1
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Wang M, Li WW, Cao Z, Sun J, Xiong J, Tao SQ, Lv T, Gao K, Luo S, Dong SH. Genome mining of sulfonated lanthipeptides reveals unique cyclic peptide sulfotransferases. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:2773-2785. [PMID: 38828142 PMCID: PMC11143521 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Although sulfonation plays crucial roles in various biological processes and is frequently utilized in medicinal chemistry to improve water solubility and chemical diversity of drug leads, it is rare and underexplored in ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs). Biosynthesis of RiPPs typically entails modification of hydrophilic residues, which substantially increases their chemical stability and bioactivity, albeit at the expense of reducing water solubility. To explore sulfonated RiPPs that may have improved solubility, we conducted co-occurrence analysis of RiPP class-defining enzymes and sulfotransferase (ST), and discovered two distinctive biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) encoding both lanthipeptide synthetase (LanM) and ST. Upon expressing these BGCs, we characterized the structures of novel sulfonated lanthipeptides and determined the catalytic details of LanM and ST. We demonstrate that SslST-catalyzed sulfonation is leader-independent but relies on the presence of A ring formed by LanM. Both LanM and ST are promiscuous towards residues in the A ring, but ST displays strict regioselectivity toward Tyr5. The recognition of cyclic peptide by ST was further discussed. Bioactivity evaluation underscores the significance of the ST-catalyzed sulfonation. This study sets up the starting point to engineering the novel lanthipeptide STs as biocatalysts for hydrophobic lanthipeptides improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhe Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jianong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jiang Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Si-Qin Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Tinghong Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Kun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shangwen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shi-Hui Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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2
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Yoshimura M, Teramoto T, Asano H, Iwamoto Y, Kondo M, Nishimoto E, Kakuta Y. Crystal structure of tick tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase reveals the activation mechanism of the tick anticoagulant protein madanin. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105748. [PMID: 38354785 PMCID: PMC10951654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Ticks pose a substantial public health risk as they transmit various pathogens. This concern is related to the adept blood-sucking strategy of ticks, underscored by the action of the anticoagulant, madanin, which is known to exhibit an approximately 1000-fold increase in anticoagulant activity following sulfation of its two tyrosine residues, Tyr51 and Tyr54. Despite this knowledge, the molecular mechanism underlying sulfation by tick tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase (TPST) remains unclear. In this study, we successfully prepared tick TPST as a soluble recombinant enzyme. We clarified the method by which this enzyme proficiently sulfates tyrosine residues in madanin. Biochemical analysis using a substrate peptide based on madanin and tick TPST, along with the analysis of the crystal structure of the complex and docking simulations, revealed a sequential sulfation process. Initial sulfation at the Tyr51 site augments binding, thereby facilitating efficient sulfation at Tyr54. Beyond direct biochemical implications, these findings considerably improve our understanding of tick blood-sucking strategies. Furthermore, combined with the utility of modified tick TPST, our findings may lead to the development of novel anticoagulants, promising avenues for thrombotic disease intervention and advancements in the field of public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misa Yoshimura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takamasa Teramoto
- Faculty of Agriculture, Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Hirai Asano
- Faculty of Agriculture, Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuka Iwamoto
- Faculty of Agriculture, Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mariko Kondo
- Faculty of Agriculture, Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Etsuko Nishimoto
- Faculty of Agriculture, Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Kakuta
- Faculty of Agriculture, Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Hasegawa Y, Tonsho S, Nakazawa T, Kainuma T, Kagasaki K, Sakurai S, Kitagawa K, Asada S. ADY tripeptide is a minimum sequence for Tyrosylprotein sulfotransferases 1 and 2 substrate recognition. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 676:73-77. [PMID: 37490834 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosylprotein sulfotransferases (TPSTs) catalyze the transfer of a sulphonate moiety from 3'-Phosphoadenosine 5'-Phosphosulfate (PAPS) to the hydroxyl group of a tyrosine residue in substrate proteins. The positively charged substrate binding region of TPST homodimer interacts with acidic residues located in N-terminal region from the sulfated tyrosine in substrates. However, the sequence pattern in TPST substrate recognition remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to determine the minimum recognition chain length required for tyrosine sulfation. We prepared His-tagged polypeptide, His-TPST143-370 and His-TPST243-377, form 43-370 of TPST1 and 43-377 of TPST2. Next, we prepared a series of synthesized ADYAE peptides and used a combination of reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and mass spectrometric analysis to show that the tripeptide amino acid sequence, ADY, was sulfated by TPST1 and TPST2. Furthermore, we found that the acidic residue, located two residues C-terminal region from the tyrosine residue, may be involved in the TPST-induced sulfation regulation. The results in our study propose that proteins with the ADY sequence may be useful for searching the novel TPST tyrosine sulfated substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Bioorganic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Medical and Life Sciences, 265-1 Higashijima, Akiha-ku, Niigata, 956-8603, Japan
