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Foerster FR, Joos E, Martin B, Coull JT, Giersch A. Self and time in individuals with schizophrenia: A motor component? Schizophr Res 2024; 272:12-19. [PMID: 39178737 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2024.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Phenomenology suggests a disruption in the experience of time in individuals with schizophrenia, related to disorders of the sense of self. Patients themselves relate a fragmentation of their temporal experience and of their sense of self. Temporal expectations help relate the present moment to the future and we have previously shown that temporal expectations are fragile in patients, and relate to disorders of the self. Here, we investigate whether patients' performance is still impaired when the motor response to the expected event can be prepared in advance. In two different experiments participants (41 patients vs. 43 neurotypicals in total) responded to a visual target occurring at a variable interval (or "foreperiod") after an initial warning signal. Moreover, in Experiment 1 we measured the sense of self with the EASE scale. We observed the usual benefit of the passage of time: the longer the waiting period, the better the preparation, and the faster the responses. However, this effect also comprises sequential (surprise) effects, when a target occurs earlier than on the preceding trial. We evaluated the effect of the passage of time, by isolating trials that followed a trial with the same foreperiod. The benefit of long, versus short, foreperiods was still observed in controls but disappeared in patients. The results suggest that the benefit of the passage of time is diminished in patients and relates to self disorders, even when the task allows for motor preparation. The results suggest that a non-verbal impairment sub-tends disorders of the sense of self.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois R Foerster
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM Unit 1329 'Strasbourg Translational nEuroscience & Psychiatry (STEP)' Team Psychiatry, University Hospital of Strasbourg, ITI Neurostra, 1 pl de l'Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - E Joos
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM Unit 1329 'Strasbourg Translational nEuroscience & Psychiatry (STEP)' Team Psychiatry, University Hospital of Strasbourg, ITI Neurostra, 1 pl de l'Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - B Martin
- Centre Ressource de Réhabilitation psychosociale et de remédiation cognitive, Centre Référent Lyonnais en Réhabilitation et en Remédiation cognitive (CL3R) Hôpital du Vinatier, Lyon, France
| | - J T Coull
- Centre for Research in Psychology & Neuroscience (UMR 7077), Aix-Marseille Université & CNRS, 3 Place Victor Hugo, 13331 Marseille cedex 3, France
| | - A Giersch
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM Unit 1329 'Strasbourg Translational nEuroscience & Psychiatry (STEP)' Team Psychiatry, University Hospital of Strasbourg, ITI Neurostra, 1 pl de l'Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
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2
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Sandsten KE, Jensen MT, Saebye D, Null K, Northoff G, Parnas J. Altered cardiac autonomic functioning associates with self-disorders in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2024; 270:57-62. [PMID: 38865806 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2024.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Elevated resting heart rate (RHR) and reduced heart rate variability (HRV) are signs of autonomic nervous system dysfunction identified in schizophrenia (SCZ). This dysfunction has been found to manifest prior to the onset of the clinical diagnosis. Yet whether such autonomic dysfunction is associated with vulnerability to schizophrenia remains unknown. This case-control study included recent onset SCZ patients (n = 35) and healthy controls (HC) (n = 33). Patients were scored for self-disorders (SD's) using the EASE manual and all participants underwent a 5-minute resting state electrocardiogram (ECG) recording. Patients were included from outpatient clinics in Denmark. The main measures comprised EASE total scores (SDs), RHR (beats per minute) and three standard HRV measures usually included in testing autonomic nervous system dysfunction: root mean squared of successive differences (RMSSD), standard deviation of normal-to-normal interval (SDNN) and high-frequency/ low frequency ratio (HF/LF). Pearson correlations and linear regression models adjusted for age, sex and medication were used in the SCZ group. The main finding was a positive moderate association between SDs and RHR (r = 0.463; p = 0.005) and a negative association between SDs and HRV (RMSSD) (r = -0.440; p = 0.008) in the SCZ group. Linear regression models found SDs to explain 22 % of the variance of RHR and 19 % in RMSSD. SDs correlated with LF/HF (r = 0.434; p = 0.009), but non-significantly with SDNN. The study provides evidence of an intriguing link between SDs as a susceptibility trait for schizophrenia spectrum disorders and altered cardiac autonomic functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magnus T Jensen
- William Harvey Research Institute, NIHR Bart's Biomedical Research Centre, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ditte Saebye
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kaylee Null
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Georg Northoff
- Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics Research Unit, Institute of Mental Health Research, Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre, Ottawa, Ont., Canada
| | - Josef Parnas
- Center for Subjectivity Research, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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3
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Krcmar M, Wannan CMJ, Lavoie S, Allott K, Davey CG, Yuen HP, Whitford T, Formica M, Youn S, Shetty J, Beedham R, Rayner V, Murray G, Polari A, Gawęda Ł, Koren D, Sass L, Parnas J, Rasmussen AR, McGorry P, Hartmann JA, Nelson B. The self, neuroscience and psychosis study: Testing a neurophenomenological model of the onset of psychosis. Early Interv Psychiatry 2024; 18:153-164. [PMID: 37394278 DOI: 10.1111/eip.13448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM Basic self disturbance is a putative core vulnerability marker of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. The primary aims of the Self, Neuroscience and Psychosis (SNAP) study are to: (1) empirically test a previously described neurophenomenological self-disturbance model of psychosis by examining the relationship between specific clinical, neurocognitive, and neurophysiological variables in UHR patients, and (2) develop a prediction model using these neurophenomenological disturbances for persistence or deterioration of UHR symptoms at 12-month follow-up. METHODS SNAP is a longitudinal observational study. Participants include 400 UHR individuals, 100 clinical controls with no attenuated psychotic symptoms, and 50 healthy controls. All participants complete baseline clinical and neurocognitive assessments and electroencephalography. The UHR sample are followed up for a total of 24 months, with clinical assessment completed every 6 months. RESULTS This paper presents the protocol of the SNAP study, including background rationale, aims and hypotheses, design, and assessment procedures. CONCLUSIONS The SNAP study will test whether neurophenomenological disturbances associated with basic self-disturbance predict persistence or intensification of UHR symptomatology over a 2-year follow up period, and how specific these disturbances are to a clinical population with attenuated psychotic symptoms. This may ultimately inform clinical care and pathoaetiological models of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Krcmar
- Orygen, Parkville, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cassandra M J Wannan
- Orygen, Parkville, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Suzie Lavoie
- Orygen, Parkville, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kelly Allott
- Orygen, Parkville, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher G Davey
- Orygen, Parkville, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hok Pan Yuen
- Orygen, Parkville, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas Whitford
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Melanie Formica
- Orygen, Parkville, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Youn
- Orygen, Parkville, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jashmina Shetty
- Orygen, Parkville, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca Beedham
- Orygen, Parkville, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Victoria Rayner
- Orygen, Parkville, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Graham Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrea Polari
- Orygen, Parkville, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Łukasz Gawęda
- Experimental Psychopathology Lab, Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dan Koren
- Psychology Department, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Louis Sass
- Department of Clinical Psychology, GSAPP-Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Josef Parnas
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Subjectivity Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas R Rasmussen
- Orygen, Parkville, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Patrick McGorry
- Orygen, Parkville, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jessica A Hartmann
- Department of Public Mental Health, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Barnaby Nelson
- Orygen, Parkville, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Hinault T, D'Argembeau A, Bowler DM, La Corte V, Desaunay P, Provasi J, Platel H, Tran The J, Charretier L, Giersch A, Droit-Volet S. Time processing in neurological and psychiatric conditions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 154:105430. [PMID: 37871780 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
A central question in understanding cognition and pathology-related cognitive changes is how we process time. However, time processing difficulties across several neurological and psychiatric conditions remain seldom investigated. The aim of this review is to develop a unifying taxonomy of time processing, and a neuropsychological perspective on temporal difficulties. Four main temporal judgments are discussed: duration processing, simultaneity and synchrony, passage of time, and mental time travel. We present an integrated theoretical framework of timing difficulties across psychiatric and neurological conditions based on selected patient populations. This framework provides new mechanistic insights on both (a) the processes involved in each temporal judgement, and (b) temporal difficulties across pathologies. By identifying underlying transdiagnostic time-processing mechanisms, this framework opens fruitful avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hinault
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, PSL Research University, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, GIP Cyceron, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, 14032 Caen, France.
