1
|
Dumonteil E, Tu W, Desale H, Goff K, Marx P, Ortega-Lopez J, Herrera C. Immunoglobulin and T cell receptor repertoire changes induced by a prototype vaccine against Chagas disease in naïve rhesus macaques. J Biomed Sci 2024; 31:58. [PMID: 38824576 PMCID: PMC11143712 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01050-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A vaccine against Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas disease, would be an excellent additional tool for disease control. A recombinant vaccine based on Tc24 and TSA1 parasite antigens was found to be safe and immunogenic in naïve macaques. METHODS We used RNA-sequencing and performed a transcriptomic analysis of PBMC responses to vaccination of naïve macaques after each vaccine dose, to shed light on the immunogenicity of this vaccine and guide the optimization of doses and formulation. We identified differentially expressed genes and pathways and characterized immunoglobulin and T cell receptor repertoires. RESULTS RNA-sequencing analysis indicated a clear transcriptomic response of PBMCs after three vaccine doses, with the up-regulation of several immune cell activation pathways and a broad non-polarized immune profile. Analysis of the IgG repertoire showed that it had a rapid turnover with novel IgGs produced following each vaccine dose, while the TCR repertoire presented several persisting clones that were expanded after each vaccine dose. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that three vaccine doses may be needed for optimum immunogenicity and support the further evaluation of the protective efficacy of this vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Dumonteil
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, and Vector-Borne and Infectious Disease Research Center, Tulane University, 1440 Canal St, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70112, USA.
| | - Weihong Tu
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, and Vector-Borne and Infectious Disease Research Center, Tulane University, 1440 Canal St, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70112, USA
| | - Hans Desale
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, and Vector-Borne and Infectious Disease Research Center, Tulane University, 1440 Canal St, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70112, USA
| | - Kelly Goff
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Preston Marx
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, and Vector-Borne and Infectious Disease Research Center, Tulane University, 1440 Canal St, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70112, USA
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Jaime Ortega-Lopez
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - Claudia Herrera
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, and Vector-Borne and Infectious Disease Research Center, Tulane University, 1440 Canal St, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70112, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
He L, Gao X, Meng F, Chen J, Shi Q, Zhao L, Yang J, Zhou Q, Wu H, Li W, Li Z. Peripheral T cell lymphoma initially presenting in lung biopsies: A diagnostic challenge. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 256:155234. [PMID: 38471291 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary or secondary pulmonary involvement by peripheral T cell lymphoma (PTCL) is rare and difficult to diagnose particularly via lung biopsies. METHODS 22 cases of PTCL diagnosed initially in lung biopsies between January 2006 and November 2020 were retrospectively reviewed followed at Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital and the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, respectively, including clinical manifestations, baseline biochemical indexes, images, histological findings and other available ancillary studies such as immunostaining, Epstein-Barr virus encoded RNA (EBER) in situ hybridization and T-cell receptor rearrangement analysis upon diagnosis. RESULTS The median age of these patients was 59 years old (range: 29-82 years) at diagnosis. The majority of them complained of fever, cough and fatigue. Computed tomography scans mainly revealed multiple ill-defined nodules/masses of various sizes and densities with or without air bronchogram. Microscopically, most lesions showed lymphoid cells with clear cytoplasm and irregular nuclear contours diffusely infiltrating alveolar septa or alveolar spaces in an inflammatory background. Several cases had a predominance of small neoplastic cells (n = 4) with atypical, irregular nuclei. One case showed a diffuse monotonous pattern of growth. Angioinvasion and necrosis were not uncommon findings. The neoplastic cells in all cases were positive for one or more T-cell markers, and negative for B-cell-lineage antigens and EBER. 19 out of 22 patients had complete follow-up information, and 17 patients were dead at the last follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Pulmonary involvement by PTCL is rare with dismal outcome. Aggressive clinical course and several clinicopathologic clues, albeit unspecific, may alert the pathologists of the possibilities of pulmonary PTCLs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu He
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xianzheng Gao
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Fanqing Meng
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jieyu Chen
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Qianyun Shi
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Linyue Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Hongyan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Wencai Li
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
| | - Zhiwen Li
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ren J, Liao X, Lewis JM, Chang J, Qu R, Carlson KR, Foss F, Girardi M. Generation and optimization of off-the-shelf immunotherapeutics targeting TCR-Vβ2+ T cell malignancy. Nat Commun 2024; 15:519. [PMID: 38225288 PMCID: PMC10789731 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44786-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Current treatments for T cell malignancies encounter issues of disease relapse and off-target toxicity. Using T cell receptor (TCR)Vβ2 as a model, here we demonstrate the rapid generation of an off-the-shelf allogeneic chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T platform targeting the clone-specific TCR Vβ chain for malignant T cell killing while limiting normal cell destruction. Healthy donor T cells undergo CRISPR-induced TRAC, B2M and CIITA knockout to eliminate T cell-dependent graft-versus-host and host-versus-graft reactivity. Second generation 4-1BB/CD3zeta CAR containing high affinity humanized anti-Vβ scFv is expressed efficiently on donor T cells via both lentivirus and adeno-associated virus transduction with limited detectable pre-existing immunoreactivity. Our optimized CAR-T cells demonstrate specific and persistent killing of Vβ2+ Jurkat cells and Vβ2+ patient derived malignant T cells, in vitro and in vivo, without affecting normal T cells. In parallel, we generate humanized anti-Vβ2 antibody with enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) by Fc-engineering for NK cell ADCC therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Ren
