1
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Lin Y, Li J, Liang X, Hu T, Huang Z, Zhu Z, Diao M, Zhao X, Peng Z, Wang Y, Chen Q, Liu J, Wu K. Steering Electron-Induced Surface Reaction via a Molecular Assembly Approach. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10150-10158. [PMID: 38557061 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Electrons not only serve as a "reactant" in redox reactions but also play a role in "catalyzing" some chemical processes. Despite the significance and ubiquitousness of electron-induced chemistry, many related scientific issues still await further exploration, among which is the impact of molecular assembly. In this work, microscopic insights into the vital role of molecular assembly in tweaking the electron-induced surface chemistry are unfolded by combined scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory studies. It is shown that the selective dissociation of a C-Cl bond in 4,4″-dichloro-1,1':3',1''-terphenyl (DCTP) on Cu(111) can be efficiently triggered by an electron injection via the STM tip into the unoccupied molecular orbital. The DCTP molecules are embedded in different assembly structures, including its self-assembly and coassemblies with Br adatoms. The energy threshold for the C-Cl bond cleavage increases as more Br adatoms stay close to the molecule, indicative of the sensitive response of the electron-induced surface reactivity of the C-Cl bond to the subtle change in the molecular assembly. Such a phenomenon is rationalized by the energy shift of the involved unoccupied molecular orbital of DCTP that is embedded in different assemblies. These findings shed new light on the tuning effect of molecular assembly on electron-induced reactions and introduce an efficient approach to precisely steer surface chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Lin
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jie Li
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics and Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoyang Liang
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ting Hu
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhichao Huang
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhen Zhu
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mengxiao Diao
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xinwei Zhao
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhantao Peng
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics and Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qiwei Chen
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jing Liu
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kai Wu
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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2
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Abadia M, Piquero-Zulaica I, Brede J, Verdini A, Floreano L, V. Barth J, Lobo-Checa J, Corso M, Rogero C. Enhancing Haloarene Coupling Reaction Efficiency on an Oxide Surface by Metal Atom Addition. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:1923-1930. [PMID: 38315034 PMCID: PMC10870764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The bottom-up synthesis of carbon-based nanomaterials directly on semiconductor surfaces allows for the decoupling of their electronic and magnetic properties from the substrates. However, the typically reduced reactivity of such nonmetallic surfaces adversely affects the course of these reactions. Here, we achieve a high polymerization yield of halogenated polyphenyl molecular building blocks on the semiconducting TiO2(110) surface via concomitant surface decoration with cobalt atoms, which catalyze the Ullmann coupling reaction. Specifically, cobalt atoms trigger the debromination of 4,4″-dibromo-p-terphenyl molecules on TiO2(110) and mediate the formation of an intermediate organometallic phase already at room temperature (RT). As the debromination temperature is drastically reduced, homocoupling and polymerization readily proceed, preventing presursor desorption from the substrate and entailing a drastic increase of the poly-para-phenylene polymerization yield. The general efficacy of this mechanism is shown with an iodinated terphenyl derivative, which exhibits similar dehalogenation and reaction yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Abadia
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Materials Physics Center
MPC, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ignacio Piquero-Zulaica
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Physics
Department E20, Technical University of
Munich (TUM), 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Jens Brede
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Materials Physics Center
MPC, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Alberto Verdini
- CNR-IOM,
Instituto Officina dei Materiali Laboratorio TASC, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Luca Floreano
- CNR-IOM,
Instituto Officina dei Materiali Laboratorio TASC, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Johannes V. Barth
- Physics
Department E20, Technical University of
Munich (TUM), 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Jorge Lobo-Checa
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento
de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Martina Corso
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Materials Physics Center
MPC, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Celia Rogero
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Materials Physics Center
MPC, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
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3