| | - Sayaka Tonsho
- Laboratory of Bioorganic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Medical and Life Sciences, 265-1 Higashijima, Akiha-ku, Niigata, 956-8603, Japan
| | - Taiyo Nakazawa
- Laboratory of Bioorganic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Medical and Life Sciences, 265-1 Higashijima, Akiha-ku, Niigata, 956-8603, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kainuma
- Laboratory of Bioorganic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Medical and Life Sciences, 265-1 Higashijima, Akiha-ku, Niigata, 956-8603, Japan
| | - Kaori Kagasaki
- Laboratory of Bioorganic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Medical and Life Sciences, 265-1 Higashijima, Akiha-ku, Niigata, 956-8603, Japan
| | - Shota Sakurai
- Laboratory of Bioorganic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Medical and Life Sciences, 265-1 Higashijima, Akiha-ku, Niigata, 956-8603, Japan
| | - Kouki Kitagawa
- Laboratory of Bioorganic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Medical and Life Sciences, 265-1 Higashijima, Akiha-ku, Niigata, 956-8603, Japan
| | - Shinichi Asada
- Laboratory of Bioorganic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Medical and Life Sciences, 265-1 Higashijima, Akiha-ku, Niigata, 956-8603, Japan.
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Wang J, Wang C, Wang T, Zhang S, Yan K, Yang G, Wu C, Zheng C, Huang J. Tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase suppresses ABA signaling via sulfation of SnRK2.2/2.3/2.6. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:1846-1851. [PMID: 37052306 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays vital roles in stress tolerance, while long-term overactivation of ABA signaling suppresses plant growth and development. However, the braking mechanism of ABA responses is not clear. Protein tyrosine sulfation catalyzed by tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase (TPST) is a critical post-translational modification. Through genetic screening, we identified a tpst mutant in Arabidopsis that was hypersensitive to ABA. In-depth analysis revealed that TPST could interact with and sulfate SnRK2.2/2.3/2.6, which accelerated their degradation and weakened the ABA signaling. Taken together, these findings uncovered a novel mechanism of desensitizing ABA responses via protein sulfation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agriculture and Engineering University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Tianrun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Shizhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Kang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Guodong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Changai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Chengchao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Jinguang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
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Dai D, Zhu Z, Han H, Xu T, Feng S, Zhang W, Ding F, Zhang R, Zhu J. Enhanced tyrosine sulfation is associated with chronic kidney disease-related atherosclerosis. BMC Biol 2023; 21:151. [PMID: 37424015 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01641-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) accelerates atherosclerosis, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Tyrosine sulfation has been recognized as a key post-translational modification (PTM) in regulation of various cellular processes, and the sulfated adhesion molecules and chemokine receptors have been shown to participate in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis via enhancement of monocyte/macrophage function. The levels of inorganic sulfate, the essential substrate for the sulfation reaction, are dramatically increased in patients with CKD, which indicates a change of sulfation status in CKD patients. Thus, in the present study, we detected the sulfation status in CKD patients and probed into the impact of sulfation on CKD-related atherosclerosis by targeting tyrosine sulfation function. RESULTS PBMCs from individuals with CKD showed higher amounts of total sulfotyrosine and tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase (TPST) type 1 and 2 protein levels. The plasma level of O-sulfotyrosine, the metabolic end product of tyrosine sulfation, increased significantly in CKD patients. Statistically, O-sulfotyrosine and the coronary atherosclerosis severity SYNTAX score positively correlated. Mechanically, more sulfate-positive nucleated cells in peripheral blood and more abundant infiltration of sulfated macrophages in deteriorated vascular plaques in CKD ApoE null mice were noted. Knockout of TPST1 and TPST2 decreased atherosclerosis and peritoneal macrophage adherence and migration in CKD condition. The sulfation of the chemokine receptors, CCR2 and CCR5, was increased in PBMCs from CKD patients. CONCLUSIONS CKD is associated with increased sulfation status. Increased sulfation contributes to monocyte/macrophage activation and might be involved in CKD-related atherosclerosis. Inhibition of sulfation may suppress CKD-related atherosclerosis and is worthy of further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daopeng Dai
