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He Y, Zhang C, Zhang X, Li Y, Zhang Q. Plasma-activated water improves the accessibility of chitinase to chitin by decreasing molecular weight and breaking crystal structure. Carbohydr Res 2024; 540:109144. [PMID: 38733729 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides, the hydrolysis products of chitin, have superior biological activities and application value to those of chitin itself; however, the ordered and highly crystalline structure of chitin renders its degradation by chitinase difficult. Herein, the effects of plasma-activated water (PAW) pre-treatment on the physicochemical properties, crystal structure, and enzymatic hydrolysis of chitin were investigated. The hydrolysis of PAW-pre-treated chitin (PAW activation time of 5 min) using chitinase from Vibrio harveyi (VhChit2) yielded 71 % more reducing sugar, compared with that from untreated chitin, with the degree of chitin hydrolysis increasing from 13 % without pre-treatment to 23 % post-treatment. Moreover, the amount of VhChit2 adsorbed by chitin increased from 41.7 to 58.2 mg/g. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry revealed that PAW could break the β-1,4-glycosidic bonds of chitin (but had no effects on the hydrogen and amido bonds), thereby decreasing the molecular weight and crystallinity of the polysaccharide, which caused its structural damage and enhanced its enzymatic hydrolysis by chitinase. Consequently, PAW pre-treatment can be considered a simple, effective, and environmentally-friendly method for the biotransformation of chitin as its easier hydrolysis yields high-value products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchang He
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Chenghui Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Xueying Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Yongcheng Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
| | - Qiao Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Health Care Food Science and Technology, Hezhou University, Hezhou, 542899, China.
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2
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Giraldo JD, García Y, Vera M, Garrido-Miranda KA, Andrade-Acuña D, Marrugo KP, Rivas BL, Schoebitz M. Alternative processes to produce chitin, chitosan, and their oligomers. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 332:121924. [PMID: 38431399 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Sustainable recovery of chitin and its derivatives from shellfish waste will be achieved when the industrial production of these polymers is achieved with a high control of their molecular structure, low costs, and acceptable levels of pollution. Therefore, the conventional chemical method for obtaining these biopolymers needs to be replaced or optimized. The goal of the present review is to ascertain what alternative methods are viable for the industrial-scale production of chitin, chitosan, and their oligomers. Therefore, a detailed review of recent literature was undertaken, focusing on the advantages and disadvantages of each method. The analysis of the existing data allows suggesting that combining conventional, biological, and alternative methods is the most efficient strategy to achieve sustainable production, preventing negative impacts and allowing for the recovery of high added-value compounds from shellfish waste. In conclusion, a new process for obtaining chitinous materials is suggested, with the potential of reducing the consumption of reagents, energy, and water by at least 1/10, 1/4, and 1/3 part with respect to the conventional process, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan D Giraldo
- Escuela de Ingeniería Ambiental, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Sede Puerto Montt, Balneario Pelluco, Los Pinos s/n, Chile.
| | - Yadiris García
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Autopista Concepción-Talcahuano 7100, Talcahuano, Chile
| | - Myleidi Vera
- Departamento de Polímeros, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Karla A Garrido-Miranda
- Center of Waste Management and Bioenergy, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, BIOREN-UFRO, Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile; Agriaquaculture Nutritional Genomic Center (CGNA), Temuco 4780000, Chile
| | - Daniela Andrade-Acuña
- Centro de Docencia Superior en Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Sede Puerto Montt, Los Pinos s/n. Balneario Pelluco, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Kelly P Marrugo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Escuela de Química, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; Centro de Investigaciones en Nanotecnología y Materiales Avanzados, CIEN-UC, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Bernabé L Rivas
- Universidad San Sebastián, Sede Concepción 4080871, Concepción, Chile
| | - Mauricio Schoebitz
- Departamento de Suelos y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Agronomía, Campus Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Universidad de Concepción, Chile; Laboratory of Biofilms and Environmental Microbiology, Center of Biotechnology, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción, Chile
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3
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Wang W, Wang X, Huang Y, Zhao Y, Fang X, Cong Y, Tang Z, Chen L, Zhong J, Li R, Guo Z, Zhang Y, Li S. Raman spectrum combined with deep learning for precise recognition of Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024:10.1007/s00216-024-05209-9. [PMID: 38383664 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05209-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) is a major pathogen that poses a serious threat to human health. Unfortunately, currently, there are no effective measures to curb its rapid development. To address this, an in-depth study on the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) of 22 strains of 7 categories of CRE using a gold silver composite SERS substrate was conducted. The residual networks with an attention mechanism to classify the SERS spectrum from three perspectives (pathogenic bacteria type, enzyme-producing subtype, and sensitive antibiotic type) were performed. The results show that the SERS spectrum measured by the composite SERS substrate was repeatable and consistent. The SERS spectrum of CRE showed varying degrees of species differences, and the strain difference in the SERS spectrum of CRE was closely related to the type of enzyme-producing subtype. The introduced attention mechanism improved the classification accuracy of the residual network (ResNet) model. The accuracy of CRE classification for different strains and enzyme-producing subtypes reached 94.0% and 96.13%, respectively. The accuracy of CRE classification by pathogen sensitive antibiotic combination reached 93.9%. This study is significant for guiding antibiotic use in CRE infection, as the sensitive antibiotic used in treatment can be predicted directly by measuring CRE spectra. Our study demonstrates the potential of combining SERS with deep learning algorithms to identify CRE without culture labels and classify its sensitive antibiotics. This approach provides a new idea for rapid and accurate clinical detection of CRE and has important significance for alleviating the rapid development of resistance to CRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Electronics and Medical Imaging Equipment, Guangdong Medical University Dongguan First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Electronics and Medical Imaging Equipment, Guangdong Medical University Dongguan First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Ya Huang
- Donghua Hospital Laboratory Department, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Xianglin Fang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Electronics and Medical Imaging Equipment, Guangdong Medical University Dongguan First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanguang Cong
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Electronics and Medical Imaging Equipment, Guangdong Medical University Dongguan First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Tang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Luzhu Chen
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Electronics and Medical Imaging Equipment, Guangdong Medical University Dongguan First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingyi Zhong
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Electronics and Medical Imaging Equipment, Guangdong Medical University Dongguan First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruoyi Li
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Electronics and Medical Imaging Equipment, Guangdong Medical University Dongguan First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhusheng Guo
- Donghua Hospital Laboratory Department, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yanjiao Zhang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, China.