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Lin Y, Diao M, Dai J, Xu Z, Zhao X, Wen X, Xing L, Zhou X, Chen Q, Liu J, Wu K. Molecular insight into on-surface chemistry of an organometallic polymer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:1006-1013. [PMID: 36533548 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04858b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A molecular investigation of Cu-elimination and subsequent C-C coupling of DCTP (4,4''-dichloro-1,1':3',1''-terphenyl)-Cu organometallic (OM) polymers on Cu(111) is conducted by scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy, revealing that the Cu adatoms embedded in the DCTP-Cu chains are located at the hollow and bridge sites on the Cu(111) surface. The difference in the catalytic activities of these surface sites leads to stepwise elimination of Cu adatoms in the OM chains. Moreover, the interchain interaction plays an important role in the Cu-elimination process of the DCTP-Cu chains as well. The interchain steric hindrance, on the one hand, induces the formation of Cu-eliminated intermediates that are scarcely observed in other Ullmann coupling systems, and on the other hand, promotes the cooperative Cu-elimination and C-C coupling of the OM segments in neighboring chains. These findings demonstrate the key role of the molecule-substrate and intermolecular interactions in mediating the reaction processes of the extended molecular systems on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Lin
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Mengxiao Diao
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Jingxin Dai
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Zhen Xu
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Xinwei Zhao
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Xiaojie Wen
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Lingbo Xing
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Xiong Zhou
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Qiwei Chen
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Jing Liu
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Kai Wu
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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4
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Lisiecki J, Szabelski P. Monte Carlo simulation of the surface-assisted self-assembly of metal-organic precursors comprising phenanthrene building blocks. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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5
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Tsukahara N, Yoshinobu J. Substrate-Selective Intermolecular Interaction and the Molecular Self-Assemblies: 1,3,5-Tris(4-bromophenyl)benzene Molecules on the Ag(111) and Si(111) (√3 × √3)-Ag Surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:8881-8889. [PMID: 35770974 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We report the formation processes of the self-assembled layer of 1,3,5-tris(4-bromophenyl)benzene (TBB) molecules on the Ag(111) and Si(111) (√3 × √3)-Ag surfaces by STM measurements and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The self-assembled layers on the surfaces show characteristic structures controlled by the interplay between the intermolecular interaction and the molecule-substrate interaction. Through the cooperative interplay between the molecule-substrate interaction and the intermolecular halogen bond (XB), the periodic arrangement of TBB molecules appears on the Ag(111) surface. On the other hand, the two types of TBB arrangement appear on the Si(111) (√3 × √3)-Ag surface (phases 1 and 2). Phase 1 is the periodic arrangement of the TBB molecules and is derived from the cooperative interplay between the molecule-substrate interaction and the intermolecular van der Waals (vdW) interaction and the hydrogen bond (HB), and phase 2 is a random arrangement and is derived from the competitive interplay between the molecule-substrate interaction and the intermolecular XB and HB. Our present study specifies the role of the substrate in the molecular self-assembly of the substrate. Although the structure of the molecular self-assembly is controlled by the choice of the substrate, the cooperative interplay between the molecule-substrate interaction and the intermolecular interaction is necessary to realize the ideal periodic arrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Tsukahara
- National Institute of Technology, Gunma College, Toriba-machi 580, Maebashi-shi 370-8530, Gunma, Japan
| | - Jun Yoshinobu
- The Institute for Solid State Physics (ISSP), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha 5-1-5, Kashiwa-shi 277-8581, Chiba, Japan
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6
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Langlais V, Schneider K, Tang H. Light assisted synthesis of poly-para-phenylene on Ag(001). JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 34:055001. [PMID: 34700309 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac334e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A detailed study of poly-para-phenylene (PPP) obtained by light-assisted on-surface-synthesis (OSS) on Ag(100) was carried out by scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy together with density functional theory calculations. The use of light in combination with heat allows to lower by 50 K annealing temperature the each stage of the Ullmann coupling. Debromination of the 4,4″ dibromo-p-terphenyl precursors was thus realized at 300 K, the formation of the first oligomers from the organometallic intermediate by silver bridging atom release at 423 K and PPP by complete elimination of the silver at 473 K. This approach to lower the reaction temperature permits to enhance the Ag(100) surface reactivity to become comparable to that of Cu(111). The underlying mechanism of light effect was proposed to occur via surface mediated excitation, with the creation of photoexcited electrons known as hot electrons correlated with surface plasmon excitation. This original pathway combining both light and heat provides an additional parameter to control OSS by separating the precursor activation stage from the diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Langlais
- CEMES-CNRS, Center for Materials Elaboration and Structural Studies, 29, rue Jeanne Marvig, BP 94347, 31055 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - K Schneider
- CEMES-CNRS, Center for Materials Elaboration and Structural Studies, 29, rue Jeanne Marvig, BP 94347, 31055 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - H Tang
- CEMES-CNRS, Center for Materials Elaboration and Structural Studies, 29, rue Jeanne Marvig, BP 94347, 31055 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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7