| | - Arnaud D'Argembeau
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, University of Liège, F.R.S-FNRS, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Dermot M Bowler
- Autism Research Group, City, University of London, EC1V 0HB London, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina La Corte
- Laboratoire Mémoire, Cerveau et Cognition (MC2Lab), UR 7536, Université de Paris cité, 92774 Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Institut Universitaire de France, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Desaunay
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, PSL Research University, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, GIP Cyceron, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, 14032 Caen, France; Service de Psychiatrie de l'enfant et de l'adolescent, CHU de Caen, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Joelle Provasi
- CHArt laboratory (Human and Artificial Cognition), EPHE-PSL, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Hervé Platel
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, PSL Research University, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, GIP Cyceron, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, 14032 Caen, France
| | - Jessica Tran The
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, PSL Research University, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, GIP Cyceron, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, 14032 Caen, France
| | - Laura Charretier
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, PSL Research University, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, GIP Cyceron, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, 14032 Caen, France
| | - Anne Giersch
- Cognitive Neuropsychology and Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia Laboratory, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, University of Strasbourg, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sylvie Droit-Volet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, LAPSCO, CNRS, UMR 6024, 60032 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Martin JC, Clark SR, Schubert KO. Towards a Neurophenomenological Understanding of Self-Disorder in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review and Synthesis of Anatomical, Physiological, and Neurocognitive Findings. Brain Sci 2023; 13:845. [PMID: 37371325 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13060845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of anomalous self-experience, also termed Self-Disorder, has attracted both clinical and research interest, as empirical studies suggest such experiences specifically aggregate in and are a core feature of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. A comprehensive neurophenomenological understanding of Self-Disorder may improve diagnostic and therapeutic practice. This systematic review aims to evaluate anatomical, physiological, and neurocognitive correlates of Self-Disorder (SD), considered a core feature of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders (SSDs), towards developing a neurophenomenological understanding. A search of the PubMed database retrieved 285 articles, which were evaluated for inclusion using PRISMA guidelines. Non-experimental studies, studies with no validated measure of Self-Disorder, or those with no physiological variable were excluded. In total, 21 articles were included in the review. Findings may be interpreted in the context of triple-network theory and support a core dysfunction of signal integration within two anatomical components of the Salience Network (SN), the anterior insula and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, which may mediate connectivity across both the Default Mode Network (DMN) and Fronto-Parietal Network (FPN). We propose a theoretical Triple-Network Model of Self-Disorder characterized by increased connectivity between the Salience Network (SN) and the DMN, increased connectivity between the SN and FPN, decreased connectivity between the DMN and FPN, and increased connectivity within both the DMN and FPN. We go on to describe translational opportunities for clinical practice and provide suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Martin
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Scott R Clark
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Basil Hetzel Institute, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia
| | - K Oliver Schubert
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Division of Mental Health, Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, SA Health, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Headspace Early Psychosis, Sonder, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
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6
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Foerster FR, Chidharom M, Giersch A. Enhanced temporal resolution of vision in action video game players. Neuroimage 2023; 269:119906. [PMID: 36739103 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.119906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Video game play has been suggested to improve visual and attention processing. Nevertheless, while action video game play is highly dynamic, there is scarce research on how information is temporally discriminated at the millisecond level. This cross-sectional study investigates whether temporal discrimination at the millisecond level in vision varies across action video game players (VGPs; N = 23) and non-video game players (NVGPs; N = 23). Participants discriminated synchronous from asynchronous onsets of two visual targets in virtual reality, while their EEG and oculomotor movements were recorded. Results show an increased sensitivity to short asynchronies (11, 33 and 66 ms) in VGPs compared with NVGPs, which was especially marked at the start of the task, suggesting better temporal discrimination abilities. Pre-targets oculomotor freezing - the inhibition of small fixational saccades - was associated with correct temporal discrimination, probably revealing attentional preparation. However, this parameter did not differ between groups. EEG and reconstruction analyses suggest that the enhancement of temporal discrimination in VGPs during temporal discrimination is related to parieto-occipital processing, and a reduction of alpha-band (8-14 Hz) power and inter-trial phase coherence. Overall, the study reveals an enhanced ability in action video game players to discriminate in time visual events in close temporal proximity combined with reduced alpha-band oscillatory activities. Consequently, playing action video games is associated with an improved temporal resolution of vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois R Foerster
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM U1114, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, France.
