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Scharf MM, Humphrys LJ, Berndt S, Di Pizio A, Lehmann J, Liebscher I, Nicoli A, Niv MY, Peri L, Schihada H, Schulte G. The dark sides of the GPCR tree - research progress on understudied GPCRs. Br J Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38339984 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
A large portion of the human GPCRome is still in the dark and understudied, consisting even of entire subfamilies of GPCRs such as odorant receptors, class A and C orphans, adhesion GPCRs, Frizzleds and taste receptors. However, it is undeniable that these GPCRs bring an untapped therapeutic potential that should be explored further. Open questions on these GPCRs span diverse topics such as deorphanisation, the development of tool compounds and tools for studying these GPCRs, as well as understanding basic signalling mechanisms. This review gives an overview of the current state of knowledge for each of the diverse subfamilies of understudied receptors regarding their physiological relevance, molecular mechanisms, endogenous ligands and pharmacological tools. Furthermore, it identifies some of the largest knowledge gaps that should be addressed in the foreseeable future and lists some general strategies that might be helpful in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena M Scharf
- Karolinska Institutet, Dept. Physiology & Pharmacology, Sec. Receptor Biology & Signaling, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura J Humphrys
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Berndt
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute for Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Antonella Di Pizio
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Chemoinformatics and Protein Modelling, Department of Molecular Life Science, School of Life Science, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Juliane Lehmann
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute for Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ines Liebscher
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute for Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alessandro Nicoli
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Chemoinformatics and Protein Modelling, Department of Molecular Life Science, School of Life Science, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Masha Y Niv
- The Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lior Peri
- The Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Hannes Schihada
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Gunnar Schulte
- Karolinska Institutet, Dept. Physiology & Pharmacology, Sec. Receptor Biology & Signaling, Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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Makris A, Alevra AI, Exadactylos A, Papadopoulos S. The Role of Melatonin to Ameliorate Oxidative Stress in Sperm Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15056. [PMID: 37894737 PMCID: PMC10606652 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that oxidative stress (OS) coming from a wide variety of causes has detrimental effects on male fertility. Antioxidants could have a significant role in the treatment of male infertility, and the current systematic review on the role of melatonin to ameliorate OS clearly shows that improvement of semen parameters follows melatonin supplementation. Although melatonin has considerable promise, further studies are needed to clarify its ability to preserve or restore semen quality under stress conditions in varied species. The present review examines the actions of melatonin via receptor subtypes and its function in the context of OS across male vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Serafeim Papadopoulos
- Hydrobiology-Ichthyology Laboratory, Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou Str., 38446 Volos, Greece; (A.M.); (A.I.A.); (A.E.)
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3
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Lees JA, Dias JM, Rajamohan F, Fortin JP, O'Connor R, Kong JX, Hughes EAG, Fisher EL, Tuttle JB, Lovett G, Kormos BL, Unwalla RJ, Zhang L, Dechert Schmitt AM, Zhou D, Moran M, Stevens KA, Fennell KF, Varghese AE, Maxwell A, Cote EE, Zhang Y, Han S. An inverse agonist of orphan receptor GPR61 acts by a G protein-competitive allosteric mechanism. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5938. [PMID: 37741852 PMCID: PMC10517971 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41646-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
GPR61 is an orphan GPCR related to biogenic amine receptors. Its association with phenotypes relating to appetite makes it of interest as a druggable target to treat disorders of metabolism and body weight, such as obesity and cachexia. To date, the lack of structural information or a known biological ligand or tool compound has hindered comprehensive efforts to study GPR61 structure and function. Here, we report a structural characterization of GPR61, in both its active-like complex with heterotrimeric G protein and in its inactive state. Moreover, we report the discovery of a potent and selective small-molecule inverse agonist against GPR61 and structural elucidation of its allosteric binding site and mode of action. These findings offer mechanistic insights into an orphan GPCR while providing both a structural framework and tool compound to support further studies of GPR61 function and modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Lees
- Discovery Sciences, Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | - João M Dias
- Discovery Sciences, Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Rebecca O'Connor
- Discovery Sciences, Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | - Jimmy X Kong
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Emily A G Hughes
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ethan L Fisher
- Internal Medicine, Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | - Jamison B Tuttle
- Internal Medicine, Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gabrielle Lovett
- Internal Medicine, Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bethany L Kormos
- Internal Medicine, Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Lei Zhang
- Internal Medicine, Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Dahui Zhou
- Internal Medicine, Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | - Michael Moran
- Internal Medicine, Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | - Andrew Maxwell
- Discovery Sciences, Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | - Emmaline E Cote
- Discovery Sciences, Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Internal Medicine, Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Seungil Han
- Discovery Sciences, Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA.