- Department of Vascular & Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Road II, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengbin Zhu
- Department of Vascular & Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Road II, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Hui Han
- Department of Vascular & Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Road II, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Tian Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuo Feng
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Department of Vascular & Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Road II, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Fenghua Ding
- Department of Vascular & Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Road II, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ruiyan Zhang
- Department of Vascular & Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Road II, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jinzhou Zhu
- Department of Vascular & Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Road II, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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6
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Waldrop SP, Niu W, Guo J. Engineering of SH2 Domains for the Recognition of Protein Tyrosine O-Sulfation Sites. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2705:293-305. [PMID: 37668981 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3393-9_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein engineering has brought advances to industrial processes, biomaterials, nanotechnology, biosensors, and biomedical applications. This chapter will focus on the engineering of Src Homology 2 domains (SH2) to act as an antibody mimetic for the recognition of sulfotyrosine-containing peptides or proteins. In comparison to anti-sulfotyrosine antibodies, SH2 mutants have much smaller size and can be heterologously expressed and purified in large quantity at low cost. This chapter will describe the use of phage display to identify a sulfotyrosine-binding SH2 mutant and the subsequent enrichment of sulfotyrosine-containing peptides in complex biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Paul Waldrop
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Wei Niu
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- The Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication (NCIBC), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Jiantao Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
- The Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication (NCIBC), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
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7
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Pedersen LC, Yi M, Pedersen LG, Kaminski AM. From Steroid and Drug Metabolism to Glycobiology, Using Sulfotransferase Structures to Understand and Tailor Function. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:1027-1041. [PMID: 35197313 PMCID: PMC10753775 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfotransferases are ubiquitous enzymes that transfer a sulfo group from the universal cofactor donor 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate to a broad range of acceptor substrates. In humans, the cytosolic sulfotransferases are involved in the sulfation of endogenous compounds such as steroids, neurotransmitters, hormones, and bile acids as well as xenobiotics including drugs, toxins, and environmental chemicals. The Golgi associated membrane-bound sulfotransferases are involved in post-translational modification of macromolecules from glycosaminoglycans to proteins. The sulfation of small molecules can have profound biologic effects on the functionality of the acceptor, including activation, deactivation, or enhanced metabolism and elimination. Sulfation of macromolecules has been shown to regulate a number of physiologic and pathophysiological pathways by enhancing binding affinity to regulatory proteins or binding partners. Over the last 25 years, crystal structures of these enzymes have provided a wealth of information on the mechanisms of this process and the specificity of these enzymes. This review will focus on the general commonalities of the sulfotransferases, from enzyme structure to catalytic mechanism as well as providing examples into how structural information is being used to either design drugs that inhibit sulfotransferases or to modify the enzymes to improve drug synthesis. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This manuscript honors Dr. Masahiko Negishi's contribution to the understanding of sulfotransferase mechanism, specificity, and roles in biology by analyzing the crystal structures that have been solved over the last 25 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars C Pedersen
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory (L.C.P., L.G.P., A.M.K.) and Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory (M.Y.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (L.G.P.)
| | - MyeongJin Yi
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory (L.C.P., L.G.P., A.M.K.) and Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory (M.Y.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (L.G.P.)
| | - Lee G Pedersen
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory (L.C.P., L.G.P., A.M.K.) and Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory (M.Y.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (L.G.P.)
| | - Andrea M Kaminski
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory (L.C.P., L.G.P., A.M.K.) and Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory (M.Y.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (L.G.P.)