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Lisiecki J, Szabelski P. Designing 2D covalent networks with lattice Monte Carlo simulations: precursor self-assembly. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:5780-5796. [PMID: 33666606 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06608g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Organic synthesis reactions in the adsorbed phase have been recently an intensively studied topic in heterogeneous catalysis and material engineering. One of such processes is the Ullmann coupling in which halogenated organic monomers are transformed into covalently bonded polymeric structures. In this work, we use the lattice Monte Carlo simulation method to study the on-surface self-assembly of organometallic precursor architectures comprising tetrasubstituted naphthalene building blocks with differently distributed halogen atoms. In the coarse grained approach adopted herein the molecules and metal atoms were modeled by discrete segments, two connected and one, respectively, placed on a triangular lattice representing a (111) metallic surface. Our simulations focused on the influence of the intramolecular distribution of the substituents on the morphology of the resulting superstructures. Special attention was paid to the molecules that create porous networks characterized by long-range order. Moreover, the structural analysis of the assemblies comprising prochiral building blocks was made by running simulations for the corresponding enantiopure and racemic adsorbed systems. The obtained results demonstrated the possibility of directing the on-surface self-assembly towards networks with controllable pore shape and size. These findings can be helpful in designing covalently bonded 2D superstructures with predefined architecture and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Lisiecki
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, Pl. M.C. Skłodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Paweł Szabelski
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, Pl. M.C. Skłodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland.
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8
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Schultz JF, Yang B, Jiang N. On-surface formation of metal–organic coordination networks with C⋯Ag⋯C and C=O⋯Ag interactions assisted by precursor self-assembly. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:044703. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0038559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy F. Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Bing Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
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9
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Galeotti G, Fritton M, Lackinger M. Kohlenstoff‐Kohlenstoff‐Kupplung auf inerten Oberflächen durch die Abscheidung von en route erzeugten Aryl Radikalen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Massimo Fritton
- Deutsches Museum Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Deutschland
- Physik Department Technische Universität München James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Markus Lackinger
- Deutsches Museum Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Deutschland
- Physik Department Technische Universität München James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching Deutschland
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10
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Galeotti G, Fritton M, Lackinger M. Carbon-Carbon Coupling on Inert Surfaces by Deposition of En Route Generated Aryl Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:22785-22789. [PMID: 32926497 PMCID: PMC7814669 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To facilitate C-C coupling in on-surface synthesis on inert surfaces, we devised a radical deposition source (RDS) for the direct deposition of aryl radicals onto arbitrary substrates. Its core piece is a heated reactive drift tube through which halogenated precursors are deposited and en route converted into radicals. For the proof of concept we study 4,4''-diiodo-p-terphenyl (DITP) precursors on iodine-passivated metal surfaces. Deposition with the RDS at room temperature results in highly regular structures comprised of mostly monomeric (terphenyl) or dimeric (sexiphenyl) biradicals. Mild heating activates progressive C-C coupling into more extended molecular wires. These structures are distinctly different from the self-assemblies observed upon conventional deposition of intact DITP. Direct deposition of radicals renders substrate reactivity unnecessary, thereby paving the road for synthesis on application-relevant inert surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Massimo Fritton
- Deutsches MuseumMuseumsinsel 180538MunichGermany
- Department of PhysicsTechnische Universität MünchenJames-Franck-Str. 185748GarchingGermany
| | - Markus Lackinger
- Deutsches MuseumMuseumsinsel 180538MunichGermany
- Department of PhysicsTechnische Universität MünchenJames-Franck-Str. 185748GarchingGermany
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11
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Structural characterisation of molecular conformation and the incorporation of adatoms in an on-surface Ullmann-type reaction. Commun Chem 2020; 3:166. [PMID: 36703404 PMCID: PMC9814584 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-020-00402-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The on-surface synthesis of covalently bonded materials differs from solution-phase synthesis in several respects. The transition from a three-dimensional reaction volume to quasi-two-dimensional confinement, as is the case for on-surface synthesis, has the potential to facilitate alternative reaction pathways to those available in solution. Ullmann-type reactions, where the surface plays a role in the coupling of aryl-halide functionalised species, has been shown to facilitate extended one- and two-dimensional structures. Here we employ a combination of scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray standing wave (XSW) analysis to perform a chemical and structural characterisation of the Ullmann-type coupling of two iodine functionalised species on a Ag(111) surface held under ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions. Our results allow characterisation of molecular conformations and adsorption geometries within an on-surface reaction and provide insight into the incorporation of metal adatoms within the intermediate structures of the reaction.
