM, and Healthy cows were extracted using a combination of acetic acid/ultracentrifugation and density gradient ultracentrifugation and analyzed using a shotgun proteomic by data-independent acquisition mode. A total of 1253 milk exosome proteins were identified and quantified. Differently enriched (DE) proteins were identified as given a Benjamini−Hochberg adjusted p < 0.05 and a fold change of at least 2. There were 53 and 1 DE proteins in milk-derived EVs from CM and SM cows compared with healthy cows. Protein S100-A9, Protein S100-A8, Chitinase-3-like protein 1, Haptoglobin, Integrin beta-2, and Chloride intracellular channel protein 1 were more abundant in the CM group (adjusted p < 0.05). Still, their enrichment in the SM group was not significant as in the Healthy group. The enrichment of DE proteins between CM and Healthy group was consistent with elevated GO (Gene Ontology) processes—defense response, defense response to Gram-positive bacterium, granulocyte chemotaxis also contributed to Reactome pathways—neutrophil degranulation, innate immune system, and antimicrobial peptides in the CM group. These results provide essential information on mastitis-associated proteins in milk-derived EVs and indicate the biological functions of milk-derived EVs proteins require further elucidation.
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15
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Darang E, Pezeshkian Z, Mirhoseini SZ, Ghovvati S. Identification of Key Genes and Potential Pathways Associated with Mastitis Induced by E. coli. Biochem Genet 2023; 61:202-220. [PMID: 35834114 PMCID: PMC9281188 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-022-10254-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Mastitis is one of the most important diseases of dairy cattle. It is an infectious disease leading to an inflammatory reaction in the cow's mammary gland. Escherichia coli is one of the common bacteria which induce mastitis in cows. The aim of this study was to identify key genes and potential pathways associated with mastitis induced by E. coli in dairy cattle using bioinformatics analysis. The gene expression profile of ten samples including five adjacent tissues from a quarter infected with Escherichia coli and five tissues from a healthy quarter of dairy cattle was assessed using GEO2R. Gene ontology and pathway analysis were performed using bioinformatics tools. A total of 156 differentially expressed genes were detected which 95 genes were upregulated and 61 genes were downregulated in adjacent tissue of quarter infected compared with healthy tissue. Cellular oxidant detoxification and oxidation-reduction process were the most significant biological process terms in gene ontology analysis. The most important pathways of DEGs were the biosynthesis of amino acids, p53 signaling pathway, and Metabolic pathways. Three important modules were identified and their path enrichment analysis was performed. There are 10 core genes, among which SOD2, COL1A2, COL3A1, POSTN, ALDH18A1, and CBS may be the main genes associated with mastitis, which can be considered as candidate genes in the prevention and carly diagnosis program of mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Darang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guilan, Rasht, 41635-1314, Guilan, Iran
| | - Zahra Pezeshkian
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guilan, Rasht, 41635-1314, Guilan, Iran
| | - Seyed Ziaeddin Mirhoseini
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guilan, Rasht, 41635-1314, Guilan, Iran
| | - Shahrokh Ghovvati
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guilan, Rasht, 41635-1314, Guilan, Iran.
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Rainard P, Gilbert FB, Germon P. Immune defenses of the mammary gland epithelium of dairy ruminants. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1031785. [PMID: 36341445 PMCID: PMC9634088 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1031785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelium of the mammary gland (MG) fulfills three major functions: nutrition of progeny, transfer of immunity from mother to newborn, and its own defense against infection. The defense function of the epithelium requires the cooperation of mammary epithelial cells (MECs) with intraepithelial leucocytes, macrophages, DCs, and resident lymphocytes. The MG is characterized by the secretion of a large amount of a nutrient liquid in which certain bacteria can proliferate and reach a considerable bacterial load, which has conditioned how the udder reacts against bacterial invasions. This review presents how the mammary epithelium perceives bacteria, and how it responds to the main bacterial genera associated with mastitis. MECs are able to detect the presence of actively multiplying bacteria in the lumen of the gland: they express pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) released by the growing bacteria. Interactions with intraepithelial leucocytes fine-tune MECs responses. Following the onset of inflammation, new interactions are established with lymphocytes and neutrophils recruited from the blood. The mammary epithelium also identifies and responds to antigens, which supposes an antigen-presenting capacity. Its responses can be manipulated with drugs, plant extracts, probiotics, and immune modifiers, in order to increase its defense capacities or reduce the damage related to inflammation. Numerous studies have established that the mammary epithelium is a genuine effector of both innate and adaptive immunity. However, knowledge gaps remain and newly available tools offer the prospect of exciting research to unravel and exploit the multiple capacities of this particular epithelium.
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Engler C, Renna MS, Beccaria C, Silvestrini P, Pirola SI, Pereyra EAL, Baravalle C, Camussone CM, Monecke S, Calvinho LF, Dallard BE. Differential immune response to two Staphylococcus aureus strains with distinct adaptation genotypes after experimental intramammary infection of dairy cows. Microb Pathog 2022; 172:105789. [PMID: 36176246 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the ability of two S. aureus strains with different adaptation genotypes (low and high) to the bovine mammary gland (MG) to establish an intramammary infection (IMI) and induce an immune response after an experimental challenge in lactating cows. Two isolates (designated 806 and 5011) from bovine IMI with different genotypic profiles, harboring genes involved in adherence and biofilm production, belonging to different capsular polysaccharide (CP) type, accessory gene regulator (agr) group, pulsotype (PT) and sequence type/clonal complex (ST/CC) were selected. Strains 806 and 5011 were associated with low (nonpersistent-NP) and high (persistent-P) adaptation to the MG, respectively. Strain 806 (NP) was characterized as agr group II, cap5 positive and ST350; strain 5011 (P) agr group I, cap8 positive and CC188. Three groups of clinically healthy cows, 4 cows/treatment group, were inoculated by the intramammary route with strain 806 (NP), strain 5011 (P) and pyrogen-free saline solution. All mammary quarters challenged with strain 806 (NP) developed mild clinical mastitis between 1 and 7 d post inoculation (pi). Quarters challenged with strain 5011 (P) developed a persistent IMI; bacteria were recovered from milk from d 7 pi and up to d 56 pi. In quarters inoculated with strain 806 (NP) the inflammatory response induced was greater and earlier than the one induced by strain 5011 (P), since a somatic cell count (SCC) peak was observed at d 2 pi, while in quarters inoculated with strain 5011 (P) no variations in SCC were observed until d 4 pi reaching the maximum values at d 14 pi; indicating a lower and delayed initial inflammatory response. The highest levels of nitric oxide (NO) and lactoferrin (Lf) detected in milk from quarters inoculated with both S. aureus strains coincided with the highest SCC at the same time periods, indicating an association with the magnitude of inflammation. The high levels of IL-1β induced by strain 806 (NP) were associated with the highest SCC detected (d 2 pi); while quarters inoculated with strain 5011 (P) showed similar IL-1β levels to those found in control quarters. In quarters inoculated with strain 806 (NP) two peaks of IL-6 levels on d 2 and 14 pi were observed; while in quarters inoculated with strain 5011 (P) IL-6 levels were similar to those found in control quarters. The strain 806 (NP) induced a higher total IgG and IgG1 response; while strain 5011 (P) generated a higher IgG2 response (even against the heterologous strain). The present study demonstrated that S. aureus strains with different genotype and adaptability to bovine MG influence the local host immune response and the course and severity of the infectious process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Engler
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, (UNL-CONICET), Argentina
| | - María S Renna
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, (UNL-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Camila Beccaria
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, (UNL-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Paula Silvestrini
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, (UNL-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Silvana I Pirola
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, (UNL-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Elizabet A L Pereyra
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, (UNL-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Celina Baravalle
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, (UNL-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Cecilia M Camussone
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA-CONICET), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34 Km 227, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Stefan Monecke
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Alere Technologies GmbH, Jena, Germany
| | - Luis F Calvinho
- Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA-CONICET), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34 Km 227, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Bibiana E Dallard
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, (UNL-CONICET), Argentina.