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Xiaofeng Liao
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Julia M Lewis
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jungsoo Chang
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rihao Qu
- The Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kacie R Carlson
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Francine Foss
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Medical Oncology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael Girardi
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Blanco G, López‐Aventín D, Pujol RM, Gómez‐Llonín A, Puiggros A, López‐Sánchez M, Estrach T, García‐Muret MP, López‐Lerma I, Servitje O, Bellosillo B, Muro M, Espinet B, Rabionet R, Gallardo F. High-throughput RNA sequencing of the T cell receptor alpha and beta chains for simultaneous clonality and biological analyses in Sezary syndrome. J Clin Lab Anal 2023; 37:e24982. [PMID: 38115685 PMCID: PMC10756948 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous investigations pointed out a role for antigen stimulation in Sezary syndrome (SS). High-throughput sequencing of the T cell receptor (TR) offers several applications beyond diagnostic purposes, including the study of T cell pathogenesis. METHODS We performed high-throughput RNA sequencing of the TR alpha (TRA) and beta (TRB) genes focusing on the complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) in 11 SS and one erythrodermic mycosis fungoides (MF) patients. Five psoriasis patients were employed as controls. Peripheral blood CD4+ cells were isolated and RNA sequenced (HiSeq2500). High-resolution HLA typing was performed in neoplastic patients. RESULTS Highly expanded predominant TRA and TRB CDR3 were only found in SS patients (median frequency: 94.4% and 93.7%). No remarkable CDR3 expansions were observed in psoriasis patients (median frequency of predominant TRA and TRB CDR3: 0.87% and 0.69%, p < 0.001 compared to SS). CDR3 almost identical to the predominant were identified within each SS patient and were exponentially correlated with frequencies of the predominant CDR3 (R2 = 0.918, p < 0.001). Forty-six different CDR3 were shared between SS patients displaying HLA similarities, including predominant TRA and TRB CDR3 in one patient that were found in other three patients. Additionally, 351 antigen matches were detected (Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr, Influenza virus, and self-antigens), and the predominant CDR3 of two different SS patients matched CDR3 with specificity for Influenza and Epstein-Barr viruses. CONCLUSIONS Besides detecting clonality, these findings shed light on the nature of SS-related antigens, pointing to RNA sequencing as a useful tool for simultaneous clonality and biological analysis in SS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Blanco
- Grup de Recerca Translacional en Neoplàsies Hematològiques, Cancer Research ProgrammeIMIM‐Hospital del MarBarcelonaSpain
- Laboratori de Citogenètica Molecular, Servei de PatologiaHospital del MarBarcelonaSpain
- Karches Center for Oncology ResearchThe Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell HealthManhassetNew YorkUSA
| | - Daniel López‐Aventín
- Servei de DermatologiaHospital del MarBarcelonaSpain
- Programa de Doctorat en Medicina, Departament de MedicinaUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Ramon M. Pujol
- Servei de DermatologiaHospital del MarBarcelonaSpain
- Grup de Recerca en Malalties Inflamatòries i Neoplàsiques Dermatològiques, Inflammation and Cardiovascular Disorders Research ProgrammeIMIM‐Hospital del MarBarcelonaSpain
| | - Andrea Gómez‐Llonín
- Grup de Recerca Translacional en Neoplàsies Hematològiques, Cancer Research ProgrammeIMIM‐Hospital del MarBarcelonaSpain
- Laboratori de Citogenètica Molecular, Servei de PatologiaHospital del MarBarcelonaSpain
- Laboratori de Recerca Translacional en Microambient TumoralCancer Research ProgrammeBarcelonaSpain
| | - Anna Puiggros
- Grup de Recerca Translacional en Neoplàsies Hematològiques, Cancer Research ProgrammeIMIM‐Hospital del MarBarcelonaSpain
- Laboratori de Citogenètica Molecular, Servei de PatologiaHospital del MarBarcelonaSpain
| | - Manuela López‐Sánchez
- Servicio de InmunologíaHospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca‐IMIBMurciaSpain
| | - Teresa Estrach
- Servei de Dermatologia, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPSUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | | | | | | | - Beatriz Bellosillo
- Grup de Recerca Clínica Aplicada en Neoplàsies Hematològiques, Cancer Research ProgrammeIMIM‐Hospital del MarBarcelonaSpain
- Laboratori de Biologia Molecular, Servei de PatologiaHospital del MarBarcelonaSpain
| | - Manuel Muro
- Servicio de InmunologíaHospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca‐IMIBMurciaSpain
| | - Blanca Espinet
- Grup de Recerca Translacional en Neoplàsies Hematològiques, Cancer Research ProgrammeIMIM‐Hospital del MarBarcelonaSpain
- Laboratori de Citogenètica Molecular, Servei de PatologiaHospital del MarBarcelonaSpain
| | - Raquel Rabionet
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i EstadísticaUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de DéuHospital Sant Joan de DéuBarcelonaSpain
- Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB)Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)MadridSpain
| | - Fernando Gallardo
- Grup de Recerca Translacional en Neoplàsies Hematològiques, Cancer Research ProgrammeIMIM‐Hospital del MarBarcelonaSpain
- Servei de DermatologiaHospital del MarBarcelonaSpain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dumonteil E, Tu W, Desale H, Goff K, Marx P, Ortega-Lopez J, Herrera C. Immunoglobin and T cell receptor repertoire changes induced by a prototype vaccine against Chagas disease in naïve rhesus macaques. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3453582. [PMID: 37961272 PMCID: PMC10635379 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3453582/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
A vaccine against Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas disease, would be an excellent additional tool for disease control. A recombinant vaccine based on Tc24 and TSA1 parasite antigens was found to be safe and immunogenic in naïve macaques. Here we performed a transcriptomic analysis of PBMC responses to vaccination, to shed light on the immunogenicity of this vaccine and guide the optimization of doses and formulation. RNA-sequencing analysis indicated a clear transcriptomic response of PBMCs from macaques after three vaccine doses, with the up-regulation of several immune cell activation pathways and a broad non-polarized immune profile. Analysis of the IgG repertoire showed that it had a rapid turnover with novel IgGs produced following each vaccine dose, while the TCR repertoire presented several persisting clones that were expanded after each vaccine dose. These data suggest that three vaccine doses may be needed for optimum immunogenecity and support the further evaluation of the protective efficacy of this vaccine.