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4
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Franchini L, Orlandi C. Probing the orphan receptors: Tools and directions. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 195:47-76. [PMID: 36707155 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The endogenous ligands activating a large fraction of the G Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR) family members have yet to be identified. These receptors are commonly labeled as orphans (oGPCRs), and because of the absence of available pharmacological tools they are currently understudied. Nonetheless, genome wide association studies, together with research using animal models identified many physiological functions regulated by oGPCRs. Similarly, mutations in some oGPCRs have been associated with rare genetic disorders or with an increased risk of developing pathologies. The once underestimated pharmacological potential of targeting oGPCRs is increasingly being exploited by the development of novel tools to understand their biology and by drug discovery endeavors aimed at identifying new modulators of their activity. Here, we summarize recent advancements in the field of oGPCRs and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Franchini
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Cesare Orlandi
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States.
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5
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Melatonin Receptors: A Key Mediator in Animal Reproduction. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9070309. [PMID: 35878326 PMCID: PMC9320721 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9070309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin, a hormone produced by the mammalian pineal gland, influences various physiological activities, many of which are related to animal reproduction, including neuroendocrine function, rhythm regulation, seasonal behavior, gonadogenesis, gamete development and maturation, sexual maturation, and thermoregulation. Melatonin exerts beneficial actions mainly via binding with G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), termed MT1 and MT2. Melatonin receptors are crucial for mediating animal reproduction. This paper reviews the characteristics of melatonin receptors including MT1 and MT2, as well as their roles in mediating signal transduction and biological effects, with a focus on their function in animal reproduction. In addition, we briefly summarize the developments in pharmacological research regarding melatonin receptors as drug targets. It is expected that this review will provide a reference for further exploration and unveiling of melatonin receptor function in reproductive regulation.
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Chemosynthetic ethanolamine plasmalogen stimulates gonadotropin secretion from bovine gonadotrophs by acting as a potential GPR61 agonist. Anim Reprod Sci 2022; 241:106992. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2022.106992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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7
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Melatonin Signaling Pathways Implicated in Metabolic Processes in Human Granulosa Cells (KGN). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23062988. [PMID: 35328408 PMCID: PMC8950389 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23062988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Female reproduction depends on the metabolic status, especially during the period of folliculogenesis. Even though it is believed that melatonin can improve oocyte competence, there is still limited knowledge of how it can modulate metabolic processes during folliculogenesis and which signaling pathways are involved in regulating gene expression. To investigate the effects of melatonin on metabolic signals during the antral stage of follicular development, human granulosa-like tumor cells (KGN) were treated with melatonin or forskolin, and gene expression was analyzed with RNA-seq technology. Following appropriate normalization and the application of a fold change cut-off of 1.5 (FC 1.5, p ≤ 0.05), 1009 and 922 genes were identified as differentially expressed in response to melatonin and forskolin, respectively. Analysis of major upstream regulators suggested that melatonin may activate PKB/mTOR signaling pathways to program the metabolism of KGN cells to support slower growth and differentiation and to prevent follicular atresia. Similarly, PKA activation through stimulation of cAMP synthesis with FSK seemed to exert the same effects as melatonin in reducing follicular growth and regulating differentiation. This study suggests that melatonin may act through PKA and PKB simultaneously in human granulosa cells to prevent follicular atresia and early luteinization at the antral stage.
