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Baratta M, Jian W, Hengel S, Kaur S, Cunliffe J, Boer J, Hughes N, Kar S, Kellie J, Kim YJ, Lassman M, Mehl J, Morgan L, Palandra J, Sarvaiya H, Zeng J, Zheng N, Wang J, Yuan L, Ji A, Kochansky C, Tao L, Huang Y, Maes E, Barbero L, Contrepois K, Ferrari L, Fu Y, Johnson J, Jones B, Kansal M, Lu Y, Post N, Shen H(H, Xue Y(YJ, Zhang Y(C, Biswas G, Cho S(J, Edmison A, Benson K, Abberley L, Azadeh M, Francis J, Garofolo F, Gupta S, Ivanova I(D, Ishii-Watabe A, Karnik S, Kassim S, Kavetska O, Keller S, Kossary E, Li W, McCush F, Mendes DN, Abhari MR, Scheibner K, Sikorski T, Staack RF, Tabler E, Tang H, Wan K, Wang YM, Whale E, Yang L, Zimmer J, Bandukwala A, Du X, Kholmanskikh O, Gijsel SKD, Wadhwa M, Xu J, Buoninfante A, Cludts I, Diebold S, Maxfield K, Mayer C, Pedras-Vasconcelos J, Abhari MR, Shubow S, Tanaka Y, Tounekti O, Verthelyi D, Wagner L. 2023 White Paper on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis: Deuterated Drugs; LNP; Tumor/FFPE Biopsy; Targeted Proteomics; Small Molecule Covalent Inhibitors; Chiral Bioanalysis; Remote Regulatory Assessments; Sample Reconciliation/Chain of Custody (PART 1A - Recommendations on Mass Spectrometry, Chromatography, Sample Preparation Latest Developments, Challenges, and Solutions and BMV/Regulated Bioanalysis PART 1B - Regulatory Agencies' Inputs on Regulated Bioanalysis/BMV, Biomarkers/IVD/CDx/BAV, Immunogenicity, Gene & Cell Therapy and Vaccine). Bioanalysis 2024; 16:307-364. [PMID: 38913185 PMCID: PMC11216509 DOI: 10.1080/17576180.2024.2347153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The 17th Workshop on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis (17th WRIB) took place in Orlando, FL, USA on June 19-23, 2023. Over 1000 professionals representing pharma/biotech companies, CROs, and multiple regulatory agencies convened to actively discuss the most current topics of interest in bioanalysis. The 17th WRIB included 3 Main Workshops and 7 Specialized Workshops that together spanned 1 week to allow an exhaustive and thorough coverage of all major issues in bioanalysis of biomarkers, immunogenicity, gene therapy, cell therapy and vaccines.Moreover, in-depth workshops on "EU IVDR 2017/746 Implementation and impact for the Global Biomarker Community: How to Comply with this NEW Regulation" and on "US FDA/OSIS Remote Regulatory Assessments (RRAs)" were the special features of the 17th edition.As in previous years, WRIB continued to gather a wide diversity of international, industry opinion leaders and regulatory authority experts working on both small and large molecules as well as gene, cell therapies and vaccines to facilitate sharing and discussions focused on improving quality, increasing regulatory compliance, and achieving scientific excellence on bioanalytical issues.This 2023 White Paper encompasses recommendations emerging from the extensive discussions held during the workshop and is aimed to provide the bioanalytical community with key information and practical solutions on topics and issues addressed, in an effort to enable advances in scientific excellence, improved quality and better regulatory compliance. Due to its length, the 2023 edition of this comprehensive White Paper has been divided into three parts for editorial reasons.This publication covers the recommendations on Mass Spectrometry Assays, Regulated Bioanalysis/BMV (Part 1A) and Regulatory Inputs (Part 1B). Part 2 (Biomarkers, IVD/CDx, LBA and Cell-Based Assays) and Part 3 (Gene Therapy, Cell therapy, Vaccines and Biotherapeutics Immunogenicity) are published in volume 16 of Bioanalysis, issues 7 and 8 (2024), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenying Jian
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Spring House, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John Mehl
- GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Naiyu Zheng
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yue Huang
- AstraZeneca, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Luca Ferrari
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Yang Lu
- US FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Roland F Staack
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Li Yang
- US FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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Ricotti S, Garay AS, Etcheverrigaray M, Amadeo GI, De Groot AS, Martin W, Mufarrege EF. Development of IFNβ-1a versions with reduced immunogenicity and full in vitro biological activity for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Clin Immunol 2023; 257:109831. [PMID: 37931868 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
IFNβ (recombinant interferon Beta) has been widely used for the treatment of Multiple sclerosis for the last four decades. Despite the human origin of the IFNβ sequence, IFNβ is immunogenic, and unwanted immune responses in IFNβ-treated patients may compromise its efficacy and safety in the clinic. In this study, we applied the DeFT (De-immunization of Functional Therapeutics) approach to producing functional, de-immunized versions of IFNβ-1a. Two de-immunized versions of IFNβ-1a were produced in CHO cells and designated as IFNβ-1a(VAR1) and IFNβ-1a(VAR2). First, the secondary and tertiary protein structures were analyzed by circular dichroism spectroscopy. Then, the variants were also tested for functionality. While IFNβ-1a(VAR2) showed similar in vitro antiviral activity to the original protein, IFNβ-1a(VAR1) exhibited 40% more biological potency. Finally, in vivo assays using HLA-DR transgenic mice revealed that the de-immunized variants showed a markedly reduced immunogenicity when compared to the originator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Ricotti