Collapse
|
6
|
Lucero OM, Lee JA, Bowman J, Johnson K, Sapparapu G, Thomas JK, Fan G, Chang BH, Thiel-Klare K, Eide CA, Okada C, Palazzolo M, Lind E, Kosaka Y, Druker BJ, Lydon N, Bowers PM. Patient-Specific Targeting of the T-Cell Receptor Variable Region as a Therapeutic Strategy in Clonal T-Cell Diseases. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:4230-4241. [PMID: 37199721 PMCID: PMC10592575 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-0906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Targeted therapeutics are a goal of medicine. Methods for targeting T-cell lymphoma lack specificity for the malignant cell, leading to elimination of healthy cells. The T-cell receptor (TCR) is designed for antigen recognition. T-cell malignancies expand from a single clone that expresses one of 48 TCR variable beta (Vβ) genes, providing a distinct therapeutic target. We hypothesized that a mAb that is exclusive to a specific Vβ would eliminate the malignant clone while having minimal effects on healthy T cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We identified a patient with large granular T-cell leukemia and sequenced his circulating T-cell population, 95% of which expressed Vβ13.3. We developed a panel of anti-Vβ13.3 antibodies to test for binding and elimination of the malignant T-cell clone. RESULTS Therapeutic antibody candidates bound the malignant clone with high affinity. Antibodies killed engineered cell lines expressing the patient TCR Vβ13.3 by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and TCR-mediated activation-induced cell death, and exhibited specific killing of patient malignant T cells in combination with exogenous natural killer cells. EL4 cells expressing the patient's TCR Vβ13.3 were also killed by antibody administration in an in vivo murine model. CONCLUSIONS This approach serves as an outline for development of therapeutics that can treat clonal T-cell-based malignancies and potentially other T-cell-mediated diseases. See related commentary by Varma and Diefenbach, p. 4024.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia M Lucero
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Ji-Ann Lee
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jenna Bowman
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Kara Johnson
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Gopal Sapparapu
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - John K Thomas
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Guang Fan
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Bill H Chang
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Karina Thiel-Klare
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Christopher A Eide
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Craig Okada
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Mike Palazzolo
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Evan Lind
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Yoko Kosaka
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Brian J Druker
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
- VB Therapeutics LLC, Jackson, Wyoming
| | | | - Peter M Bowers
- Therapeutic Antibody Laboratory, Department of Pulmonology and Critical Care, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mutations Affecting Genes in the Proximal T-Cell Receptor Signaling Pathway in Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153716. [PMID: 35954378 PMCID: PMC9367541 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS) has allowed rapid advances in genomic studies on the pathogenesis and biology of peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL). Recurrent mutations and fusions in genes related to the proximal TCR signaling pathway have been identified and show an important pathogenic role in PTCL. In this review, we summarize the genomic alterations in TCR signaling identified in different subgroups of PTCL patients and the functional impact of these alterations on TCR signaling and downstream pathways. We also discuss novel agents that could target TCR-related mutations and may hold promise for improving the treatment of PTCL. Abstract Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) comprises a heterogeneous group of mature T-cell malignancies. Recurrent activating mutations and fusions in genes related to the proximal TCR signaling pathway have been identified in preclinical and clinical studies. This review summarizes the genetic alterations affecting proximal TCR signaling identified from different subgroups of PTCL and the functional impact on TCR signaling and downstream pathways. These genetic abnormalities include mostly missense mutations, occasional indels, and gene fusions involving CD28, CARD11, the GTPase RHOA, the guanine nucleotide exchange factor VAV1, and kinases including FYN, ITK, PLCG1, PKCB, and PI3K subunits. Most of these aberrations are activating mutations that can potentially be targeted by inhibitors, some of which are being tested in clinical trials that are briefly outlined in this review. Finally, we focus on the molecular pathology of recently identified subgroups of PTCL-NOS and highlight the unique genetic profiles associated with PTCL-GATA3.
Collapse
|
8
|
Katayama Y, Yokota R, Akiyama T, Kobayashi TJ. Machine Learning Approaches to TCR Repertoire Analysis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:858057. [PMID: 35911778 PMCID: PMC9334875 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.858057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sparked by the development of genome sequencing technology, the quantity and quality of data handled in immunological research have been changing dramatically. Various data and database platforms are now driving the rapid progress of machine learning for immunological data analysis. Of various topics in immunology, T cell receptor repertoire analysis is one of the most important targets of machine learning for assessing the state and abnormalities of immune systems. In this paper, we review recent repertoire analysis methods based on machine learning and deep learning and discuss their prospects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yotaro Katayama
- Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yotaro Katayama,
| | - Ryo Yokota
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Taishin Akiyama
- Laboratory for Immune Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tetsuya J. Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yao H, Shen N, Ji G, Huang J, Sun J, Wang G, Tang Z, Chen X. Cisplatin Nanoparticles Promote Intratumoral CD8 + T Cell Priming via Antigen Presentation and T Cell Receptor Crosstalk. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:3328-3339. [PMID: 35404605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicines are highly promising for cancer therapy due to their minimal side effects. However, little is known regarding their host immune response, which may limit their clinical efficacy and applications. Here, we find that cisplatin (CDDP)-loaded poly(l-glutamic acid)-graft-methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) complex nanoparticles (CDDP-NPs) elicit a strong antitumor CD8+ T cell-mediated immune response in a tumor-bearing mouse model compared to free CDDP. Mechanistically, the sustained retention of CDDP-NPs results in persistent tumor MHC-I overexpression, which promotes the formation of MHC-I-antigen peptide complex (pMHC-I), enhances the interaction between pMHC-I and T cell receptor (TCR), and leads to the activation of TCR signaling pathway and CD8+ T cell-mediated immune response. Furthermore, CDDP-NPs upregulate the costimulatory OX40 on intratumoral CD8+ T cells, and synergize with the agonistic OX40 antibody (aOX40) to suppress tumor growth by 89.2%. Our study provides a basis for the efficacy advantage of CDDP-based nanomedicines and immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haochen Yao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P.R. China