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18
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Bai X, Wang X, Lin T, Dong W, Gao Y, Ji P, Zhang Y, Zhao X, Zhang Q. Toll-like Receptor 2 Is Associated with the Immune Response, Apoptosis, and Angiogenesis in the Mammary Glands of Dairy Cows with Clinical Mastitis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810717. [PMID: 36142648 PMCID: PMC9504312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) plays a crucial role in bacterial recognition and the host immune response during infection. However, its function and downstream biological processes (BPs) in the mammary glands (MGs) of Holstein cows with clinical mastitis (CM) are not fully understood. This study aimed to comprehensively identify the BPs and differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) associated with the bacterial response and TLR2 using data-independent acquisition (DIA) proteomic data. A possible mechanism for the action of TLR2 was proposed, and the results suggested that the expression levels of TLR2 and caspase 8 (CASP8) were positively correlated with the apoptosis of MGs. The expression patterns of TLR2 and TEK receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (Tie2) were negatively correlated with angiogenesis. These results indicated that TLR2 might promote apoptosis in mammary epithelial cells (MECs) and vascular endothelial cells (VECs) via upregulation of CASP8 expression, and inhibition of angiogenesis in VECs via downregulation of Tie2 expression in dairy cows with CM. In conclusion, TLR2 is associated with inflammation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis in the MGs of dairy cows with bacteria-induced mastitis. These results contribute to a deeper understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms and provide the knowledge needed for developing the prevention and treatment of dairy mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Bai
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xueying Wang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Ting Lin
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Weitao Dong
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Peng Ji
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xingxu Zhao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Quanwei Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-931-763-2482
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19
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Li L, Li F, Hu X, Wu Z, Ren W, Wang T, Ji Z, Li N, Gu J, Sun C, Feng X, Han W, Huang J, Lei L. LAP3 contributes to IFN-γ-induced arginine depletion and malignant transformation of bovine mammary epithelial cells. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:864. [PMID: 35941558 PMCID: PMC9358085 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09963-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background IFN-γ has been traditionally recognized as an inflammatory cytokine that involves in inflammation and autoimmune diseases. Previously we have shown that sustained IFN-γ induced malignant transformation of bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) via arginine depletion. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this is still unknown. Methods In this study, the amino acids contents in BMECs were quantified by a targeted metabolomics method. The acquisition of differentially expressed genes was mined from RNA-seq dataset and analyzed bioinformatically. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), western blotting, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay were performed to detect gene mRNA and protein expression levels. CCK-8 and would healing assays were used to detect cell proliferation and migration abilities, respectively. Cell cycle phase alternations were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results The targeted metabolomics analysis specifically discovered IFN-γ induced arginine depletion through accelerating arginine catabolism and inhibiting arginine anabolism in BMECs. Transcriptome analysis identified leucine aminopeptidase 3 (LAP3), which was regulated by p38 and ERK MAPKs, to downregulate arginine level through interfering with argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS1) as IFN-γ stimulated. Moreover, LAP3 also contributed to IFN-γ-induced malignant transformation of BMECs by upregulation of HDAC2 (histone deacetylase 2) expression and promotion of cell cycle proteins cyclin A1 and D1 expressions. Arginine supplementation did not affect LAP3 and HDAC2 expressions, but slowed down cell cycle process of malignant BMECs. In clinical samples of patients with breast cancer, LAP3 was confirmed to be upregulated, while ASS1 was downregulated compared with healthy control. Conclusions These results demonstrated that LAP3 mediated IFN-γ-induced arginine depletion to malignant transformation of BMECs. Our findings provide a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer both in humans and dairy cows. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-09963-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of First Hospital, Jilin University, Xinmin Street 1, Changchun, China
| | - Fengyang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, China
| | - Xiuhong Hu
- Department of First Hospital, Jilin University, Xinmin Street 1, Changchun, China.,Shannan Hospital, Shannan, China
| | - Zengshuai Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, China
| | - Wenbo Ren
- Department of First Hospital, Jilin University, Xinmin Street 1, Changchun, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of First Hospital, Jilin University, Xinmin Street 1, Changchun, China
| | - Zhengchao Ji
- Department of First Hospital, Jilin University, Xinmin Street 1, Changchun, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, China
| | - Jingmin Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, China
| | - Changjiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, China
| | - Wenyu Han
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of First Hospital, Jilin University, Xinmin Street 1, Changchun, China.
| | - Liancheng Lei
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, China.
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20
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Vitexin Mitigates Staphylococcus aureus-Induced Mastitis via Regulation of ROS/ER Stress/NF- κB/MAPK Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:7977433. [PMID: 35795861 PMCID: PMC9252844 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7977433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis, caused by a variety of pathogenic microorganisms, seriously threatens the safety and economic benefits of the dairy industry. Vitexin, a flavone glucoside found in many plant species, has been widely reported to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anticancer, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective effects. However, few studies have explored the effect of vitexin on mastitis. This study is aimed at exploring whether the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions of vitexin can improve Staphylococcus aureus-induced mastitis and its possible molecular mechanism. The expression profiles of S. aureus-infected bovine mammary epithelial cells and gland tissues from the GEO data set (GSE94056 and GSE139612) were analyzed and found that DEGs were mainly involved in immune signaling pathways, apoptosis, and ER stress through GO and KEGG enrichment. Vitexin blocked the production of ROS and increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GSH-PX, and CAT) via activation of PPARγ in vivo and in vitro. In addition, vitexin reduced the production of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) and inhibited apoptosis in MAC-T cells and mouse mammary tissues infected with Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, vitexin decreased the expression of PDI, Ero1-Lα, p-IRE1α, PERK, p-eIF2α, and CHOP protein but increased BiP in both mammary gland cells and tissues challenged by S. aureus. Western blot results also found that the phosphorylation levels of JNK, ERK, p38, and p65 were reduced in vitexin-treated tissues and cells. Vitexin inhibited the production of ROS through promoting PPARγ, increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and reduced inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis by alleviating ER stress and inactivation MAPKs and NF-κB signaling pathway. Vitexin maybe have great potential to be a preventive and therapeutic agent for mastitis.
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21
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Goulart DB, Mellata M. Escherichia coli Mastitis in Dairy Cattle: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Challenges. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:928346. [PMID: 35875575 PMCID: PMC9301288 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.928346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis is an inflammation of the udder tissue parenchyma that causes pathological changes in the glandular tissue and abnormalities in milk leading to significant economic losses to the dairy industry across the world. Mammary pathogenic Escherichia (E.) coli (MPEC) is one of the main etiologic agents of acute clinical mastitis in dairy cattle. MPEC strains have virulence attributes to resist the host innate defenses and thrive in the mammary gland environment. The association between specific virulence factors of MPEC with the severity of mastitis in cattle is not fully understood. Furthermore, the indiscriminate use of antibiotics to treat mastitis has resulted in antimicrobial resistance to all major antibiotic classes in MPEC. A thorough understanding of MPEC’s pathogenesis and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern is required to develop better interventions to reduce mastitis incidence and prevalence in cattle and the environment. This review compiles important information on mastitis caused by MPEC (e.g., types of mastitis, host immune response, diagnosis, treatment, and control of the disease) as well as the current knowledge on MPEC virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance, and the dilemma of MPEC as a new pathotype. The information provided in this review is critical to identifying gaps in knowledge that will guide future studies to better design diagnostic, prevent, and develop therapeutic interventions for this significant dairy disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Brito Goulart
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- *Correspondence: Débora Brito Goulart,
| | - Melha Mellata
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Melha Mellata,
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22
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Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Subclinical Bovine Mastitis in East Coast Malaysia. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12131680. [PMID: 35804578 PMCID: PMC9264977 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
S. aureus is the pathogen that is commonly associated with subclinical mastitis, causing significant economic losses to dairy farms. This infection responds poorly to antimicrobial treatment, which could be due to the development of AMR, biofilm formation, and the intracellular invasion of S. aureus into bovine mammary cells leading to treatment failure. Thus, it is important to understand the challenge of this problem. Therefore, the present study aims to determine the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and characterization of S. aureus that was isolated from subclinical bovine mastitis in East Coast Malaysia. A total of 235 milk samples from dairy cows were collected from selected farms in Kelantan and Pahang. The samples were subjected to a somatic cell analysis to identify subclinical mastitis, followed by bacteria isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The isolated S. aureus were further analyzed for their ability to form biofilms and invade the bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T cells) in in vitro infections modeling using a gentamicin protection assay. The overall total of 74/235 (31.4%; 95% CI = 0.31; 0.32) of the milk samples demonstrated >200,000 somatic cells/mL, suggesting the presence of subclinical mastitis in the animals. A total of 39/235 (16.5%; 95% CI = 0.16, 0.17) of the milk samples harbored S. aureus which demonstrated resistance towards the following antimicrobials: penicillin (18/39, 46%), ampicillin (17/39, 43.6%), oxacillin (12/39, 31%), tetracycline (10/39, 26%), and erythromycin (7/39, 18%). AMR was recorded for a total of (17/39, 43.6%) of S. aureus isolates. All isolates formed biofilms, with (8/30, 27%) strongly biofilm-forming, (18/30, 60%) moderately biofilm-forming, and the remaining (4/30, 13%) of isolates weakly biofilm-forming. Interestingly, the AMR isolates appear to produce weak and moderate biofilm. Moreover, (6/20, 30%) of the S. aureus isolates were invasive towards MAC-T cells, as indicated by their ability to evade gentamicin treatment. The study demonstrated the presence of AMR, invasiveness, and biofilm formation in S. aureus that was isolated from subclinical mastitis. This characteristic presents additional challenges to existing antimicrobial therapy.