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8
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Stewart V, Ronald PC. Sulfotyrosine residues: interaction specificity determinants for extracellular protein-protein interactions. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102232. [PMID: 35798140 PMCID: PMC9372746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine sulfation, a post-translational modification, can determine and often enhance protein–protein interaction specificity. Sulfotyrosyl residues (sTyrs) are formed by the enzyme tyrosyl-protein sulfotransferase during protein maturation in the Golgi apparatus and most often occur singly or as a cluster within a six-residue span. With both negative charge and aromatic character, sTyr facilitates numerous atomic contacts as visualized in binding interface structural models, thus there is no discernible binding site consensus. Found exclusively in secreted proteins, in this review, we discuss the four broad sequence contexts in which sTyr has been observed: first, a solitary sTyr has been shown to be critical for diverse high-affinity interactions, such as between peptide hormones and their receptors, in both plants and animals. Second, sTyr clusters within structurally flexible anionic segments are essential for a variety of cellular processes, including coreceptor binding to the HIV-1 envelope spike protein during virus entry, chemokine interactions with receptors, and leukocyte rolling cell adhesion. Third, a subcategory of sTyr clusters is found in conserved acidic sequences termed hirudin-like motifs that enable proteins to interact with thrombin; consequently, many proven and potential therapeutic proteins derived from blood-consuming invertebrates depend on sTyrs for their activity. Finally, several proteins that interact with collagen or similar proteins contain one or more sTyrs within an acidic residue array. Refined methods to direct sTyr incorporation in peptides synthesized both in vitro and in vivo, together with continued advances in mass spectrometry and affinity detection, promise to accelerate discoveries of sTyr occurrence and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valley Stewart
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, USA.
| | - Pamela C Ronald
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, USA; Genome Center, University of California, Davis, USA.
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9
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Ho TNT, Lee HS, Swaminathan S, Goodwin L, Rai N, Ushay B, Lewis RJ, Rosengren KJ, Conibear AC. Posttranslational modifications of α-conotoxins: sulfotyrosine and C-terminal amidation stabilise structures and increase acetylcholine receptor binding. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1574-1584. [PMID: 34671739 PMCID: PMC8459321 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00182e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Conotoxins are peptides found in the venoms of marine cone snails. They are typically highly structured and stable and have potent activities at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, which make them valuable research tools and promising lead molecules for drug development. Many conotoxins are also highly modified with posttranslational modifications such as proline hydroxylation, glutamic acid gamma-carboxylation, tyrosine sulfation and C-terminal amidation, amongst others. The role of these posttranslational modifications is poorly understood, and it is unclear whether the modifications interact directly with the binding site, alter conotoxin structure, or both. Here we synthesised a set of twelve conotoxin variants bearing posttranslational modifications in the form of native sulfotyrosine and C-terminal amidation and show that these two modifications in combination increase their activity at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and binding to soluble acetylcholine binding proteins, respectively. We then rationalise how these functional differences between variants might arise from stabilization of the three-dimensional structures and interactions with the binding sites, using high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance data. This study demonstrates that posttranslational modifications can modulate interactions between a ligand and receptor by a combination of structural and binding alterations. A deeper mechanistic understanding of the role of posttranslational modifications in structure-activity relationships is essential for understanding receptor biology and could help to guide structure-based drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao N T Ho
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland St Lucia 4072 Brisbane Australia
| | - Han Siean Lee
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland St Lucia 4072 Brisbane Australia +61 7 3365 1738
| | - Shilpa Swaminathan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland St Lucia 4072 Brisbane Australia +61 7 3365 1738
| | - Lewis Goodwin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland St Lucia 4072 Brisbane Australia +61 7 3365 1738
| | - Nishant Rai
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland St Lucia 4072 Brisbane Australia +61 7 3365 1738
| | - Brianna Ushay
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland St Lucia 4072 Brisbane Australia +61 7 3365 1738
| | - Richard J Lewis
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland St Lucia 4072 Brisbane Australia
| | - K Johan Rosengren
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland St Lucia 4072 Brisbane Australia +61 7 3365 1738
| | - Anne C Conibear
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland St Lucia 4072 Brisbane Australia +61 7 3365 1738
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10