| | - Na Shen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P.R. China
| | - Guofeng Ji
- Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Juanjuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P.R. China
| | - Jiali Sun
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P.R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Sciences and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Guoqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P.R. China
| | - Zhaohui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P.R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Sciences and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xuesi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hathuc V, Kreisel F. Genetic Landscape of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12030410. [PMID: 35330161 PMCID: PMC8954173 DOI: 10.3390/life12030410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral T-Cell lymphoma (PTCL) comprises a heterogenous group of uncommon lymphomas derived from mature, post-thymic or “peripheral” T- and natural killer cells. The World Health Organization (WHO) emphasizes a multiparameter approach in the diagnosis and subclassification of these neoplasms, integrating clinical, morphologic, immunophenotypic, and genetic features into the final diagnosis. Clinical presentation is particularly important due to histologic, immunophenotypic and genetic variations within established subtypes, and no convenient immunophenotypic marker of monoclonality exists. In recent years, widespread use of gene expression profiling and next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques have contributed to an improved understanding of the pathobiology in PTCLs, and these have been incorporated into the 2016 revised WHO classification of mature T- and NK-cell neoplasms which now encompasses nearly 30 distinct entities. This review discusses the genetic landscape of PTCL and its role in subclassification, prognosis, and potential targeted therapy. In addition to discussing T-Cell lymphoma subtypes with relatively well-defined or relevant genetic aberrancies, special attention is given to genetic advances in T-Cell lymphomas of T follicular helper cell (TFH) origin, highlighting genetic overlaps between angioimmunoblastic T-Cell lymphoma (AITL), follicular T-Cell lymphoma, and nodal peripheral T-Cell lymphoma with a TFH phenotype. Furthermore, genetic drivers will be discussed for ALK-negative anaplastic large cell lymphomas and their role in differentiating these from CD30+ peripheral T-Cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (NOS) and primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Lastly, a closer look is given to genetic pathways in peripheral T-Cell lymphoma, NOS, which may guide in teasing out more specific entities in a group of T-Cell lymphomas that represents the most common subcategory and is sometimes referred to as a “wastebasket” category.
Collapse
|
11
|
Hirama T, Tokita S, Nakatsugawa M, Murata K, Nannya Y, Matsuo K, Inoko H, Hirohashi Y, Hashimoto S, Ogawa S, Takemasa I, Sato N, Hata F, Kanaseki T, Torigoe T. Proteogenomic identification of an immunogenic HLA class I neoantigen in mismatch repair-deficient colorectal cancer tissue. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e146356. [PMID: 34185709 PMCID: PMC8410045 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.146356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although CD8+ T cells recognize neoantigens that arise from somatic mutations in cancer, only a small fraction of nonsynonymous mutations give rise to clinically relevant neoantigens. In this study, HLA class I ligandomes of a panel of human colorectal cancer (CRC) and matched normal tissues were analyzed using mass spectrometry–based proteogenomic analysis. Neoantigen presentation was rare; however, the analysis detected a single neoantigen in a mismatch repair–deficient CRC (dMMR-CRC) tissue sample carrying 3967 nonsynonymous mutations, where abundant tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and inflamed gene expression status were observed in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Using the HLA class I ligandome data and gene expression profiles, a set of nonmutated tumor-associated antigen (TAA) candidates was concomitantly identified. Interestingly, CD8+ TILs predominantly recognized the detected neoantigen over the array of TAA candidates. Neoantigen-reactive CD8+ TILs showed PD-1 positivity and exhibited functional and specific responses. Moreover, T cell receptor (TCR) profiling identified the sequence of the neoantigen-reactive TCR clonotype and showed its expansion in the TME. Transduction of the sequenced TCR conferred neoantigen specificity and cytotoxicity to peripheral blood lymphocytes. The proteogenomic approach revealed the antigenic and reactive T cell landscape in dMMR-CRC, demonstrating the presence of an immunogenic neoantigen and its potential therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Hirama
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan.,Sapporo Dohto Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Serina Tokita
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan.,Sapporo Dohto Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Munehide Nakatsugawa
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Medical University Hachioji Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Murata
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Nannya
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Shinichi Hashimoto
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Seishi Ogawa
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,The World Premier International Research Center Initiative and Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Medicine, Centre for Haematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ichiro Takemasa
- Department of Surgery, Surgical Oncology and Science, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Sato
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan.,Sapporo Dohto Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang W, Wang W, Han X, Gan Y, Qian L, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Wang Y, Guan Y, Yang L, Zhou D. Circulating tumor DNA by high-throughput sequencing of T cell receptor monitored treatment response and predicted treatment failure in T cell lymphomas. Int J Lab Hematol 2021; 43:1041-1049. [PMID: 33734593 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.13498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) detection is a promising monitoring tool for lymphoid malignancies. Studies for T cell lymphoma are limited. METHODS We explored whether this technology is applicable to T cell lymphoma with different subtypes and assessed its performance in clinical settings. RESULTS Thirty tumor and 74 blood samples were analyzed in our study. Malignant clone was identified in 23 of the 30 (76.7%) tumor samples through high-throughput sequencing (HTS) combined with PCR. We detected the same tumor clone in plasma in 18out of the 23 (78.3%) patients. Circulating tumor DNA fraction correlated with lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (r = .52, P = .017), high level of ctDNA predicted treatment failure (P = .0003) and there was a trend patients with high ctDNA burden would have poorer PFS Furthermore, ctDNA changed in concordance with clinical outcome and was more sensitive than PET/CT. Also, recurrence of ctDNA was an important clue for relapse. CONCLUSION In conclusion, our study indicated that ctDNA monitoring was suitable for T cell lymphoma. High level of pretreatment ctDNA was a poor prognosis factor and changes of ctDNA correlated well with clinical courses and was sensitive to find early relapse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Hematology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Department of Hematology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yulai Gan