| | - Shaoxin Li
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Electronics and Medical Imaging Equipment, Guangdong Medical University Dongguan First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, China.
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4
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Minguet-Lobato M, Cervantes FV, Míguez N, Plou FJ, Fernández-Lobato M. Chitinous material bioconversion by three new chitinases from the yeast Mestchnikowia pulcherrima. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:31. [PMID: 38245740 PMCID: PMC10799394 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02300-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chitinases are widely distributed enzymes that perform the biotransformation of chitin, one of the most abundant polysaccharides on the biosphere, into useful value-added chitooligosaccharides (COS) with a wide variety of biotechnological applications in food, health, and agricultural fields. One of the most important group of enzymes involved in the degradation of chitin comprises the glycoside hydrolase family 18 (GH18), which harbours endo- and exo-enzymes that act synergistically to depolymerize chitin. The secretion of a chitinase activity from the ubiquitous yeast Mestchnikowia pulcherrima and their involvement in the post-harvest biological control of fungal pathogens was previously reported. RESULTS Three new chitinases from M. pulcherrima, MpChit35, MpChit38 and MpChit41, were molecularly characterized and extracellularly expressed in Pichia pastoris to about 91, 90 and 71 mU ml- 1, respectively. The three enzymes hydrolysed colloidal chitin with optimal activity at 45 ºC and pH 4.0-4.5, increased 2-times their activities using 1 mM of Mn2+ and hydrolysed different types of commercial chitosan. The partial separation and characterization of the complex COS mixtures produced from the hydrolysis of chitin and chitosan were achieved by a new anionic chromatography HPAEC-PAD method and mass spectrometry assays. An overview of the predicted structures of these proteins and their catalytic modes of action were also presented. Depicted their high sequence and structural homology, MpChit35 acted as an exo-chitinase producing di-acetyl-chitobiose from chitin while MpChit38 and MpChit41 both acted as endo-chitinases producing tri-acetyl-chitotriose as main final product. CONCLUSIONS Three new chitinases from the yeast M. pulcherrima were molecularly characterized and their enzymatic and structural characteristics analysed. These enzymes transformed chitinous materials to fully and partially acetylated COS through different modes of splitting, which make them interesting biocatalysts for deeper structural-function studies on the challenging enzymatic conversion of chitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Minguet-Lobato
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre for Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa (CBMSO, CSIC-UAM), University Autonomous from Madrid, C/ Nicolás Cabrera, 1. Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry, CSIC. C/ Marie Curie, 2. Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Fadia V Cervantes
- Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry, CSIC. C/ Marie Curie, 2. Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Noa Míguez
- Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry, CSIC. C/ Marie Curie, 2. Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Francisco J Plou
- Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry, CSIC. C/ Marie Curie, 2. Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain.
| | - María Fernández-Lobato
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre for Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa (CBMSO, CSIC-UAM), University Autonomous from Madrid, C/ Nicolás Cabrera, 1. Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain.
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5
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Liu Y, Qin Z, Wang C, Jiang Z. N-acetyl-d-glucosamine-based oligosaccharides from chitin: Enzymatic production, characterization and biological activities. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 315:121019. [PMID: 37230627 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Chitin, the second most abundant biopolymer, possesses diverse applications in the food, agricultural, and pharmaceutical industries due to its functional properties. However, the potential applications of chitin are limited owing to its high crystallinity and low solubility. N-acetyl chitooligosaccharides and lacto-N-triose II, the two types of GlcNAc-based oligosaccharides, can be obtained from chitin by enzymatic methods. With their lower molecular weights and improved solubility, these two types of GlcNAc-based oligosaccharides display more various beneficial health effects when compared to chitin. Among their abilities, they have exhibited antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antimicrobial, and plant elicitor activities as well as immunomodulatory and prebiotic effects, which suggests they have the potential to be utilized as food additives, functional daily supplements, drug precursors, elicitors for plants, and prebiotics. This review comprehensively covers the enzymatic methods used for the two types of GlcNAc-based oligosaccharides production from chitin by chitinolytic enzymes. Moreover, current advances in the structural characterization and biological activities of these two types of GlcNAc-based oligosaccharides are summarized in the review. We also highlight current problems in the production of these oligosaccharides and trends in their development, aiming to offer some directions for producing functional oligosaccharides from chitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin 300222, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Qin
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Baoshan District, No.99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunling Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin 300222, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhengqiang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering (China National Light Industry), College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, No.17 Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China.