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Oishi A, Jockers R. Measuring Protein-Protein Interactions of Melatonin Receptors by Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET). Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2550:207-218. [PMID: 36180695 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2593-4_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The melatonin receptor subfamily belongs to the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily and consists of three members in mammals, MT1, MT2, and GPR50. These receptors can interact with each other to form homo- and heterodimers that are part of larger molecular complexes composed of G proteins, β-arrestins, and other membrane and cytosolic proteins. BRET (bioluminescence resonance energy transfer) is a versatile technique to follow protein-protein interactions on the nanometer scale, in real time, in living cells, which contributed largely to our understanding of the function of melatonin receptors. In this chapter, we describe our BRET protocols for melatonin receptors, which can also be applied to other GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuro Oishi
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
- Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Cancer RNA Research Unit, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ralf Jockers
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France.
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9
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The oligodendrocyte-enriched orphan G protein-coupled receptor Gpr62 is dispensable for central nervous system myelination. Neural Dev 2021; 16:6. [PMID: 34844642 PMCID: PMC8630896 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-021-00156-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myelination is a highly regulated process in the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) whereby oligodendrocytes wrap axons with multiple layers of insulating myelin in order to allow rapid electrical conduction. Establishing the proper pattern of myelin in neural circuits requires communicative axo-glial interactions, however, the molecular interactions that occur between oligodendrocytes and axons during developmental myelination and myelin maintenance remain to be fully elucidated. Our previous work identified G protein-coupled receptor 62 (Gpr62), an uncharacterized orphan g-protein coupled receptor, as being selectively expressed by mature oligodendrocytes within the CNS, suggesting a potential role in myelination or axoglial interactions. However, no studies to date have assessed the functional requirement for Gpr62 in oligodendrocyte development or CNS myelination. METHODS To address this, we generated a knockout mouse strain lacking the Gpr62 gene. We assessed CNS myelination during both postnatal development and adulthood using immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy and western blot. In addition, we utilized AAV-mediated expression of a tagged Gpr62 in oligodendrocytes to determine the subcellular localization of the protein in vivo. RESULTS We find that virally expressed Gpr62 protein is selectively expressed on the adaxonal myelin layer, suggestive of a potential role for Gpr62 in axo-myelinic signaling. Nevertheless, Gpr62 knockout mice display normal oligodendrocyte numbers and apparently normal myelination within the CNS during both postnatal development and adulthood. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that in spite of being well-placed to mediate neuronal-oligodendrocyte communications, Gpr62 is overall dispensable for CNS myelination.
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Lu S, Jang W, Inoue A, Lambert NA. Constitutive G protein coupling profiles of understudied orphan GPCRs. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247743. [PMID: 33886554 PMCID: PMC8062009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of GPCRs are potentially valuable drug targets but remain understudied. Many of these lack well-validated activating ligands and are considered “orphan” receptors, and G protein coupling profiles have not been defined for many orphan GPCRs. Here we asked if constitutive receptor activity can be used to determine G protein coupling profiles of orphan GPCRs. We monitored nucleotide-sensitive interactions between 48 understudied orphan GPCRs and five G proteins (240 combinations) using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET). No receptor ligands were used, but GDP was used as a common G protein ligand to disrupt receptor-G protein complexes. Constitutive BRET between the same receptors and β-arrestins was also measured. We found sufficient GDP-sensitive BRET to generate G protein coupling profiles for 22 of the 48 receptors we studied. Altogether we identified 48 coupled receptor-G protein pairs, many of which have not been described previously. We conclude that receptor-G protein complexes that form spontaneously in the absence of guanine nucleotides can be used to profile G protein coupling of constitutively-active GPCRs. This approach may prove useful for studying G protein coupling of other GPCRs for which activating ligands are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumin Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Wonjo Jang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nevin A. Lambert