| | - Matthieu Chidharom
- Department of Psychology, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, United States
| | - Anne Giersch
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM U1114, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, France
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7
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Giersch A, Laprévote V. Perceptual Functioning. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2023; 63:79-113. [PMID: 36306053 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Perceptual disorders are not part of the diagnosis criteria for schizophrenia. Yet, a considerable amount of work has been conducted, especially on visual perception abnormalities, and there is little doubt that visual perception is altered in patients. There are several reasons why such perturbations are of interest in this pathology. They are observed during the prodromal phase of psychosis, they are related to the pathophysiology (clinical disorganization, disorders of the sense of self), and they are associated with neuronal connectivity disorders. Perturbations occur at different levels of processing and likely affect how patients interact and adapt to their surroundings. The literature has become very large, and here we try to summarize different models that have guided the exploration of perception in patients. We also illustrate several lines of research by showing how perception has been investigated and by discussing the interpretation of the results. In addition to discussing domains such as contrast sensitivity, masking, and visual grouping, we develop more recent fields like processing at the level of the retina, and the timing of perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Giersch
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM U1114, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Vincent Laprévote
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM U1114, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- CLIP Centre de Liaison et d'Intervention Précoce, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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8
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Jovanovic L, Trichanh M, Martin B, Giersch A. Strong perceptual consequences of low-level visual predictions: A new illusion. Cognition 2023; 230:105279. [PMID: 36088670 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Predicting information is considered to be an efficient strategy to minimise processing costs by exploiting regularities in the environment, and to allow for adaptation in case of irregularities, i.e. prediction errors. How such errors impact conscious perception is unclear, especially when predictions concern elementary visual features. Here we present results from a novel experimental approach allowing us to investigate the perceptual consequences of violated low-level predictions about moving objects. Observers were presented with two squares moving towards each other with a constant speed, and reported whether they were in contact or not before they disappeared. A compelling illusion of a gap between the squares occurred when the leading edges of those squares contacted briefly. The apparent gap was larger than a physical and stable separation of 2.6 min of arc between the squares. The illusion disappeared only when the contact did not violate extrapolations of the contrast edge between the moving object and the background. The pattern of results is consistent with an early locus of the effect and cannot be explained by decisional biases, guesses, top-down, attentional or masking effects. We suggest that violations of the contrast edge extrapolation in the direction of motion have strong perceptual consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljubica Jovanovic
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM U1114, 1 place de l'hôpital, 67100 Strasbourg, France; School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD Nottingham, UK.
| | - Mélanie Trichanh
- Centre Ressource de Réhabilitation psychosociale et de remédiation cognitive, Hôpital du Vinatier Centre référent Lyonnais en Réhabilitation et en Remédiation cognitive (CL3R), UMR 5229 (CNRS), France
| | - Brice Martin
- Centre Ressource de Réhabilitation psychosociale et de remédiation cognitive, Hôpital du Vinatier Centre référent Lyonnais en Réhabilitation et en Remédiation cognitive (CL3R), UMR 5229 (CNRS), France
| | - Anne Giersch
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM U1114, 1 place de l'hôpital, 67100 Strasbourg, France; University Hospital of Strasbourg, Centre for Psychiatry, 67100 Strasbourg, France
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9
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Giersch A. Timing and schizophrenia: Time to get abstract? Psychiatry Res 2022; 317:114909. [PMID: 37732854 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
In this commentary I summarize why I started to study timing in schizophrenia, and why I got interested in non-conscious mechanisms. I emphasize the contrast between the multitude of tiny sensory characteristics that need to be processed, mostly non-consciously, and the stability and continuity we experience subjectively. My work suggests this to be true also for timing. Our studies unveiled some of the mechanisms helping us to ignore the tiny signals that may otherwise disrupt our sense of time continuity, and suggest such disruption may occur in individuals with schizophrenia. Given the link between timing and the sense of self, I propose that further studies on timing may help to connect neurobiology, cognitive and clinical disorders in individuals with schizophrenia, thus helping to develop innovative therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Giersch
- University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; INSERM1114 - Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Strasbourg, 1 place de l'hôpital, Strasbourg 67000, France.
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10
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Rahaman MA, Chen J, Fu Z, Lewis N, Iraji A, van Erp TGM, Calhoun VD. Deep multimodal predictome for studying mental disorders. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 44:509-522. [PMID: 36574598 PMCID: PMC9842924 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Characterizing neuropsychiatric disorders is challenging due to heterogeneity in the population. We propose combining structural and functional neuroimaging and genomic data in a multimodal classification framework to leverage their complementary information. Our objectives are two-fold (i) to improve the classification of disorders and (ii) to introspect the concepts learned to explore underlying neural and biological mechanisms linked to mental disorders. Previous multimodal studies have focused on naïve neural networks, mostly perceptron, to learn modality-wise features and often assume equal contribution from each modality. Our focus is on the development of neural networks for feature learning and implementing an adaptive control unit for the fusion phase. Our mid fusion with attention model includes a multilayer feed-forward network, an autoencoder, a bi-directional long short-term memory unit with attention as the features extractor, and a linear attention module for controlling modality-specific influence. The proposed model acquired 92% (p < .0001) accuracy in schizophrenia prediction, outperforming several other state-of-the-art models applied to unimodal or multimodal data. Post hoc feature analyses uncovered critical neural features and genes/biological pathways associated with schizophrenia. The proposed model effectively combines multimodal neuroimaging and genomics data for predicting mental disorders. Interpreting salient features identified by the model may advance our understanding of their underlying etiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abdur Rahaman
- Department of Computational Science and EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGeorgiaUSA,Tri‐Institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS)Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Jiayu Chen
- Tri‐Institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS)Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Zening Fu
- Tri‐Institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS)Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Noah Lewis
- Department of Computational Science and EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGeorgiaUSA,Tri‐Institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS)Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Armin Iraji
- Tri‐Institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS)Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Theo G. M. van Erp
- Clinical Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human BehaviorUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA,Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and MemoryUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Vince D. Calhoun
- Department of Computational Science and EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGeorgiaUSA,Tri‐Institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS)Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
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11
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Chaumon M, Rioux PA, Herbst SK, Spiousas I, Kübel SL, Gallego Hiroyasu EM, Runyun ŞL, Micillo L, Thanopoulos V, Mendoza-Duran E, Wagelmans A, Mudumba R, Tachmatzidou O, Cellini N, D'Argembeau A, Giersch A, Grondin S, Gronfier C, Igarzábal FA, Klarsfeld A, Jovanovic L, Laje R, Lannelongue E, Mioni G, Nicolaï C, Srinivasan N, Sugiyama S, Wittmann M, Yotsumoto Y, Vatakis A, Balcı F, van Wassenhove V. The Blursday database as a resource to study subjective temporalities during COVID-19. Nat Hum Behav 2022; 6:1587-1599. [PMID: 35970902 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-022-01419-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdowns triggered worldwide changes in the daily routines of human experience. The Blursday database provides repeated measures of subjective time and related processes from participants in nine countries tested on 14 questionnaires and 15 behavioural tasks during the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 2,840 participants completed at least one task, and 439 participants completed all tasks in the first session. The database and all data collection tools are accessible to researchers for studying the effects of social isolation on temporal information processing, time perspective, decision-making, sleep, metacognition, attention, memory, self-perception and mindfulness. Blursday includes quantitative statistics such as sleep patterns, personality traits, psychological well-being and lockdown indices. The database provides quantitative insights on the effects of lockdown (stringency and mobility) and subjective confinement on time perception (duration, passage of time and temporal distances). Perceived isolation affects time perception, and we report an inter-individual central tendency effect in retrospective duration estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilien Chaumon
- Institut du Cerveau, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Centre MEG-EEG, Centre de NeuroImagerie Recherche (CENIR), Paris, France.