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Galarza–Verkovitch D, Turak O, Wiese J, Rahn T, Hentschel U, Borchert E. Bioprospecting for polyesterase activity relevant for PET degradation in marine Enterobacterales isolates. AIMS Microbiol 2023; 9:518-539. [PMID: 37649797 PMCID: PMC10462454 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2023027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plastics have quickly become an integral part of modern life. Due to excessive production and improper waste disposal, they are recognized as contaminants present in practically all habitat types. Although there are several polymers, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is of particular concern due to its abundance in the environment. There is a need for a solution that is both cost-effective and ecologically friendly to address this pollutant. The use of microbial depolymerizing enzymes could offer a biological avenue for plastic degradation, though the full potential of these enzymes is yet to be uncovered. The purpose of this study was to use (1) plate-based screening methods to investigate the plastic degradation potential of marine bacteria from the order Enterobacterales collected from various organismal and environmental sources, and (2) perform genome-based analysis to identify polyesterases potentially related to PET degradation. 126 bacterial isolates were obtained from the strain collection of RD3, Research Unit Marine Symbioses-GEOMAR-and sequentially tested for esterase and polyesterase activity, in combination here referred to as PETase-like activity. The results show that members of the microbial families Alteromonadaceae, Shewanellaceae, and Vibrionaceae, derived from marine sponges and bryozoans, are the most promising candidates within the order Enterobacterales. Furthermore, 389 putative hydrolases from the α/β superfamily were identified in 23 analyzed genomes, of which 22 were sequenced for this study. Several candidates showed similarities with known PETases, indicating underlying enzymatic potential within the order Enterobacterales for PET degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Onur Turak
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Jutta Wiese
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Tanja Rahn
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Ute Hentschel
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
- Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Erik Borchert
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
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Chitinase-Assisted Bioconversion of Chitinous Waste for Development of Value-Added Chito-Oligosaccharides Products. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12010087. [PMID: 36671779 PMCID: PMC9855443 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Chito-oligosaccharides (COSs) are the partially hydrolyzed products of chitin, which is abundant in the shells of crustaceans, the cuticles of insects, and the cell walls of fungi. These oligosaccharides have received immense interest in the last few decades due to their highly promising bioactivities, such as their anti-microbial, anti-tumor, and anti-inflammatory properties. Regarding environmental concerns, COSs are obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis by chitinase under milder conditions compared to the typical chemical degradation. This review provides updated information about research on new chitinase derived from various sources, including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals, employed for the efficient production of COSs. The route to industrialization of these chitinases and COS products is also described.
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8
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2019-2020. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022:e21806. [PMID: 36468275 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This review is the tenth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2020. Also included are papers that describe methods appropriate to analysis by MALDI, such as sample preparation techniques, even though the ionization method is not MALDI. The review is basically divided into three sections: (1) general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation, quantification and the use of arrays. (2) Applications to various structural types such as oligo- and polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and biopharmaceuticals, and (3) other areas such as medicine, industrial processes and glycan synthesis where MALDI is extensively used. Much of the material relating to applications is presented in tabular form. The reported work shows increasing use of incorporation of new techniques such as ion mobility and the enormous impact that MALDI imaging is having. MALDI, although invented nearly 40 years ago is still an ideal technique for carbohydrate analysis and advancements in the technique and range of applications show little sign of diminishing.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
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9
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Perera IU, Fujiyoshi S, Nishiuchi Y, Nakai T, Maruyama F. Zooplankton act as cruise ships promoting the survival and pathogenicity of pathogenic bacteria. Microbiol Immunol 2022; 66:564-578. [PMID: 36128640 PMCID: PMC10091822 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.13029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria in general interact with zooplankton in aquatic ecosystems. These zooplankton-bacterial interactions help to shape the bacterial community by regulating bacterial abundances. Such interactions are even more significant and crucially in need of investigation in the case of pathogenic bacteria, which cause severe diseases in humans and animals. Among the many associations between a host metazoan and pathogenic bacteria, zooplankton provide nutrition and protection from stressful conditions, promote the horizontal transfer of virulence genes, and act as a mode of pathogen transport. These interactions allow the pathogen to survive and proliferate in aquatic environments and to endure water treatment processes, thereby creating a potential risk to human health. This review highlights current knowledge on the contributions of zooplankton to the survival and pathogenicity of pathogenic bacteria. We also discuss the need to consider these interactions as a risk factor in water treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishara U Perera