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Long Qian
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Daobin Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sabbaghi A, Miri SM, Keshavarz M, Mahooti M, Zebardast A, Ghaemi A. Role of γδ T cells in controlling viral infections with a focus on influenza virus: implications for designing novel therapeutic approaches. Virol J 2020; 17:174. [PMID: 33183352 PMCID: PMC7659406 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01449-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza virus infection is among the most detrimental threats to the health of humans and some animals, infecting millions of people annually all around the world and in many thousands of cases giving rise to pneumonia and death. All those health crises happen despite previous and recent developments in anti-influenza vaccination, suggesting the need for employing more sophisticated methods to control this malign infection. Main body The innate immunity modules are at the forefront of combating against influenza infection in the respiratory tract, among which, innate T cells, particularly gamma-delta (γδ) T cells, play a critical role in filling the gap needed for adaptive immune cells maturation, linking the innate and adaptive immunity together. Upon infection with influenza virus, production of cytokines and chemokines including CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5 from respiratory epithelium recruits γδ T cells at the site of infection in a CCR5 receptor-dependent fashion. Next, γδ T cells become activated in response to influenza virus infection and produce large amounts of proinflammatory cytokines, especially IL-17A. Regardless of γδ T cells' roles in triggering the adaptive arm of the immune system, they also protect the respiratory epithelium by cytolytic and non-cytolytic antiviral mechanisms, as well as by enhancing neutrophils and natural killer cells recruitment to the infection site. CONCLUSION In this review, we explored varied strategies of γδ T cells in defense to influenza virus infection and how they can potentially provide balanced protective immune responses against infected cells. The results may provide a potential window for the incorporation of intact or engineered γδ T cells for developing novel antiviral approaches or for immunotherapeutic purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ailar Sabbaghi
- Department of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, P.O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Miri
- Department of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, P.O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Keshavarz
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Mehran Mahooti
- Department of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, P.O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arghavan Zebardast
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ghaemi
- Department of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, P.O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Generation and function of progenitor T cells from StemRegenin-1-expanded CD34+ human hematopoietic progenitor cells. Blood Adv 2020; 3:2934-2948. [PMID: 31648315 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018026575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Broader clinical application of umbilical cord blood (UCB), as a source of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs), is limited by low CD34+ and T-cell numbers, contributing to slow lymphohematopoietic recovery, infection, and relapse. Studies have evaluated the safety, feasibility, and expedited neutrophil recovery associated with the transplantation of CD34+ HSPCs from ex vivo expansion cultures using the aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist StemRegenin-1 (SR1). In a phase 1/2 study of 17 patients who received combined SR1-expanded and unexpanded UCB units, a considerable advantage for enhancing T-cell chimerism was not observed. We previously showed that progenitor T (proT) cells generated in vitro from HSPCs accelerated T-cell reconstitution and restored immunity after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). To expedite immune recovery, we hypothesized that SR1-expanded HSPCs together with proT cells could overcome the known T-cell immune deficiency that occurs post-HSCT. Here, we show that SR1-expanded UCB can induce >250-fold expansion of CD34+ HSPCs, which can generate large numbers of proT cells upon in vitro differentiation. When compared with nonexpanded naive proT cells, SR1 proT cells also showed effective thymus-seeding and peripheral T-cell functional capabilities in vivo despite having an altered phenotype. In a competitive transfer approach, both naive and SR1 proT cells showed comparable thymus-engrafting capacities. Single-cell RNA sequencing of peripheral CD3+ T cells from mice injected with either naive or SR1 proT cells revealed functional subsets of T cells with polyclonal T-cell receptor repertoires. Our findings support the use of SR1-expanded UCB grafts combined with proT-cell generation for decreasing T-cell immunodeficiency post-HSCT.
Collapse
|
15
|
Clonotypic heterogeneity in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides) revealed by comprehensive whole-exome sequencing. Blood Adv 2020; 3:1175-1184. [PMID: 30967393 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018027482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycosis fungoides (MF), the most common type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, is believed to represent a clonal expansion of a transformed skin-resident memory T cell. T-cell receptor (TCR) clonality (ie, identical sequences of rearranged TCRα, TCRβ, and TCRγ), the key premise of this hypothesis, has been difficult to document conclusively because malignant cells are not readily distinguishable from the tumor-infiltrating reactive lymphocytes that contribute to the TCR clonotypic repertoire of MF. Here, we have successfully adopted targeted whole-exome sequencing (WES) to identify the repertoire of rearranged TCR genes in tumor-enriched samples from patients with MF. Although some of the investigated MF biopsies had the expected frequency of monoclonal rearrangements of TCRγ corresponding to that of tumor cells, the majority of the samples presented multiple TCRγ, TCRα, and TCRβ clonotypes by WES. Our findings are compatible with the model in which the initial malignant transformation in MF does not occur in mature memory T cells but rather at the level of T-lymphocyte progenitors before TCRβ or TCRα rearrangements. We have also shown that WES can be combined with whole-transcriptome sequencing in the same sample, which enables comprehensive characterization of the TCR repertoire in relation to tumor content. WES/whole-transcriptome sequencing might be applicable to other types of T-cell lymphomas to determine clonal dominance and clonotypic heterogeneity in these malignancies.