| | | | - Sophie K Herbst
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, INSERM, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin, Gif/Yvette, France
| | - Ignacio Spiousas
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastian L Kübel
- Max Planck Institute for the Study of Crime, Security and Law, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute for Frontier Areas of Psychology and Mental Health, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Şerife Leman Runyun
- Department of Psychology and Center for Translational Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Luigi Micillo
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Vassilis Thanopoulos
- Multisensory and Temporal Processing Laboratory (MultiTimeLab), Department of Psychology, Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Athens, Greece.,Department of History and Philosophy of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Anna Wagelmans
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, INSERM, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin, Gif/Yvette, France
| | - Ramya Mudumba
- Department of Cognitive Science, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
| | - Ourania Tachmatzidou
- Multisensory and Temporal Processing Laboratory (MultiTimeLab), Department of Psychology, Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Athens, Greece
| | - Nicola Cellini
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Arnaud D'Argembeau
- Department of Psychology, Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition, Université de Liège, F.R.S.-FNRS, Liège, Belgium
| | - Anne Giersch
- Université de Strasbourg, Unité mixte INSERM U1114, Département de Psychiatrie, Hôpital civil, Strasbourg, France
| | - Simon Grondin
- École de psychologie, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Claude Gronfier
- Waking Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Université Lyon 1, Bron, France
| | | | - André Klarsfeld
- Laboratoire Plasticité du Cerveau, CNRS UMR 8249, ESPCI Paris PSL, Paris, France
| | - Ljubica Jovanovic
- Université de Strasbourg, Unité mixte INSERM U1114, Département de Psychiatrie, Hôpital civil, Strasbourg, France.,School of Psychology, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Rodrigo Laje
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elisa Lannelongue
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, INSERM, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin, Gif/Yvette, France
| | - Giovanna Mioni
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Cyril Nicolaï
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, INSERM, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin, Gif/Yvette, France.,Centre de Recherches Interdisciplinaires, Paris, France
| | - Narayanan Srinivasan
- Department of Cognitive Science, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
| | - Shogo Sugiyama
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marc Wittmann
- Institute for Frontier Areas of Psychology and Mental Health, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yuko Yotsumoto
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Argiro Vatakis
- Multisensory and Temporal Processing Laboratory (MultiTimeLab), Department of Psychology, Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Athens, Greece
| | - Fuat Balcı
- Department of Psychology and Center for Translational Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Virginie van Wassenhove
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, INSERM, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin, Gif/Yvette, France.
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12
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Ueda N, Tanaka K, Maruo K, Roach N, Sumiyoshi T, Watanabe K, Hanakawa T. Perceptual inference, accuracy, and precision in temporal reproduction in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res Cogn 2022; 28:100229. [PMID: 34976749 PMCID: PMC8683762 DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2021.100229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that deficits in perceptual inference account for symptoms of schizophrenia. One manifestation of perceptual inference is the central bias, i.e., the tendency to put emphasis on prior experiences over actual events in perceiving incoming sensory stimuli. Using an interval reproduction task, this study aimed to determine whether patients with schizophrenia show a stronger central bias than participants without schizophrenia. In the interval reproduction task, participants were shown a cross on a screen. The cross was replaced with a Gaussian patch for a predetermined time interval, and participants were required to reproduce the interval duration by pressing and releasing the space key. We manipulated the uncertainty of prior information using different interval distributions. We found no difference in the influence of prior information on interval reproduction between patients and controls. However, patients with SZ showed a stronger central bias than healthy participants in the intermediate interval range (approximately 450 ms to 900 ms). It is possible that the patients in SZ have non-uniform deficits associated with interval range or uncertainty of prior information in perceptual inference. Further, the severity of avolition and alogia was correlated with the strength of central bias in SZ. This study provides some insights into the mechanisms underlying the association between schizophrenic symptoms and perceptual inference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuki Ueda
- NCNP Brain Physiology and Pathology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
- Department of Preventive Intervention for Psychiatric Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
- Department of Advanced Neuroimaging, Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
| | - Kanji Tanaka
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Waseda Institute for Advanced Study, Waseda University, 1-21-1 Nishi Waseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0051, Japan
| | - Kazushi Maruo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Neil Roach
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tomiki Sumiyoshi
- Department of Preventive Intervention for Psychiatric Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
| | - Katsumi Watanabe
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
- Faculty of Arts, Design, and Architecture, University of New South Wales, Cnr Oxford St & Greens Rd, Paddington, NSW 2021, Australia
| | - Takashi Hanakawa
- NCNP Brain Physiology and Pathology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
- Department of Advanced Neuroimaging, Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
- Integrated Neuroanatomy and Neuroimaging, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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13
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Herbst SK, Obleser J, van Wassenhove V. Implicit Versus Explicit Timing-Separate or Shared Mechanisms? J Cogn Neurosci 2022; 34:1447-1466. [PMID: 35579985 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Time implicitly shapes cognition, but time is also explicitly represented, for instance, in the form of durations. Parsimoniously, the brain could use the same mechanisms for implicit and explicit timing. Yet, the evidence has been equivocal, revealing both joint versus separate signatures of timing. Here, we directly compared implicit and explicit timing using magnetoencephalography, whose temporal resolution allows investigating the different stages of the timing processes. Implicit temporal predictability was induced in an auditory paradigm by a manipulation of the foreperiod. Participants received two consecutive task instructions: discriminate pitch (indirect measure of implicit timing) or duration (direct measure of explicit timing). The results show that the human brain efficiently extracts implicit temporal statistics of sensory environments, to enhance the behavioral and neural responses to auditory stimuli, but that those temporal predictions did not improve explicit timing. In both tasks, attentional orienting in time during predictive foreperiods was indexed by an increase in alpha power over visual and parietal areas. Furthermore, pretarget induced beta power in sensorimotor and parietal areas increased during implicit compared to explicit timing, in line with the suggested role for beta oscillations in temporal prediction. Interestingly, no distinct neural dynamics emerged when participants explicitly paid attention to time, compared to implicit timing. Our work thus indicates that implicit timing shapes the behavioral and sensory response in an automatic way and is reflected in oscillatory neural dynamics, whereas the translation of implicit temporal statistics to explicit durations remains somewhat inconclusive, possibly because of the more abstract nature of this task.