- Center for the Planetary Health and Innovation Science (PHIS), The IDEC Institute, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, Japan.,Center for Holobiome and Built Environment (CHOBE), Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - So Fujiyoshi
- Center for the Planetary Health and Innovation Science (PHIS), The IDEC Institute, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, Japan.,Center for Holobiome and Built Environment (CHOBE), Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nishiuchi
- Center for the Planetary Health and Innovation Science (PHIS), The IDEC Institute, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Nakai
- Takehara Marine Science Station, Graduate School of Integrated Science for Life, Hiroshima University, Takehara City, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Fumito Maruyama
- Center for the Planetary Health and Innovation Science (PHIS), The IDEC Institute, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, Japan.,Center for Holobiome and Built Environment (CHOBE), Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, Japan
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10
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Umemoto N, Saito N, Noguchi M, Shoda SI, Ohnuma T, Watanabe T, Sakuda S, Fukamizo T. Plant Chitinase Mutants as the Catalysts for Chitooligosaccharide Synthesis Using the Sugar Oxazoline Derivatives. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:12897-12906. [PMID: 36184795 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sugar oxazolines, (GlcNAc)n-oxa (n = 2, 3, 4, and 5), were synthesized from a mixture of chitooligosaccharides, (GlcNAc)n (n = 2, 3, 4, and 5), and utilized for synthesis of (GlcNAc)7 with higher elicitor activity using plant chitinase mutants as the catalysts. From isothermal titration calorimetry, the binding affinity of (GlcNAc)2-oxa toward an inactive mutant obtained from Arabidopsis thaliana GH18 chitinase was found to be higher than those of the other (GlcNAc)n-oxa (n = 3, 4, and 5). To synthesize (GlcNAc)7, the donor/acceptor substrates with different size combinations, (GlcNAc)2-oxa/(GlcNAc)5 (1), (GlcNAc)3-oxa/(GlcNAc)4 (2), (GlcNAc)4-oxa/(GlcNAc)3 (3), and (GlcNAc)5-oxa/(GlcNAc)2 (4), were incubated with hypertransglycosylating mutants of GH18 chitinases from A. thaliana and Cycas revoluta. The synthetic activities of these plant chitinase mutants were lower than that of a mutant of Bacillus circulans chitinase A1. Nevertheless, in the plant chitinase mutants, the synthetic efficiency of combination (1) was higher than those of the other combinations (2), (3), and (4), suggesting that the synthetic reaction is mostly dominated by the binding affinities of (GlcNAc)n-oxa. In contrast, the Bacillus enzyme mutant with a different subsite arrangement synthesized (GlcNAc)7 from combination (1) in the lowest efficiency. Donor/acceptor-size dependency of the enzymatic synthesis appeared to be strongly related to the subsite arrangement of the enzyme used as the catalyst. The A. thaliana chitinase mutant was found to be useful when combination (1) is employed for the substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Umemoto
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Natsuki Saito
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Masato Noguchi
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Shoda
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ohnuma
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Takeshi Watanabe
- Department of Agro-Food Science, Niigata Agro-Food University, Tainai-shi, Niigata 959-2702, Japan
| | - Shohei Sakuda
- Department of Biosciences, Teikyo University, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya 320-8551, Japan
| | - Tamo Fukamizo
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
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Rajput M, Kumar M, Pareek N. Myco-chitinases as versatile biocatalysts for translation of coastal residual resources to eco-competent chito-bioactives. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Abady SM, M Ghanem K, Ghanem NB, Embaby AM. Molecular cloning, heterologous expression, and in silico sequence analysis of Enterobacter GH19 class I chitinase (chiRAM gene). Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:951-969. [PMID: 34773550 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06914-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using in silico sequence analyses, the present study aims to clone and express the gene-encoding sequence of a GH19 chitinase from Enterobacter sp. in Escherichia coli. METHODS AND RESULTS The putative open reading frame of a GH19 chitinase from Enterobacter sp. strain EGY1 was cloned and expressed into pGEM®-T and pET-28a (+) vectors, respectively using a degenerate primer. The isolated nucleotide sequence (1821 bp, GenBank accession no.: MK533791.2) was translated to a chiRAM protein (606 amino acids, UniProt accession no.: A0A4D6J2L9). The in silico protein sequence analysis of chiRAM revealed a class I GH19 chitinase: an N-terminus signal peptide (Met1-Ala23), a catalytic domain (Val83-Glu347 and the catalytic triad Glu149, Glu171, and Ser218), a proline-rich hinge region (Pro414 -Pro450), a polycystic kidney disease protein motif (Gly 465-Ser 533), a C-terminus chitin-binding domain (Ala553- Glu593), and conserved class I motifs (NYNY and AQETGG). A three-dimensional model was constructed by LOMETS MODELLER of PDB template: 2dkvA (class I chitinase of Oryza sativa L. japonica). Recombinant chiRAM was overexpressed as inclusion bodies (IBs) (~ 72 kDa; SDS-PAGE) in 1.0 mM IPTG induced E. coli BL21 (DE3) Rosetta strain at room temperature 18 h after induction. Optimized expression yielded active chiRAM with 1.974 ± 0.0002 U/mL, on shrimp colloidal chitin (SCC), in induced E. coli BL21 (DE3) Rosetta cells growing in SB medium. LC-MS/MS identified a band of 72 kDa in the soluble fraction with a 52.3% coverage sequence exclusive to the GH19 chitinase of Enterobacter cloacae (WP_063869339.1). CONCLUSIONS Although chiRAM of Enterobacter sp. was successfully cloned and expressed in E. coli with appreciable chitinase activity, future studies should focus on minimizing IBs to facilitate chiRAM purification and characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahinaz M Abady
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, 1 Baghdad Street-Moharam Bek, Alexandria, 21568, Egypt
| | - Khaled M Ghanem
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, 1 Baghdad Street-Moharam Bek, Alexandria, 21568, Egypt
| | - Nevine B Ghanem
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, 1 Baghdad Street-Moharam Bek, Alexandria, 21568, Egypt
| | - Amira M Embaby
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, P.O.Box 832, 163 Horreya Avenue, Chatby, Alexandria, 21526, Egypt.