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Lawrie J, Waldrop S, Morozov A, Niu W, Guo J. Engineering of a Small Protein Scaffold To Recognize Sulfotyrosine with High Specificity. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:1508-1517. [PMID: 34251168 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine O-sulfation is an essential post-translational modification required for effective biological processes such as hemostasis, inflammatory response, and visual phototransduction. Because of its unstable nature under mass spectrometry conditions and residing on low-abundance cell surface proteins, sulfated tyrosine (sulfotyrosine) residues are difficult to detect or analyze. Enrichment of sulfotyrosine-containing proteins (sulfoproteins) from complex biological samples are typically required before analysis. In this work, we seek to engineer the phosphotyrosine binding pocket of a Src Homology 2 (SH2) domain to act as an antisulfotyrosine antibody mimic. Using tailored selection schemes, several SH2 mutants are identified with high affinity and specificity to sulfotyrosine. Further molecular docking simulations highlight potential mechanisms supporting observed characteristics of these SH2 mutants. Utilities of the evolved SH2 mutants were demonstrated by the detection and enrichment of sulfoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Lawrie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska−Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Sean Waldrop
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska−Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Anya Morozov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska−Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Wei Niu
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska−Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
- The Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication (NCIBC), University of Nebraska−Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Jiantao Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska−Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
- The Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication (NCIBC), University of Nebraska−Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
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11
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Maxwell JW, Payne RJ. Revealing the functional roles of tyrosine sulfation using synthetic sulfopeptides and sulfoproteins. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2020; 58:72-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Abstract
Sulfur is present in the amino acids cysteine and methionine and in a large range of essential coenzymes and cofactors and is therefore essential for all organisms. It is also a constituent of sulfate esters in proteins, carbohydrates, and numerous cellular metabolites. The sulfation and desulfation reactions modifying a variety of different substrates are commonly known as sulfation pathways. Although relatively little is known about the function of most sulfated metabolites, the synthesis of activated sulfate used in sulfation pathways is essential in both animal and plant kingdoms. In humans, mutations in the genes encoding the sulfation pathway enzymes underlie a number of developmental aberrations, and in flies and worms, their loss-of-function is fatal. In plants, a lower capacity for synthesizing activated sulfate for sulfation reactions results in dwarfism, and a complete loss of activated sulfate synthesis is also lethal. Here, we review the similarities and differences in sulfation pathways and associated processes in animals and plants, and we point out how they diverge from bacteria and yeast. We highlight the open questions concerning localization, regulation, and importance of sulfation pathways in both kingdoms and the ways in which findings from these "red" and "green" experimental systems may help reciprocally address questions specific to each of the systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Süleyman Günal
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne 50674, Germany
| | - Rebecca Hardman
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Stanislav Kopriva
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne 50674, Germany.
| | - Jonathan Wolf Mueller
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom.
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13
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Kershaw NM, Byrne DP, Parsons H, Berry NG, Fernig DG, Eyers PA, Cosstick R. Structure-based design of nucleoside-derived analogues as sulfotransferase inhibitors. RSC Adv 2019; 9:32165-32173. [PMID: 35530783 PMCID: PMC9072872 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07567d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulated sulfation of biomolecules by sulfotransferases (STs) plays a role in many biological processes with implications for a number of disease areas. A structure-based approach and molecular docking were used to design a library of ST inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil M. Kershaw
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool L69 7ZD
- UK
| | - Dominic P. Byrne
- Department of Biochemistry
- Institute of Integrative Biology
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool L69 7ZB
- UK
| | - Hollie Parsons
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool L69 7ZD
- UK
| | - Neil G. Berry
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool L69 7ZD
- UK
| | - David G. Fernig
- Department of Biochemistry
- Institute of Integrative Biology
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool L69 7ZB
- UK
| | - Patrick A. Eyers
- Department of Biochemistry
- Institute of Integrative Biology
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool L69 7ZB
- UK
| | - Richard Cosstick
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool L69 7ZD
- UK
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14
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New tools for evaluating protein tyrosine sulfation and carbohydrate sulfation. Biochem J 2018; 475:3035-3037. [PMID: 30291171 PMCID: PMC6173261 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sulfation is a common modification of extracelluar glycans and tyrosine residues on proteins, which is important in many signalling pathways and interactions. Existing methods for studying sulfotransferases, the enzymes that catalyse sulfation, are cumbersome and low-throughput. Recent studies published in the Biochemical Journal have repurposed established biochemical assays from the kinase field and applied them to the characterisation of sulfotransferases. Biochemical screening of a library of kinase inhibitors revealed that compounds that target RAF kinases may also be repurposed to inhibit sulfotransferases. Together with the available structures of sulfotransferases, these studies open the door to the development of chemical tools to probe the biological functions of these important enzymes.