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14
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Arantes-Gonçalves F, Wolman A, Bastos-Leite AJ, Northoff G. Scale for Space and Time Experience in Psychosis: Converging Phenomenological and Psychopathological Perspectives. Psychopathology 2022; 55:132-142. [PMID: 34872083 DOI: 10.1159/000519500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Abnormalities in the experience of space and time are fundamental to understanding schizophrenia spectrum disorders, but the precise relation between such abnormalities and psychopathological symptoms is still unclear. Therefore, the aim of our study was to introduce a novel scale for space and time experience in psychosis (STEP), specifically devised to assess schizophrenia spectrum disorders. METHODS The STEP scale is a semiquantitative instrument developed on the basis of several items from previous scales and phenomenological reports addressing the experience of space and time. We applied the STEP scale to three groups of subjects (patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, patients with predominant affective symptoms, and healthy control subjects), to whom we also applied other more general psychopathological scales, such as the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and the Ego-Psychopathology Inventory. RESULTS Patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders scored significantly higher on general psychopatho<X00_Del_TrennDivis>--</X00_Del_TrennDivis>logical scales relative to subjects belonging to the other groups. The STEP scale provided good psychometric properties regarding reliability. We also tested convergent and divergent validity of the STEP scale and found that space and time subscale scores of STEP significantly correlated with each other, as well as with the remaining general psychopathological scores. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION We introduced the STEP scale as a novel instrument for the assessment of experience of space and time. Its psychometric properties showed high validity and reliability to identify psychopathological symptoms and enabled to differentiate patients with predominantly psychotic symptoms from those with predominantly affective symptoms. The STEP scale provides a standardized measure for assessing disturbances in the experience of space and time. Furthermore, it probably represents a leap forward toward the establishment of an additional dimension of symptoms proposed as "spatiotemporal psychopathology."
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angelika Wolman
- Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics Research Unit, Royal Ottawa Healthcare Group, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - António J Bastos-Leite
- Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Georg Northoff
- Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics Research Unit, Royal Ottawa Healthcare Group, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Henriksen MG, Raballo A, Nordgaard J. Self-disorders and psychopathology: a systematic review. Lancet Psychiatry 2021; 8:1001-1012. [PMID: 34688345 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(21)00097-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In foundational texts on schizophrenia, the mental disorder was constitutively linked to a specific disintegration of subjectivity (often termed a self-disorder). Apart from Scharfetter's work on ego-pathology, research on self-disorders generally faded into oblivion, and self-disorders were only rediscovered as notable psychopathological features of the schizophrenia spectrum nearly two decades ago. Subsequently, the Examination of Anomalous Self-Experience (EASE) scale was constructed to allow systematic assessment of non-psychotic self-disorders. This Review is the first systematic review of empirical studies on self-disorders based on the EASE or other related scales. The results consistently show that self-disorders hyper-aggregate in schizophrenia spectrum disorders but not in other mental disorders; that self-disorders are found in individuals at a clinical risk of developing psychosis; that self-disorders show a high degree of temporal stability; that self-disorders predict the later development of schizophrenia spectrum disorders; and that self-disorders correlate with the canonical dimensions of the psychopathology of schizophrenia, impaired social functioning, and suicidality. Issues with the methods of the reviewed literature are critically discussed and the role of self-disorders in clinical psychiatry and future research is outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Gram Henriksen
- Centre for Subjectivity Research, Department of Communication, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Mental Health Centre Amager, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Mental Health Centre Glostrup, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Andrea Raballo
- Section of Psychiatry, Clinical Psychology and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy; Centre for Translational, Phenomenological and Developmental Psychopathology, Perugia University Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Julie Nordgaard
- Mental Health Centre Amager, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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16
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Kent L, Wittmann M. Special Issue: Consciousness science and its theories Time consciousness: the missing link in theories of consciousness. Neurosci Conscious 2021; 2021:niab011. [PMID: 33868714 PMCID: PMC8042366 DOI: 10.1093/nc/niab011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There are plenty of issues to be solved in order for researchers to agree on a neural model of consciousness. Here we emphasize an often under-represented aspect in the debate: time consciousness. Consciousness and the present moment both extend in time. Experience flows through a succession of moments and progresses from future predictions, to present experiences, to past memories. However, a brief review finds that many dominant theories of consciousness only refer to brief, static, and discrete "functional moments" of time. Very few refer to more extended, dynamic, and continuous time, which is associated with conscious experience (cf. the "experienced moment"). This confusion between short and discrete versus long and continuous is, we argue, one of the core issues in theories of consciousness. Given the lack of work dedicated to time consciousness, its study could test novel predictions of rival theories of consciousness. It may be that different theories of consciousness are compatible/complementary if the different aspects of time are taken into account. Or, if it turns out that no existing theory can fully accommodate time consciousness, then perhaps it has something new to add. Regardless of outcome, the crucial step is to make subjective time a central object of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan Kent
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 35 Poplar Rd, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Orygen, 35 Poplar Rd, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Marc Wittmann
- Institute for Frontier Areas of Psychology and Mental Health, Wilhelmstraße 3a, 79098 Freiburg i.Br., Germany
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17
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Integrating clinical staging and phenomenological psychopathology to add depth, nuance, and utility to clinical phenotyping: a heuristic challenge. Lancet Psychiatry 2021; 8:162-168. [PMID: 33220779 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30316-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatry has witnessed a new wave of approaches to clinical phenotyping and the study of psychopathology, including the US National Institute of Mental Health's Research Domain Criteria, clinical staging, network approaches, the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology, the general psychopathology factor, and a revival of interest in phenomenological psychopathology. The question naturally emerges about what the relationship between these new approaches is. Are they mutually exclusive and competing approaches, or can they be integrated in some way and be used to enrich each other? In this Personal View, we propose a possible integration between clinical staging and phenomenological psychopathology. Domains identified in phenomenological psychopathology (eg, selfhood, embodiment, and affectivity) can be overlaid on clinical stages to enrich and deepen the phenotypes captured in clinical staging (creating high-resolution clinical phenotypes). This approach might be useful both ideographically and nomothetically, to complement diagnosis, enrich clinical formulation, inform treatment of individual patients, and help to guide aetiology research, prediction of clinical trajectory and treatment. Overlaying phenomenological domains on clinical stages might require reformulating these domains in dimensional rather than categorial terms. This integrative project requires assessment tools (some of which are already available) that are sufficiently sensitive and thorough to pick up on the range of relevant psychopathology. The proposed approach offers opportunities for mutual enrichment: clinical staging might be enriched by introducing greater depth to phenotypes; phenomenological psychopathology might be enriched by introducing stages of severity and disorder progression to phenomenological analysis.