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13
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Ramakrishna B, Sarma PVSRN, Ankati S, Bhuvanachandra B, Podile AR. Elicitation of defense response by transglycosylated chitooligosaccharides in rice seedlings. Carbohydr Res 2021; 510:108459. [PMID: 34700217 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain chitooligosaccharides (COS) with degree of polymerization (DP) more than 4 are known to have potential biological activities. A hyper-transglycosylating mutant of an endo-chitinase from Serratia proteamaculans (SpChiD-Y28A) was used to synthesize COS with DP6 and DP7 using COS DP5 as substrate. Purified COS with DP5-7 were tested to elicit the defense response in rice seedlings. Among the COS used, DP7 strongly induced oxidative burst response as well as peroxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia lyase activites. A few selected marker genes in salicylic acid (SA)- and jasmonic acid-dependent pathways were evaluated by real-time PCR. The expression levels of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes PR1a and PR10 and defense response genes (chitinase1, peroxidase and β -1,3-glucanase) were up regulated upon COS treatment in rice seedlings. The DP7 induced Phenylalanine ammonia lyase and Isochorismate synthase 1 genes, with concomitant increase of Mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 and WRKY45 transcription factor genes indicated the possible role of phosphorylation in the transmission of a signal to induce SA-mediated defense response in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bellamkonda Ramakrishna
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India
| | - P V S R N Sarma
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Sravani Ankati
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Bhoopal Bhuvanachandra
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Appa Rao Podile
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India.
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14
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Dai Y, Yang F, Liu X, Wang H. The discovery and characterization of a novel chitinase with dual catalytic domains from a Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau wetland soil metagenome. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 188:482-490. [PMID: 34331981 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A novel chitinase (P1724) was discovered from a Qinghai-Tibetan plateau microbial metagenome. P1724 contains two GH18 family catalytic domains and is phylogenetically distant from any of the chitinases studied. P1724 and its truncated versions, P1724(∆cGH18) and P1724(∆nGH18), were produced in Escherichia coli and characterized. Using colloidal chitin as substrate, the three recombinant proteins showed maximum hydrolytic activities at 40 °C, pH 5.0-6.0 and 0-0.5 M NaCl, and were cold adaptive, as they remained active at 4 °C; their chitinase activities were decreased with the presence of Cu2+ and EDTA, but increased with Ba2+ and Ca2+; they all showed both chitobiosidase and endochitinase activities. Compared to P1724(∆nGH18), P1724 and P1724(∆cGH18) shared more similarities in temperature and pH stabilities, NaCl tolerance, and substrate affinity, suggesting the N-terminal GH18 domain contributed more than the C-terminal GH18 did in biochemical characteristics of P1724. kcat/Km value of P1724 was significantly higher than the sum values of P1724(∆cGH18) and P1724(∆nGH18), which indicated that two GH18 domains of P1724 worked cooperatively in degrading chitin. This study has not only broadened the understanding of unknown chitinases in nature but also discussed the strategy of adding additional catalytic domains in enzyme engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Dai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science &Technology, Qinhuangdao 066600, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
| | - Feng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xiao Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610101, PR China
| | - Hongling Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610101, PR China
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15
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Selection and mutational analyses of the substrate interacting residues of a chitinase from Enterobacter cloacae subsp. cloacae (EcChi2) to improve transglycosylation. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:2432-2441. [PMID: 33096170 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Transglycosylation (TG) by Enterobacter cloacae subsp. cloacae chitinase 2 (EcChi2) has been deciphered by site-directed mutagenesis. EcChi2 originally displayed feeble TG with chitin oligomer with a degree of polymerization (DP4), for a short duration. Based on the 3D modelling and molecular docking analyses, we altered the substrate interactions at the substrate-binding cleft, catalytic center, and catalytic groove of EcChi2 by mutational approach to improve TG. The mutation of W166A and T277A increased TG by EcChi2 and also affected its catalytic efficiency on the polymeric substrates. Whereas, R171A had a drastically decreased hydrolytic activity but, retained TG activity. In the increased hydrolytic activity of the T277A, altered interactions with the substrates played an indirect role in the catalysis. Mutation of the central Asp, in the conserved DxDxE motif, to Ala (D314A) and Asn (D314N) conversion yielded DP5-DP8 TG products. The quantifiable TG products (DP5 and DP6) increased to 8% (D314A) and 7% (D314N), resulting in a hyper-transglycosylating mutant. Mutation of W276A and W398A resulted in the loss of TG activity, indicating that the aromatic residues (W276 and W398) at +1 and +2 subsites are essential for the TG activity of EcChi2.
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16
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Sharma DC, Satyanarayana T. Thermostable and alkalistable exopolygalacturonase of Bacillus pumilus dcsr1: Characteristics and applicability. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:3340-3348. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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17
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Mallakuntla MK, Podile AR. Catalytic efficiency of a multi-domain transglycosylating chitinase from Enterobacter cloacae subsp. cloacae (EcChi2) is influenced by polycystic kidney disease domains. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 143:109702. [PMID: 33375970 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2020.109702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial chitinases recruited multiple accessory domains for the conversion of recalcitrant polysaccharides to simple soluble sugars/amino sugars. Here, we report detailed properties of a multi-domain GH18 chitinase from Enterobacter cloacae subsp. cloacae (EcChi2) that preferred β-chitin as substrate. EcChi2 exhibited transglycosylation (TG) activity on oligomeric substrates from DP4-DP6. The high amount of DP2 is indicative of exo mode activity of EcChi2. We generated EcChi2 variants (truncated and fusion chimeras) and elucidated the role of catalytic and accessory domains. The catalytic efficiency of truncated GH18 and fusion chimera of GH18+ChBD1-ChBD2 decreased to 22 and 17-fold, respectively, than EcChi2, and lost the hydrolytic activity on polymeric substrates, except colloidal chitin. On the other hand, the catalytic activity of truncated PKD1-GH18-PKD2 on polymeric and oligomeric substrates was similar to EcChi2, suggesting that PKD domains are essential for increasing the rate of hydrolysis. Moreover, the truncated ChBD1-ChBD2 and fusion PKD1 + PKD2 participated in chitin-binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Krishna Mallakuntla
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 50046, Telangana, India
| | - Appa Rao Podile
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 50046, Telangana, India.