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23
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Yan L, Yang Y, Ma X, Wei L, Wan X, Zhang Z, Ding J, Peng J, Liu G, Gou H, Wang C, Zhang X. Effect of Two Different Drug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains on the Physiological Properties of MAC-T Cells and Their Transcriptome Analysis. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:818928. [PMID: 35812882 PMCID: PMC9263607 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.818928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is one of the main pathogens causing mastitis in dairy cows. The current work mainly focuses on the pathway of apoptosis induction in MAC-T cells caused by S. aureus infection or other factors. However, the physiological characteristics of S. aureus infected MAC-T cells and the resulting mRNA expression profile remain unknown particularly in the case of diverse drug resistant strains. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) strains were used to infect MAC-T cells to investigate this issue. The adhesion, invasion and apoptosis ability of MRSA-infected group and MSSA-infected group was assessed over time (2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 h). After 8 h, the RNA sequencing was conducted on the MRSA-infected and the MSSA-infected with uninfected MAC-T cells as controls. The results showed that the adhesion and invasion ability of MRSA-infected and MSSA-infected to MAC-T cells increased and then decreased with infection time, peaking at 8 h. The adhesion and invasion rates of the MSSA-infected were substantially lower than those of the MRSA-infected, and the invasion rate of the MSSA-infected group was nearly non-existent. Then the apoptosis rate of MAC-T cells increased as the infection time increased. The transcriptome analysis revealed 549 differentially expressed mRNAs and 390 differentially expressed mRNAs in MRSA-infected and MSSA-infected MAC-T cells, respectively, compared to the uninfected MAC-T cells. According to GO analysis, these differentially expressed genes were involved in immune response, inflammation, apoptosis, and other processes. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis indicated the following pathways were linked to adhesion, invasion inflammation and apoptosis, including AMPK, FOXO, HIF-1, IL-17, JAK-STAT, MAPK, mTOR, NF-κB, p53, PI3K-Akt, TNF, Toll-like receptor, Rap1, RAS, prion disease, the bacterial invasion of epithelial cells pathway. We found 86 DEGs from 41 KEGG-enriched pathways associated with adhesion, invasion, apoptosis, and inflammation, all of which were implicated in MAC-T cells resistance to MRSA and MSSA infection. This study offers helpful data toward understanding the effect of different drug-resistant S. aureus on dairy cow mammary epithelial cells and aid in the prevention of mastitis in the dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijiao Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuze Yang
- Beijing General Station of Animal Husbandry, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojun Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | | | - Xuerui Wan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jucai Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jie Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guo Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huitian Gou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Chuan Wang
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Xiaoli Zhang
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24
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Zhang D, Jin G, Liu W, Dou M, Wang X, Shi W, Bao Y. Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharides ameliorates Staphylococcus aureus-induced mastitis in rats by inhibiting activation of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:201. [PMID: 35624447 PMCID: PMC9137159 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03312-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The lactation capacity of dairy cows is critical to the productivity of the animals. Mastitis is a disease that directly affects the lactation capacity of cows. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is one of the most important pathogens that causes mastitis in dairy cows. The anti-inflammatory effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharides (SMPs) has been demonstrated in mice and chickens. However, the effectiveness of SMPs in preventing and treating mastitis is unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the protective effect and mechanism of SMPs on mastitis caused by S. aureus. S. aureus was used to induce mastitis in rats, and three doses of SMPs (87.5, 175, 350 mg/kg, BW/d) were administered as treatments. The bacterial load, histopathology, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase) activities of mammary glands were observed and measured. Cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, interleukin (IL)-6, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), were examined by qRT-PCR and ELISA. Key proteins in the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways were analyzed by Western blotting. The results showed that SMP supplementation could significantly reduce the colonization of S. aureus and the recruitment of inflammatory cells in mammary glands. S. aureus-induced gene transcription and protein expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were significantly suppressed in mammary glands. In addition, the increase in NF-κB and MAPK protein phosphorylation was inhibited by SMPs. These results revealed that supplementation with SMPs protected the mammary gland of rats against damage caused by S. aureus and alleviated the inflammatory response. This study provides a certain experimental basis for the treatment of S. aureus-induced mastitis with SMPs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596, Le Kai South Street, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Guozhong Jin
- College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596, Le Kai South Street, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596, Le Kai South Street, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Mengmeng Dou
- College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596, Le Kai South Street, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596, Le Kai South Street, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Wanyu Shi
- College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596, Le Kai South Street, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China.
- Hebei Provincial Veterinary Biotechnology Innovation Center, Baoding, China.
| | - Yongzhan Bao
- College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596, Le Kai South Street, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China.
- Hebei Provincial Veterinary Biotechnology Innovation Center, Baoding, China.
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25
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Huang F, Teng K, Liu Y, Wang T, Xia T, Yun F, Zhong J. Nisin Z attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced mastitis by inhibiting the ERK1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:3530-3543. [PMID: 35181137 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nisin Z is a possible alternative for treating bovine mastitis by inhibiting mastitis-causing pathogens and having anti-inflammatory activity. However, the anti-inflammatory mechanism of nisin Z on mastitis is unknown. Our study aimed to investigate the mechanisms of nisin Z on mastitis. Our results showed that nisin Z inhibited the activation of the ERK1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, decreased the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1β, and IL-6), and increased the anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced MCF10A cells. After intraperitoneal injection, nisin Z significantly decreased inflammatory cell infiltration in the mammary gland, as well as decreased myeloperoxidase and pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum and mammary gland. Western blot analysis revealed that nisin Z also dramatically suppressed the activation of the ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways in LPS-induced mastitis mice. We also found that nisin Z treatment could enhance the blood-milk barrier. In summary, our study demonstrated that nisin Z exerted an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathway and promoting the blood-milk barrier on LPS-induced mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuqing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kunling Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yayong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tianwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tianqi Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fangfei Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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26
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Saenz-de-Juano MD, Silvestrelli G, Weber A, Röhrig C, Schmelcher M, Ulbrich SE. Inflammatory Response of Primary Cultured Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells to Staphylococcus aureus Extracellular Vesicles. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11030415. [PMID: 35336789 PMCID: PMC8944978 DOI: 10.3390/biology11030415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Mastitis, the inflammation of the mammary gland, is one of the most common and costly diseases worldwide, and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is among the most prevalent microorganisms that cause it. To obtain new insights into S. aureus mammary gland infections, we have isolated S. aureus extracellular vesicles to challenge in vitro primary bovine mammary epithelial cells. Despite the toxic content of the vesicles, we observed only a minor pro-inflammatory response. The latter can contribute to the explanation of how S. aureus evades mammary epithelial defence mechanisms and successfully colonizes the mammary gland. Abstract In dairy cows, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is among the most prevalent microorganisms worldwide, causing mastitis, an inflammation of the mammary gland. Production of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is a common feature of S. aureus strains, which contributes to its pathogenesis by delivering bacterial effector molecules to host cells. In the current study, we evaluated the differences between five S. aureus mastitis isolates regarding their EV production. We found that different mastitis-related S. aureus strains differ in their behaviour of shedding EVs, with M5512VL producing the largest amount of EVs containing alpha-haemolysin, a strong cytotoxic agent. We stimulated primary cultured bovine mammary epithelial cells (pbMECs) with EVs from the S. aureus strain M5512VL. After 24 h of incubation, we observed a moderate increase in gene expression of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) but, surprisingly, a lack of an associated pronounced pro-inflammatory response. Our results contribute to understanding the damaging nature of S. aureus in its capacity to effectively affect mammary epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara D. Saenz-de-Juano
- Animal Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.D.S.-d.-J.); (G.S.); (A.W.)
| | - Giulia Silvestrelli
- Animal Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.D.S.-d.-J.); (G.S.); (A.W.)
| | - Andres Weber
- Animal Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.D.S.-d.-J.); (G.S.); (A.W.)
| | - Christian Röhrig
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; (C.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Mathias Schmelcher
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; (C.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Susanne E. Ulbrich
- Animal Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.D.S.-d.-J.); (G.S.); (A.W.)
- Correspondence:
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Progress towards the Elusive Mastitis Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020296. [PMID: 35214754 PMCID: PMC8876843 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is a major problem in dairy farming. Vaccine prevention of mammary bacterial infections is of particular interest in helping to deal with this issue, all the more so as antibacterial drug inputs in dairy farms must be reduced. Unfortunately, the effectiveness of current vaccines is not satisfactory. In this review, we examine the possible reasons for the current shortcomings of mastitis vaccines. Some reasons stem from the peculiarities of the mammary gland immunobiology, others from the pathogens adapted to the mammary gland niche. Infection does not induce sterilizing protection, and recurrence is common. Efficacious vaccines will have to elicit immune mechanisms different from and more effective than those induced by infection. We propose focusing our research on a few points pertaining to either the current immune knowledge or vaccinology approaches to get out of the current deadlock. A possible solution is to focus on the contribution of cell-mediated immunity to udder protection based on the interactions of T cells with the mammary epithelium. On the vaccinology side, studies on the orientation of the immune response by adjuvants, the route of vaccine administration and the delivery systems are among the keys to success.