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Oishi A, Gbahou F, Jockers R. Melatonin receptors, brain functions, and therapies. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 179:345-356. [PMID: 34225974 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819975-6.00022-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, including humans, the neurohormone melatonin is mainly secreted from the pineal gland at night and acts on two high-affinity G protein-coupled receptors, the melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptors. Major functions of melatonin receptors in the brain are the regulation of circadian rhythms and sleep. Correspondingly, the main indications of the currently available drugs for these receptors indicate this as targets. Yet these drugs may not only improve circadian rhythm- and sleep-related disorders but may also be beneficial for complex diseases like major depression, Alzheimer's disease, autism, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders. Here, we will focus on the hypothalamic functions of melatonin receptors by updating our knowledge on their hypothalamic expression pattern at normal, aged, and disease states, by discussing their capacity to regulate circadian rhythms and sleep and by presenting the clinical applications of the melatonin receptor-targeting drugs ramelteon, tasimelteon, and agomelatine or of prolonged-release melatonin formulations. Finally, we speculate about future trends in the field of melatonin receptor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuro Oishi
- Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Ralf Jockers
- Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
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12
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Dias BK, Nakabashi M, Alves MRR, Portella DP, dos Santos BM, Costa da Silva Almeida F, Ribeiro RY, Schuck DC, Jordão AK, Garcia CR. The Plasmodium falciparum eIK1 kinase (PfeIK1) is central for melatonin synchronization in the human malaria parasite. Melatotosil blocks melatonin action on parasite cell cycle. J Pineal Res 2020; 69:e12685. [PMID: 32702775 PMCID: PMC7539967 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin and its indoles derivatives are central in the synchronization of malaria parasites. In this research, we discovered that melatonin is unable to increase the parasitemia in the human malaria Plasmodium falciparum that lacks the kinase PfeIK1. The PfeIK1 knockout strain is a valuable tool in the screening of indol-related compound that blocks the melatonin effect in wild-type (WT) parasite development. The assays were performed by using flow cytometry with simultaneous labeling for mitochondria viability with MitoTracker Deep Red and nucleus staining with SYBR Green. We found that Melatotosil leads to an increase in parasitemia in P. falciparum and blocks melatonin effect in the WT parasite. Using microscopy imaging system, we found that Melatotosil at 500 nM is able to induce cytosolic calcium rise in transgenic PfGCaMP3 parasites. On the contrary, the compound Triptiofen blocks P. falciparum cell cycle with IC50 9.76 µM ± 0.6, inhibits melatonin action, and does not lead to a cytosolic calcium rise in PfGCaMP3 parasites. We also found that the synthetic indol-related compounds arrested parasite cycle for PfeIK1 knockout and (WT) P. falciparum (3D7) in 72 hours culture assays with the IC50 values slighting lower for the WT strain. We concluded that the kinase PfeIK1 is central for melatonin downstream signaling pathways involved in parasite cell cycle progression. More importantly, the indol-related compounds block its cycle as an upstream essential mechanism for parasite survival. Our data clearly show that this class of compounds emerge as an alternative for the problem of resistance with the classical antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara K.M. Dias
- Departamento de ParasitologiaInstituto de Ciências BiomédicasUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrazil
- Faculdade de Ciências FarmacêuticasUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrazil
| | - Myna Nakabashi
- Faculdade de Ciências FarmacêuticasUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Ramira Yuri Ribeiro
- Departamento de ParasitologiaInstituto de Ciências BiomédicasUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrazil
| | - Desiree C. Schuck
- Departamento de ParasitologiaInstituto de Ciências BiomédicasUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrazil
| | - Alessandro Kappel Jordão
- Departamento de FarmáciaFaculdade de FarmáciaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do NorteNatalRNBrazil
- Unidade Universitária de FarmáciaCentro Universitário Estadual da Zona OesteRio de JaneiroRJBrazil
| | - Celia R.S. Garcia
- Faculdade de Ciências FarmacêuticasUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrazil
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Costanzi E, Simioni C, Conti I, Laface I, Varano G, Brenna C, Neri LM. Two neuroendocrine G protein-coupled receptor molecules, somatostatin and melatonin: Physiology of signal transduction and therapeutic perspectives. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:2505-2518. [PMID: 32989768 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the largest signal-conveying receptor family, are targets for mutations occurring frequently in different cancer types. GPCR alterations associated with cancer development represent significant challenges for the discovery and the advancement of targeted therapeutics. Among the different molecules that can activate GPCRs, we focused on two molecules that exert their biological actions regulating many typical features of tumorigenesis such as cellular proliferation, survival, and invasion: somatostatin and melatonin. The modulation of signaling pathways, that involves these two molecules, opens an interesting scenario for cancer therapy, with the opportunity to act at different molecular levels. Therefore, the aim of this review is the analysis of the biological activity and the therapeutic potential of somatostatin and melatonin, displaying a high affinity for GPCRs, that interfere with cancer development and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Costanzi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carolina Simioni
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA)-Electron Microscopy Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ilaria Conti
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ilaria Laface
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gabriele Varano
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Cinzia Brenna
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luca M Neri
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA)-Electron Microscopy Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Watkins LR, Orlandi C. Orphan G Protein Coupled Receptors in Affective Disorders. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E694. [PMID: 32599826 PMCID: PMC7349732 DOI: 10.3390/genes11060694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the main mediators of signal transduction in the central nervous system. Therefore, it is not surprising that many GPCRs have long been investigated for their role in the development of anxiety and mood disorders, as well as in the mechanism of action of antidepressant therapies. Importantly, the endogenous ligands for a large group of GPCRs have not yet been identified and are therefore known as orphan GPCRs (oGPCRs). Nonetheless, growing evidence from animal studies, together with genome wide association studies (GWAS) and post-mortem transcriptomic analysis in patients, pointed at many oGPCRs as potential pharmacological targets. Among these discoveries, we summarize in this review how emotional behaviors are modulated by the following oGPCRs: ADGRB2 (BAI2), ADGRG1 (GPR56), GPR3, GPR26, GPR37, GPR50, GPR52, GPR61, GPR62, GPR88, GPR135, GPR158, and GPRC5B.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cesare Orlandi
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA;
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15
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Melatonin membrane receptors MT 1 and MT 2 are expressed in ram spermatozoa from non-seasonal breeds. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:2549-2557. [PMID: 32445158 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02289-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, many melatonin biological functions are mediated through its interaction with the membrane receptors MT1 and MT2. We have previously reported their presence in ram spermatozoa from males located in temperate climates, but there is no information on their presence in spermatozoa from rams in areas with an equatorial photoperiod (12L:12D). Thus, we have investigated the existence and cellular distribution of melatonin receptors in spermatozoa from three sheep breeds in Colombia (Colombian Creole, Hampshire, and Romney Marsh) during dry and rainy seasons, using indirect immunofluorescence and western blot. Our results indicated the presence of melatonin receptors in spermatozoa from these rams, and that their distribution differs from that previously found in spermatozoa from rams in temperate climates. Moreover, two new immunotypes of MT2 were identified: type N, with staining only in the neck, and type E with a band of immunofluorescence in the upper part of the post-acrosome and the apical edge. Likewise, differences between breeds and climate seasons were detected for both receptors. However, densitometry analysis of western blot bands only revealed differences between seasons in the Creole rams for MT1 and the Romney Marsh rams for MT2, whereas differences between breeds were only detected for MT2. It could be inferred that melatonin receptors in rams subjected to an equatorial photoperiod might be more closely related to sperm quality than seasonal control. Therefore, the presence of these receptors suggests that melatonin could be a useful tool to increase the fertility of rams located in tropical or equatorial climates.