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18
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Raballo A, Poletti M, Preti A, Parnas J. The Self in the Spectrum: A Meta-analysis of the Evidence Linking Basic Self-Disorders and Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2021; 47:1007-1017. [PMID: 33479736 PMCID: PMC8266610 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbaa201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Disturbed self-experience has been reported as a characteristic feature of schizophrenia since the first formulation of its diagnostic concept; however, only in the last 2 decades an explicit notion of basic Self-disturbance, or Self-Disorders (SD), has emerged as target for a systematic research program. We conducted systematic searches in bibliographical databases to identify cross-sectional studies that explored SD across different diagnostic groups and explored diagnostic ascription within or outside schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) as main outcome. Data were pooled using fixed- and random-effects meta-analysis models. Heterogeneity was assessed using stratified meta-analyses and meta-regression. Of 218 identified studies, 32 were included in the systematic review and 27 in the meta-analysis. Patients diagnosed with SSD scored higher on measures of SD than healthy controls (HC) (Hedges' g = 1.8; 95% CI = 1.5 to 2.0), individuals diagnosed with other mental illness (OMI) (1.9; 1.6 to 2.2), bipolar or affective disorders (1.8; 1.4 to 2.2), and clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR) (1.6; 0.9 to 2.4). Patients with schizotypy or schizotypal personality disorder scored higher on measures of SD than OMI (1.5; 1.3 to 1.8) and HC (1.4; 1.1 to 1.7). Patients with first-episode psychosis scored higher on measures of SD than HC (2.5; 2.1 to 2.9) and OMI (1.6; 1.2 to 2.1). Subjects at CHR scored higher on measures of SD than HC (2.0; 1.7 to 2.2) and OMI (19; 1.6 to 2.2). Overall, heterogeneity ranged from negligible to high, especially in comparisons of the target group with OMI, probably as a reflection of the immanent diagnostic heterogeneity of this group. The findings suggest that SD selectively aggregate within schizophrenia spectrum disorders as compared to other mental disorders and that they could be a central phenotypic marker of vulnerability to schizophrenia across the different shades of severity of its spectrum of disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Raballo
- Section of Psychiatry, Clinical Psychology and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy,Center for Translational, Phenomenological and Developmental Psychopathology (CTPDP), Perugia University Hospital, Perugia, Italy,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Section of Psychiatry, Clinical Psychology and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia Piazzale Lucio Severi 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy; tel: +39 075 5783194, fax: +39 075 5783183, e-mail:
| | - Michele Poletti
- Department of Mental Health and Pathological Addiction, Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Service, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Antonio Preti
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Josef Parnas
- Center for Subjectivity Research, University of Copenhagen, 2300, Copenhagen, Denmark,Mental Health Centre Glostrup, University Hospital of Copenhagen, 2605, Brøndby, Denmark,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
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19
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Northoff G, Sandsten KE, Nordgaard J, Kjaer TW, Parnas J. The Self and Its Prolonged Intrinsic Neural Timescale in Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2020; 47:170-179. [PMID: 32614395 PMCID: PMC7825007 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbaa083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) can be characterized as a basic self-disorder that is featured by abnormal temporal integration on phenomenological (experience) and psychological (information processing) levels. Temporal integration on the neuronal level can be measured by the brain's intrinsic neural timescale using the autocorrelation window (ACW) and power-law exponent (PLE). Our goal was to relate intrinsic neural timescales (ACW, PLE), as a proxy of temporal integration on the neuronal level, to temporal integration related to self-disorder on psychological (Enfacement illusion task in electroencephalography) and phenomenological (Examination of Anomalous Self-Experience [EASE]) levels. SCZ participants exhibited prolonged ACW and higher PLE during the self-referential task (Enfacement illusion), but not during the non-self-referential task (auditory oddball). The degree of ACW/PLE change during task relative to rest was significantly reduced in self-referential task in SCZ. A moderation model showed that low and high ACW/PLE exerted differential impact on the relationship of self-disorder (EASE) and negative symptoms (PANSS). In sum, we demonstrate abnormal prolongation in intrinsic neural timescale during self-reference in SCZ including its relation to basic self-disorder and negative symptoms. Our results point to abnormal relation of self and temporal integration at the core of SCZ constituting a "common currency" of neuronal, psychological, and phenomenological levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Northoff
- Mental Health Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics, Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Mental Health Centre/7th Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Tianmu Road 305, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310013, China; Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics, Institute of Mental Health Research, Royal Ottawa Healthcare Group and University of Ottawa, 1145 Carling Avenue, Room 6467, Ottawa, ON K1Z 7K4, Canada; tel: 613-722-6521 ex. 6959, fax: 613-798-2982, e-mail:
| | - Karl Erik Sandsten
- Early Psychosis Intervention Center, Region Zealand Psychiatry, Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | | | - Josef Parnas
- Center for Subjectivity Research, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark,Mental Health Center Glostrup, Denmark
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20
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Droit-Volet S, Monceau S, Dambrun M, Martinelli N. Embodied time and the out-of-body experience of the self. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8565. [PMID: 32206446 PMCID: PMC7075359 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Using an out-of-body paradigm, the present study provided further empirical evidence for the theory of embodied time by suggesting that the body-self plays a key role in time judgments. Looking through virtual reality glasses, the participants saw the arm of a mannequin instead of their own arm. They had to judge the duration of the interval between two (perceived) touches applied to the mannequin's body after a series of strokes had been viewed being made to the mannequin and tactile strokes had been administered to the participants themselves. These strokes were administered either synchronously or asynchronously. During the interval, a pleasant (touch with a soft paintbrush) or an unpleasant stimulation (touch with a pointed knife) was applied to the mannequin. The results showed that the participants felt the perceived tactile stimulations in their own bodies more strongly after the synchronous than the asynchronous stroking condition, a finding which is consistent with the out-of-body illusion. In addition, the interval duration was judged longer in the synchronous than in the asynchronous condition. This time distortion increased the greater the individual out-of-body experience was. Our results therefore highlight the importance of the awareness of the body-self in the processing of time, i.e., the significance of embodied time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Droit-Volet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive, CNRS, UMR 6024, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sophie Monceau
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive, CNRS, UMR 6024, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Michaël Dambrun
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive, CNRS, UMR 6024, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Natalia Martinelli
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive, CNRS, UMR 6024, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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21
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The neurophenomenology of early psychosis: An integrative empirical study. Conscious Cogn 2020; 77:102845. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2019.102845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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22
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Martin B, Franck N, Giersch A. A reflection upon methods to explore timing in patients with schizophrenia. Psych J 2019; 8:82-89. [PMID: 30912627 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phenomenologists have provided a detailed description of the disorders of the subjective experience associated with minimal-self disorders in patients with schizophrenia. Those patients report a range of distortions of their conscious experiences, including a sense of inner void, confusion between self and others, and, sometimes, a disruption of the sense of time. These reports have been interpreted as distortion of the first-person perspective and a lack of immersion in the world, associated with a breakdown of the temporal structure of consciousness, and especially a disruption of the sense of time continuity. Further, it has been proposed that these disruptions are based on a difficulty to retain past information and to predict future information, that is, the mechanisms that help to relate events with one another and to reach a sense of time continuity. Experimental psychology results seem to converge to similar conclusions, inasmuch as some results in patients with schizophrenia suggest a deficient ability to predict sequences of events at the millisecond level. Several studies have underlined this convergence. Here we reflect on the limits of both the phenomenological and experimental psychology approaches, and of the convergence of their hypotheses. We think that this reflection is necessary to avoid premature conclusions on the mechanisms underlying the impairments in patients, but also to enrich our understanding of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Martin