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12
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Nieckarz D, Szabelski P. Theoretical Modeling of the Surface-Guided Self-Assembly of Functional Molecules. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:643-650. [PMID: 31894625 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201901105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Directing the self-assembly of organic building blocks with 2D templates has been a promising method to create molecular superstructures having unique physicochemical properties. In this work the on-surface self-assembly of simple ditopic functional molecules confined inside periodic nanotemplates was modeled by means of the lattice Monte Carlo simulation method. Two types of confinement, that is honeycomb porous networks and parallel grooves of controlled diameter and width were used in the calculations. Additionally, the effect of (pro)chirality of the adsorbing molecules on the outcome of the templated self-assembly was examined. To that end, enantiopure and racemic assemblies were studied and the resulting structures were identified and classified. The obtained findings demonstrated that suitable tuning of the structural parameters of the templates enables directing the self-assembly towards linear and cyclic aggregates with controlled size. Moreover, chiral resolution of the molecular conformers using honeycomb networks with adjusted pore size was found possible. Our theoretical predictions can be helpful in designing structured surfaces to direct self-assembly and polymerization of organic functional building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Nieckarz
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, MariaCurie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, Pl. M.C. Skłodowskiej 3, 20-031, Lublin, Poland
| | - Paweł Szabelski
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, MariaCurie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, Pl. M.C. Skłodowskiej 3, 20-031, Lublin, Poland
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13
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Lu H, E W, Cai L, Ma Z, Xu W, Yang X. Dissymmetric On-Surface Dehalogenation Reaction Steered by Preformed Self-Assembled Structure. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:1867-1872. [PMID: 32073272 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ullmann coupling of 4,4″-dibromo-p-terphenyl (DBTP) thermally catalyzed on a Ag(111) surface was studied by scanning tunneling microscopy. Detailed experimental measurement shows that the Ullmann coupling reaction pathways of DBTP molecules can be controlled by pre-self-assembly, and the dissymmetric dehalogenation reaction is realized. Moreover, self-assembly of the reactants in a rectangular network undergoes a dissymmetric debromination transfer to a newly observed rhombic network formed by organometallic dimers prior to the formation of longer symmetric organometallic intermediates on a Ag(111) surface, while the ladder assembled phase is more likely to induce the symmetric debromination reaction and converts into the symmetric organometallic intermediate. These findings help us to understand the essentials of the dissymmetric dehalogenation reaction that originated from a symmetric compound and pave new avenues for advancing the emerging field of on-surface synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wenlong E
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Liangliang Cai
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, P. R. China
| | - Zhibo Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Wei Xu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, P. R. China
| | - Xueming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Road, Guangdong, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
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14
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Queffélec C, Forato F, Bujoli B, Knight DA, Fonda E, Humbert B. Investigation of copper oxidation states in plasmonic nanomaterials by XAS and Raman spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:2193-2199. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06478h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A shell-isolated nanoparticle enhanced surface Raman technique and XANES for detection of copper(ii) or copper(i) plasmonic-nanocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bruno Bujoli
- Université de Nantes
- CNRS
- CEISAM
- UMR 6230
- F-44000 Nantes
| | - D. Andrew Knight
- Department of Biomedical & Chemical Engineering & Sciences
- Florida Institute of Technology
- Melbourne
- USA
| | - Emiliano Fonda
- Synchrotron SOLEIL
- L’ormes des merisiers
- Gif-Sur-Yvette Cedex
- France
| | - Bernard Humbert
- Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel
- CNRS-Université de Nantes
- 44322 Nantes Cedex 3
- France
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15