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Khatun M, García SC, Thomson PC, Parker AM, Bruckmaier RM, Bosward KL. Effect of Coxiella burnetii infection on milk constituents and cow behaviour. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1071/an21236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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An overview on mastitis-associated Escherichia coli: Pathogenicity, host immunity and the use of alternative therapies. Microbiol Res 2021; 256:126960. [PMID: 35021119 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli is one of the leading causes of bovine mastitis; it can cause sub-clinical, and clinical mastitis characterized by systemic changes, abnormal appearance of milk, and udder inflammation. E. coli pathogenicity in the bovine udder is due to the interaction between its virulence factors and the host factors; it was also linked to the presence of a new pathotype termed mammary pathogenic E. coli (MPEC). However, the presence of this pathotype is commonly debated. Its main virulence factor is the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that is responsible for causing an endotoxic shock, and inducing a strong immune response by binding to the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and stimulating the expression of chemokines (such as IL-8, and RANTES) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-6, and IL-1β). This strong immune response could be used to develop alternative and safe approaches to control E. coli causing bovine mastitis by targeting pro-inflammatory cytokines that can damage the host tissue. The need for alternative treatments against E. coli is due to its ability to resist many conventional antibiotics, which is a huge challenge for curing ill animals. Therefore, the aim of this review was to highlight the pathogenicity of E. coli in the mammary gland, discuss the presence of the new putative pathotype, the mammary pathogenic E. coli (MPEC) pathotype, study the host's immune response, and the alternative treatments that are used against mastitis-associated E. coli.
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Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus Differentially Regulate Nrf2 Pathway in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells: Relation to Distinct Innate Immune Response. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123426. [PMID: 34943933 PMCID: PMC8700232 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus are major mastitis causing pathogens in dairy cattle but elicit distinct immune and an inflammatory response in the udder. However, the host determinants responsible for this difference remains largely unknown. Our initial studies focused on the global transcriptomic response of primary bovine mammary epithelial cells (pbMECs) to heat-killed E. coli and S. aureus. RNA-sequencing transcriptome analysis demonstrates a significant difference in expression profiles induced by E. coli compared with S. aureus. A major differential response was the activation of innate immune response by E. coli, but not by S. aureus. Interestingly, E. coli stimulation increased transcript abundance of several genes downstream of Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) that were enriched in gene sets with a focus on metabolism and immune system. However, none of these genes was dysregulated by S. aureus. Western blot analysis confirms that S. aureus impairs Nrf2 activation as compared to E. coli. Using Nrf2-knockdown cells we demonstrate that Nrf2 is necessary for bpMECs to mount an effective innate defensive response. In support of this notion, nuclear Nrf2 overexpression augmented S. aureus-stimulated inflammatory response. We also show that, unlike E. coli, S. aureus disrupts the non-canonical p62/SQSTM1-Keap1 pathway responsible for Nrf2 activation through inhibiting p62/SQSTM1 phosphorylation at S349. Collectively, our findings provide important insights into the contribution of the Nrf2 pathway to the pathogen-species specific immune response in bovine mammary epithelial cells and raise a possibility that impairment of Nrf2 activation contributes to, at least in part, the weak inflammatory response in S. aureus mastitis.
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Niedziela DA, Cormican P, Foucras G, Leonard FC, Keane OM. Bovine milk somatic cell transcriptomic response to Staphylococcus aureus is dependent on strain genotype. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:796. [PMID: 34740333 PMCID: PMC8571842 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08135-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mastitis is an economically important disease of dairy cows with Staphylococcus aureus a major cause worldwide. Challenge of Holstein-Friesian cows demonstrated that S. aureus strain MOK124, which belongs to Clonal Complex (CC)151, caused clinical mastitis, while strain MOK023, belonging to CC97, caused mild or subclinical mastitis. The aim of this study was to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the host immune response utilising a transcriptomic approach. Milk somatic cells were collected from cows infected with either S. aureus MOK023 or MOK124 at 0, 24, 48, 72 and 168 h post-infection (hpi) and analysed for differentially expressed (DE) genes in response to each strain. Results In response to MOK023, 1278, 2278, 1986 and 1750 DE genes were found at 24, 48, 72 and 168 hpi, respectively, while 2293, 1979, 1428 and 1544 DE genes were found in response to MOK124 at those time points. Genes involved in milk production (CSN1, CSN10, CSN1S2, CSN2, a-LACTA and PRLR) were downregulated in response to both strains, with a more pronounced decrease in the MOK124 group. Immune response pathways such as NF-κB and TNF signalling were overrepresented in response to both strains at 24 hpi. These immune pathways continued to be overrepresented in the MOK023 group at 48 and 72 hpi, while the Hippo signalling, extracellular matrix interaction (ECM) and tight junction pathways were overrepresented in the MOK124 group between 48 and 168 hpi. Cellular composition analysis demonstrated that a neutrophil response was predominant in response to MOK124, while M1 macrophages were the main milk cell type post-infection in the MOK023 group. Conclusions A switch from immune response pathways to pathways involved in maintaining the integrity of the epithelial cell layer was observed in the MOK124 group from 48 hpi, which coincided with the occurrence of clinical signs in the infected animals. The higher proportion of M1 macrophages in the MOK023 group and lack of substantial neutrophil recruitment in response to MOK023 may indicate immune evasion by this strain. The results of this study highlight that the somatic cell transcriptomic response to S. aureus is dependent on the genotype of the infecting strain. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-08135-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara A Niedziela
- Animal and Bioscience Department, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Paul Cormican
- Animal and Bioscience Department, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - Gilles Foucras
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, UMR1225, F-31076, Toulouse, France
| | - Finola C Leonard
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Orla M Keane
- Animal and Bioscience Department, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland.
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Bogut A, Magryś A. The road to success of coagulase-negative staphylococci: clinical significance of small colony variants and their pathogenic role in persistent infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 40:2249-2270. [PMID: 34296355 PMCID: PMC8520507 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-021-04315-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial small colony variants represent an important aspect of bacterial variability. They are naturally occurring microbial subpopulations with distinctive phenotypic and pathogenic traits, reported for many clinically important bacteria. In clinical terms, SCVs tend to be associated with persistence in host cells and tissues and are less susceptible to antibiotics than their wild-type (WT) counterparts. The increased tendency of SCVs to reside intracellularly where they are protected against the host immune responses and antimicrobial drugs is one of the crucial aspects linking SCVs to recurrent or chronic infections, which are difficult to treat. An important aspect of the SCV ability to persist in the host is the quiescent metabolic state, reduced immune response and expression a changed pattern of virulence factors, including a reduced expression of exotoxins and an increased expression of adhesins facilitating host cell uptake. The purpose of this review is to describe in greater detail the currently available data regarding CoNS SCV and, in particular, their clinical significance and possible mechanisms by which SCVs contribute to the pathogenesis of the chronic infections. It should be emphasized that in spite of an increasing clinical significance of this group of staphylococci, the number of studies unraveling the mechanisms of CoNS SCVs formation and their impact on the course of the infectious process is still scarce, lagging behind the studies on S. aureus SCVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Bogut
- Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Chodźki 1, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Magryś
- Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Chodźki 1, 20-093, Lublin, Poland.