- UNL, CONICET, FBCB (School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences), CBL (Biotechnological Center of Litoral), Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168, Km 472.4, C.C. 242, Santa Fe S3000ZAA, Argentina
| | - Alberto Sergio Garay
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, FBCB (School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences), Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168, Km 472.4, C.C. 242, Santa Fe S3000ZAA, Argentina
| | - Marina Etcheverrigaray
- UNL, CONICET, FBCB (School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences), CBL (Biotechnological Center of Litoral), Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168, Km 472.4, C.C. 242, Santa Fe S3000ZAA, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Ignacio Amadeo
- Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168, Km 472.4, C.C. 242, Santa Fe S3000ZAA, Argentina
| | - Anne S De Groot
- EpiVax, Inc., Providence, RI 02903, USA; Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | | | - Eduardo Federico Mufarrege
- UNL, CONICET, FBCB (School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences), CBL (Biotechnological Center of Litoral), Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168, Km 472.4, C.C. 242, Santa Fe S3000ZAA, Argentina.
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Han Q, Bao Z, Luo MZ, Zhang JY. Assessment of innate immune response modulating impurities in glucagon for injection. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277922. [PMID: 36409759 PMCID: PMC9678265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon for Injection is a polypeptide hormone medication used to treat patients with severe hypoglycemia or low blood sugar. Only recently, was a generic version of glucagon for injection approved by the FDA. While the generic version was deemed equivalent to its brand-name counterpart, the two glucagon products were produced using different manufacturing processes. The brand-name glucagon is produced via recombinant DNA while the generic glucagon is produced by peptide synthesis. Different manufacturing processes can result in different levels of innate immune response modulating impurities (IIRMIs). This study utilized a cell-based assay method, which allows for detection of a broad spectrum of impurities, to investigate the IIRMI risks of the generic glucagon to make sure it has similar or less immunogenicity risks than the brand-name glucagon product. Three commercial cell lines (RAW-Blue™, HEK-Blue™-hNOD1 and HEK-Blue™-hNOD2) carrying a secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase reporter construct were used to quantify the level of innate immune responses after being treated with the glucagon drugs. The study results showed that despite differences in manufacturing process, the innate immunogenicity risk in the synthetic (generic) glucagon was at negligible level and comparable to the recombinant (brand-name) glucagon product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxia Han
- Amphastar Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Rancho Cucamonga, California, United States of America
| | - Zhongli Bao
- Amphastar Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Rancho Cucamonga, California, United States of America
| | - Mary Ziping Luo
- Amphastar Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Rancho Cucamonga, California, United States of America
| | - Jack Yongfeng Zhang
- Amphastar Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Rancho Cucamonga, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Shields NJ, Peyroux EM, Campbell K, Mehta S, Woolley AG, Counoupas C, Neumann S, Young SL. Calpains Released from Necrotic Tumor Cells Enhance Antigen Cross-Presentation to Activate CD8 +T Cells In Vitro. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 209:1635-1651. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Guerrini G, Magrì D, Gioria S, Medaglini D, Calzolai L. Characterization of nanoparticles-based vaccines for COVID-19. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 17:570-576. [PMID: 35710950 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01129-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Several vaccines against COVID-19 use nanoparticles to protect the antigen cargo (either proteins or nucleic acids), increase the immunogenicity and ultimately the efficacy. The characterization of these nanomedicines is challenging due to their intrinsic complexity and requires the use of multidisciplinary techniques and competencies. The accurate characterization of nanovaccines can be conceptualized as a combination of physicochemical, immunological and toxicological assays. This will help to address key challenges in the preclinical characterization, will guide the rapid development of safe and effective vaccines for current and future health crises, and will streamline the regulatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Davide Magrì
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Sabrina Gioria
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Donata Medaglini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
| | - Luigi Calzolai
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy.
