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Thuan NH, Huong QTT, Lam BD, Tam HT, Thu PT, Canh NX, Tatipamula VB. Advances in glycosyltransferase-mediated glycodiversification of small molecules. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:209. [PMID: 39184913 PMCID: PMC11343957 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-04044-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, numerous glycosides have been synthesized and used in clinical applications, neutraceuticals, cosmetics, and food processing. Structurally, a glycoside is composed of aglycone attaching to one or several sugar moieties so-called glycone. It is found that biochemical or biopharmaceutical properties of glycoside are mainly determined by its sugar part and thereby alternation of this glycone resulting in novel structure and characteristics as well. The use of traditional production methods of glycosides such as direct extraction and purification from plants, animals, or microorganisms is very challenging (laborious, time-consuming, technique, high price, low yield, etc.). Alternatively, the use of enzymatic methods for the biosynthesis of glycosides has become a highly promising tool. Particularly, the diverse structure of glycosides can be obtained using the promiscuous catalytic activity of glycosyltransferases (GT) mined from bioresources (plants, fungi, microorganisms, etc.). In addition, the exploration of GT catalytic promiscuity toward diverse aglycones, and glycones has indeed been interesting and played a key role in the production of novel glycosides. This review described the recent advances in glycosyltransferase-mediated glycodiversification of small molecules (flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, etc.). Mostly, references were collected from 2014 to 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Huy Thuan
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000 Vietnam
| | | | - Bui Dinh Lam
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112304 Taiwan
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, Thai Nguyen, 250000 Vietnam
| | - Ho Thanh Tam
- Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
- Biotechnology Department, College of Medicine and Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | - Pham The Thu
- Institute of Marine Environment and Resources (IMER), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Xuan Canh
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gialam, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Wang S, Sun S, Du Z, Gao F, Li Y, Han W, Wu R, Yu X. Characterization of CsUGT73AC15 as a Multifunctional Glycosyltransferase Impacting Flavonol Triglycoside Biosynthesis in Tea Plants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:13328-13340. [PMID: 38805380 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Flavonol glycosides, contributing to the health benefits and distinctive flavors of tea (Camellia sinensis), accumulate predominantly as diglycosides and triglycosides in tea leaves. However, the UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) mediating flavonol multiglycosylation remain largely uncharacterized. In this study, we employed an integrated proteomic and metabolomic strategy to identify and characterize key UGTs involved in flavonol triglycoside biosynthesis. The recombinant rCsUGT75AJ1 exhibited flavonoid 4'-O-glucosyltransferase activity, while rCsUGT75L72 preferentially catalyzed 3-OH glucosylation. Notably, rCsUGT73AC15 displayed substrate promiscuity and regioselectivity, enabling glucosylation of rutin at multiple sites and kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside (K3R) at the 7-OH position. Kinetic analysis revealed rCsUGT73AC15's high affinity for rutin (Km = 9.64 μM). Across cultivars, CsUGT73AC15 expression inversely correlated with rutin levels. Moreover, transient CsUGT73AC15 silencing increased rutin and K3R accumulation while decreasing their respective triglycosides in tea plants. This study offers new mechanistic insights into the key roles of UGTs in regulating flavonol triglycosylation in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Wang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Center for Plant Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shuai Sun
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Center for Plant Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhenghua Du
- Center for Plant Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Fuquan Gao
- Center for Plant Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yeye Li
- Center for Plant Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wenbo Han
- Center for Plant Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ruimei Wu
- Center for Plant Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaomin Yu
- Center for Plant Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Chen B, Wang X, Yu H, Dong N, Li J, Chang X, Wang J, Jiang C, Liu J, Chi X, Zha L, Gui S. Genome-wide analysis of UDP-glycosyltransferases family and identification of UGT genes involved in drought stress of Platycodon grandiflorus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1363251. [PMID: 38742211 PMCID: PMC11089202 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1363251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Introduction The uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferase (UGT) family is the largest glycosyltransferase family, which is involved in the biosynthesis of natural plant products and response to abiotic stress. UGT has been studied in many medicinal plants, but there are few reports on Platycodon grandiflorus. This study is devoted to genome-wide analysis of UGT family and identification of UGT genes involved in drought stress of Platycodon grandiflorus (PgUGTs). Methods The genome data of Platycodon grandiflorus was used for genome-wide identification of PgUGTs, online website and bioinformatics analysis software was used to conduct bioinformatics analysis of PgUGT genes and the genes highly responsive to drought stress were screened out by qRT-PCR, these genes were cloned and conducted bioinformatics analysis. Results A total of 75 PgUGT genes were identified in P.grandiflorus genome and clustered into 14 subgroups. The PgUGTs were distributed on nine chromosomes, containing multiple cis-acting elements and 22 pairs of duplicate genes were identified. Protein-protein interaction analysis was performed to predict the interaction between PgUGT proteins. Additionally, six genes were upregulated after 3d under drought stress and three genes (PGrchr09G0563, PGrchr06G0523, PGrchr06G1266) responded significantly to drought stress, as confirmed by qRT-PCR. This was especially true for PGrchr06G1266, the expression of which increased 16.21-fold after 3d of treatment. We cloned and conducted bioinformatics analysis of three candidate genes, both of which contained conserved motifs and several cis-acting elements related to stress response, PGrchr06G1266 contained the most elements. Discussion PgGT1 was confirmed to catalyze the C-3 position of platycodin D and only eight amino acids showed differences between gene PGr008G1527 and PgGT1, which means PGr008G1527 may be able to catalyze the C-3 position of platycodin D in the same manner as PgGT1. Seven genes were highly expressed in the roots, stems, and leaves, these genes may play important roles in the development of the roots, stems, and leaves of P. grandiflorus. Three genes were highly responsive to drought stress, among which the expression of PGrchr06G1266 was increased 16.21-fold after 3d of drought stress treatment, indicating that PGrchr06G1266 plays an important role in drought stress tolerance. To summarize, this study laied the foundation to better understand the molecular bases of responses to drought stress and the biosynthesis of platycodin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Center for Xin’an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Xinrui Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Center for Xin’an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Hanwen Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Center for Xin’an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Nan Dong
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Center for Xin’an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Xiangwei Chang
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jutao Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (No. 2019RU057), National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (No. 2019RU057), National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiulian Chi
- Center for Xin’an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Liangping Zha
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Center for Xin’an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Institute of Conservation and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Shuangying Gui
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Center for Xin’an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Application Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- MOE-Anhui Joint Collaborative Innovation Center for Quality Improvement of Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials, Hefei, China
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Liang Z, Zhang P, Ma W, Zeng XA, Fang Z. Physicochemical properties, antioxidant activities and comprehensive phenolic profiles of tea-macerated Chardonnay wine and model wine. Food Chem 2024; 436:137748. [PMID: 37862991 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
A new type of flavored wine was produced by macerating either green tea or black tea into Chardonnay wine and model wine respectively, where the physicochemical properties (pH, titratable acidity, color) were modulated. Significant (p < 0.05) increases of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity (assessed by DPPH, FRAP and ABTS assays) were also observed in the tea macerated wines. A total of 160 phenolic and non-phenolic compounds were identified by HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS, where 55 phenolics were newly found in the tea macerated Chardonnay wine. The interaction between wine and tea phenolics led to additional 29 phenolic compounds and 4 non-phenolic compounds that were not found in either Chardonnay wine or tea. Catechin and epigallocatechin gallate were the most abundant phenolic compounds and contributed to the improved antioxidant activities. This study provided a promising prospect of tea as a novel additive in the production of flavored wine with enhanced functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Liang
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Pangzhen Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Wen Ma
- School of Food and Wine, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xin-An Zeng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhongxiang Fang