Collapse
|
16
|
Nakhoul H, Lin Z, Wang X, Roberts C, Dong Y, Flemington E. High-Throughput Sequence Analysis of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphomas Indicates Subtype-Specific Viral Gene Expression Patterns and Immune Cell Microenvironments. mSphere 2019; 4:e00248-19. [PMID: 31292228 PMCID: PMC6620372 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00248-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) have been associated with viral infection, particularly infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). However, a comprehensive virome analysis across PTCLs has not previously been reported. Here we utilized published whole-transcriptome RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data sets from seven different PTCL studies and new RNA-seq data from our laboratory to screen for virus association, to analyze viral gene expression, and to assess B- and T-cell receptor diversity paradigms across PTCL subtypes. In addition to identifying EBV in angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) and extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTL), two PTCL subtypes with well-established EBV associations, we also detected EBV in several cases of anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL), and we found evidence of infection by the oncogenic viruses Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 in isolated PTCL cases. In AITLs, EBV gene expression analysis showed expression of immediate early, early, and late lytic genes, suggesting either low-level lytic gene expression or productive infection in a subset of EBV-infected B-lymphocyte stromal cells. Deconvolution of immune cell subpopulations demonstrated a greater B-cell signal in AITLs than in other PTCL subtypes, consistent with a larger role for B-cell support in the pathogenesis of AITL. Reconstructed T-cell receptor (TCR) and B-cell receptor (BCR) repertoires demonstrated increased BCR diversity in AITLs, consistent with a possible EBV-driven polyclonal response. These findings indicate potential alternative roles for EBV in PTCLs, in addition to the canonical oncogenic mechanisms associated with EBV latent infection. Our findings also suggest the involvement of other viruses in PTCL pathogenesis and demonstrate immunological alterations associated with these cancers.IMPORTANCE In this study, we utilized next-generation sequencing data from 7 different studies of peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) patient samples to globally assess viral associations, provide insights into the contributions of EBV gene expression to the tumor phenotype, and assess the unique roles of EBV in modulating the immune cell tumor microenvironment. These studies revealed potential roles for EBV replication genes in some PTCL subtypes, the possible role of additional human tumor viruses in rare cases of PTCLs, and a role for EBV in providing a unique immune microenvironmental niche in one subtype of PTCLs. Together, these studies provide new insights into the understudied role of tumor viruses in PTCLs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hani Nakhoul
- Department of Pathology, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Zhen Lin
- Department of Pathology, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Pathology, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Claire Roberts
- Department of Pathology, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Yan Dong
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Erik Flemington
- Department of Pathology, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
A New and Simple TRG Multiplex PCR Assay for Assessment of T-cell Clonality: A Comparative Study from the EuroClonality Consortium. Hemasphere 2019; 3:e255. [PMID: 31723840 PMCID: PMC6746026 DOI: 10.1097/hs9.0000000000000255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text T-cell Receptor Gamma (TRG) rearrangements are commonly used to detect clonal lymphoproliferations in hematopathology, since they are rearranged in virtually all T lymphocytes and have a relatively limited recombinatorial repertoire, which reduces the risk of false negative results, at the cost of potential false positivity. We developed an initial one-tube, 2-fluorochrome EuroClonality TRG PCR multiplex (TRG-1T-2F) which was compared to the original 2-tube, 2-fluorochrome EuroClonality/BIOMED-2 TRG PCR (TRG-2T-2F) and a commercial Invivoscribe one-tube, one-fluorochrome kit (IVS-1T-1F) on a series of 239 samples, including both T-cell malignancies and reactive cases. This initial assay yielded discrepant results between the 10 participating EuroClonality laboratories when using 2 fluorochromes, leading to adoption of a final single color EuroClonality strategy (TRG-1T-1F). Compared to TRG-2T-2F, both TRG-1T-1F and IVS-1T-1F demonstrated easier interpretation and a lower risk of false positive from minor peaks in dispersed repertoires. Both generate smaller fragments and as such are likely to be better adapted to analysis of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples. Their differential performance was mainly explained by (i) superposition of biallelic rearrangements with IVS-1T-1F, due to more extensive overlapping of the repertoires and (ii) intentional omission of the TRGJP primer in TRG-1T-1F, in order to avoid the potential risk of confusion of consensus TRG V9-JP normal rearrangements with a pathological clone.
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Genetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional variations shape the transcriptome of individual cells, rendering establishing an exhaustive set of reference RNAs a complicated matter. Current reference transcriptomes, which are based on carefully curated transcripts, are lagging behind the extensive RNA variation revealed by massively parallel sequencing. Much may be missed by ignoring this unreferenced RNA diversity. There is plentiful evidence for non-reference transcripts with important phenotypic effects. Although reference transcriptomes are inestimable for gene expression analysis, they may turn limiting in important medical applications. We discuss computational strategies for retrieving hidden transcript diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonin Morillon
- ncRNA, Epigenetic and Genome Fluidity, CNRS UMR 3244, Sorbonne Université, PSL University, Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Gautheret
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
RNA sequencing identifies clonal structure of T-cell repertoires in patients with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. NPJ Genom Med 2019; 4:10. [PMID: 31069115 PMCID: PMC6502857 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-019-0084-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoires, as generated by somatic DNA rearrangements, is central to immune system function. High-throughput sequencing technologies now allow examination of antigen receptor repertoires at single-nucleotide and, more recently, single-cell resolution. The TCR repertoire can be altered in the context of infections, malignancies or immunological disorders. Here we examined the diversity of TCR clonality and its association with pathogenesis and prognosis in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), a malignancy caused by infection with human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1). We analyzed 62 sets of high-throughput RNA sequencing data from 59 samples of HTLV-1−infected individuals—asymptomatic carriers (ACs), smoldering, chronic, acute and lymphoma ATL subtypes—and three uninfected controls to evaluate TCR distribution. Based on these TCR profiles, CD4-positive cells and ACs showed polyclonal patterns, whereas ATL patients showed oligo- or monoclonal patterns (with 446 average clonotypes across samples). Expression of TCRα and TCRβ genes in the dominant clone differed among the samples. ACs, CD4-positive samples and smoldering patients showed significantly higher TCR diversity compared with chronic, acute and lymphoma subtypes. CDR3 sequence length distribution, amino acid conservation and gene usage variability for ATL patients resembled those of peripheral blood cells from ACs and healthy donors. Thus, determining monoclonal architecture and clonal diversity by RNA sequencing might be useful for prognostic purposes and for personalizing ATL diagnosis and assessment of treatments.