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Hussen J. Bacterial species-specific modulatory effects on phenotype and function of camel blood leukocytes. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:241. [PMID: 34247606 PMCID: PMC8274054 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02939-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies have reported pathogen-species-specific modulating effects on the innate immune system. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus agalactiae are important pathogenic bacteria responsible for different infectious diseases in several animal species. In the present study, a whole blood culture with S. aureus, E. coli, or S. agalactiae and flow cytometry were used to investigate, whether stimulation with different bacterial species induces different immunomodulation patterns in camel leukocytes. The expression of different cell surface myeloid markers and cell adhesion molecules on monocytes and neutrophils was investigated. In addition, the capacity of monocytes and neutrophils to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) was analyzed. Results Stimulation with either of the bacterial species resulted in the expansion of the camel CD14highMHCIIhigh monocyte subset with a reduced fraction of CD14highMHCIIlow monocytes. For the CD14lowMHCIIhigh monocytes, however, only stimulation with S. aureus or S. agalactiae increased their fractions in blood. Although all bacterial species elicited the upregulation of cell surface MHC class II molecules on granulocytes, the increase was, however, highest on cells stimulated with S. aureus. The expression levels of the two adhesion molecules, CD11a and CD18, on neutrophils and monocytes were differently affected by bacterial stimulation. Functionally, E. coli failed to stimulate ROS production in monocytes, while induced a strong ROS production response in granulocytes. S. agalactiae elicited a week ROS production in granulocytes when compared to the other two pathogens. Conclusions The different responsiveness of monocytes and granulocytes toward different bacterial species indicates different host-pathogen interaction mechanisms for the two cell populations. In addition, the phenotypic and functional differences between cells stimulated with E. coli, S. aureus, or S. agalactiae suggests pathogen-species-specific modulating effects of the bacterial pathogens on the camel innate myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Hussen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
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Zhao C, Wu K, Bao L, Chen L, Feng L, Liu Z, Wang Y, Fu Y, Zhang N, Hu X. Kynurenic acid protects against mastitis in mice by ameliorating inflammatory responses and enhancing blood-milk barrier integrity. Mol Immunol 2021; 137:134-144. [PMID: 34247099 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis is one of the most serious diseases in humans and animals, especially in the modern dairy industry. Seeking safe and effective mastitis prevention strategies is urgent since food safety and drug residues in milk remain an enormous concern, despite the contribution of antibiotics to control mastitis. Kynurenic acid (KYNA), derived from the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism, has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects in many diseases. Recently, it was reported that impaired KYNA levels were associated with mastitis. However, the physiological role of KYNA in mastitis has not yet been elucidated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the protective role of KYNA in pathogen-induced mastitis in mice, as well as the underlying mechanism of this effect. We first evaluated the effects of KYNA on LPS-induced mastitis in mice. Additionally, the underlying anti-inflammatory mechanism of KYNA was investigated in mammary epithelial cells (MMECs). Furthermore, we examined the effects of KYNA on S. aureus and E. coli induced mastitis in mice. Our results demonstrated that KYNA alleviated LPS-induced mastitis by reducing inflammatory responses and enhancing blood-milk barrier integrity. The fundamental mechanisms involved the inhibition of NF-κB and activation of Nrf2/Ho-1, which is probably mediated by G protein-coupled receptor 35 but not aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Notably, KYNA also protected against S. aureus and E. coli induced mastitis in mice. In conclusion, our results highlight the role of KYNA in mastitis and serve as a basis for using endogenous metabolite as a novel preventative or therapeutic strategy for disease intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caijun Zhao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, China
| | - Keyi Wu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, China
| | - Lijuan Bao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, China
| | - Luotong Chen
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, China
| | - Lianjun Feng
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, China
| | - Zhuoyu Liu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, China
| | - Yunhe Fu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, China
| | - Naisheng Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, China.
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Li T, Lin C, Zhu Y, Xu H, Yin Y, Wang C, Tang X, Song T, Guo A, Chen Y, Hu C. Transcriptome Profiling of m 6A mRNA Modification in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells Treated with Escherichia coli. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126254. [PMID: 34200743 PMCID: PMC8230414 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is a common disease in dairy cows that is mostly caused by E. coli, and it brings massive losses to the dairy industry. N6-Methyladenosine (m6A), a methylation at the N6 position of RNA adenine, is a type of modification strongly associated with many diseases. However, the role of m6A in mastitis has not been investigated. In this study, we used MeRIP-seq to sequence the RNA of bovine mammary epithelial cells treated with inactivated E. coli for 24 h. In this in vitro infection model, there were 16,691 m6A peaks within 7066 mRNA transcripts in the Con group and 10,029 peaks within 4891 transcripts in the E. coli group. Compared with the Con group, 474 mRNAs were hypermethylated and 2101 mRNAs were hypomethylated in the E. coli group. Biological function analyses revealed differential m6A-modified genes mainly enriched in the MAPK, NF-κB, and TGF-β signaling pathways. In order to explore the relationship between m6A and mRNA expression, combined MeRIP-seq and mRNA-seq analyses revealed 212 genes with concomitant changes in the mRNA expression and m6A modification. This study is the first to present a map of RNA m6A modification in mastitis treated with E. coli, providing a basis for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (T.L.); (C.L.); (H.X.); (Y.Y.); (C.W.); (X.T.)
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (A.G.); (Y.C.)
| | - Changjie Lin
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (T.L.); (C.L.); (H.X.); (Y.Y.); (C.W.); (X.T.)
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (A.G.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yifan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (A.G.); (Y.C.)
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Haojun Xu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (T.L.); (C.L.); (H.X.); (Y.Y.); (C.W.); (X.T.)
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (A.G.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yiya Yin
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (T.L.); (C.L.); (H.X.); (Y.Y.); (C.W.); (X.T.)
| | - Chaohao Wang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (T.L.); (C.L.); (H.X.); (Y.Y.); (C.W.); (X.T.)
| | - Xin Tang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (T.L.); (C.L.); (H.X.); (Y.Y.); (C.W.); (X.T.)
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (A.G.); (Y.C.)
| | - Tongxing Song
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Aizhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (A.G.); (Y.C.)
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yingyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (A.G.); (Y.C.)
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Changmin Hu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (T.L.); (C.L.); (H.X.); (Y.Y.); (C.W.); (X.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-153-2719-7602
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Ramanujam A, Neyhouse B, Keogh RA, Muthuvel M, Carroll RK, Botte GG. Rapid electrochemical detection of Escherichia coli using nickel oxidation reaction on a rotating disk electrode. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND : 1996) 2021; 411:128453. [PMID: 33942011 PMCID: PMC7957341 DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.128453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A standalone electrochemical method for detecting the bacterium Escherichia coli in water was developed using a nickel electrode and no biorecognition element. Electric current responses from different E. coli concentrations were recorded based on their interaction with a locally formed electrocatalyst. A rotating disk electrode was used to minimize the mass transport limitations at the interface. Results from experiments with the rotating disk electrode also paved the way for hypothesizing the detection mechanism. The operating conditions were established for sensing the electric current responses in the presence of E. coli. The least-squares linear regression model was fit to the data obtained from currents of some known E. coli concentrations. This probe had a detection limit in the order of 104 CFU/ml. The response time to detect the presence/absence of E. coli was less than half a second, while the total assay time, including quantification of its concentration, was 10 min. The electric current response from a solution mixed with E. coli and S. aureus showed current similar to E. coli only solution indicating the specificity of the sensor to respond to signals from E. coli. This electrochemical microbial sensor's uniqueness lies in its ability to rapidly detect E. coli by forming the catalyst locally on demand without the attachment of biorecognition elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Ramanujam
- Chemical and Electrochemical Technology and Innovation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
- Center for Electrochemical Engineering Research, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Bertrand Neyhouse
- Center for Electrochemical Engineering Research, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Rebecca A. Keogh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Madhivanan Muthuvel
- Center for Electrochemical Engineering Research, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Ronan K. Carroll
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Gerardine G. Botte
- Chemical and Electrochemical Technology and Innovation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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Integrative Analysis of miRNA and mRNA Expression Profiles in Mammary Glands of Holstein Cows Artificially Infected with Staphylococcus aureus. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050506. [PMID: 33922375 PMCID: PMC8145100 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus- induced mastitis is one of the most intractable problems for the dairy industry, which causes loss of milk yield and early slaughter of cows worldwide. Few studies have used a comprehensive approach based on the integrative analysis of miRNA and mRNA expression profiles to explore molecular mechanism in bovine mastitis caused by S. aureus. In this study, S. aureus (A1, B1 and C1) and sterile phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (A2, B2 and C2) were introduced to different udder quarters of three individual cows, and transcriptome sequencing and microarrays were utilized to detected miRNA and gene expression in mammary glands from the challenged and control groups. A total of 77 differentially expressed microRNAs (DE miRNAs) and 1625 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Gene Ontology (GO) annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that multiple DEGs were enriched in significant terms and pathways associated with immunity and inflammation. Integrative analysis between DE miRNAs and DEGs proved that miR-664b, miR-23b-3p, miR-331-5p, miR-19b and miR-2431-3p were potential factors regulating the expression levels of CD14 Molecule (CD14), G protein subunit gamma 2 (GNG2), interleukin 17A (IL17A), collagen type IV alpha 1 chain (COL4A1), microtubule associated protein RP/EB family member 2 (MAPRE2), member of RAS oncogene family (RAP1B), LDOC1 regulator of NFKB signaling (LDOC1), low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and S100 calcium binding protein A9 (S100A9) in bovine mastitis caused by S. aureus. These findings could enhance the understanding of the underlying immune response in bovine mammary glands against S. aureus infection and provide a useful foundation for future application of the miRNA–mRNA-based genetic regulatory network in the breeding cows resistant to S. aureus.