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Radakovics K, Battin C, Leitner J, Geiselhart S, Paster W, Stöckl J, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, Steinberger P. A Highly Sensitive Cell-Based TLR Reporter Platform for the Specific Detection of Bacterial TLR Ligands. Front Immunol 2022; 12:817604. [PMID: 35087538 PMCID: PMC8786796 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.817604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are primary pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which recognize conserved microbial components. They play important roles in innate immunity but also in the initiation of adaptive immune responses. Impurities containing TLR ligands are a frequent problem in research but also for the production of therapeutics since TLR ligands can exert strong immunomodulatory properties even in minute amounts. Consequently, there is a need for sensitive tools to detect TLR ligands with high sensitivity and specificity. Here we describe the development of a platform based on a highly sensitive NF-κB::eGFP reporter Jurkat JE6-1 T cell line for the detection of TLR ligands. Ectopic expression of TLRs and their coreceptors and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated deletion of endogenously expressed TLRs was deployed to generate reporter cell lines selectively expressing functional human TLR2/1, TLR2/6, TLR4 or TLR5 complexes. Using well-defined agonists for the respective TLR complexes we could demonstrate high specificity and sensitivity of the individual reporter lines. The limit of detection for LPS was below 1 pg/mL and ligands for TLR2/1 (Pam3CSK4), TLR2/6 (Fsl-1) and TLR5 (flagellin) were detected at concentrations as low as 1.0 ng/mL, 0.2 ng/mL and 10 pg/mL, respectively. We showed that the JE6-1 TLR reporter cells have the utility to characterize different commercially available TLR ligands as well as more complex samples like bacterially expressed proteins or allergen extracts. Impurities in preparations of microbial compounds as well as the lack of specificity of detection systems can lead to erroneous results and currently there is no consensus regarding the involvement of TLRs in the recognition of several molecules with proposed immunostimulatory functions. This reporter system represents a highly suitable tool for the definition of structural requirements for agonists of distinct TLR complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Radakovics
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claire Battin
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Leitner
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Geiselhart
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Paster
- Clinical Cell Biology and FACS Core Unit, St. Anna Children´s Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Stöckl
- Division Regulation of the Immune System, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Hoffmann-Sommergruber
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Steinberger
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Cao Y, Zhang Y, Qiu F. Low endotoxin recovery and its impact on endotoxin detection. Biopolymers 2021; 112:e23470. [PMID: 34407207 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Endotoxin exists on the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and poses risks to human health by triggering a series of immune responses. Therefore, its accurate detection is essential. The Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) test is the most pharmacopeia-recognized and popular technique for endotoxin detection. Despite its wide industry adoption, the low endotoxin recovery (LER) phenomenon can compromise the LAL test's reliability. This review summarizes the possible reasons attributing to the LER phenomenon from three different perspectives: the endotoxin standards used in hold time study, protein active pharmaceutical ingredients, and excipients. Potential mechanisms and strategies to mitigate the LER phenomenon are also discussed as presented by different research groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cao
- Department of Process Development, BeiGene Guangzhou Biologics Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Department of Process Development, BeiGene Guangzhou Biologics Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Frank Qiu
- Department of Process Development, BeiGene Guangzhou Biologics Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