Collapse
|
20
|
Unique CDR3 epitope targeting by CAR-T cells is a viable approach for treating T-cell malignancies. Leukemia 2019; 33:2315-2319. [PMID: 30962578 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-019-0455-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
21
|
Lau D, Bobe AM, Khan AA. RNA Sequencing of the Tumor Microenvironment in Precision Cancer Immunotherapy. Trends Cancer 2019; 5:149-156. [PMID: 30898262 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) provides an efficient high-throughput technique to robustly characterize the tumor immune microenvironment (TME). The increasing use of RNA-seq in clinical and basic science settings provides a powerful opportunity to access novel therapeutic biomarkers in the TME. Advanced computational methods are making it possible to resolve the composition of the tumor immune infiltrate, infer the immunological phenotypes of those cells, and assess the immune receptor repertoire in RNA-seq data. These immunological characterizations have increasingly important implications for guiding immunotherapy use. Here, we highlight recent studies that demonstrate the potential utility of RNA-seq in clinical settings, review key computational methods used for characterizing the TME for precision cancer immunotherapy, and discuss important considerations in data interpretation and current technological limitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aly A Khan
- Tempus Labs, Chicago, IL 60654, USA; Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bai Y, Wang D, Li W, Huang Y, Ye X, Waite J, Barry T, Edelmann KH, Levenkova N, Guo C, Skokos D, Wei Y, Macdonald LE, Fury W. Evaluation of the capacities of mouse TCR profiling from short read RNA-seq data. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207020. [PMID: 30439982 PMCID: PMC6237323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Profiling T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire via short read transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) has a unique advantage of probing simultaneously TCRs and the genome-wide RNA expression of other genes. However, compared to targeted amplicon approaches, the shorter read length is more prone to mapping error. In addition, only a small percentage of the genome-wide reads may cover the TCR loci and thus the repertoire could be significantly under-sampled. Although this approach has been applied in a few studies, the utility of transcriptome sequencing in probing TCR repertoires has not been evaluated extensively. Here we present a systematic assessment of RNA-Seq in TCR profiling. We evaluate the power of both Fluidigm C1 full-length single cell RNA-Seq and bulk RNA-Seq in characterizing the repertoires of different diversities under either naïve conditions or after immunogenic challenges. Standard read length and sequencing coverage were employed so that the evaluation was conducted in accord with the current RNA-Seq practices. Despite high sequencing depth in bulk RNA-Seq, we encountered difficulty quantifying TCRs with low transcript abundance (<1%). Nevertheless, top enriched TCRs with an abundance of 1–3% or higher can be faithfully detected and quantified. When top TCR sequences are of interest and transcriptome sequencing is available, it is worthwhile to conduct a TCR profiling using the RNA-Seq data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Bai
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YB); (WF)
| | - David Wang
- Department of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Wentian Li
- Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics & Human Genetics, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Ying Huang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, United States of America
| | - Xuan Ye
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, United States of America
| | - Janelle Waite
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, United States of America
| | - Thomas Barry
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, United States of America
| | - Kurt H. Edelmann
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, United States of America
| | - Natasha Levenkova
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, United States of America
| | - Chunguang Guo
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, United States of America
| | - Dimitris Skokos
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, United States of America
| | - Yi Wei
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, United States of America
| | - Lynn E. Macdonald
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, United States of America
| | - Wen Fury
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YB); (WF)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Powles RL, Redmond D, Sotiriou C, Loi S, Fumagalli D, Nuciforo P, Harbeck N, de Azambuja E, Sarp S, Di Cosimo S, Huober J, Baselga J, Piccart-Gebhart M, Elemento O, Pusztai L, Hatzis C. Association of T-Cell Receptor Repertoire Use With Response to Combined Trastuzumab-Lapatinib Treatment of HER2-Positive Breast Cancer: Secondary Analysis of the NeoALTTO Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol 2018; 4:e181564. [PMID: 29902299 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.1564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Importance Dual anti-HER2 blockade increased the rate of pathologic complete response (pCR) in the Neoadjuvant Lapatinib and/or Trastuzumab Treatment Optimisation (NeoALTTO) trial, and high immune gene expression was associated with pCR in all treatment arms. So far, no marker has been identified that is specifically associated with the benefit from dual HER2 blockade. Objective To examine if use of the T-cell β chain variable genes adds to the potential association of immune gene signatures with response to dual HER2 blockade. Design, Setting, and Participants In the NeoALTTO trial, HER2-positive patients recruited between January 5, 2008, and May 27, 2010, were treated with paclitaxel plus either lapatinib or trastuzumab or both as neoadjuvant therapy. In this study, RNA sequencing data from baseline tumor specimens of 245 patients in the NeoALTTO trial were analyzed and reads were aligned to TRBV gene reference sequences using a previously published Basic Local Alignment Search Tool T-cell receptor mapping pipeline. Total TRBV gene use, Shannon entropy, and gene richness were calculated for each tumor, and nonnegative matrix factorization was used to define TRBV co-use metagenes (TMGs). The association between TRBV metrics, tumor genomic metrics, and response was assessed with multivariable logistic regression. Statistical analysis was performed from January 23 to December 2, 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures The association between TRBV use metrics and pCR. Results Among the 245 women with available data (mean [SD] age, 49 [11] years), total TRBV use correlated positively with a gene expression signature for immune activity (Spearman ρ = 0.93; P < .001). High use of TRBV11-3 and TMG2, characterized by high use of TRBV4.3, TRBV6.3, and TRBV7.2, was associated with a higher rate of pCR to dual HER2-targeted therapy (TRBV11-3 interaction: odds ratio, 2.63 [95% CI, 1.22-6.47]; P = .02; TMG2 interaction: odds ratio, 3.39 [95% CI, 1.57-8.27]; P = .004). Immune-rich cancers with high TMG2 levels (n = 92) had significantly better response to dual HER2-targeted treatment compared with the single therapy arms (rate of pCR, 68% [95% CI, 52%-83%] vs 21% [95% CI, 10%-31%]; P < .001), whereas those with low TMG2 levels did not benefit from dual therapy. High TMG2 levels were also associated with a higher rate of pCR to the combined therapy in immune-poor tumors (n = 30; pCR, 50% [95% CI, 22%-78%] vs 6% [95% CI, 0%-16%]; P = .009). Conclusions and Relevance Use patterns of TRBV genes potentially provide information about the association with response to dual HER2 blockade beyond immune gene signatures. High use of TRBV11.3 or TRBV4.3, TRBV6.3, and TRBV7.2 identifies patients who have a better response to dual HER2 targeted therapy. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00553358.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L Powles