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Wellnitz O, Bruckmaier RM. Invited review: The role of the blood-milk barrier and its manipulation for the efficacy of the mammary immune response and milk production. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:6376-6388. [PMID: 33773785 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-20029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The intact blood-milk barrier (BMB) prevents an uncontrolled exchange of soluble and cellular components between blood and milk in the mammary gland. It enables the sustainability of the optimal milk composition for the nourishment of the offspring. Endothelial cells, connective tissue, the basal membrane, and mainly the epithelial cells provide the semipermeability of this barrier, allowing only a selective transfer of components necessary for milk production. The epithelial cells are closely connected to each other by different formations, in which the tight junctions are the most critical for separating the milk-containing compartments from the surrounding extracellular fluid and vasculature. During mastitis, the integrity of the BMB is reduced. This facilitates the transfer of immune cells and immune factors such as antibodies from blood into milk. Simultaneously, the transfer of soluble blood constituents without an obvious immune function into milk is promoted. Furthermore, a reduced BMB integrity causes a loss of milk constituents into the blood circulation. Different mechanisms are responsible for the barrier impairment including tight junction opening, but also cell degradation. To promote the cure of mastitis, the targeted manipulation of the BMB permeability may be a tool to optimize the immune function of the mammary gland. An intensified opening of the BMB supports the antibody transfer from blood into milk, which is supposed to increase the contribution of the specific immune system in the immune defense. On the contrary, a fast closure of the BMB during the recovery from mastitis can accelerate the normalization of milk composition and milk yield. Various agents have been experimentally shown to either open (e.g., pathogens and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, several nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, oxytocin, calcium chelators) or close (e.g., glucocorticoids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, natural anti-inflammatory drugs) the BMB.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Wellnitz
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - R M Bruckmaier
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
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Blanchet F, Rault L, Peton V, Le Loir Y, Blondeau C, Lenoir L, Dubourdeaux M, Even S. Heat inactivation partially preserved barrier and immunomodulatory effects of Lactobacillus gasseri LA806 in an in vitro model of bovine mastitis. Benef Microbes 2021; 12:95-106. [PMID: 33393446 DOI: 10.3920/bm2020.0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics could help combat infections and reduce antibiotic use. As use of live bacteria is limited in some cases by safety or regulatory concerns, the potential of inactivated bacteria is worth investigating. We evaluated the potential of live and heat-inactivated Lactobacillus gasseri LA806 to counteract Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli infection cycles in an in vitro model of bovine mastitis. We assessed the ability of live and inactivated LA806 to impair pathogen colonisation of bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMECs) and to modulate cytokine expression by pathogen-stimulated bMECs. Live LA806 induced a five-fold decrease in S. aureus adhesion and internalisation (while not affecting E. coli colonisation) and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine expression by S. aureus-stimulated bMECs (without interfering with the immune response to E. coli). The ability of inactivated LA806 ability to diminish S. aureus colonisation was two-fold lower than that of the live strain, but its anti-inflammatory properties were barely impacted. Even though LA806 effects were impaired after inactivation, both live and inactivated LA806 have barrier and immunomodulatory properties that could be useful to counteract S. aureus colonisation in the bovine mammary gland. As S. aureus is involved in various types of infection, LA806 potential would worth exploring in other contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Blanchet
- INRAE, Institut Agro, STLO, Rennes, 35042, France.,Groupe PiLeJe, 37 Quai de Grenelle 75015 Paris, France
| | - L Rault
- INRAE, Institut Agro, STLO, Rennes, 35042, France
| | - V Peton
- INRAE, Institut Agro, STLO, Rennes, 35042, France.,Wamine, 20, rue du Docteur-Finlay, 75738 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Y Le Loir
- INRAE, Institut Agro, STLO, Rennes, 35042, France
| | - C Blondeau
- Groupe PiLeJe, 37 Quai de Grenelle 75015 Paris, France
| | - L Lenoir
- Groupe PiLeJe, 37 Quai de Grenelle 75015 Paris, France
| | - M Dubourdeaux
- Groupe PiLeJe, 37 Quai de Grenelle 75015 Paris, France
| | - S Even
- INRAE, Institut Agro, STLO, Rennes, 35042, France
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Evaluation of the Efficacy of a Cholera-Toxin-Based Staphylococcus aureus Vaccine against Bovine Intramammary Challenge. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 9:vaccines9010006. [PMID: 33374191 PMCID: PMC7824273 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a primary agent of bovine mastitis and a source of significant economic loss for the dairy industry. We previously reported antigen-specific immune induction in the milk and serum of dairy cows following vaccination with a cholera toxin A2 and B subunit (CTA2/B) based vaccine containing the iron-regulated surface determinant A (IsdA) and clumping factor A (ClfA) antigens of S. aureus (IsdA + ClfA-CTA2/B). The goal of the current study was to assess the efficacy of this vaccine to protect against S. aureus infection after intramammary challenge. Six mid-lactation heifers were randomized to vaccinated and control groups. On days 1 and 14 animals were inoculated intranasally with vaccine or vehicle control, and on day 20 animals were challenged with S. aureus. Clinical outcome, milk quality, bacterial shedding, and somatic cell count (SCC) were followed for ten days post-challenge. Vaccinated animals did not show signs of clinical S. aureus mastitis and had lower SCCs compared to control animals during the challenge period. Reductions in bacterial shedding were observed but were not significant between groups. Antibody analysis of milk and serum indicated that, upon challenge, vaccinated animals produced enhanced IsdA- and ClfA-CTA2/B specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses, while responses to CTA2/B alone were not different between groups. Responses after challenge were largely IgG1 against the IsdA antigen and mixed IgG1/IgG2 against the ClfA antigen. In addition, there was a significant increase in interferon gamma (IFN-γ) expression from blood cells in vaccinated animals on day 20. While preliminary, these findings support evidence of the induction of active immunity by IsdA + ClfA-CTA2/B, and further assessment of this vaccine is warranted.
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Chen L, Tian R, Zhang H, Liu X. Anti-mastitis SNV identification of NFκB1 in Chinese Holstein cows and the possible anti-inflammation role of NFκB1/p105 in bovine MECs. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2020; 52:1191-1201. [PMID: 33253378 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
NFκB1/p105 is the critical member of the NFκB family which can suppress inflammation, ageing, and cancer when p50/p50 homodimer is formed. Currently, the research about the role of NFκB1/p105 during cow mastitis is limited. Here, we analyzed the correlation of six single-nucleotide variants of the NFκB1 gene with somatic cell count, milk yield, milk fat content, and milk protein content in 547 Chinese Holstein cows, and explored the mRNA expression profiles of the NFκB family and ubiquitin ligases (βTrCP1, βTrCP2, KPC1, KPC2) in LPS-induced bovine mammary epithelial cells (MECs) by transcriptome-Seq. The association analysis showed that cows with SNV2-TT and SNV6-CC in the NFκB1 gene had significantly higher milk protein content (P < 0.05), while cows with SNV5-TT in the NFκB1 gene had significantly lower somatic cell score (SCS), but CC genotype at SNV5 locus was not detected in our Holstein cows. The transcriptome-Seq results demonstrated the mRNA expression of NFκB1 was increased and peaked at 4 h post-induction, while the mRNA expressions of both KPC1 and BCL3 that promote the anti-inflammation function of NFκB1/p105 were decreased in LPS-induced bovine MECs. TNFAIP3, an inhibitor of both degradation and processing of p105 precursor, was markedly increased by more than 3 folds. Furthermore, bta-miR-125b which targets at the 3'UTR of TNFAIP3 was reduced by 50%. These results indicated that SNV5-TT of the NFκB1 gene with lower SCS may be an anti-mastitis genotype that could cope with infection more efficiently in Chinese Holstein cows. In addition, the anti-inflammation role of NFκB1/p105 seemed to be inhibited in LPS-induced-bovine MECs because the formation of the p50/p50 homodimer was arrested. This study provides a new perspective to understand the inflammatory mechanism in dairy mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chen
- School of Modern Agriculture & Biotechnology, Ankang University, Ankang 725000, China
| | - Rongfu Tian
- School of Modern Agriculture & Biotechnology, Ankang University, Ankang 725000, China
| | - Huilin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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Wang L, Porto CL, Palumbo F, Modic M, Cvelbar U, Ghobeira R, De Geyter N, De Vrieze M, Kos Š, Serša G, Leys C, Nikiforov A. Synthesis of antibacterial composite coating containing nanocapsules in an atmospheric pressure plasma. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 119:111496. [PMID: 33321597 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Antibacterial coating is an important strategy preventing bacterial colonization and biofilm formation. One-step synthesis of nanocapsule-containing antibacterial coatings with controlled release of Ag+ ions was achieved in the current work by aerosol-assisted atmospheric pressure plasma deposition. The experimental parameters of deposition including the discharge power, silver nitrate concentration, aerosol flow rate, continuous and pulsed mode of operation were studied in order to analyze their effects on surface morphology and chemical composition of the coating. Formation of nanocapsules embedded in the polymeric coating was observed. A core-shell structure was found for nanocapsule with silver in the core and polymer in the shell. Antibacterial coatings on polyethylene terephthalate film were studied in terms of Ag+ ion release, antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and cytotoxicity with murine fibroblasts. Two-phase release kinetics of Ag+ ions was observed as initially a short-term burst release followed by a long-term slow release. It was revealed that high antibacterial efficiency of the coatings deposited on polyethylene terephthalate films can be coupled with low cytotoxicity. These biocompatible antibacterial coatings are very promising in different fields including biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Applied Physics, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 B4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Chiara Lo Porto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Fabio Palumbo
- Institute of Nanotechnology, National Research Council of Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Martina Modic
- Laboratory for Gaseous Electronics, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Uroš Cvelbar
- Laboratory for Gaseous Electronics, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rouba Ghobeira
- Department of Applied Physics, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 B4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nathalie De Geyter