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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Salami M, Heidari B, Batley J, Wang J, Tan XL, Richards C, Tan H. Integration of genome-wide association studies, metabolomics, and transcriptomics reveals phenolic acid- and flavonoid-associated genes and their regulatory elements under drought stress in rapeseed flowers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1249142. [PMID: 38273941 PMCID: PMC10808681 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1249142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Biochemical and metabolic processes help plants tolerate the adverse effects of drought. In plants accumulating bioactive compounds, understanding the genetic control of the biosynthesis of biochemical pathways helps the discovery of candidate gene (CG)-metabolite relationships. Methods The metabolic profile of flowers in 119 rapeseed (Brassica napus) accessions was assessed over two irrigation treatments, one a well-watered (WW) condition and the other a drought stress (DS) regime. We integrated information gained from 52,157 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, metabolites, and transcriptomes to identify linked SNPs and CGs responsible for the genetic control of flower phenolic compounds and regulatory elements. Results In a genome-wide association study (GWAS), of the SNPs tested, 29,310 SNPs were qualified to assess the population structure and linkage disequilibrium (LD), of which several SNPs for radical scavenging activity (RSA) and total flavanol content (TFLC) were common between the two irrigation conditions and pleiotropic SNPs were found for chlorogenic and coumaric acids content. The principal component analysis (PCA) and stepwise regression showed that chlorogenic acid and epicatechin in WW and myricetin in DS conditions were the most important components for RSA. The hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) showed that vanillic acid, myricetin, gallic acid, and catechin were closely associated in both irrigation conditions. Analysis of GWAS showed that 60 CGs were identified, of which 18 were involved in stress-induced pathways, phenylpropanoid pathway, and flavonoid modifications. Of the CGs, PAL1, CHI, UGT89B1, FLS3, CCR1, and CYP75B137 contributed to flavonoid biosynthetic pathways. The results of RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) revealed that the transcript levels of PAL, CHI, and CYP75B137 known as early flavonoid biosynthesis-related genes and FLS3, CCR1, and UGT89B1 related to the later stages were increased during drought conditions. The transcription factors (TFs) NAC035 and ERF119 related to flavonoids and phenolic acids were upregulated under drought conditions. Discussion These findings expand our knowledge on the response mechanisms to DS, particularly regarding the regulation of key phenolic biosynthetic genes in rapeseed. Our data also provided specific linked SNPs for marker-assisted selection (MAS) programs and CGs as resources toward realizing metabolomics-associated breeding of rapeseed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Salami
- Department of Plant Production and Genetics, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bahram Heidari
- Department of Plant Production and Genetics, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Jacqueline Batley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiao-Li Tan
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Christopher Richards
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Laboratory for Genetic Resources Preservation, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Helin Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Yang C, Tian F, Ma J, Chen M, Shi X, Chen D, Xie Y, Zhou X, Zhou Z, Dai X, Xia T, Gao L. Glycosylation of Secondary Metabolites: A Multifunctional UDP-Glycosyltransferase, CsUGT74Y1, Promotes the Growth of Plants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:18999-19009. [PMID: 37997954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Camellia sinensis contains numerous glycosylated secondary metabolites that provide various benefits to plants and humans. However, the genes that catalyze the glycosylation of multitype metabolites in tea plants remain unclear. Here, 180 uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferases that may be involved in the biosynthesis of glycosylated secondary metabolites were identified from the National Center for Biotechnology Information public databases. Subsequently, CsUGT74Y1 was screened through phylogenetic analysis and gene expression profiling. Compositional and induced expression analyses revealed that CsUGT74Y1 was highly expressed in tea tender shoots and was induced under biotic and abiotic stress conditions. In vitro enzymatic assays revealed that rCsUGT74Y1 encoded a multifunctional UGT that catalyzed the glycosylation of flavonoids, phenolic acids, lignins, and auxins. Furthermore, CsUGT74Y1-overexpressing Arabidopsis thaliana exhibited enhanced growth and accumulation of flavonol and auxin glucosides. Our findings provide insights into identifying specific UGTs and demonstrate that CsUGT74Y1 is a multifunctional UGT that promotes plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changli Yang
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Fengyun Tian
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Jie Ma
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Mei Chen
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Xingxing Shi
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Dingli Chen
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Youshudi Xie
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Xingrong Zhou
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhi Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Optical Agriculture Engineering Technology Research Center, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xinlong Dai
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, Anhui, China
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Zhu TT, Ta H, Ni R, Hao Y, Du NH, Cheng AX, Lou HX. Functional specialization of two UDP-glycosyltransferases MpUGT735A2 and MpUGT743A1 in the liverworts Marchantia polymorpha. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:2499-2511. [PMID: 37642286 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Family 1 UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) are known to glycosylate multiple secondary plant metabolites and have been extensively studied. The increased availability of plant genome resources allows the identification of wide gene families, both functional and organizational. In this investigation, two MpUGT isoforms were cloned and functionally characterized from liverworts marchantia polymorpha and had high glycosylation activity against several flavonoids. MpUGT735A2 protein, in particular, tolerates a wide spectrum of substrates (flavonols, flavanones, flavones, stilbenes, bibenzyls, dihydrochalcone, phenylpropanoids, xanthones, and isoflavones). Overexpression of MpUGT735A2 and MpUGT743A1 in Arabidopsis thaliana enhances the accumulation of 3-O-glycosylated flavonol (kaempferol 3-O-glucoside-7-O-rhamnose), consistent with its in vitro enzymatic activity. Docking and mutagenesis techniques were applied to identify the structural and functional properties of MpUGT735A2 with promiscuous substrates. Mutation of Pro87 to Ser, or Gln88 to Val, substantially altered the regioselectivity for luteolin glycosylation, predominantly from the 3'-O- to the 7-O-position. The results were elucidated by focusing on the novel biocatalysts designed for producing therapeutic flavonoids. This investigation provides an approach to modulate MpUGT735A2 as a candidate gene for diverse glycosylation catalysis and a tool to design GTs with new substrate specificities for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - He Ta
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Rong Ni
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yue Hao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ni-Hong Du
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ai-Xia Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hong-Xiang Lou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Hoffmann TD, Kurze E, Liao J, Hoffmann T, Song C, Schwab W. Genome-wide identification of UDP-glycosyltransferases in the tea plant ( Camellia sinensis) and their biochemical and physiological functions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1191625. [PMID: 37346124 PMCID: PMC10279963 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1191625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Tea (Camellia sinensis) has been an immensely important commercially grown crop for decades. This is due to the presence of essential nutrients and plant secondary metabolites that exhibit beneficial health effects. UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) play an important role in the diversity of such secondary metabolites by catalysing the transfer of an activated sugar donor to acceptor molecules, and thereby creating a huge variety of glycoconjugates. Only in recent years, thanks to the sequencing of the tea plant genome, have there been increased efforts to characterise the UGTs in C. sinensis to gain an understanding of their physiological role and biotechnological potential. Based on the conserved plant secondary product glycosyltransferase (PSPG) motif and the catalytically active histidine in the active site, UGTs of family 1 in C. sinensis are identified here, and shown to cluster into 21 groups in a phylogenetic tree. Building on this, our current understanding of recently characterised C. sinensis UGTs (CsUGTs) is highlighted and a discussion on future perspectives made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Hoffmann
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kurze
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Jieren Liao
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas Hoffmann
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Chuankui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wilfried Schwab
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
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Jiang X, Lai S, Kong D, Hou X, Shi Y, Fu Z, Liu Y, Gao L, Xia T. Al-induced CsUGT84J2 enhances flavonol and auxin accumulation to promote root growth in tea plants. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad095. [PMID: 37350798 PMCID: PMC10282599 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Although Al is not necessary or even toxic to most plants, it is beneficial for the growth of tea plants. However, the mechanism through which Al promotes root growth in tea plants remains unclear. In the present study, we found that flavonol glycoside levels in tea roots increased following Al treatment, and the Al-induced UDP glycosyltransferase CsUGT84J2 was involved in this mechanism. Enzyme activity assays revealed that rCsUGT84J2 exhibited catalytic activity on multiple types of substrates, including phenolic acids, flavonols, and auxins in vitro. Furthermore, metabolic analysis with UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS revealed significantly increased flavonol and auxin glycoside accumulation in CsUGT84J2-overexpressing Arabidopsis thaliana. In addition, the expression of genes involved in the flavonol pathway as well as in the auxin metabolism, transport, and signaling pathways was remarkably enhanced. Additionally, lateral root growth and exogenous Al stress tolerance were significantly improved in transgenic A. thaliana. Moreover, gene expression and metabolic accumulation related to phenolic acids, flavonols, and auxin were upregulated in CsUGT84J2-overexpressing tea plants but downregulated in CsUGT84J2-silenced tea plants. In conclusion, Al treatment induced CsUGT84J2 expression, mediated flavonol and auxin glycosylation, and regulated endogenous auxin homeostasis in tea roots, thereby promoting the growth of tea plants. Our findings lay the foundation for studying the precise mechanisms through which Al promotes the growth of tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dexu Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaohan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yufeng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhouping Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | | | - Tao Xia