- Breast Medical Oncology, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - David Redmond
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Christos Sotiriou
- Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sherene Loi
- Division of Cancer Medicine and Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Debora Fumagalli
- Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paolo Nuciforo
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nadia Harbeck
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Evandro de Azambuja
- Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Jens Huober
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jose Baselga
- Breast Medical Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Martine Piccart-Gebhart
- Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.,Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Lajos Pusztai
- Breast Medical Oncology, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Christos Hatzis
- Breast Medical Oncology, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Callahan BM, Yavorski JM, Tu YN, Tong WL, Kinskey JC, Clark KR, Fawcett TJ, Blanck G. T-cell receptor-β V and J usage, in combination with particular HLA class I and class II alleles, correlates with cancer survival patterns. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2018; 67:885-892. [PMID: 29508024 PMCID: PMC11028132 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-018-2139-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Class I and class II HLA proteins, respectively, have been associated with subsets of V(D)J usage resulting from recombination of the T-cell receptor (TCR) genes. Additionally, particular HLA alleles, in combination with dominant TCR V(D)J recombinations, have been associated with several autoimmune diseases. The recovery of TCR recombination reads from tumor specimen exome files has allowed rapid and extensive assessments of V(D)J usage, likely for cancer resident T-cells, across relatively large cancer datasets. The results from this approach, in this report, have permitted an extensive alignment of TCR-β VDJ usage and HLA class I and II alleles. Results indicate the correlation of both better and worse cancer survival rates with particular TCR-β, V and J usage-HLA allele combinations, with differences in median survival times ranging from 7 to 130 months, depending on the cancer and the specific TCR-β V and J usage/HLA class allele combination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blake M Callahan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Bd. MDC7, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - John M Yavorski
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Bd. MDC7, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Yaping N Tu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Bd. MDC7, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Wei Lue Tong
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Bd. MDC7, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Jacob C Kinskey
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Bd. MDC7, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Kendall R Clark
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Bd. MDC7, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | | | - George Blanck
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Bd. MDC7, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
- Immunology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Single-cell technologies for profiling T cells to enable monitoring of immunotherapies. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2018; 19:142-152. [PMID: 31131208 DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy relies on the reinvigoration of immune system to combat diseases and has transformed the landscape of cancer treatments. Clinical trials using immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), and adoptive transfer of genetically modified T cells have demonstrated durable remissions in subsets of cancer patients. A comprehensive understanding of the polyfunctionality of T lymphocytes in ICI or adoptive cell transfer (ACT), at single-cell resolution, will quantify T-cell properties that are essential for therapeutic benefit. We briefly highlight several emerging integrated single-cell technologies focusing on the profiling of multiple properties/functionalities of T cells. We envision that these tools have the potential to provide valuable experimental and clinical insights on T-cell biology, and eventually pave the road for the discovery of surrogate T-cell biomarkers for immunotherapy.
Collapse
|
26
|
Wang C, Li S, Jia H, Chen G, Fang Y, Zeng S, He X, Yao W, Jin Q, Cheng W, Feng Y, Yin H, Jing Z. Monoclonal and oligoclonal TCR AV and BV gene usage in CD4 + T cells from pigs immunised with C-strain CSFV vaccine. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1655. [PMID: 29374266 PMCID: PMC5786037 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19974-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical swine fever virus C-strain vaccine (C-strain vaccine) plays a vital role in preventing and controlling the spread of classical swine fever (CSF). However, the protective mechanisms of C-strain vaccine and cellular immunity conferred by T cell receptors (TCRs) are less well defined. We aimed to analyse the association between the complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3) spectratype of αβTCR in CD4+ T cells and C-strain vaccine; and to find conserved CDR3 amino acid motifs in specific TCR α- and β-chains. We found that the CDR3 spectratype showed dynamic changes correlating with C-strain vaccine immunisation and that TCR AV5S/8–3S/8–4S/14/38 and BV4S/6S/7S/15S/30 gene families showed clonal expansion in immunised pigs. The sequences of CDR3 from these clonally expanded T cells indicated a high frequency of the ‘KLX’ motif in the TCR α chain and the ‘GGX’ motif in β chain, and Jα39, Jα43, Jβ2.5 and Jβ2.3 genes were also found in high frequency. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing the dynamic changes of αβTCRs and conserved CDR3 amino acid motifs in CD4+ T cells from C-strain vaccine-immunised pigs, which will provide a basis for the development of high-efficiency epitope vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P.R. China
| | - Shoujie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P.R. China
| | - Huaijie Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P.R. China
| | - Guohua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P.R. China
| | - Yongxiang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobing He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P.R. China
| | - Wenjuan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P.R. China
| | - Qiwang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P.R. China
| | - Wenyu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P.R. China
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P.R. China
| | - Zhizhong Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P.R. China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|