- Department of Applied Physics, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 B4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Špela Kos
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Serša
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Christophe Leys
- Department of Applied Physics, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 B4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anton Nikiforov
- Department of Applied Physics, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 B4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Han S, Li X, Liu J, Zou Z, Luo L, Wu R, Zhao Z, Wang C, Shen B. Bta-miR-223 Targeting CBLB Contributes to Resistance to Staphylococcus aureus Mastitis Through the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB Pathway. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:529. [PMID: 33195489 PMCID: PMC7475710 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis is an inflammatory condition of the mammary gland often caused by (Staphylococcus aureus) S. aureus infection. The aim of this study was to identify mastitis-related miRNAs and their downstream target genes, and therefore elucidate the regulatory mechanisms involved in disease progression and resistance. Three healthy and three mastitic cows were identified on the basis of the somatic cell count and bacterial culture of their milk, and the histological examination of udder tissues. High-throughput RNA sequencing and bioinformatic analyses revealed that 48 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) in the mastitic udder tissues relative to the healthy tissues. Among 48 DEMs, the expression level of bta-miR-223 was the most up-regulated. Overexpression of the bta-miR-223 in Mac-T cells mitigated the inflammatory pathways induced by S. aureus-derived lipoteichoic acid (LTA). The Cbl proto-oncogene B (CBLB) was identified as the target gene of bta-miR-223, and the direct binding of the miRNA to the CBLB promoter was confirmed by dual luciferase reporter assay using wild-type and mutant 3'-UTR constructs. Furthermore, overexpression of CBLB in the LTA-stimulated Mac-T cells significantly upregulated PI3K, AKT, and phosphorylated NF-κB p65, whereas CBLB knockdown had the opposite effect. Consistent with the in vitro findings, the mammary glands of mice infected with 108CFU/100 μL S. aureus showed high levels of CBLB, PI3K, AKT, and p-NF-κB p65 48 h after infection. Taken together, bta-miR-223 is a predominant miRNA involved in mastitis, and bta-miR-223 likely mitigates the inflammatory progression by targeting CBLB and inhibiting the downstream PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Han
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Xinli Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Juan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Ziwen Zou
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Lin Luo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Rui Wu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Zhihui Zhao
- Agricultural College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Changyuan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Binglei Shen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Feed Resources and Nutrition Manipulation in Cold Region, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
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44
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Niedziela DA, Murphy MP, Grant J, Keane OM, Leonard FC. Clinical presentation and immune characteristics in first-lactation Holstein-Friesian cows following intramammary infection with genotypically distinct Staphylococcus aureus strains. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:8453-8466. [PMID: 32622604 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important cause of bovine mastitis, and intramammary infections caused by this pathogen are often characterized as mild, chronic, or persistent. The strains of Staph. aureus associated with mastitis belong to several distinct bovine-adapted bacterial lineages. Studies of host-pathogen interactions have demonstrated that significant differences exist between Staph. aureus strains and lineages in their ability to internalize and to elicit expression of chemokines and pro-inflammatory mediators in bovine cells in vitro. To determine the effect of bacterial strain on the response to intramammary infection in vivo, 14 disease-free, first-lactation cows were randomly allocated to 2 groups and challenged with Staph. aureus strain MOK023 (belonging to CC97) or MOK124 (belonging to CC151). Clinical signs of infection, as well as somatic cell count (SCC), bacterial load, IL-8 and IL-1β in milk, anti-Staph. aureus IgG in milk and serum, anti-Staph. aureus IgA in milk, and white blood cell populations in milk and blood were monitored for 30 d after the challenge. Cows infected with MOK023 generally developed subclinical mastitis, whereas cows infected with MOK124 generally developed clinical mastitis. Milk yield was reduced to a greater extent in response to infection with MOK124 compared with MOK023 in the first week of the study. Significantly higher SCC, IL-8, and IL-1β in milk as well as higher anti-Staph. aureus IgG and IgA in milk and anti-Staph. aureus IgG in serum were also observed in response to MOK124 compared with the response to MOK023. Higher proportions of neutrophils were observed in milk of animals infected with MOK124 than in animals infected with MOK023. Higher neutrophil concentration in blood was also observed in the MOK124 group compared with the MOK023 group. Overall, the results indicate that the outcome of mastitis mediated by Staph. aureus is strain dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara A Niedziela
- Animal and Bioscience Department, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland C15 PW93; School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Mark P Murphy
- Animal and Bioscience Department, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland C15 PW93
| | - Jim Grant
- Statistics and Applied Physics, Teagasc, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - Orla M Keane
- Animal and Bioscience Department, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland C15 PW93
| | - Finola C Leonard
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Tang X, Liu C, Li T, Lin C, Hao Z, Zhang H, Zhao G, Chen Y, Guo A, Hu C. Gambogic acid alleviates inflammation and apoptosis and protects the blood-milk barrier in mastitis induced by LPS. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 86:106697. [PMID: 32585608 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis is one of the most common diseases among dairy cows. There is still much debate worldwide as to whether antibiotic therapy should be given to dairy cows, or if natural products should be taken as a substitute for antibacterial therapy. As the antibiotic treatment leads to the bacterial resistance and drug residue in milk, introducing natural products for mastitis is becoming a trend. This study investigates the mechanisms of the protective effects of the natural product gambogic acid (GA) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mastitis. For in vitro treatments, it was found that GA reduced IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β levels by inhibiting the phosphorylation of proteins in the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. GA also maintained a stable membrane mitochondrial potential and inhibited the overproduction of reactive oxygen species, which protected the cells from apoptosis. On the other hand, in vivo treatments with GA were found to reduce pathological symptoms markedly, and protected the blood-milk barrier from damage induced by LPS. The results demonstrate that GA plays a vital role in suppressing inflammation, alleviating the apoptosis effect, and protecting the blood-milk barrier in mastitis induced by LPS. Thus, these results suggest that the natural product GA plays a potential role in mastitis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Changjie Lin
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhiyu Hao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yingyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Aizhen Guo
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Changmin Hu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China.
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Zaatout N, Ayachi A, Kecha M. Staphylococcus aureus persistence properties associated with bovine mastitis and alternative therapeutic modalities. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 129:1102-1119. [PMID: 32416020 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important agent of contagious bovine intramammary infections in dairy cattle. Its ability to persist inside the udder is based on the presence of important mechanisms such as its ability to form biofilms, polysaccharide capsules small colony variants, and their ability to invade professional and nonprofessional cells, which will protect S. aureus from the innate and adaptive immune response of the cow, and from antibiotics that are no longer considered to be sufficient against S. aureus bovine mastitis. In this review, we present the recent research outlining S. aureus persistence properties inside the mammary gland, including its regulation mechanisms, and we highlight alternative therapeutic strategies that were tested against S. aureus isolated from bovine mastitis such as the use of probiotic bacteria, bacteriocins and bacteriophages. Overall, the persistence of S. aureus inside the mammary gland remains a pressing veterinary problem. A thorough understanding of staphylococcal persistence mechanisms will elucidate novel ways that can help in the identification of novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Zaatout
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Bejaia, Bejaia, Algeria
| | - A Ayachi
- Institute of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Batna, Batna, Algeria
| | - M Kecha
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Bejaia, Bejaia, Algeria
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47
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Harjanti DW, Wahyono F, Ciptaningtyas VR. Effects of different sterilization methods of herbal formula on phytochemical compounds and antibacterial activity against mastitis-causing bacteria. Vet World 2020; 13:1187-1192. [PMID: 32801572 PMCID: PMC7396330 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1187-1192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The current phytobiotic industry is struggling to determine a proper sterilization method for an herbal formula that comprises multiple plant extracts. Hence, this study aims to investigate the effects of two sterilization methods of herbal formula on phytochemical compounds and antibacterial activity against mastitis-causing bacterial isolates. MATERIALS AND METHODS The herbal formula comprised the extracts of Piper betle leaves, Curcuma domestica, and Curcuma zanthorriza. We applied two sterilization methods - sterilization using 0.45 μM syringe filter and sterilization using an autoclave at 121°C for 15 min. After sterilization, we measured phytochemical contents (phenol and flavonoid) of the herbal formula. Using the disk diffusion method, the antibacterial susceptibility test of the sterilized herbal formula against mastitis-causing bacterial isolates was conducted. Tetracycline, erythromycin, and penicillin - common antibiotics for mastitis therapy in dairy farms - were used as standard antibiotics. RESULTS Compared with autoclave sterilization, syringe filter sterilization resulted in less (p<0.05) phenolic and flavonoid contents. Against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, the filter sterilized herbal formula (E. coli: 65.9%-73%; S. aureus: 6.2%-18.1%) markedly reduced the antibacterial activity than the autoclave-sterilized herbal formula (E. coli: 2.1%-3%; S. aureus: 4.5%-10.7%). CONCLUSION This study establishes that autoclave sterilization of the herbal formula is the best sterilization method that exerts minimal adverse effects on the phytochemical compounds and could sustain the antibacterial efficacy against mastitis-causing bacteria. Hence, the herbal formula could be used as an alternative treatment for bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Wahyu Harjanti