- Corresponding author: E-mail:
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Liu Y, Wang C, Wu J, Tan L, Gao P, Wu S, Tang D, Wang Q, Wang C, Li P, Liu J. Study on the Comprehensive Phytochemicals and the Anti-Ulcerative Colitis Effect of Saussurea pulchella. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041526. [PMID: 36838515 PMCID: PMC9964537 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saussurea pulchella (SP) is a traditional medicinal plant that is widely used in folk medicine because of its diverse biological activities, particularly its anti-inflammatory effects. However, the alleviation effect of SP on ulcerative colitis (UC) has not yet been realized. PURPOSE To investigate the chemical composition and therapeutic effect of SP extract against UC. METHODS First, qualitative and quantitative analysis of SP 75% ethanol extract was performed by UPLC-Q/TOF-MS. Second, a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) model of UC mice was developed to study the effects of SP on the symptoms, inflammatory factors, oxidative stress indexes and colon histopathology. Third, an integration of network pharmacology with metabolomics was performed to investigate the key metabolites, biological targets and metabolisms closely related to the effect of SP. RESULTS From the SP ethanol extract, 149 compounds were identified qualitatively and 20 were determined quantitatively. The SP could dose-dependently decrease the DAI score, spleen coefficient and the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS, MPO and MDA; increase the colon length, GSH level and SOD activity; and protect the intestinal barrier in the UC mice. Moreover, 10 metabolite biomarkers,18 targets and 5 metabolisms were found to play crucial roles in the treatment of UC with SP. CONCLUSIONS SP 75% ethanol extract could effectively alleviate the progression of UC and, therefore, could be classified as a novel natural treatment for UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhe Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Caixia Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Junzhe Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Luying Tan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Peng Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Sinuo Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Daohao Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Qianyun Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Cuizhu Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Research Center of Natural Drugs, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Pingya Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Research Center of Natural Drugs, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Jinping Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Research Center of Natural Drugs, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-431-85619803
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11
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Singh G, Sharma S, Rawat S, Sharma RK. Plant Specialised Glycosides (PSGs): their biosynthetic enzymatic machinery, physiological functions and commercial potential. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2022; 49:1009-1028. [PMID: 36038144 DOI: 10.1071/fp21294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants, the primary producers of our planet, have evolved from simple aquatic life to very complex terrestrial habitat. This habitat transition coincides with evolution of enormous chemical diversity, collectively termed as 'Plant Specialised Metabolisms (PSMs)', to cope the environmental challenges. Plant glycosylation is an important process of metabolic diversification of PSMs to govern their in planta stability, solubility and inter/intra-cellular transport. Although, individual category of PSMs (terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, phytohormones, glucosinolates and cyanogenic glycosides) have been well studied; nevertheless, deeper insights of physiological functioning and genomic aspects of plant glycosylation/deglycosylation processes including enzymatic machinery (CYPs, GTs, and GHs) and regulatory elements are still elusive. Therefore, this review discussed the paradigm shift on genomic background of enzymatic machinery, transporters and regulatory mechanism of 'Plant Specialised Glycosides (PSGs)'. Current efforts also update the fundamental understanding about physiological, evolutionary and adaptive role of glycosylation/deglycosylation processes during the metabolic diversification of PSGs. Additionally, futuristic considerations and recommendations for employing integrated next-generation multi-omics (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics), including gene/genome editing (CRISPR-Cas) approaches are also proposed to explore commercial potential of PSGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Singh
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India; and Present address: Department of Plant Functional Metabolomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland
| | - Shikha Sharma
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sandeep Rawat
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; and Present address: G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development, Sikkim Regional Centre, Pangthang, Gangtok 737101, Sikkim, India
| | - Ram Kumar Sharma
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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12
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Yu A, Jiang X, Sun Y, Hu Q, Zhu X, Kang J, Chen L, Liu L, Hao L, Yang Q, Long R, Li M. Genome-wide identification, characterization, and expression analysis of UDP-glycosyltransferase genes associated with secondary metabolism in alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1001206. [PMID: 36254261 PMCID: PMC9568668 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1001206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferases (UGTs) are enzymes that catalyze glycosylation modifications and play an essential role in regulating plant metabolism. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is the most important legume in the world due to its high yields and protein content; however, the UGT genes in alfalfa have not yet been studied. Identifying UGT genes with metabolic roles in alfalfa is essential for identifying and modifying genetic traits that are relevant to yield and quality. In this study, 90 of the 239 UGT genes identified from the alfalfa "Zhongmu No. 1" genome database were found to be related to secondary metabolism, and a series of gene family characterization analyses were conducted on each. The results demonstrated that all 90 UGT genes were unevenly distributed on eight chromosomes with few introns and that tandem duplications were the crucial driving force expanding the UGT family in alfalfa. Notably, the 90 UGT genes can be clustered into ten evolutionary groups which contain specific PSPG motifs, and genes in these ten groups have specific tissue expressions. This suggests that the UGT genes in each group could have similar glycosylation roles corresponding to analogous secondary metabolites in alfalfa. Additionally, multiple cis-acting elements found in MsUGT promoter regions, such as phytohormone and flavonoids, indicate that 90 UGT members could be induced by these features, which are also related to secondary metabolism. Therefore, our study identified 90 UGT members inten evolutionary groups that are likely related to glycosylation modifications with secondary metabolites in alfalfa. These findings help uncover pivotal regulatory mechanisms associated with secondary metabolism in plant yield and quality and contribute to genetic modification and breeding in alfalfa and other plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andong Yu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueqian Jiang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Sun
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiannan Hu
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junmei Kang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Bayannur Institute of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Linfeng Hao
- Bayannur Institute of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Qingchuan Yang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruicai Long
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingna Li
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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13
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Xiong RL, Zhang JZ, Liu XY, Deng JQ, Zhu TT, Ni R, Tan H, Sheng JZ, Lou HX, Cheng AX. Identification and Characterization of Two Bibenzyl Glycosyltransferases from the Liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040735. [PMID: 35453420 PMCID: PMC9025568 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Liverworts are rich in bibenzyls and related O-glycosides, which show antioxidant activity. However, glycosyltransferases that catalyze the glycosylation of bibenzyls have not yet been characterized. Here, we identified two bibenzyl UDP-glucosyltransferases named MpUGT737B1 and MpUGT741A1 from the model liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. The in vitro enzymatic assay revealed that MpUGT741A1 specifically accepted the bibenzyl lunularin as substrate. MpUGT737B1 could accept bibenzyls, dihydrochalcone and phenylpropanoids as substrates, and could convert phloretin to phloretin-4-O-glucoside and phloridzin, which showed inhibitory activity against tyrosinase and antioxidant activity. The results of sugar donor selectivity showed that MpUGT737B1 and MpUGT741A1 could only accept UDP-glucose as a substrate. The expression levels of these MpUGTs were considerably increased after UV irradiation, which generally caused oxidative damage. This result indicates that MpUGT737B1 and MpUGT741A1 may play a role in plant stress adaption. Subcellular localization indicates that MpUGT737B1 and MpUGT741A1 were expressed in the cytoplasm and nucleus. These enzymes should provide candidate genes for the synthesis of bioactive bibenzyl O-glucosides and the improvement of plant antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Lin Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; (R.-L.X.); (J.-Z.Z.); (J.-Q.D.); (T.-T.Z.); (R.N.); (H.T.); (J.-Z.S.)
| | - Jiao-Zhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; (R.-L.X.); (J.-Z.Z.); (J.-Q.D.); (T.-T.Z.); (R.N.); (H.T.); (J.-Z.S.)
| | - Xin-Yan Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China;
| | - Jian-Qun Deng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; (R.-L.X.); (J.-Z.Z.); (J.-Q.D.); (T.-T.Z.); (R.N.); (H.T.); (J.-Z.S.)
| | - Ting-Ting Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; (R.-L.X.); (J.-Z.Z.); (J.-Q.D.); (T.-T.Z.); (R.N.); (H.T.); (J.-Z.S.)
| | - Rong Ni
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; (R.-L.X.); (J.-Z.Z.); (J.-Q.D.); (T.-T.Z.); (R.N.); (H.T.); (J.-Z.S.)
| | - Hui Tan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; (R.-L.X.); (J.-Z.Z.); (J.-Q.D.); (T.-T.Z.); (R.N.); (H.T.); (J.-Z.S.)
| | - Ju-Zheng Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; (R.-L.X.); (J.-Z.Z.); (J.-Q.D.); (T.-T.Z.); (R.N.); (H.T.); (J.-Z.S.)
| | - Hong-Xiang Lou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; (R.-L.X.); (J.-Z.Z.); (J.-Q.D.); (T.-T.Z.); (R.N.); (H.T.); (J.-Z.S.)
- Correspondence: (H.-X.L.); (A.-X.C.)
| | - Ai-Xia Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; (R.-L.X.); (J.-Z.Z.); (J.-Q.D.); (T.-T.Z.); (R.N.); (H.T.); (J.-Z.S.)
- Correspondence: (H.-X.L.); (A.-X.C.)