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Murakami K, Kamimura D, Hasebe R, Uchida M, Abe N, Yamamoto R, Jiang JJ, Hidaka Y, Nakanishi Y, Fujita S, Toda Y, Toda N, Tanaka H, Akira S, Tanaka Y, Murakami M. Rhodobacter azotoformans LPS (RAP99-LPS) Is a TLR4 Agonist That Inhibits Lung Metastasis and Enhances TLR3-Mediated Chemokine Expression. Front Immunol 2021; 12:675909. [PMID: 34113349 PMCID: PMC8185171 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.675909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) of Rhodobacter are reported to be TLR4 antagonists. Accordingly, the extract of Rhodobacter azotoformans (RAP99) is used as a health supplement for humans and animals in Japan to regulate immune responses in vivo. We previously analyzed the LPS structure of RAP99 (RAP99-LPS) and found it is different from that of E. coli-LPS but similar to lipid A from Rhodobacter sphaeroides (RSLA), a known antagonist of TLR4, with both having three C14 fatty acyl groups, two C10 fatty acyl groups, and two phosphates. Here we show that RAP99-LPS has an immune stimulatory activity and acts as a TLR4 agonist. Pretreatment of RAP99-LPS suppressed E. coli-LPS-mediated weight loss, suggesting it is an antagonist against E. coli-LPS like other LPS isolated from Rhodobacter. However, injections of RAP99-LPS caused splenomegaly and increased immune cell numbers in C57BL/6 mice but not in C3H/HeJ mice, suggesting that RAP99-LPS stimulates immune cells via TLR4. Consistently, RAP99-LPS suppressed the lung metastasis of B16F1 tumor cells and enhanced the expression of TLR3-mediated chemokines. These results suggest that RAP99-LPS is a TLR4 agonist that enhances the activation status of the immune system to promote anti-viral and anti-tumor activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Murakami
- Division of Molecular Psychoimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kamimura
- Division of Molecular Psychoimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Rie Hasebe
- Division of Molecular Psychoimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mona Uchida
- Division of Molecular Psychoimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nobuya Abe
- Division of Molecular Psychoimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Reiji Yamamoto
- Division of Molecular Psychoimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jing-Jing Jiang
- Division of Molecular Psychoimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Institute of Preventive Genomic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xian, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hiroki Tanaka
- Laboratory of Host Defense, World Premier Institute Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Laboratory of Host Defense, World Premier Institute Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuki Tanaka
- Division of Molecular Psychoimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Murakami
- Division of Molecular Psychoimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Della Camera G, Lipsa D, Mehn D, Italiani P, Boraschi D, Gioria S. A Step-by-Step Approach to Improve Clinical Translation of Liposome-Based Nanomaterials, a Focus on Innate Immune and Inflammatory Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E820. [PMID: 33467541 PMCID: PMC7830677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to provide guidelines to design and perform a robust and reliable physical-chemical characterization of liposome-based nanomaterials, and to support method development with a specific focus on their inflammation-inducing potential. Out of eight differently functionalized liposomes selected as "case-studies", three passed the physical-chemical characterization ( in terms of size-distribution, homogeneity and stability) and the screening for bacterial contamination (sterility and apyrogenicity). Although all three were non-cytotoxic when tested in vitro, they showed a different capacity to activate human blood cells. HSPC/CHOL-coated liposomes elicited the production of several inflammation-related cytokines, while DPPC/CHOL- or DSPC/CHOL-functionalized liposomes did not. This work underlines the need for accurate characterization at multiple levels and the use of reliable in vitro methods, in order to obtain a realistic assessment of liposome-induced human inflammatory response, as a fundamental requirement of nanosafety regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Della Camera
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (G.D.C.); (D.L.); (D.M.)