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18
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Rodrigues C, Núñez-Gómez D, Follmann HVDM, Silveira DD, Nagel-Hassemer ME, Lapolli FR, Lobo-Recio MÁ. Biostimulation of sulfate-reducing bacteria and metallic ions removal from coal mine-impacted water (MIW) using shrimp shell as treatment agent. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 398:122893. [PMID: 33027875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper comprises several assays aiming to identify the basis for the bioremediation of mine-impacted water (MIW). To do so, the conditions for build anoxic microcosms for treating this effluent were varied, containing MIW, and a source of chitin, to biostimulate sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). The chitin sources were: commercial chitin (CHIT) and shrimp shell (SS), which in addition to chitin, contains CaCO3, and proteins in its composition. The CHIT assays were not successful in sulfate-reduction, even when the pH was increased with CaCO3. However, in all SS assays the SRB development was successful (85% sulfate removal for assay 3), including the metal-free (MF-SS) assay (75% for assay 5). High-throughput sequencing analysis revealed the structure of bacterial community in the SS assay: the most abundant genera were Clostridium and Klebsiella, both fermentative and chitinase producers; a few SRB from the genera Desulfovibrio and Desulfosporosinus were also detected. In the MF-SS assay, Desulfovibrio genuswas detected but Comamonas was dominant. It could be deduced that SS is a suitable substrate for SRB development, but CHIT is not. The sulfate-reduction process was provided by the cooperation between fermentative/chitinase-producer bacteria together with SRB, which leads to efficient MIW treatment, removing sulfate and metallic ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Rodrigues
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Dámaris Núñez-Gómez
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Hioná V Dal Magro Follmann
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Daniele D Silveira
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Maria Eliza Nagel-Hassemer
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Flávio R Lapolli
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - María Ángeles Lobo-Recio
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Department of Energy and Sustainability, UFSC, 88906-072, Araranguá, SC, Brazil.
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19
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Kumar M, Rajput M, Soni T, Vivekanand V, Pareek N. Chemoenzymatic Production and Engineering of Chitooligosaccharides and N-acetyl Glucosamine for Refining Biological Activities. Front Chem 2020; 8:469. [PMID: 32671017 PMCID: PMC7329927 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides (COS) and N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc) are currently of enormous relevance to pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, cosmetics, food, and agriculture industries due to their wide range of biological activities, which include antimicrobial, antitumor, antioxidant, anticoagulant, wound healing, immunoregulatory, and hypocholesterolemic effects. A range of methods have been developed for the synthesis of COS with a specific degree of polymerization along with high production titres. In this respect, chemical, enzymatic, and microbial means, along with modern genetic manipulation techniques, have been extensively explored; however no method has been able to competently produce defined COS and GlcNAc in a mono-system approach. Henceforth, the chitin research has turned toward increased exploration of chemoenzymatic processes for COS and GlcNAc generation. Recent developments in the area of green chemicals, mainly ionic liquids, proved vital for the specified COS and GlcNAc synthesis with better yield and purity. Moreover, engineering of COS and GlcNAc to generate novel derivatives viz. carboxylated, sulfated, phenolic acid conjugated, amino derived COS, etc., further improved their biological activities. Consequently, chemoenzymatic synthesis and engineering of COS and GlcNAc emerged as a useful approach to lead the biologically-active compound-based biomedical research to an advanced prospect in the forthcoming era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Microbial Catalysis and Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Meenakshi Rajput
- Microbial Catalysis and Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Twinkle Soni
- Microbial Catalysis and Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Vivekanand Vivekanand
- Centre for Energy and Environment, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, India
| | - Nidhi Pareek
- Microbial Catalysis and Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
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20
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Pretreatment with KOH and KOH-urea enhanced hydrolysis of α-chitin by an endo-chitinase from Enterobacter cloacae subsp. cloacae. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 235:115952. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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Bhuvanachandra B, Podile AR. A transglycosylating chitinase from Chitiniphilus shinanonensis (CsChiL) hydrolyzes chitin in a processive manner. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 145:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Arnold ND, Brück WM, Garbe D, Brück TB. Enzymatic Modification of Native Chitin and Conversion to Specialty Chemical Products. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E93. [PMID: 32019265 PMCID: PMC7073968 DOI: 10.3390/md18020093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
: Chitin is one of the most abundant biomolecules on earth, occurring in crustacean shells and cell walls of fungi. While the polysaccharide is threatening to pollute coastal ecosystems in the form of accumulating shell-waste, it has the potential to be converted into highly profitable derivatives with applications in medicine, biotechnology, and wastewater treatment, among others. Traditionally this is still mostly done by the employment of aggressive chemicals, yielding low quality while producing toxic by-products. In the last decades, the enzymatic conversion of chitin has been on the rise, albeit still not on the same level of cost-effectiveness compared to the traditional methods due to its multi-step character. Another severe drawback of the biotechnological approach is the highly ordered structure of chitin, which renders it nigh impossible for most glycosidic hydrolases to act upon. So far, only the Auxiliary Activity 10 family (AA10), including lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs), is known to hydrolyse native recalcitrant chitin, which spares the expensive first step of chemical or mechanical pre-treatment to enlarge the substrate surface. The main advantages of enzymatic conversion of chitin over conventional chemical methods are the biocompability and, more strikingly, the higher product specificity, product quality, and yield of the process. Products with a higher Mw due to no unspecific depolymerisation besides an exactly defined degree and pattern of acetylation can be yielded. This provides a new toolset of thousands of new chitin and chitosan derivatives, as the physio-chemical properties can be modified according to the desired application. This review aims to provide an overview of the biotechnological tools currently at hand, as well as challenges and crucial steps to achieve the long-term goal of enzymatic conversion of native chitin into specialty chemical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanael D. Arnold
- Werner Siemens Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Dept. of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748 Garching, Germany; (N.D.A.); (D.G.)