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Oishi A, Dam J, Jockers R. β-Arrestin-2 BRET Biosensors Detect Different β-Arrestin-2 Conformations in Interaction with GPCRs. ACS Sens 2020; 5:57-64. [PMID: 31849219 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b01414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
β-Arrestins are critical regulators of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that desensitize G protein signaling, promote receptor internalization, and initiate signaling on their own. Recent structural findings indicate that β-arrestins adopt different conformations upon interaction with agonist-activated GPCRs. Here, we established a β-arrestin-2 conformational bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) sensor composed of the bright Nanoluc BRET donor and the red-shifted CyOFP1 BRET acceptor. The sensor monitors early intramolecular conformational changes of β-arrestin-2 in complex with a wide panel of different class A and class B GPCRs upon agonist activation and with orphan GPCRs known to spontaneously recruit β-arrestin-2. The introduction of the R170E mutant in the β-arrestin-2 sensor allowed the detection of a partially active β-arrestin-2 conformation, which is not dependent on receptor phosphorylation, while the deletion of the β-arrestin-2 finger-loop region detected the "tail-conformation" corresponding to the interaction of β-arrestin with the carboxyl-terminal domain of GPCRs. The new sensors combine the advantages of the BRET technique in terms of sensitivity, robustness, and suitability for real-time measurements with a high responsiveness toward early conformational changes to help to elucidate the different conformational states of β-arrestins associated with GPCR activation in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuro Oishi
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Julie Dam
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Ralf Jockers
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, F-75014 Paris, France
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Barbosa-Méndez S, Salazar-Juarez A. Melatonin does not produce sedation in rats: A chronobiological study. Chronobiol Int 2019; 37:353-374. [DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2019.1702554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susana Barbosa-Méndez
- Molecular Neurobiology and Neurochemistry of Addiction, Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Alberto Salazar-Juarez
- Molecular Neurobiology and Neurochemistry of Addiction, Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Ciudad de México, México
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da Fonseca NJ, Afonso MQL, de Oliveira LC, Bleicher L. A new method bridging graph theory and residue co-evolutionary networks for specificity determinant positions detection. Bioinformatics 2018; 35:1478-1485. [DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bty846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Néli José da Fonseca
- Departmento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte – MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Querino Lima Afonso
- Departmento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte – MG, Brazil
| | - Lucas Carrijo de Oliveira
- Departmento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte – MG, Brazil
| | - Lucas Bleicher
- Departmento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte – MG, Brazil
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Kereilwe O, Pandey K, Kadokawa H. Influence of brain plasmalogen changes on gonadotropin secretion from the cultured bovine anterior pituitary cells. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2018; 64:77-83. [PMID: 29754010 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We recently discovered that the orphan G-protein-coupled receptor (GPR) 61 colocalized with GnRH receptors (GnRHRs) on the surface of most of bovine gonadotrophs. A recent study suggested that ethanolamine plasmalogen (PI) is a ligand for GPR61 in mouse neuroblastoma. Therefore, this study evaluated the hypothesis that PI alters LH and FSH secretion from cultured bovine anterior pituitary (AP) cells. We prepared bovine AP cells from postpubertal heifers (26 mo old) and cultured the cells for 3.5 d. We treated the cells with increasing concentrations (0, 5, 50, 500, 5,000, 50,000, or 500,000 pg/mL) of phosphoethanolamine PI (PEPI) extracted from the bovine brain, or l-α-lysophosphatidylethanolamine PI (LEPI) extracted from the bovine brain, for 5 min before either no treatment or GnRH stimulation. The medium samples were harvested 2 h after culture for LH and FSH assays. Phosphoethanolamine PI (50-500 pg/mL) stimulated (P < 0.05) the basal secretion of FSH but not LH. Phosphoethanolamine PI at 50 pg/mL also enhanced (P < 0.05) GnRH-induced FSH secretion. However, higher doses (500-500,000 pg/mL) of PEPI suppressed GnRH-induced FSH secretion. Moreover, 50 to 500,000 pg/mL PEPI suppressed GnRH-induced LH secretion. None of the tested concentrations of LEPI showed any effect on basal or GnRH-induced LH or FSH secretion. Pretreatment with Sma and Mad pathway inhibitors suppressed FSH secretion induced by PEPI, whereas an extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway inhibitor blocked the PEPI-induced suppression of GnRH-stimulated LH secretion. Therefore, PEPI, but not LEPI, extracted from the bovine brain, alters FSH and LH secretion from cultured AP cells. Further studies are required to decide whether PEPI binds to GPR61 and whether PEPI plays an important role in the control of gonadotropin secretion from gonadotrophs.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Kereilwe
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi-shi, Yamaguchi-ken, 1677-1, Japan
| | - K Pandey
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi-shi, Yamaguchi-ken, 1677-1, Japan
| | - H Kadokawa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi-shi, Yamaguchi-ken, 1677-1, Japan.