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy; (P.I.); (D.B.)
| | - Dorelia Lipsa
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (G.D.C.); (D.L.); (D.M.)
| | - Dora Mehn
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (G.D.C.); (D.L.); (D.M.)
| | - Paola Italiani
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy; (P.I.); (D.B.)
| | - Diana Boraschi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy; (P.I.); (D.B.)
| | - Sabrina Gioria
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (G.D.C.); (D.L.); (D.M.)
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The Impact of Product and Process Related Critical Quality Attributes on Immunogenicity and Adverse Immunological Effects of Biotherapeutics. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:1025-1041. [PMID: 33316242 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pharmaceutical industry has experienced great successes with protein therapeutics in the last two decades and with novel modalities, including cell therapies and gene therapies, more recently. Biotherapeutics are complex in structure and present challenges for discovery, development, regulatory, and life cycle management. Biotherapeutics can interact with the immune system that may lead to undesired immunological responses, including immunogenicity, hypersensitivity reactions (HSR), injection site reactions (ISR), and others. Many product and process related critical quality attributes (CQAs) have the potential to trigger or augment such immunological responses to the product. Tremendous efforts, both clinically and preclinically, have been invested to understand the impact of product and process related CQAs on adverse immunological effects. The information and knowledge are critical for the implementation of Quality by Design (QbD), which requires risk assessment and establishment of specifications and control strategies for CQAs. A quality target product profile (QTPP) that identifies the key CQAs through process development can help assign severity scores based on safety, immunogenicity, pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of the molecule. Gaps and future directions related to biotherapeutics and emerging novel modalities are presented.
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Chamberlain P, Rup B. Immunogenicity Risk Assessment for an Engineered Human Cytokine Analogue Expressed in Different Cell Substrates. AAPS JOURNAL 2020; 22:65. [PMID: 32291556 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-00443-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to illustrate how performance of an immunogenicity risk assessment at the earliest stage of product development can be instructive for critical early decision-making such as choice of host system for expression of a recombinant therapeutic protein and determining the extent of analytical characterization and control of heterogeneity in co- and post-translational modifications. Application of a risk-based approach for a hypothetical recombinant DNA analogue of a human endogenous cytokine with immunomodulatory functions is described. The manner in which both intrinsic and extrinsic factors could interact to influence the relative scale of risk associated with expression in alternative hosts, namely Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, Pichia pastoris, Escherichia coli, or Nicotinia tabacum is considered in relation to the development of the investigational product to treat an autoimmune condition. The article discusses how particular product-related variants (primary amino acid sequence modifications and post-translational glycosylation or other modifications) and process-derived impurities (host cell proteins, endotoxins, beta-glucans) associated with the different expression systems might influence the impact of immunogenicity on overall clinical benefit versus risk for a therapeutic protein candidate that has intrinsic MHC Class II binding potential. The implications of the choice of expression system for relative risk are discussed in relation to specific actions for evaluation and measures for risk mitigation, including use of in silico and in vitro methods to understand intrinsic immunogenic potential relative to incremental risk associated with non-human glycan and protein impurities. Finally, practical guidance on presentation of this information in regulatory submissions to support clinical development is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Chamberlain
- NDA Advisory Board, NDA Regulatory Science Ltd, Grove House, Guildford Road, Leatherhead, Surrey, KT22 9DF, UK.