| | - Wolfram M. Brück
- Institute for Life Technologies, University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland Valais-Wallis, 1950 Sion 2, Switzerland;
| | - Daniel Garbe
- Werner Siemens Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Dept. of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748 Garching, Germany; (N.D.A.); (D.G.)
| | - Thomas B. Brück
- Werner Siemens Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Dept. of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748 Garching, Germany; (N.D.A.); (D.G.)
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Kaczmarek MB, Struszczyk-Swita K, Li X, Szczęsna-Antczak M, Daroch M. Enzymatic Modifications of Chitin, Chitosan, and Chitooligosaccharides. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:243. [PMID: 31612131 PMCID: PMC6776590 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin and its N-deacetylated derivative chitosan are two biological polymers that have found numerous applications in recent years, but their further deployment suffers from limitations in obtaining a defined structure of the polymers using traditional conversion methods. The disadvantages of the currently used industrial methods of chitosan manufacturing and the increasing demand for a broad range of novel chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) with a fully defined architecture increase interest in chitin and chitosan-modifying enzymes. Enzymes such as chitinases, chitosanases, chitin deacetylases, and recently discovered lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases had attracted considerable interest in recent years. These proteins are already useful tools toward the biotechnological transformation of chitin into chitosan and chitooligosaccharides, especially when a controlled non-degradative and well-defined process is required. This review describes traditional and novel enzymatic methods of modification of chitin and its derivatives. Recent advances in chitin processing, discovery of increasing number of new, well-characterized enzymes and development of genetic engineering methods result in rapid expansion of the field. Enzymatic modification of chitin and chitosan may soon become competitive to conventional conversion methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Benedykt Kaczmarek
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, Poland.,School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Xingkang Li
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Maurycy Daroch
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
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24
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Molecular engineering of chitinase from Bacillus sp. DAU101 for enzymatic production of chitooligosaccharides. Enzyme Microb Technol 2019; 124:54-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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25
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Li Z, Xia C, Wang Y, Li X, Qiao Y, Li C, Zhou J, Zhang L, Ye X, Huang Y, Cui Z. Identification of an endo-chitinase from Corallococcus sp. EGB and evaluation of its antifungal properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 132:1235-1243. [PMID: 30980875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As the main component of the fungal cell wall, chitin has been regarded as an optimal molecular target for the biocontrol of plant-pathogenic fungi. In this study, the chitin hydrolase CcCti1, which belongs to the glycoside hydrolase family 18 (GH 18) and exhibits potential antifungal activity, was identified from Corallococcus sp. EGB. CcCti1 lacks a fibronectin type-III (FN3) domain that is present in similar enzymes from most genera of myxobacteria, indicating that CcCti1 may have acquired chitinase activity due to the FN3 domain deletion during myxobacterial evolution. CcCti1 was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) with a specific activity of up to 10.5 U/μmol with colloidal chitin as the substrate. Product analysis showed that CcCti1 could hydrolyze chitin into N-acetylated chitohexaose (GlcNAc)6 as the major product, in addition to chitooligosaccharides. The analysis of biochemical properties indicated that the CBD and FN3 domains in CcCti1 determine the substrate affinity and pH stability. Otherwise, CcCti1 exhibited efficient biocontrol activity against the plant pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae in a dose-dependent manner, inhibiting the conidia germination and appressoria formation at a concentration of 0.08 mg/mL. Overall, the chitohexaose-producing chitinase CcCti1 with hydrolytic features may find potential application in chitin conversion and biocontrol of fungal plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhoukun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Chengyao Xia
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yanxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xu Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yan Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Chenyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xianfeng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Zhongli Cui
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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Itoh T, Kimoto H. Bacterial Chitinase System as a Model of Chitin Biodegradation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1142:131-151. [PMID: 31102245 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7318-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chitin, a structural polysaccharide of β-1,4-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues, is the second most abundant natural biopolymer after cellulose. The metabolism of chitin affects the global carbon and nitrogen cycles, which are maintained by marine and soil-dwelling bacteria. The degradation products of chitin metabolism serve as important nutrient sources for the chitinolytic bacteria. Chitinolytic bacteria have elaborate enzymatic systems for the degradation of the recalcitrant chitin biopolymer. This chapter introduces chitin degradation and utilization systems of the chitinolytic bacteria. These bacteria secrete many chitin-degrading enzymes, including processive chitinases, endo-acting non-processive chitinases, lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases, and N-acetyl-hexosaminidases. Bacterial chitinases play a fundamental role in the degradation of chitin. Enzymatic properties, catalytic mechanisms, and three-dimensional structures of chitinases have been extensively studied by many scientists. These enzymes can be exploited to produce a range of chitin-derived products, e.g., biocontrol agents against many plant pathogenic fungi and insects. We introduce bacterial chitinases in terms of their reaction modes and structural features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Itoh
- Faculty of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Matsuokakenjyoujima, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, 910-1195, Japan.