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14
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Pucker B, Selmar D. Biochemistry and Molecular Basis of Intracellular Flavonoid Transport in Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:963. [PMID: 35406945 PMCID: PMC9002769 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are a biochemically diverse group of specialized metabolites in plants that are derived from phenylalanine. While the biosynthesis of the flavonoid aglycone is highly conserved across species and well characterized, numerous species-specific decoration steps and their relevance remained largely unexplored. The flavonoid biosynthesis takes place at the cytosolic side of the endoplasmatic reticulum (ER), but accumulation of various flavonoids was observed in the central vacuole. A universal explanation for the subcellular transport of flavonoids has eluded researchers for decades. Current knowledge suggests that a glutathione S-transferase-like protein (ligandin) protects anthocyanins and potentially proanthocyanidin precursors during the transport to the central vacuole. ABCC transporters and to a lower extend MATE transporters sequester anthocyanins into the vacuole. Glycosides of specific proanthocyanidin precursors are sequestered through MATE transporters. A P-ATPase in the tonoplast and potentially other proteins generate the proton gradient that is required for the MATE-mediated antiport. Vesicle-mediated transport of flavonoids from the ER to the vacuole is considered as an alternative or additional route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boas Pucker
- Institute of Plant Biology, TU Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany;
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), TU Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dirk Selmar
- Institute of Plant Biology, TU Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany;
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15
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Pei T, Yan M, Li T, Li X, Yin Y, Cui M, Fang Y, Liu J, Kong Y, Xu P, Zhao Q. Characterization of UDP-glycosyltransferase family members reveals how major flavonoid glycoside accumulates in the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:169. [PMID: 35232374 PMCID: PMC8888134 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08391-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Flavonoid glycosides extracted from roots of Scutellaria baicalensis exhibit strong pharmaceutical antitumor, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral activities. UDP glycosyltransferase (UGT) family members are responsible for the transfer of a glycosyl moiety from UDP sugars to a wide range of acceptor flavonoids. Baicalin is the major flavonoid glycoside found in S. baicalensis roots, and its aglycone baicalein is synthesized from a specially evolved pathway that has been elucidated. However, it is necessary to carry out a genome-wide study of genes involved in 7-O-glucuronidation, the final biosynthesis step of baicalin, which might elucidate the relationship between the enzymes and the metabolic accumulation patterns in this medicinal plant. Results We reported the phylogenetic analysis, tissue-specific expression, biochemical characterization and evolutionary analysis of glucosyltransferases (SbUGTs) and glucuronosyltransferases (SbUGATs) genes based on the recently released genome of S. baicalensis. A total of 124 UGTs were identified, and over one third of them were highly expressed in roots. In vitro enzyme assays showed that 6 SbUGTs could use UDP-glucose as a sugar donor and convert baicalein to oroxin A (baicalein 7-O-glucoside), while 4 SbUGATs used only UDP-glucuronic acid as the sugar donor and catalyzed baicalein to baicalin. SbUGAT4 and SbUGT2 are the most highly expressed SbUGAT and SbUGT genes in root tissues, respectively. Kinetic measurements revealed that SbUGAT4 had a lower Km value and higher Vmax/Km ratio to baicalein than those of SbUGT2. Furthermore, tandem duplication events were detected in SbUGTs and SbUGATs. Conclusions This study demonstrated that glucosylation and glucuronidation are two major glycosylated decorations in the roots of S. baicalensis. Higher expression level and affinity to substrate of SbUGAT4, and expansion of this gene family contribute high accumulation of baicalin in the root of S. baicalensis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08391-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlin Pei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China.,National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Mengxiao Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Tian Li
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Li
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Yijia Yin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Mengying Cui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Yumin Fang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Yu Kong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China. .,National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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16
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Dai X, Shi X, Yang C, Zhao X, Zhuang J, Liu Y, Gao L, Xia T. Two UDP-Glycosyltransferases Catalyze the Biosynthesis of Bitter Flavonoid 7- O-Neohesperidoside through Sequential Glycosylation in Tea Plants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:2354-2365. [PMID: 35133826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoid glycosides are typical bitter and astringent tasting compounds that contribute to the taste of tea beverages. However, the genes that contribute to the biosynthesis of bitter compounds (e.g., flavanone 7-O-neohesperidoside) in tea plants have yet to be identified. In this study, we identified 194 UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) from the tea transcriptome database. Among them, two genes, CsUGT75L12 and CsUGT79B28, encoding flavonoid 7-O-glycosyltransferase and 7-O-glucoside(1→2)rhamnosyltransferase, respectively, were identified from Camellia sinensis. In vitro, the purified recombinant enzyme rCsUGT75L12 specifically transports the glucose unit from UDP-glucose to the 7-OH position of the flavonoid to produce the respective 7-O-glucoside. rCsUGT79B28 regiospecifically transfers a rhamnose unit from UDP-rhamnose to the 2″-OH position of flavonoid 7-O-glucosides to produce flavonoid 7-O-di-glycosides. Additionally, the expression profiles of the two CsUGTs were correlated with the accumulation patterns of 7-O-glucoside and 7-O-neohesperidoside, respectively, in tea plants. These results indicated that the two CsUGTs are involved in the biosynthesis of bitter flavonoid 7-O-neohesperidoside through the sequential glucosylation and rhamnosylation of flavonoids in C. sinensis. Taken together, our findings provided not only molecular insights into flavonoid di-glycoside metabolism in tea plants but also crucial molecular markers for controlling the bitterness and astringent taste of tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlong Dai
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, 550025 Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xingxing Shi
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Changli Yang
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, 550025 Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, 550025 Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Juhua Zhuang
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, 550025 Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, Anhui, China
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Chen Y, Yi N, Yao SB, Zhuang J, Fu Z, Ma J, Yin S, Jiang X, Liu Y, Gao L, Xia T. CsHCT-Mediated Lignin Synthesis Pathway Involved in the Response of Tea Plants to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:10069-10081. [PMID: 34410120 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have shown that phenolic compounds such as lignin and flavonoids enhance plant resistance. Tea plants are rich in flavonoid compounds. Whether these compounds are related to tea plant resistance is unclear. In this study, an interesting conclusion was drawn on the basis of experimental results: in response to abiotic stress (except for sucrose treatment), gene expression was increased in the phenylpropanoid and lignin pathways and was reduced in the flavonoid pathway in tea plants. CsHCTs, the genes located at the branch point of the lignin and flavonoid pathways, are most suitable for regulating the ratio of carbon flow in the lignin pathway and flavonoid synthesis. Enzymatic and genetic modification experiments proved that CsHCTs encode hydroxycinnamoyl-coenzyme A:shikimate/quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the genetic modification results showed that the contents of phenolic acids and lignin were increased in tobacco and Arabidopsis plants overexpressing CsHCTs, whereas the content of flavonol glycosides was decreased. Both types of transgenic plants showed resistance to many abiotic stresses and bacterial infections. We speculate that CsHCTs participate in regulation of the metabolic flow of carbon from the flavonoid pathway to the chlorogenic acid, caffeoylshikimic acid, and lignin pathways to increase resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Ning Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Sheng Bo Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Juhua Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Zhouping Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Jing Ma
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Shixin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaolan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
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18
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Yuan JC, Xiong RL, Zhu TT, Ni R, Fu J, Lou HX, Cheng AX. Cloning and functional characterization of three flavonoid O-glucosyltransferase genes from the liverworts Marchantia emarginata and Marchantia paleacea. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 166:495-504. [PMID: 34166976 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoid glycosides are important plant secondary metabolites with broad pharmacological activities. Flavonoid glycosides are generated from aglycones, in reactions catalyzed by typical uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs). Liverworts produce various types of flavonoid glycosides; however, only two UGTs have been characterized from liverworts to date. Here, we isolated three genes encoding UGTs (MeUGT1, MeUGT2, and MpalUGT1) from the liverwort species Marchantia emarginata and Marchantia paleacea through transcriptome sequencing. Recombinant MeUGT1, MeUGT2, and MpalUGT1 proteins heterologously produced in Escherichia coli exhibited catalytic activity towards multiple flavonoids. MeUGT1 and MpalUGT1 catalyzed the glycosylation of flavonols into the corresponding 3-O-glucosides with UDP-glucose as the sugar donor, while MeUGT2 exhibited a wider substrate specificity that included flavonols, flavones, and flavanones. When MeUGT2 was expressed in E. coli, the yield of flavonol 3-O-glucosides reached to 40-60% with feeding of the substrates kaempferol or quercetin under optimal conditions. Furthermore, heterologous expression of MeUGT1 in Arabidopsis thaliana increased the flavonol glycoside contents in the plants. Therefore, the UGTs characterized in this study could provide new data that will be useful for examining flavonoid biosynthesis in liverworts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Cong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Rui-Lin Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Rong Ni
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Jie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Hong-Xiang Lou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Ai-Xia Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
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Li X, Jiang J, Chen Z, Jackson A. Transcriptomic, Proteomic and Metabolomic Analysis of Flavonoid Biosynthesis During Fruit Maturation in Rubus chingii Hu. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:706667. [PMID: 34447402 PMCID: PMC8384110 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.706667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Rubus chingii HU, is a medicinal and nutritious fruit, which is very rich in flavonoids. However, the biosynthesis of its flavonoids is poorly understood. This study examined flavonoids and the genes/proteins at four fruit ripening phases using LC-MS/MS and qPCR. Six major kinds of anthocyanins, primarily consisted of flavanol-anthocyanins, which differed in form or concentration from other Rubus species. In contrast to other known raspberries species, R. chingii had a decline in flavonoids during fruit ripening, which was due to down-regulation of genes and proteins involved in phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis. Unexpectedly, anthocyanin also continuously decreased during fruit maturation. This suggests that anthocyanins are not responsible for the fruit's reddish coloration. Flavanol-anthocyanins were derived from the proanthocyanidin pathway, which consumed two flavonoid units both produced through the same upstream pathway. Their presence indicates a reduction in the potential biosynthesis of anthocyanin production. Also, the constantly low expression of RchANS gene resulted in low levels of anthocyanin biosynthesis. The lack of RchF3'5'H gene/protein hindered the production of delphinidin glycosides. Flavonoids primarily comprising of quercetin/kaempferol-glycosides were predominately located at fruit epidermal-hair and placentae. The proportion of receptacle/drupelets changes with the maturity of the fruit and may be related to a decrease in the content of flavonoids per unit mass as the fruit matures. The profile and biosynthesis of R. chingii flavonoids are unique to Rubus. The unique flavonol pathways of R. chingii could be used to broaden the genetic diversity of raspberry cultivars and to improve their fruit quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobai Li