| | - Bonita Rup
- Bonnie Rup Consulting, LLC, Reading, Massachusetts, USA
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12
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Mursalin MH, Coburn PS, Livingston E, Miller FC, Astley R, Flores-Mireles AL, Callegan MC. Bacillus S-Layer-Mediated Innate Interactions During Endophthalmitis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:215. [PMID: 32117322 PMCID: PMC7028758 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus endophthalmitis is a severe intraocular infection. Hallmarks of Bacillus endophthalmitis include robust inflammation and rapid loss of vision. We reported that the absence of Bacillus surface layer protein (SLP) significantly blunted endophthalmitis severity. Here, we further investigated SLP in the context of Bacillus-retinal cell interactions and innate immune pathways to explore the mechanisms by which SLP contributes to intraocular inflammation. We compared phenotypes of Wild-type (WT) and SLP deficient (ΔslpA) Bacillus thuringiensis by analyzing bacterial adherence to and phagocytosis by human retinal Muller cells and phagocytosis by mouse neutrophils. Innate immune receptor activation by the Bacillus envelope and purified SLP was analyzed using TLR2/4 reporter cell lines. A synthetic TLR2/4 inhibitor was used as a control for this receptor activation. To induce endophthalmitis, mouse eyes were injected intravitreally with 100 CFU WT or ΔslpA B. thuringiensis. A group of WT infected mice was treated intravitreally with a TLR2/4 inhibitor at 4 h postinfection. At 10 h postinfection, infected eyes were analyzed for viable bacteria, inflammation, and retinal function. We observed that B. thuringiensis SLPs contributed to retinal Muller cell adherence, and protected this pathogen from Muller cell- and neutrophil-mediated phagocytosis. We found that B. thuringiensis envelope activated TLR2 and, surprisingly, TLR4, suggesting the presence of a surface-associated TLR4 agonist in Bacillus. Further investigation showed that purified SLP from B. thuringiensis activated TLR4, as well as TLR2 in vitro. Growth of WT B. thuringiensis was significantly higher and caused greater inflammation in untreated eyes than in eyes treated with the TLR2/4 inhibitor. Retinal function analysis also showed greater retention of A-wave and B-wave function in infected eyes treated with the TLR2/4 inhibitor. The TLR2/4 inhibitor was not antibacterial in vitro, and did not cause inflammation when injected into uninfected eyes. Taken together, these results suggest a potential role for Bacillus SLP in host-bacterial interactions, as well as in endophthalmitis pathogenesis via TLR2- and TLR4-mediated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Huzzatul Mursalin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Phillip S. Coburn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Dean McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Erin Livingston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Frederick C. Miller
- Department of Cell Biology and Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Roger Astley
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Dean McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Ana L. Flores-Mireles
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, United States
| | - Michelle C. Callegan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Dean McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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Reporter Cell Assessment of TLR4-Induced NF-κB Responses to Cell-Free Hemoglobin and the Influence of Biliverdin. Biomedicines 2019; 7:biomedicines7020041. [PMID: 31163699 PMCID: PMC6630411 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines7020041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemoglobin (Hb) released during red blood cell lysis can initiate TLR4-dependent signaling and trigger NF-κB activation in surrounding cells. Observations of chronic bleeding in various cancers leads us to hypothesize that Hb and Hb degradation products released from lysed RBC near cancer nests might modulate local TLR4-positive cells. We addressed the hypothesis in vitro by measuring Hb- and biliverdin (Bv)-induced NF-κB signaling in an engineered human TLR4 reporter cell model (HEK-BlueTM hTLR4). Therein, TLR4 stimulation was assessed by measuring NF-κB-dependent secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP). hTLR4 reporter cells incubated with 8 ηM lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or 20-40 μM fungal mannoprotein (FM) produced significant amounts of SEAP. hTLR4 reporter cells also produced SEAP in response to human, but not porcine or bovine, Hb. HEK-Blue Null2TM reporter cells lacking TLR4 did not respond to LPS, FM, or Hb. Bv was non-stimulatory in reporter cells. When Bv was added to Hb-stimulated reporter cells, SEAP production was reduced by 95%, but when Bv was applied during LPS and FM stimulation, SEAP production was reduced by 33% and 27%, respectively. In conclusion, Hb initiated NF-κB signaling that was dependent upon TLR4 expression and that Bv can act as a TLR4 antagonist. Moreover, this study suggests that hemorrhage and extravascular hemolysis could provide competitive Hb and Bv signaling to nearby cells expressing TLR4, and that this process could modulate NF-κB signaling in TLR4-positive cancer cells and cancer-infiltrating leukocytes.
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Mufarrege EF, Haile LA, Etcheverrigaray M, Verthelyi DI. Multiplexed Gene Expression as a Characterization of Bioactivity for Interferon Beta (IFN-β) Biosimilar Candidates: Impact of Innate Immune Response Modulating Impurities (IIRMIs). AAPS JOURNAL 2019; 21:26. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-019-0300-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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