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia
| | - Fajar Wahyono
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia
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48
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Heimes A, Brodhagen J, Weikard R, Seyfert HM, Becker D, Meyerholz MM, Petzl W, Zerbe H, Hoedemaker M, Rohmeier L, Schuberth HJ, Schmicke M, Engelmann S, Kühn C. Hepatic Transcriptome Analysis Identifies Divergent Pathogen-Specific Targeting-Strategies to Modulate the Innate Immune System in Response to Intramammary Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:715. [PMID: 32411137 PMCID: PMC7202451 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is one of the major risks for public health and animal welfare in the dairy industry. Two of the most important pathogens to cause mastitis in dairy cattle are Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). While S. aureus generally induces a chronic and subclinical mastitis, E. coli is an important etiological pathogen resulting in an acute and clinical mastitis. The liver plays a central role in both, the metabolic and inflammatory physiology of the dairy cow, which is particularly challenged in the early lactation due to high metabolic and immunological demands. In the current study, we challenged the mammary glands of Holstein cows with S. aureus or E. coli, respectively, mimicking an early lactation infection. We compared the animals' liver transcriptomes with those of untreated controls to investigate the hepatic response of the individuals. Both, S. aureus and E. coli elicited systemic effects on the host after intramammary challenge and seemed to use pathogen-specific targeting strategies to bypass the innate immune system. The most striking result of our study is that we demonstrate for the first time that S. aureus intramammary challenge causes an immune response beyond the original local site of the mastitis. We found that in the peripheral liver tissue defined biological pathways are switched on in a coordinated manner to balance the immune response in the entire organism. TGFB1 signaling plays a crucial role in this context. Important pathways involving actin and integrin, key components of the cytoskeleton, were downregulated in the liver of S. aureus infected cows. In the hepatic transcriptome of E. coli infected cows, important components of the complement system were significantly lower expressed compared to the control cows. Notably, while S. aureus inhibits the cell signaling by Rho GTPases in the liver, E. coli switches the complement system off. Also, metabolic hepatic pathways (e.g., lipid metabolism) are affected after mammary gland challenge, demonstrating that the liver restricts metabolic tasks in favor of the predominant immune response after infection. Our results provide new insights for the infection-induced modifications of the dairy cow's hepatic transcriptome following mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Heimes
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genome Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Johanna Brodhagen
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genome Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Rosemarie Weikard
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genome Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Hans-Martin Seyfert
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genome Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Doreen Becker
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genome Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Marie M Meyerholz
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Wolfram Petzl
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Holm Zerbe
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Martina Hoedemaker
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Laura Rohmeier
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany.,Clinic for Swine, Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hanover, Germany
| | | | - Marion Schmicke
- Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Susanne Engelmann
- Technical University Braunschweig, Institute for Microbiology, Brunswick, Germany.,Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Microbial Proteomics, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Christa Kühn
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genome Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany.,Agricultural and Environmental Faculty, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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49
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Srijampa S, Buddhisa S, Ngernpimai S, Leelayuwat C, Proungvitaya S, Chompoosor A, Tippayawat P. Influence of Gold Nanoparticles with Different Surface Charges on Localization and Monocyte Behavior. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:1133-1143. [PMID: 32208651 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The use of gold nanoparticles (AuNP) has been established in nanocarriers, diagnostics, and biosensors. Access to the targeted sites of these nanomaterials could directly involve the first line of defense, the innate immune system. Charges of nanomaterials play a critical role in a number of aspects such as stabilization, cellular uptake, modulation, and function of cells. Interactions and modulations of the charged nanomaterials against the innate immune system may occur even at very low concentration. To understand the effects of charges on monocyte behavior, in this study, the positively and negatively charged AuNP (AuNP+ve and AuNP-ve) of the similar size and shape on cytotoxicity, recognition, cellular behavior, and function were evaluated in vitro using U937 human monocyte cells as an innate immunity model. Both types of AuNP at various concentrations (0-5 nM) exhibited low toxicity. In addition, the cellular internalization of the AuNP+ve and AuNP-ve, as determined by TEM, occurred by different mechanisms, and the internalization had no effect on cellular destruction, as implied by the low levels of %LDH. Interestingly, the AuNP+ve recognition and internalization seemingly entered cells through receptor dependence and strongly affected cellular response to express both pro-inflammatory (IL-1β) and anti-inflammatory (TGF-β) cytokines, while the AuNP-ve stimulated TNF-α expression. Nevertheless, the AuNP-treated cells maintained normal function when exposed to planktonic bacteria. Thus, these results indicated that one part of the immune system interacted with different surface-charged AuNP, suggesting appropiate immunomodulation in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Srijampa
- Biosensor Research Group for Non-Communicable Disease and Infectious Disease, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Surachat Buddhisa
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Sawinee Ngernpimai
- Materials Science and Nanotechnology Program, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Chanvit Leelayuwat
- Center for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Siriporn Proungvitaya
- Center for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Apiwat Chompoosor
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Ramkhamhaeng Road, Hua mak, Bangkapi, Bangkok 10240, Thailand
| | - Patcharaporn Tippayawat
- Biosensor Research Group for Non-Communicable Disease and Infectious Disease, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Center for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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50
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Peralta OA, Carrasco C, Vieytes C, Tamayo MJ, Muñoz I, Sepulveda S, Tadich T, Duchens M, Melendez P, Mella A, Torres CG. Safety and efficacy of a mesenchymal stem cell intramammary therapy in dairy cows with experimentally induced Staphylococcus aureus clinical mastitis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2843. [PMID: 32071371 PMCID: PMC7028716 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59724-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although, antibiotics are effective in the treatment of bovine mastitis, they do not address the regeneration of mammary glandular tissue and have been associated to the increment in antimicrobial resistance worldwide. Considering the necessity of alternative therapies for this disease of high economic impact and the reported regenerative and antibacterial effects of mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs), we evaluated the safety and efficacy of an allogenic MSC-based intramammary therapy in dairy cows with experimentally induced Staphylococcus aureus clinical mastitis. In a safety trial, heifers were inoculated intramammarily with a 2.5 × 107-suspension of bovine fetal AT-MSCs on experimental days 1 and 10. Animals were evaluated clinically on a daily basis during a 20-day experimental period and blood samples were collected for hemogram determination and peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) isolation. In an efficacy trial, Holstein Friesian cows were inoculated with S. aureus and treated intramammarily with vehicle (NEG; days 4 and 10), antibiotics (ATB; days 4 and 5) or a suspension of 2.5 × 107 AT-MSCs (MSC; days 4 and 5). Cows were clinically evaluated daily and milk samples were collected for somatic cell count (SCC) and colony forming units (CFU). Blood samples were collected for serum haptoglobin and amyloid A determination. Intramammary administration of two doses of bovine fetal AT-MSCs in healthy cows did not induce changes in clinical or hematological variables, and gene expression profiles in PBLs associated to activation (CD4, CD8, CD25, CD62L and CD69) and proinflammatory cytokines (CCL2, CCL5, IL2, CXCL3, IFNγ, and TNFα). Quarters of MSC group of cows had similar SCC log/mL in milk compared to infected quarters of ATB or NEG cows. However, quarters of MSC cows had lower CFU log/mL in milk compared to quarters of NEG cows. Intramammarily inoculation of repeated doses of 2.5 × 107 allogenic AT-MSCs did not induce clinical or immunological response in healthy cows. Moreover, MSC-intramammary treatment reduced bacterial count in milk of cows with S. aureus clinical mastitis compared to untreated cows. This work provides initial evidence for the safety and efficacy of an allogenic MSC-based intramammary therapy for the treatment of bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Peralta
- Department of Animal Production Science, Faculty of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, 8820808, Chile. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA.
| | - C Carrasco
- Department of Animal Production Science, Faculty of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, 8820808, Chile
| | - C Vieytes
- Department of Animal Production Science, Faculty of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, 8820808, Chile
| | - M J Tamayo
- Department of Animal Production Science, Faculty of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, 8820808, Chile
| | - I Muñoz
- Department of Animal Production Science, Faculty of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, 8820808, Chile
| | - S Sepulveda
- Department of Animal Production Science, Faculty of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, 8820808, Chile
| | - T Tadich
- Department of Animal Production Science, Faculty of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, 8820808, Chile
| | - M Duchens
- Department of Animal Production Science, Faculty of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, 8820808, Chile
| | - P Melendez
- Food Animal Health & Management Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - A Mella
- Mastitis Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Austral University of Chile, Valdivia, 5110566, Chile
| | - C G Torres
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, 8820808, Chile
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