- Ressource Center for Psychosocial Rehabilitation and Cognitive Remediation, Le Vinatier Hospital UMR 5229 CNRS & Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Franck
- Ressource Center for Psychosocial Rehabilitation and Cognitive Remediation, Le Vinatier Hospital UMR 5229 CNRS & Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Anne Giersch
- INSERM U1114, Psychiatric Center, University of Strasbourg, Regional University Hospital of Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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23
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Nelson B, Lavoie S, Gaweda L, Li E, Sass LA, Koren D, McGorry PD, Jack BN, Parnas J, Polari A, Allott K, Hartmann JA, Whitford TJ. Testing a neurophenomenological model of basic self disturbance in early psychosis. World Psychiatry 2019; 18:104-105. [PMID: 30600614 PMCID: PMC6313695 DOI: 10.1002/wps.20597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Barnaby Nelson
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia,Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Suzie Lavoie
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia,Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lukasz Gaweda
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany,II Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Emily Li
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia,Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Dan Koren
- Psychology Department, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Patrick D. McGorry
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia,Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bradley N. Jack
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Andrea Polari
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia,Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia,Orygen Youth Health Clinical Program, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kelly Allott
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia,Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jessica A. Hartmann
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia,Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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24
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Snowden AW, Buhusi CV. Neural Correlates of Interval Timing Deficits in Schizophrenia. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:9. [PMID: 30760991 PMCID: PMC6362255 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has shown that schizophrenia (SZ) patients exhibit impairments in interval timing. The cause of timing impairments in SZ remains unknown but may be explained by a dysfunction in the fronto-striatal circuits. Although the current literature includes extensive behavioral data on timing impairments, there is limited focus on the neural correlates of timing in SZ. The neuroimaging literature included in the current review reports hypoactivation in the dorsal-lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), supplementary motor area (SMA) and the basal ganglia (BG). Timing deficits and deficits in attention and working memory (WM) in SZ are likely due to a dysfunction of dopamine (DA) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmission in the cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical circuits, which are highly implicated in executive functioning and motor preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel W Snowden
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Catalin V Buhusi
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
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25
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Altération de la perception visuelle élémentaire en psychiatrie. Neurophysiol Clin 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2018.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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26
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Ciullo V, Piras F, Vecchio D, Banaj N, Coull JT, Spalletta G. Predictive timing disturbance is a precise marker of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res Cogn 2018; 12:42-49. [PMID: 29928596 PMCID: PMC6007042 DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Timing disturbances have being proposed as a key component of schizophrenia pathogenesis. However, the contribution of cognitive impairment to such disorders has not been clarified. Here, we investigated duration estimation and predictive timing in 30 patients with DSM-5 diagnosis of schizophrenia (SZ) compared to 30 healthy controls (HC). Duration estimation was examined in a temporal and colour discrimination task, fully controlled for working memory (WM) and attention requirements, and by more traditional temporal production and temporal bisection tasks. Predictive timing was measured in a temporal and spatial orienting of attention task. Expectations about stimulus onset (temporal condition) or location (spatial condition) were induced by valid and invalid symbolic cues. Results showed that discrimination of temporal and colour stimulus attributes was equally impaired in SZ. This, taken with the positive correlation between temporal bisection performance and neuropsychological measures of WM, indicates that duration estimation impairments in SZ are underpinned by WM dysfunction. Conversely, we found dissociation in temporal and spatial predictive ability in SZ. Unlike controls, patients were selectively unperturbed by events appearing at an unexpected moment in time, though were perturbed by targets appearing at an unexpected location. Moreover, patients were able to generate temporal expectations more implicitly, as their performance was influenced by the predictive nature of the flow of time itself. Our findings shed new light on the debate over the specificity of timing distortions in SZ, providing evidence that predictive timing is a precise marker of SZ, more sensitive than duration estimation, serving as a valid heuristic for studying the pathophysiology of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Ciullo
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Federica Piras
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Vecchio
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Nerisa Banaj
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Jennifer T. Coull
- Laboratoire des Neurosciences Cognitives UMR 7291, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Gianfranco Spalletta
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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27
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Ciullo V, Vecchio D, Gili T, Spalletta G, Piras F. Segregation of Brain Structural Networks Supports Spatio-Temporal Predictive Processing. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:212. [PMID: 29881338 PMCID: PMC5978278 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to generate probabilistic expectancies regarding when and where sensory stimuli will occur, is critical to derive timely and accurate inferences about updating contexts. However, the existence of specialized neural networks for inferring predictive relationships between events is still debated. Using graph theoretical analysis applied to structural connectivity data, we tested the extent of brain connectivity properties associated with spatio-temporal predictive performance across 29 healthy subjects. Participants detected visual targets appearing at one out of three locations after one out of three intervals; expectations about stimulus location (spatial condition) or onset (temporal condition) were induced by valid or invalid symbolic cues. Connectivity matrices and centrality/segregation measures, expressing the relative importance of, and the local interactions among specific cerebral areas respect to the behavior under investigation, were calculated from whole-brain tractography and cortico-subcortical parcellation. Results: Response preparedness to cued stimuli relied on different structural connectivity networks for the temporal and spatial domains. Significant covariance was observed between centrality measures of regions within a subcortical-fronto-parietal-occipital network -comprising the left putamen, the right caudate nucleus, the left frontal operculum, the right inferior parietal cortex, the right paracentral lobule and the right superior occipital cortex-, and the ability to respond after a short cue-target delay suggesting that the local connectedness of such nodes plays a central role when the source of temporal expectation is explicit. When the potential for functional segregation was tested, we found highly clustered structural connectivity across the right superior, the left middle inferior frontal gyrus and the left caudate nucleus as related to explicit temporal orienting. Conversely, when the interaction between explicit and implicit temporal orienting processes was considered at the long interval, we found that explicit processes were related to centrality measures of the bilateral inferior parietal lobule. Degree centrality of the same region in the left hemisphere covaried with behavioral measures indexing the process of attentional re-orienting. These results represent a crucial step forward the ordinary predictive processing description, as we identified the patterns of connectivity characterizing the brain organization associated with the ability to generate and update temporal expectancies in case of contextual violations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Ciullo
- Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniela Vecchio
- Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Tommaso Gili
- Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- IMT School for Advanced Studies, Lucca, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Spalletta
- Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Federica Piras
- Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
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28