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Zhen Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Aaron Jackson
- Independent Researcher, Stuttgart, AR, United States
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20
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Zhang J, Jia H, Zhu B, Li J, Yang T, Zhang ZZ, Deng WW. Molecular and Biochemical Characterization of Jasmonic Acid Carboxyl Methyltransferase Involved in Aroma Compound Production of Methyl Jasmonate during Black Tea Processing. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:3154-3164. [PMID: 33666433 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Methyl jasmonate (MeJA), a volatile organic compound, is a principal flowery aromatic compound in tea. During the processing of black tea, MeJA is produced by jasmonic acid carboxyl methyltransferase (JMT) of the jasmonic acid (JA) substrate, forming a specific floral fragrance. CsJMT was cloned from tea leaves; the three-dimensional structure of CsJMT was predicted. Enzyme activity was identified, and protein purification was investigated. Site-directed deletions revealed that N-10, S-22, and Q-25 residues in the beginning amino acids played a key functional role in enzyme activity. The expression patterns of CsJMT in tea organs differed; the highest expression of CsJMT was observed in the fermentation process of black tea. These results aid in further understanding the synthesis of MeJA during black tea processing, which is crucial for improving black tea quality using specific fragrances and could be applied to the aromatic compound regulation and tea breeding improvement in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyan Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Biying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Zhu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Wei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
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21
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Cui Y, Allmon SD, Siegel JB. Functional characterization and reclassification of an enzyme previously proposed to be a limonoid UDP-glucosyltransferase. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:4870-4878. [PMID: 32483918 PMCID: PMC7920543 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major problem in the orange industry is 'delayed' bitterness, which is caused by limonin, a bitter compound developing from its non-bitter precursor limonoate A-ring lactone (LARL) during and after extraction of orange juice. The glucosidation of LARL by limonoid UDP-glucosyltransferase (LGT) to form non-bitter glycosyl-limonin during orange maturation has been demonstrated as a natural way to debitter by preventing the formation of limonin. RESULT Here, the debittering potential of heterogeneously expressed glucosyltransferase, maltose-binding protein (MBP) fused to cuGT from Citrus unishiu Marc (MBP-cuGT), which was previously regarded as LGT, was evaluated. A liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method was established to determine the concentration of limonin and its derivatives. The protocols to obtain its potential substrates, LARL and limonoate (limonin with both A and D ring open), were also developed. Surprisingly, MBP-cuGT did not exhibit any detectable effect on limonin degradation when Navel orange juice was used as the substrate; MBP-cuGT was unable to biotransform either LARL or limonoate as purified substrates. However, it was found that MBP-cuGT displayed a broad activity spectrum towards flavonoids, confirming that the enzyme produced was active under the conditions evaluated in vitro. CONCLUSION Our results based on LC-MS demonstrated that cuGT functionality was incorrectly identified. Its active substrates, including various flavonoids but not limonoids, highlight the need for further efforts to identify the enzyme responsible for LGT activity to develop biotechnology-based approaches for producing orange juice from varietals that traditionally have a delayed bitterness. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youtian Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Steven D. Allmon
- The Coca-Cola Company, Innovation Center @ Apopka, 2651 Orange Ave, Apopka, Florida 32703, United States
| | - Justin B. Siegel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Department Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine and the Genome Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Corresponding Author: (J.B.S.)
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22
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Zhu TT, Liu H, Wang PY, Ni R, Sun CJ, Yuan JC, Niu M, Lou HX, Cheng AX. Functional characterization of UDP-glycosyltransferases from the liverwort Plagiochasma appendiculatum and their potential for biosynthesizing flavonoid 7-O-glucosides. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 299:110577. [PMID: 32900434 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoid glucosides, typically generated from aglycones via the action of uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs), both contribute to plant viability and are pharmacologically active. The properties of UGTs produced by liverworts, one of the basal groups of non-vascular land plants, have not been systematically explored. Here, two UGTs potentially involved in flavonoids synthesis were identified from the transcriptome of Plagiochasma appendiculatum. Enzymatic analysis showed that PaUGT1 and PaUGT2 accepted various flavones, flavonols, flavanones and dihydrochalcones as substrates. A mutated form PaUGT1-Q19A exhibited a higher catalytic efficiency than did the wild type enzyme. When expressed in Escherichia coli, the yield of flavonol 7-O-glucosides reached to over 70 %. Co-expression of PaUGT1-Q19A with the upstream flavone synthase I PaFNS I-1 proved able to convert the flavanone aglycones naringenin and eriodictyol into the higher-yield apigenin 7-O-glucoside (A7G) and luteolin 7-O-glucoside (L7G). The maximum concentration of 81.0 μM A7G and 88.6 μM L7G was achieved upon supplementation with 100 μM naringenin and 100 μM eriodictyol under optimized conditions. This is the first time that flavonoids UGTs have been characterized from liverworts and co-expression of UGTs and FNS Is from the same species serves as an effective strategy to synthesize flavone 7-O-glucosides in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Zhu
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
| | - Piao-Yi Wang
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
| | - Rong Ni
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
| | - Chun-Jing Sun
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
| | - Jing-Cong Yuan
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
| | - Meng Niu
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
| | - Hong-Xiang Lou
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
| | - Ai-Xia Cheng
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China.
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23
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Maharjan R, Fukuda Y, Shimomura N, Nakayama T, Okimoto Y, Kawakami K, Nakayama T, Hamada H, Inoue T, Ozaki SI. An Ambidextrous Polyphenol Glycosyltransferase PaGT2 from Phytolacca americana. Biochemistry 2020; 59:2551-2561. [PMID: 32525309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The glycosylation of small hydrophobic compounds is catalyzed by uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferases (UGTs). Because glycosylation is an invaluable tool for improving the stability and water solubility of hydrophobic compounds, UGTs have attracted attention for their application in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. However, the ability of UGTs to accept and glycosylate a wide range of substrates is not clearly understood due to the existence of a large number of UGTs. PaGT2, a UGT from Phytolacca americana, can regioselectively glycosylate piceatannol but has low activity toward other stilbenoids. To elucidate the substrate specificity and catalytic mechanism, we determined the crystal structures of PaGT2 with and without substrates and performed molecular docking studies. The structures have revealed key residues involved in substrate recognition and suggest the presence of a nonconserved catalytic residue (His81) in addition to the highly conserved catalytic histidine in UGTs (His18). The role of the identified residues in substrate recognition and catalysis is elucidated with the mutational assay. Additionally, the structure-guided mutation of Cys142 to other residues, Ala, Phe, and Gln, allows PaGT2 to glycosylate resveratrol with high regioselectivity, which is negligibly glycosylated by the wild-type enzyme. These results provide a basis for tailoring an efficient glycosyltransferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Maharjan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yohta Fukuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naomichi Shimomura
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology for Innovations, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Taisuke Nakayama
- National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Yuta Okimoto
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology for Innovations, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Koki Kawakami
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Toru Nakayama
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hamada
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Inoue
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Ozaki
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology for Innovations, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
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Engineering of Cyclodextrin Glycosyltransferase Reveals pH-Regulated Mechanism of Enhanced Long-Chain Glycosylated Sophoricoside Specificity. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.00004-20. [PMID: 32005733 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00004-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sophoricoside glycosylated derivatives, especially long-chain glycosylated sophoricosides (LCGS), have greatly improved water solubility compared with sophoricoside. Here, cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase from Paenibacillus macerans (PmCGTase) was employed for sophoricoside glycosylation. Saturation mutagenesis of alanine 156, alanine 166, glycine 173, and leucine 174 was performed due to their nonconservative properties among α-, β-, and γ-CGTases with different product specificities. Variants L174P, A156V/L174P, and A156V/L174P/A166Y greatly improved the product specificity for LCGS. pH significantly affected the extent of glycosylation catalyzed by the variants. Further investigations revealed that the pH-regulated mechanism for LCGS synthesis mainly depends on a disproportionation route at a lower pH (pH 4) and a cyclization-coupling route at a higher pH (pH 8) and equivalent effects of cyclization-coupling and disproportionation routes at pH 5. Whereas short-chain glycosylated sophoricosides (SCGS) are primarily produced via disproportionation of maltodextrin at pH 4 and secondary disproportionation of LCGS at pH 8. At pH 5, SCGS synthesis mainly depends on a hydrolysis route by the wild type (WT) and a secondary disproportionation route by variant A156V/L174P/A166Y. Kinetics analysis showed a decreased Km value of variant A156V/L174P/A166Y. Dynamics simulation results demonstrated that the improved LCGS specificity of the variant is possibly attributed to the enhanced affinity to long-chain substrates, which may be caused by the changes of hydrogen bond interactions at the -5, -6, and -7 subsites. Our results reveal a pH-regulated mechanism for product specificity of CGTase and provide guidance for engineering CGTase toward products with different sugar chain lengths.IMPORTANCE The low water solubility of sophoricoside seriously limits its applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Long-chain glycosylated sophoricosides show greatly improved water solubility. Here, the product specificity of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) for long-chain glycosylated sophoricosides was significantly affected by pH. Our results reveal the pH-regulated mechanism of the glycosylated product specificity of CGTase. This work adds to our understanding of the synthesis of long-chain glycosylated sophoricosides and provides guidance for exploring related product specificity of CGTase based on pH regulation.