| | - Hisashi Kimoto
- Faculty of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Matsuokakenjyoujima, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, 910-1195, Japan
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27
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Vaikuntapu PR, Mallakuntla MK, Das SN, Bhuvanachandra B, Ramakrishna B, Nadendla SR, Podile AR. Applicability of endochitinase of Flavobacterium johnsoniae with transglycosylation activity in generating long-chain chitooligosaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 117:62-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Oyeleye A, Normi YM. Chitinase: diversity, limitations, and trends in engineering for suitable applications. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR2018032300. [PMID: 30042170 PMCID: PMC6131217 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitinases catalyze the degradation of chitin, a ubiquitous polymer generated from the cell walls of fungi, shells of crustaceans, and cuticles of insects. They are gaining increasing attention in medicine, agriculture, food and drug industries, and environmental management. Their roles in the degradation of chitin for the production of industrially useful products and in the control of fungal pathogens and insect pests render them attractive for such purposes. However, chitinases have diverse sources, characteristics, and mechanisms of action that seem to restrain optimization procedures and render standardization techniques for enhanced practical applications complex. Hence, results of laboratory trials are not usually consistent with real-life applications. With the growing field of protein engineering, these complexities can be overcome by modifying or redesigning chitinases to enhance specific features required for specific applications. In this review, the variations in features and mechanisms of chitinases that limit their exploitation in biotechnological applications are compiled. Recent attempts to engineer chitinases for improved efficiency are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayokunmi Oyeleye
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Yahaya M Normi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
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Liang S, Sun Y, Dai X. A Review of the Preparation, Analysis and Biological Functions of Chitooligosaccharide. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082197. [PMID: 30060500 PMCID: PMC6121578 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharide (COS), which is acknowledged for possessing multiple functions, is a kind of low-molecular-weight polymer prepared by degrading chitosan via enzymatic, chemical methods, etc. COS has comprehensive applications in various fields including food, agriculture, pharmacy, clinical therapy, and environmental industries. Besides having excellent properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, adsorptive abilities and non-toxicity like chitin and chitosan, COS has better solubility. In addition, COS has strong biological functions including anti-inflammatory, antitumor, immunomodulatory, neuroprotective effects, etc. The present paper has summarized the preparation methods, analytical techniques and biological functions to provide an overall understanding of the application of COS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Yaxuan Sun
- Department of Food Sciences, College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China.
| | - Xueling Dai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100191, China.
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30
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Gomaa EZ, El-Mahdy OM. Improvement of Chitinase Production by Bacillus thuringiensis NM101-19 for Antifungal Biocontrol through Physical Mutation. Microbiology (Reading) 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261718040094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Zhang A, He Y, Wei G, Zhou J, Dong W, Chen K, Ouyang P. Molecular characterization of a novel chitinase CmChi1 from Chitinolyticbacter meiyuanensis SYBC-H1 and its use in N-acetyl-d-glucosamine production. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:179. [PMID: 29983742 PMCID: PMC6020246 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1169-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc) possesses many bioactivities that have been used widely in many fields. The enzymatic production of GlcNAc is eco-friendly, with high yields and a mild production process compared with the traditional chemical process. Therefore, it is crucial to discover a better chitinase for GlcNAc production from chitin. RESULTS A novel chitinase gene (Cmchi1) cloned from Chitinolyticbacter meiyuanensis SYBC-H1 and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) cells. The recombinant enzyme (CmChi1) contains a glycosyl hydrolase family 18 catalytic module that shows low identity (12-27%) with the corresponding domain of the well-characterized chitinases. CmChi1 was purified with a recovery yield of 89% by colloidal chitin affinity chromatography, whereupon it had a specific activity of up to 15.3 U/mg. CmChi1 had an approximate molecular mass of 70 kDa after the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and its optimum activity for colloidal chitin (CC) hydrolysis occurred at pH 5.2 and 50 °C. Furthermore, CmChi1 exhibited kcat/Km values of 7.8 ± 0.11 mL/s/mg and 239.1 ± 2.6 mL/s/μmol toward CC and 4-nitrophenol N,N'-diacetyl-β-d-chitobioside [p-NP-(GlcNAc)2], respectively. Analysis of the hydrolysis products revealed that CmChi1 exhibits exo-acting, endo-acting and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase activities toward N-acetyl chitooligosaccharides (N-acetyl CHOS) and CC substrates, behavior that makes it different from typical reported chitinases. As a result, GlcNAc could be produced by hydrolyzing CC using recombinant CmChi1 alone with a yield of nearly 100% and separated simply from the hydrolysate with a high purity of 98%. CONCLUSION The hydrolytic properties and good environmental adaptions indicate that CmChi1 has excellent potential in commercial GlcNAc production. This is the first report on exo-acting, endo-acting and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase activities from Chitinolyticbacter species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alei Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, NanjingTech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yumei He
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, NanjingTech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoguang Wei
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, NanjingTech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhou
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, NanjingTech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, NanjingTech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiliang Dong
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, NanjingTech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, NanjingTech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
| | - Kequan Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, NanjingTech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, NanjingTech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
| | - Pingkai Ouyang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, NanjingTech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, NanjingTech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
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