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Wilquin H, Delevoye-Turrell Y, Dione M, Giersch A. Motor Synchronization in Patients With Schizophrenia: Preserved Time Representation With Abnormalities in Predictive Timing. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:193. [PMID: 29867416 PMCID: PMC5965021 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Basic temporal dysfunctions have been described in patients with schizophrenia, which may impact their ability to connect and synchronize with the outer world. The present study was conducted with the aim to distinguish between interval timing and synchronization difficulties and more generally the spatial-temporal organization disturbances for voluntary actions. A new sensorimotor synchronization task was developed to test these abilities. Method: Twenty-four chronic schizophrenia patients matched with 27 controls performed a spatial-tapping task in which finger taps were to be produced in synchrony with a regular metronome to six visual targets presented around a virtual circle on a tactile screen. Isochronous (time intervals of 500 ms) and non-isochronous auditory sequences (alternated time intervals of 300/600 ms) were presented. The capacity to produce time intervals accurately versus the ability to synchronize own actions (tap) with external events (tone) were measured. Results: Patients with schizophrenia were able to produce the tapping patterns of both isochronous and non-isochronous auditory sequences as accurately as controls producing inter-response intervals close to the expected interval of 500 and 900 ms, respectively. However, the synchronization performances revealed significantly more positive asynchrony means (but similar variances) in the patient group than in the control group for both types of auditory sequences. Conclusion: The patterns of results suggest that patients with schizophrenia are able to perceive and produce both simple and complex sequences of time intervals but are impaired in the ability to synchronize their actions with external events. These findings suggest a specific deficit in predictive timing, which may be at the core of early symptoms previously described in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Wilquin
- Aix Marseille Univ, Laboratory of Clinical Psychology, Psychopathology and Psychoanalysis, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Yvonne Delevoye-Turrell
- SCALab, UMR 9193 – National Center for Scientific Research, University of Lille, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Mariama Dione
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anne Giersch
- INSERM U1114, Department of Psychiatry, Federation of Translational Medicine of Strasbourg, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
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29
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Martin B, Franck N, Cermolacce M, Coull JT, Giersch A. Minimal Self and Timing Disorders in Schizophrenia: A Case Report. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:132. [PMID: 29686612 PMCID: PMC5900747 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For years, phenomenological psychiatry has proposed that distortions of the temporal structure of consciousness contribute to the abnormal experiences described before schizophrenia emerges, and may relate to basic disturbances in consciousness of the self. However, considering that temporality refers mainly to an implicit aspect of our relationship with the world, disturbances in the temporal structure of consciousness remain difficult to access. Nonetheless, previous studies have shown a correlation between self disorders and the automatic ability to expect an event in time, suggesting timing is a key issue for the psychopathology of schizophrenia. Timing disorders may represent a target for cognitive remediation, but this requires that disorders can be demonstrated at an individual level. Since cognitive impairments in patients with schizophrenia are discrete, and there is no standardized timing exploration, we focused on timing impairments suggested to be related to self disorders. We present the case report of AF, a 22 year old man suffering from schizophrenia, with no antipsychotic intake. Although AF shows few positive and negative symptoms and has a normal neurocognitive assessment, he shows a high level of disturbance of Minimal Self Disorders (SDs) (assessed with the EASE scale). Moreover, AF has a rare ability to describe his self and time difficulties. An objective assessment of timing ability (variable foreperiod task) confirmed that AF had temporal impairments similar to those previously described in patients, i.e., a preserved ability to distinguish time intervals, but a difficulty to benefit from the passage of time to expect a visual stimulus. He presents additional difficulties in benefitting from temporal cues and adapting to changes in time delays. The impairments were ample enough to yield significant effects with analyses at the individual level. Although causal relationships between subjective and objective impairments cannot be established, the results show that exploring timing deficits at the individual level is possible in patients with schizophrenia. Besides, the results are consistent with hypotheses relating minimal self disorders (SDs) to timing difficulties. They suggest that both subjective and objective timing investigations should be developed further so that their use at an individual level can be generalized in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Martin
- Centre Ressource de Réhabilitation Psychosociale et de Remédiation Cognitive, Centre Référent Lyonnais en Réhabilitation et en Remédiation Cognitive Hôpital du Vinatier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5229, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Franck
- Centre Ressource de Réhabilitation Psychosociale et de Remédiation Cognitive, Centre Référent Lyonnais en Réhabilitation et en Remédiation Cognitive Hôpital du Vinatier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5229, Lyon, France
| | - Michel Cermolacce
- Service Universitaire de Psychiatrie, Hôpital Ste Marguerite, Marseille, France
| | - Jennifer T Coull
- Laboratoire des Neurosciences Cognitives (UMR 7291), Aix-Marseille Université & Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
| | - Anne Giersch
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1114, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire of Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Paris, France
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30
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Fernandes TMP, de Andrade MJO, Santana JB, Nogueira RMTBL, dos Santos NA. Tobacco Use Decreases Visual Sensitivity in Schizophrenia. Front Psychol 2018; 9:288. [PMID: 29559947 PMCID: PMC5845747 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking prevalence in patients who are diagnosed with schizophrenia (SCZ) is higher than in the general population. Chronic tobacco use in SCZ patients may reduce the side effects of antipsychotic drugs, thus serving as a self-medication for such side effects. Understanding the ways in which chronic tobacco use influences visual sensitivity has clinical implications, which may serve as a tool for non-invasively diagnosing early-stage visual processing deficits. The present study evaluated the effects of chronic tobacco use on visual sensitivity in SCZ patients. Our purpose was to provide new directions for future research, mainly psychophysical and electrophysiological studies. In the present study, 40 smoker controls (SC), 20 SCZ tobacco users, and 20 SCZ tobacco nonusers were recruited from the Psychosocial Care Center. Visual sensitivity was compared between both SCZ groups and the SC group. Patients with SCZ who were chronic tobacco users presented lower visual sensitivity for chromatic (p < 0.001) and achromatic (p < 0.001) stimuli compared with the other groups. Our findings highlight the need to evaluate possible addictive behavior in patients with SCZ, which may contribute to public policies that seek to improve the quality of life of SCZ patients and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago M. P. Fernandes
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
- Perception, Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Michael J. Oliveira de Andrade
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
- Perception, Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Jessica B. Santana
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
- Perception, Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | - Natanael A. dos Santos
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
- Perception, Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
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31
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Giersch A, Mishara AL. Is Schizophrenia a Disorder of Consciousness? Experimental and Phenomenological Support for Anomalous Unconscious Processing. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1659. [PMID: 29033868 PMCID: PMC5625017 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades ago, several authors have proposed that disorders in automatic processing lead to intrusive symptoms or abnormal contents in the consciousness of people with schizophrenia. However, since then, studies have mainly highlighted difficulties in patients' conscious experiencing and processing but rarely explored how unconscious and conscious mechanisms may interact in producing this experience. We report three lines of research, focusing on the processing of spatial frequencies, unpleasant information, and time-event structure that suggest that impairments occur at both the unconscious and conscious level. We argue that focusing on unconscious, physiological and automatic processing of information in patients, while contrasting that processing with conscious processing, is a first required step before understanding how distortions or other impairments emerge at the conscious level. We then indicate that the phenomenological tradition of psychiatry supports a similar claim and provides a theoretical framework helping to understand the relationship between the impairments and clinical symptoms. We base our argument on the presence of disorders in the minimal self in patients with schizophrenia. The minimal self is tacit and non-verbal and refers to the sense of bodily presence. We argue this sense is shaped by unconscious processes, whose alteration may thus affect the feeling of being a unique individual. This justifies a focus on unconscious mechanisms and a distinction from those associated with consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Giersch
- INSERM U1114, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire of Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Aaron L. Mishara
- Department of Clinical Psychology, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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