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Thierbach S, Sartor P, Yücel O, Fetzner S. Efficient modification of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxin 2-heptyl-1-hydroxyquinolin-4-one by three Bacillus glycosyltransferases with broad substrate ranges. J Biotechnol 2019; 308:74-81. [PMID: 31786106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation of natural and synthetic products can alter the physical, chemical and pharmacological properties of the aglycon. Conversion of 2-heptyl-1-hydroxyquinolin-4-one (HQNO), a potent respiratory inhibitor produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, to the less toxic 2-heptyl-1-(β-D-glucopyranosydyl)-quinolin-4-one, was recently demonstrated for Bacillus subtilis strain 168. In this study, we compared the genomes of several Bacillus spp. to identify candidate enzymes for HQNO glucosylation. All three (putative) UDP-glycosyltransferases (GT) of B. subtilis 168 tested, YjiC, YdhE and YojK, were capable of HQNO glucosylation, with YjiC showing the highest turnover rate (kcat) of 4.6 s-1, and YdhE exhibiting the lowest Km value for HQNO of 9.1 μM. All three GT predominantly utilized UDP-glucose, but YdhE was similarly active with TDP-glucose. Among the aglycons tested, HQNO was the preferred substrate of all three GT, but they also showed activities toward the P. aeruginosa exoproducts pyocyanin, 2-heptyl-3-hydroxyquinolin-4(1H)-one (the Pseudomonas quinolone signal) and 2,4-dihydroxyquinoline, the plant derived antimicrobials vanillin and quercetin, and the macrolide antibiotic tylosin A. Our results underline the promiscuity and substrate flexibility of YjiC, YdhE and YojK, and suggest a physiological role in natural toxin resistance of B. subtilis. Especially YdhE appears to be an attractive biocatalyst for the glycoengineering of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Thierbach
- Institute for Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 3, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Pascal Sartor
- Institute for Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 3, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Onur Yücel
- Institute for Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 3, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Susanne Fetzner
- Institute for Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 3, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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Sun J, Chang M, Li H, Zhang Z, Chen Q, Chen Y, Yao Y, Pan A, Shi C, Wang C, Zhao J, Wan X. Endophytic Bacteria as Contributors to Theanine Production in Camellia sinensis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:10685-10693. [PMID: 31479251 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Theanine is the most abundant non-protein amino acid in Camellia sinensis, but it is not known how a tea plant accumulates such high levels of theanine. The endophyte isolated from in vitro grown plantlets of C. sinensis cultivars was identified as Luteibacter spp., showing strong biocatalytic activity for converting both glutamine and ethylamine to theanine. Theanine was secreted outside of the bacteria. The endophyte isolated from in vitro plantlets of Camellia oleifera cultivar was identified as Bacillus safensis and did not convert glutamine and ethylamine to theanine. Enzymatic assays in vitro indicated that γ-glutamyltranspeptidases rCsEGGTs from the endophyte Luteibacter strains converted glutamine and ethylamine to theanine at higher rates than rCsGGTs from C. sinensis. This is the first report on theanine biosynthesis by an endophyte from C. sinensis, which provides a new pathway to explore the mechanism of theanine biosynthesis in C. sinensis and the interactions between an endophyte and tea plants.
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Widely targeted metabolome and transcriptome landscapes of Allium fistulosum-A. cepa chromosome addition lines revealed a flavonoid hot spot on chromosome 5A. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3541. [PMID: 30837538 PMCID: PMC6400954 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39856-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report a comprehensive analysis of the widely targeted metabolome and transcriptome profiles of Allium fistulosum L. (FF) with the single extra chromosome of shallot [A. cepa L. Aggregatum group (AA)] to clarify the novel gene functions in flavonoid biosynthesis. An exhaustive metabolome analysis was performed using the selected reaction monitoring mode of liquid chromatography–tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry, revealing a specific accumulation of quercetin, anthocyanin and flavone glucosides in AA and FF5A. The addition of chromosome 5A from the shallot to A. fistulosum induced flavonoid accumulation in the recipient species, which was associated with the upregulation of several genes including the dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, chalcone synthase, flavanone 3-hydroxylase, UDP-glucose flavonoid-3-O-glucosyltransferase, anthocyanin 5-aromatic acyltransferase-like, pleiotropic drug resistance-like ATP binding cassette transporter, and MYB14 transcriptional factor. Additionally, an open access Allium Transcript Database (Allium TDB, http://alliumtdb.kazusa.or.jp) was generated by using RNA-Seq data from different genetic stocks including the A. fistulosum–A. cepa monosomic addition lines. The functional genomic approach presented here provides an innovative means of targeting the gene responsible for flavonoid biosynthesis in A. cepa. The understanding of flavonoid compounds and biosynthesis-related genes would facilitate the development of noble Allium varieties with unique chemical constituents and, subsequently, improved plant stress tolerance and human health benefits.
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Comprehensive identification of the full-length transcripts and alternative splicing related to the secondary metabolism pathways in the tea plant (Camellia sinensis). Sci Rep 2019; 9:2709. [PMID: 30804390 PMCID: PMC6389920 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39286-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids, theanine and caffeine are the main secondary metabolites of the tea plant (Camellia sinensis), which account for the tea's unique flavor quality and health benefits. The biosynthesis pathways of these metabolites have been extensively studied at the transcriptional level, but the regulatory mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, to explore the transcriptome diversity and complexity of tea plant, PacBio Iso-Seq and RNA-seq analysis were combined to obtain full-length transcripts and to profile the changes in gene expression during the leaf development. A total of 1,388,066 reads of insert (ROI) were generated with an average length of 1,762 bp, and more than 54% (755,716) of the ROIs were full-length non-chimeric (FLNC) reads. The Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologue (BUSCO) completeness was 92.7%. A total of 93,883 non-redundant transcripts were obtained, and 87,395 (93.1%) were new alternatively spliced isoforms. Meanwhile, 7,650 differential expression transcripts (DETs) were identified. A total of 28,980 alternative splicing (AS) events were predicted, including 1,297 differential AS (DAS) events. The transcript isoforms of the key genes involved in the flavonoid, theanine and caffeine biosynthesis pathways were characterized. Additionally, 5,777 fusion transcripts and 9,052 long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were also predicted. Our results revealed that AS potentially plays a crucial role in the regulation of the secondary metabolism of the tea plant. These findings enhanced our understanding of the complexity of the secondary metabolic regulation of tea plants and provided a basis for the subsequent exploration of the regulatory mechanisms of flavonoid, theanine and caffeine biosynthesis in tea plants.
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Cheng X, Muhammad A, Li G, Zhang J, Cheng J, Qiu J, Jiang T, Jin Q, Cai Y, Lin Y. Family-1 UDP glycosyltransferases in pear (Pyrus bretschneideri): Molecular identification, phylogenomic characterization and expression profiling during stone cell formation. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:2153-2175. [PMID: 30734172 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04669-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stone cells are a characteristic trait of pear fruits, and excessive stone cell formation has a significant negative impact on the texture and flavour of the pulp. Lignin is one of the main components of stone cells. Family-1 uridine diphosphate-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) are responsible for the glycosylation modification of monolignols. However, information remains limited regarding the relationship between UGTs and stone cell formation. To address this problem, we identified 139 UGTs from the pear genome, which were distributed in 15 phylogenetic groups (A-M, O, and P). We also performed a collinearity analysis of UGTs among four Rosaceae plants (pear, peach, mei, and strawberry). Phylogenetic analysis suggested that 13 PbUGTs might be related to the glycosylation of monolignols. Analysis of expression patterns demonstrated that most putative monolignol glycosylation-related PbUGTs not only showed high expression levels in flowers and buds but were also induced by exogenous ABA, SA, and MeJA. In addition, the transcript level of Pbr005014.1 (named PbUGT72AJ2) was consistent with the changing trend of lignin content in pear fruit, and the transcript level was also higher in 'Dangshan Su' pear with higher lignin and stone cell contents. Subcellular localization results showed that PbUGT72AJ2 was located mainly in the cytomembrane and cytoplasm. Based on our study, PbUGT72AJ2 is considered to be a monolignol glycosylation-related UGT. Our results provide an important source for the identification of UGTs and a foundation for the future understanding and manipulation of lignin metabolism and stone cell formation in pear fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Cheng
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Abdullah Muhammad
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Guohui Li
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Jingyun Zhang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, China
- Horticultural Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Jingxiang Qiu
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Taoshan Jiang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Qing Jin
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Yongping Cai
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, China.
| | - Yi Lin
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, China.