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20
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Oishi A, Cecon E, Jockers R. Melatonin Receptor Signaling: Impact of Receptor Oligomerization on Receptor Function. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 338:59-77. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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21
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Kozielewicz P, Alomar H, Yusof S, Grafton G, Cooper AJ, Curnow SJ, Ironside JW, Pall H, Barnes NM. N-glycosylation and expression in human tissues of the orphan GPR61 receptor. FEBS Open Bio 2017; 7:1982-1993. [PMID: 29226084 PMCID: PMC5715243 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of members of the G protein-coupled receptor class of cell surface receptors are 'orphans' with no known endogenous ligand. One of these orphan receptors is GPR61; there are little data about its expression in human cells and tissues. In this study, we investigated the post-translational modification of GPR61 by N-glycosylation at an identified consensus N-glycosylation site (N12) and the impact of this modification upon the subcellular expression of the protein. The N-glycosylation inhibitor tunicamycin reduced the apparent molecular weight of immunoreactivity associated with myc-tagged GPR61 by 1-2 kDa, which was comparable to the evident molecular weight of the myc-tagged N12S GPR61 mutant with disrupted consensus N-glycosylation site. Analysis of GPR61 expression demonstrated that tunicamycin treatment reduced considerably heterologous expression of GPR61 in the cell membrane despite the N12S GPR61 mutant being readily expressed at the cell surface. These results demonstrate that GPR61 is subject to N-glycosylation but suggest this is not a prerequisite for cell surface expression, although N-glycosylation of other proteins may be important for cell membrane expression of GPR61. Expression of GPR61 protein was demonstrated at the cellular level in human hippocampus and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In the latter, there was a significantly higher expression of GPR61 in the Th17 cell subset in comparison with resting CD4+ cells, which may point toward a potential role for the GPR61 receptor in autoimmune diseases. This is the first report that GPR61 protein is subject to post-translational modification and is expressed in immune cell subsets and the hippocampus. These findings will help guide studies to investigate the function of GPR61.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Kozielewicz
- Institute of Clinical Sciences College of Medical and Dental Sciences University of Birmingham UK.,Present address: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Karolinska Institutet Nanna Svartz väg 217 177 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Hatun Alomar
- Institute of Clinical Sciences College of Medical and Dental Sciences University of Birmingham UK.,Present address: Pharmacology and Toxicology Department College of Pharmacy King Saud University Riyadh 12372 Saudi Arabia
| | - Syaratul Yusof
- Institute of Clinical Sciences College of Medical and Dental Sciences University of Birmingham UK.,Present address: Faculty of Pharmacy Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 50300 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Gillian Grafton
- Institute of Clinical Sciences College of Medical and Dental Sciences University of Birmingham UK
| | - Alison J Cooper
- Institute of Clinical Sciences College of Medical and Dental Sciences University of Birmingham UK
| | - S John Curnow
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing College of Medical and Dental Sciences University of Birmingham UK
| | - James W Ironside
- National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences University of Edinburgh UK
| | - Hardev Pall
- Neurology Department Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham UK
| | - Nicholas M Barnes
- Institute of Clinical Sciences College of Medical and Dental Sciences University of Birmingham UK
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