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15
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New tools for evaluating protein tyrosine sulfation: tyrosylprotein sulfotransferases (TPSTs) are novel targets for RAF protein kinase inhibitors. Biochem J 2018; 475:2435-2455. [PMID: 29934490 PMCID: PMC6094398 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine sulfation is a post-translational modification best known for regulating extracellular protein–protein interactions. Tyrosine sulfation is catalysed by two Golgi-resident enzymes termed tyrosylprotein sulfotransferases (TPSTs) 1 and 2, which transfer sulfate from the cofactor PAPS (3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate) to a context-dependent tyrosine in a protein substrate. A lack of quantitative tyrosine sulfation assays has hampered the development of chemical biology approaches for the identification of small-molecule inhibitors of tyrosine sulfation. In the present paper, we describe the development of a non-radioactive mobility-based enzymatic assay for TPST1 and TPST2, through which the tyrosine sulfation of synthetic fluorescent peptides can be rapidly quantified. We exploit ligand binding and inhibitor screens to uncover a susceptibility of TPST1 and TPST2 to different classes of small molecules, including the anti-angiogenic compound suramin and the kinase inhibitor rottlerin. By screening the Published Kinase Inhibitor Set, we identified oxindole-based inhibitors of the Ser/Thr kinase RAF (rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma) as low-micromolar inhibitors of TPST1 and TPST2. Interestingly, unrelated RAF inhibitors, exemplified by the dual BRAF/VEGFR2 inhibitor RAF265, were also TPST inhibitors in vitro. We propose that target-validated protein kinase inhibitors could be repurposed, or redesigned, as more-specific TPST inhibitors to help evaluate the sulfotyrosyl proteome. Finally, we speculate that mechanistic inhibition of cellular tyrosine sulfation might be relevant to some of the phenotypes observed in cells exposed to anionic TPST ligands and RAF protein kinase inhibitors.
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16
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Foster PA, Mueller JW. SULFATION PATHWAYS: Insights into steroid sulfation and desulfation pathways. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 61:T271-T283. [PMID: 29764919 DOI: 10.1530/jme-18-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sulfation and desulfation pathways represent highly dynamic ways of shuttling, repressing and re-activating steroid hormones, thus controlling their immense biological potency at the very heart of endocrinology. This theme currently experiences growing research interest from various sides, including, but not limited to, novel insights about phospho-adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate synthase and sulfotransferase function and regulation, novel analytics for steroid conjugate detection and quantification. Within this review, we will also define how sulfation pathways are ripe for drug development strategies, which have translational potential to treat a number of conditions, including chronic inflammatory diseases and steroid-dependent cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Foster
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR)University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jonathan Wolf Mueller
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR)University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
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17
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Li X, Hitomi J, Liu CC. Characterization of a Sulfated Anti-HIV Antibody Using an Expanded Genetic Code. Biochemistry 2018; 57:2903-2907. [PMID: 29738662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine sulfation is a crucial post-translational modification for certain antibodies that neutralize HIV. One of the most neutralizing sulfated anti-HIV antibodies, E51, contains a region in its VHCDR3 loop with five tyrosine (Tyr) residues, which are hypothesized to be partially or fully sulfated to bind to HIV's gp120 coat protein. However, the gp120-binding contribution of each sulfate or more complex sulfation patterns is unknown. In addition, natural sulfation of Tyr-rich loops usually yields a mixture of multiply sulfated products, complicating attempts to dissect the function of individual E51 sulfoforms with unique sulfation patterns. Here, we use an upgraded expanded genetic code for sulfotyrosine (sY) to express homogeneous E51 sulfoforms containing up to five sulfates. Through characterization of the 32 possible sulfoforms of E51, we show that only a subset of E51 sulfoforms with two, three, or four sYs bind to gp120 with potency similar to that of post-translationally sulfated E51, which we find is a mixture of sulfoforms. We show that sulfation of Tyr100i is necessary for gp120 binding whereas sulfation of Tyr100n is detrimental to binding. These results reveal that gp120 binding by E51 requires very specific sulfation patterns and should aid in the further design of sulfated E51-based peptides and immunoadhesins against HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of California , Irvine , California 92617 , United States
| | - Justin Hitomi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of California , Irvine , California 92617 , United States
| | - Chang C Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of California , Irvine , California 92617 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92617 , United States.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92617 , United States
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