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Wang P, Ma G, Zhang L, Li Y, Fu Z, Kan X, Han Y, Wang H, Jiang X, Liu Y, Gao L, Xia T. A Sucrose-Induced MYB (SIMYB) Transcription Factor Promoting Proanthocyanidin Accumulation in the Tea Plant ( Camellia sinensis). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:1418-1428. [PMID: 30688075 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs, also called condensed tannins), are an important class of secondary metabolites and exist widely in plants. Tea ( Camellia sinensis) is rich in PAs and their precursors, (-)-epicatechin (EC) and (+)-catechin (C). The biosynthesis of PAs is constantly regulated by many different MBW complexes, consisting of MYB transcription factors (TFs), basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) TFs, and WD-repeat (WDR) proteins. These regulatory factors can be environmentally affected, such as by biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, we revalidated the effect of sucrose treatment on tea branches, and a sucrose-induced MYB (SIMYB) TF was screened and studied. Phylogenetic analysis indicted that this SIMYB TF belonged to MYB subgroup 5, named CsMYB5b. Heterologous expression of CsMYB5b in tobacco strongly induced PA accumulation, through up-regulating the key target genes LAR or ANRs. In addition, CsMYB5b restored PA production in the seed coat of A. thaliana tt2 mutant and rescued its phenotype. Yeast two-hybrid assay demonstrated CsMYB5b can interact directly with CsTT8 (an AtTT8 ortholog) and CsWD40 protein. Linking to the expression profiling of CsMYB5b and the PA accumulation pattern in tea plants suggest that the CsMYB5b acts as an important switch for the synthesis of monomeric catechins and PAs. Therefore, these data provide insight into the regulatory mechanisms controlling the biosynthesis of PAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
- College of Horticulture , Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao 266109 , China
| | - Guoliang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Lingjie Zhang
- School of Life Science , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Life Science , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Zhouping Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Xinyi Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Yahui Han
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
- College of Horticulture , Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao 266109 , China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- School of Life Science , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Xiaolan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Yajun Liu
- School of Life Science , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life Science , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
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Wang X, Li C, Zhou Z, Zhang Y. Identification of Three (Iso)flavonoid Glucosyltransferases From Pueraria lobata. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:28. [PMID: 30761172 PMCID: PMC6362427 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
(Iso)flavonoids are one of the largest groups of natural phenolic products conferring great value to the health of plants and humans. Pueraria lobata, a legume, has long been used in Chinese traditional medicine. (Iso)flavonoids mainly present as glycosyl-conjugates and accumulate in P. lobata roots. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the glycosylation processes in (iso)flavonoid biosynthesis are not fully understood. In the current study, three novel UDP-glycosyltransferases (PlUGT4, PlUGT15, and PlUGT57) were identified in P. lobata from RNA-seq data. Biochemical assays of these three recombinant PlUGTs showed all of them were able to glycosylate isoflavones (genistein and daidzein) at the 7-hydroxyl position in vitro. In comparison with the strict substrate specificity for PlUGT15 and PlUGT57, PlUGT4 displayed utilization of a broad range of sugar acceptors. Particularly, PlUGT15 exhibited a much higher catalytic efficiency toward isoflavones (genistein and daidzein) than any other identified 7-O-UGT from P. lobata. Moreover, the transcriptional expression patterns of these PlUGTs correlated with the accumulation of isoflavone glucosides in MeJA-treated P. lobata, suggesting their possible in vivo roles in the glycosylation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Changfu Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Research Center for Natural Products, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zilin Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yansheng Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Research Center for Natural Products, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yansheng Zhang,
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Kc S, Liu M, Zhang Q, Fan K, Shi Y, Ruan J. Metabolic Changes of Amino Acids and Flavonoids in Tea Plants in Response to Inorganic Phosphate Limitation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113683. [PMID: 30469347 PMCID: PMC6274676 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The qualities of tea (Camellia sinensis) are not clearly understood in terms of integrated leading molecular regulatory network mechanisms behind inorganic phosphate (Pi) limitation. Thus, the present work aims to elucidate transcription factor-dependent responses of quality-related metabolites and the expression of genes to phosphate (P) starvation. The tea plant organs were subjected to metabolomics analysis by GC×GC-TOF/MS and UPLC-Q-TOF/MS along with transcription factors and 13 metabolic genes by qRT-PCR. We found P starvation upregulated SPX2 and the change response of Pi is highly dependent on young shoots. This led to increased change in abundance of carbohydrates (fructose and glucose), amino acids in leaves (threonine and methionine), and root (phenylalanine, alanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine). Flavonoids and their glycosides accumulated in leaves and root exposed to P limitation was consistent with the upregulated expression of anthocyanidin reductase (EC 1.3.1.77), leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (EC 1.4.11.19) and glycosyltransferases (UGT78D1, UGT78D2 and UGT57L12). Despite the similar kinetics and high correlation response of Pi and SPX2 in young shoots, predominating theanine and other amino acids (serine, threonine, glutamate, valine, methionine, phenylalanine) and catechin (EGC, EGCG and CG) content displayed opposite changes in response to Pi limitation between Fengqing and Longjing-43 tea cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kc
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (GSCAAS), Zhongguancun Nandajie, Haidian, Beijing 100081, China.
- Tea Research Institute (TRICAAS), 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Meiya Liu
- Tea Research Institute (TRICAAS), 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Qunfeng Zhang
- Tea Research Institute (TRICAAS), 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Kai Fan
- Tea Research Institute (TRICAAS), 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Yuanzhi Shi
- Tea Research Institute (TRICAAS), 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Jianyun Ruan
- Tea Research Institute (TRICAAS), 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou 310008, China.
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Liu L, Li Y, She G, Zhang X, Jordan B, Chen Q, Zhao J, Wan X. Metabolite profiling and transcriptomic analyses reveal an essential role of UVR8-mediated signal transduction pathway in regulating flavonoid biosynthesis in tea plants (Camellia sinensis) in response to shading. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:233. [PMID: 30314466 PMCID: PMC6186127 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1440-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tea is the most popular nonalcoholic beverage worldwide for its pleasant characteristics and healthful properties. Catechins, theanine and caffeine are the major natural products in tea buds and leaves that determine tea qualities such as infusion colors, tastes and fragrances, as well as their health benefits. Shading is a traditional and effective practice to modify natural product accumulation and to enhance the tea quality in tea plantation. However, the mechanism underlying the shading effects is not fully understood. This study aims to explore the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in Camellia sinensis under shading by using both metabolomic and transcriptional analyses. RESULTS While shading enhanced chlorophyll accumulation, major catechins, including C, EC, GC and EGC, decreased significantly in tea buds throughout the whole shading period. The reduction of catechins and flavonols were consistent with the simultaneous down-regulation of biosynthetic genes and TFs associated with flavonoid biosynthesis. Of 16 genes involved in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, F3'H and FLS significantly decreased throughout shading while the others (PAL, CHSs, DFR, ANS, ANR and LAR, etc.) temporally decreased in early or late shading stages. Gene co-expression cluster analysis suggested that a number of photoreceptors and potential genes involved in UV-B signal transductions (UVR8_L, HY5, COP1 and RUP1/2) showed decreasing expression patterns consistent with structural genes (F3'H, FLS, ANS, ANR, LAR, DFR and CHSs) and potential TFs (MYB4, MYB12, MYB14 and MYB111) involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, when compared with genes in the UV-A/blue and red/far-red light signal transductions. The KEGG enrichment and matrix correlation analyses also attributed the regulation of catechin biosynthesis to the UVR8-mediated signal transduction pathway. Further UV-B treatment in the controlled environment confirmed UV-B induction on flavonols and EGCG accumulation in tea leaves. CONCLUSIONS We proposed that catechin biosynthesis in C. sinensis leaves is predominantly regulated by UV through the UVR8-mediated signal transduction pathway to MYB12/MYB4 downstream effectors, to modulate flavonoid accumulation. Our study provides new insights into our understanding of regulatory mechanisms for shading-enhanced tea quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 Anhui China
| | - Yingying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 Anhui China
| | - Guangbiao She
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 Anhui China
| | - Xianchen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 Anhui China
| | - Brian Jordan
- Centre for Viticulture and Oenology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Christchurch, 7647 New Zealand
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 Anhui China
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 Anhui China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 Anhui China
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Carvalho DO, Paulu A, Dostálek P, Guido LF. Measurement of catechin-7-O
-glucoside from barley to malt. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jib.530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel O. Carvalho
- REQUIMTE/LAQV - Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences; University of Porto; Portugal
| | - Aleš Paulu
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology; University of Chemistry and Technology; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Dostálek
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology; University of Chemistry and Technology; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Luís F. Guido
- REQUIMTE/LAQV - Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences; University of Porto; Portugal
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35
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Singh S, Patel KA, Sonawane PD, Vishwakarma RK, Khan BM. Enhanced activity of Withania somnifera family-1 glycosyltransferase (UGT73A16) via mutagenesis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 34:150. [PMID: 30255239 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-018-2534-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This work used an approach of enzyme engineering towards the improved production of baicalin as well as alteration of acceptor and donor substrate preferences in UGT73A16. The 3D model of Withania somnifera family-1 glycosyltransferase (UGT73A16) was constructed based on the known crystal structures of plant UGTs. Structural and functional properties of UGT73A16 were investigated using docking and mutagenesis. The docking studies were performed to understand the key residues involved in substrate recognition. In the molecular model of UGT73A16, substrates binding pockets are located between N- and C-terminal domains. Modeled UGT73A16 was docked with UDP-glucose, UDP-glucuronic acid (UDPGA), kaempferol, isorhamnetin, 3-hydroxy flavones, naringenin, genistein and baicalein. The protein-ligand interactions showed that His 16, Asp 246, Lys 255, Ala 337, Gln 339, Val 340, Asn 358 and Glu 362 amino acid residues may be important for catalytic activity. The kinetic parameters indicated that mutants A337C and Q339A exhibited 2-3 fold and 6-7 fold more catalytic efficiency, respectively than wild type, and shifted the sugar donor specificity from UDP-glucose to UDPGA. The mutant Q379H displayed large loss of activity with UDP-glucose and UDPGA strongly suggested that last amino acid residue of PSPG box is important for glucuronosylation and glucosylation and highly specific to sugar binding sites. The information obtained from docking and mutational studies could be beneficial in future to engineer this biocatalyst for development of better ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somesh Singh
- Plant Tissue Culture Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India. .,Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Krunal A Patel
- Plant Tissue Culture Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India
| | - Prashant D Sonawane
- Plant Tissue Culture Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India
| | - Rishi K Vishwakarma
- Plant Tissue Culture Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India
| | - Bashir M Khan
- Plant Tissue Culture Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India.
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Dai X, Zhao G, Jiao T, Wu Y, Li X, Zhou K, Gao L, Xia T. Involvement of Three CsRHM Genes from Camellia sinensis in UDP-Rhamnose Biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:7139-7149. [PMID: 29916708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
UDP-Rhamnose synthase (RHM), the branch-point enzyme controlling the nucleotide sugar interconversion pathway, converts UDP-d-glucose into UDP-rhamnose. As a rhamnose residue donor, UDP-l-rhamnose is essential for the biosynthesis of pectic polysaccharides and secondary metabolites in plants. In this study, three CsRHM genes from tea plants ( Camellia sinensis) were cloned and characterized. Enzyme assays showed that three recombinant proteins displayed RHM activity and were involved in the biosynthesis of UDP-rhamnose in vitro. The transcript profiles, metabolite profiles, and mucilage location suggest that the three CsRHM genes likely contribute to UDP-rhamnose biosynthesis and may be involved in primary wall formation in C. sinensis. These analyses of CsRHM genes and metabolite profiles provide a comprehensive understanding of secondary metabolite biosynthesis and regulation in tea plants. Moreover, our results can be applied for the synthesis of the secondary metabolite rhamnoside in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlong Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
- School of Life Science , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Guifu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Tianming Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Yingling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Xinmin Li
- School of Life Science , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Kang Zhou
- School of Life Science , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life Science , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
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37
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Liu X, Lin C, Ma X, Tan Y, Wang J, Zeng M. Functional Characterization of a Flavonoid Glycosyltransferase in Sweet Orange ( Citrus sinensis). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:166. [PMID: 29497429 PMCID: PMC5818429 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Fruits of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis), a popular commercial Citrus species, contain high concentrations of flavonoids beneficial to human health. These fruits predominantly accumulate O-glycosylated flavonoids, in which the disaccharides [neohesperidose (rhamnosyl-α-1,2-glucose) or rutinose (rhamnosyl-α-1,6-glucose)] are linked to the flavonoid aglycones through the 3- or 7-hydroxyl sites. The biotransformation of the flavonoid aglycones into O-rutinosides or O-neohesperidosides in the Citrus plants usually consists of two glycosylation reactions involving a series of uridine diphosphate-sugar dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs). Although several genes encoding flavonoid UGTs have been functionally characterized in the Citrus plants, full elucidation of the flavonoid glycosylation process remains elusive. Based on the available genomic and transcriptome data, we isolated a UGT with a high expression level in the sweet orange fruits that possibly encodes a flavonoid glucosyltransferase and/or rhamnosyltransferase. Biochemical analyses revealed that a broad range of flavonoid substrates could be glucosylated at their 3- and/or 7-hydrogen sites by the recombinant enzyme, including hesperetin, naringenin, diosmetin, quercetin, and kaempferol. Furthermore, overexpression of the gene could significantly increase the accumulations of quercetin 7-O-rhamnoside, quercetin 7-O-glucoside, and kaempferol 7-O-glucoside, implying that the enzyme has flavonoid 7-O-glucosyltransferase and 7-O-rhamnosyltransferase activities in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Cailing Lin
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaodi Ma
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Tan
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiuzhao Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ming Zeng
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Ming Zeng,
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38
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Zhao X, Dai X, Gao L, Guo L, Zhuang J, Liu Y, Ma X, Wang R, Xia T, Wang Y. Functional Analysis of an Uridine Diphosphate Glycosyltransferase Involved in the Biosynthesis of Polyphenolic Glucoside in Tea Plants (Camellia sinensis). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:10993-11001. [PMID: 29161813 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols are one of the largest groups of compounds that confer benefits to the health of plants and humans. Flavonol glycosides are a major ingredient of polyphenols in Camellia sinensis. Flavonol-3-O-glycosides are characteristic astringent taste compounds in tea infusion. A polyphenolic glycosyltransferase (CsUGT72AM1) belonging to cluster IIIb was isolated from the tea plant. The full-length cDNA of CsUGT72AM1 is 1416 bp. It encodes 472 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 50.92 kDa and an isoelectric point of 5.21. The recombinant CsUGT72AM1 protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and exhibited catalytic activity toward multiple flavonoids and coniferyl aldehyde. The enzyme assay indicated that rCsUGT72AM1 could perform glycosidation of flavonols or coniferyl aldehyde in vitro to form 3-O-glucoside or 4-O-glucoside, respectively. Interestingly, this enzyme also had activities and performed multisite glycosidation toward flavanones. The consistent products were confirmed to be naringenin-7-O-glucoside and -4'-O-glucoside by the nuclear magnetism assay. In addition, in the enzyme assay with cyanidin as the substrate, the results suggested that the glycosylated activity of CsUGT72AM1 was remarkably inhibited by a high concentration of anthocyanins. The above results indicate that CsUGT72AM1 may be involved in the metabolism of flavonol, flavanone, anthocyanin, and lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuecheng Zhao
- School of Life Science and ‡State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University , 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinlong Dai
- School of Life Science and ‡State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University , 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life Science and ‡State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University , 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Guo
- School of Life Science and ‡State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University , 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Juhua Zhuang
- School of Life Science and ‡State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University , 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajun Liu
- School of Life Science and ‡State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University , 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiubing Ma
- School of Life Science and ‡State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University , 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Wang
- School of Life Science and ‡State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University , 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Xia
- School of Life Science and ‡State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University , 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunsheng Wang
- School of Life Science and ‡State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University , 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
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Liu J, Zhang J, Miao H, Jia C, Wang J, Xu B, Jin Z. Elucidating the Mechanisms of the Tomato ovate Mutation in Regulating Fruit Quality Using Proteomics Analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:10048-10057. [PMID: 29120173 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The ovate mutation has frequently been used to study changes in fruit shape but not fruit quality. A deterioration in fruit quality associated with the ovate mutation was discovered in this study. To elucidate how ovate influences the quality of fruit, we performed a proteomics analysis of the fruits of the ovate mutant (LA3543) and wild-type ("Ailsa Craig", LA2838A) using tandem mass tag analysis. The results indicated that the ovate mutation significantly influences fruit quality in a number of ways, including by reducing the expression of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase 3 (ACO3) in ethylene biosynthesis, improving firmness by reducing the amount of pectinesterase and polygalacturonase, reducing sugar accumulation by downregulating the abundance of mannan endo-1,4-β-mannosidase 4, β-galactosidase, and β-amylase, and reducing the malic acid content by downregulating the accumulation of malic enzymes and malate synthase. These findings could inform future improvements in fruit quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , 4 Xueyuan Road, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , 4 Xueyuan Road, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Hongxia Miao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , 4 Xueyuan Road, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Caihong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , 4 Xueyuan Road, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , 4 Xueyuan Road, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Biyu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , 4 Xueyuan Road, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Zhiqiang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , 4 Xueyuan Road, Haikou 571101, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Bananas, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , Haikou Experimental Station, Haikou, Hainan Province 570102, China
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