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Mishra V, Yadav VK, Singh JK, Gopakumar TG. Electronic Structure of a Semiconducting Imine-Covalent Organic Framework. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:4645-4650. [PMID: 31310046 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Imine COF (covalent organic framework) based on the Schiff base reaction between p-phenylenediamine (PDA) and benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxaldehyde (TCA) was prepared on the HOPG-air (air=humid N2 ) interface and characterized using different probe microscopies. The role of the molar ratio of TCA and PDA has been explored, and smooth domains of imine COF up to a few μm are formed for a high TCA ratio (>2) compared to PDA. It is also observed that the microscopic roughness of imine COF is strongly influenced by the presence of water (in the reaction chamber) during the Schiff base reaction. The electronic property of imine COF obtained by tunneling spectroscopy and dispersion corrected density functional theory (DFT) calculation are comparable and show semiconducting nature with a band gap of ≈1.8 eV. Further, we show that the frontier orbitals are delocalized entirely over the framework of imine COF. The calculated cohesive energy shows that the stability of imine COF is comparable to that of graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP-, 208016, India
| | - Vivek K Yadav
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP-, 208016, India
| | - Jayant K Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP-, 208016, India
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16
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Ammon M, Haller M, Sorayya S, Maier S. On-Surface Synthesis of Porous Carbon Nanoribbons on Silver: Reaction Kinetics and the Influence of the Surface Structure. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:2333-2339. [PMID: 31400291 PMCID: PMC6771863 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We report on the influence of the surface structure and the reaction kinetics in the bottom-up fabrication of porous nanoribbons on silver surfaces using low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy. The porous carbon nanoribbons are fabricated by the polymerization of 1,3,5-tris(3-bromophenyl)benzene directly on the Ag surface using an Ullmann-type reaction in combination with dehydrogenative coupling reactions. We demonstrate the successful on-surface synthesis of porous nanoribbons on Ag(111) and Ag(100) even though the self-assemblies of the intermediate organometallic structures and covalently-linked polymer chains are different on both surfaces. Furthermore, we present the formation of isolated porous nanoribbons by kinetic control. Our results give valuable insights into the role of substrate-induced templating effects and the reaction kinetics in the on-surface synthesis of conformationally flexible molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Ammon
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Straße 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Haller
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Straße 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Shadi Sorayya
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Straße 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sabine Maier
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Straße 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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17
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Dai J, Zhao W, Xing L, Shang J, Ju H, Zhou X, Liu J, Chen Q, Wang Y, Zhu J, Wu K. Dechlorinated Ullmann Coupling Reaction of Aryl Chlorides on Ag(111): A Combined STM and XPS Study. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:2367-2375. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingxin Dai
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Wenhui Zhao
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Lingbo Xing
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Jian Shang
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Huanxin Ju
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230029 China
| | - Xiong Zhou
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Jing Liu
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Qiwei Chen
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices Department of ElectronicsPeking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230029 China
| | - Kai Wu
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking University Beijing 100871 China
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18
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Abstract
On-surface synthesis provides a route for the production of 1D and 2D covalently bonded polymeric structures. Such reactions are confined to the surface of a substrate and the catalytic properties of the substrate are often utilised to initiate the reaction. Recent studies have focused on the properties of various crystallographic planes of metallic substrates, as well as native surface features such as step-edges, in an effort to provide control over the pathway of the reaction and the resultant products. An alternative approach is to template the catalytic surface with a porous molecular overlayer; giving rise to well-defined surface regions within which an on-surface reaction may be confined. Here we present a methodology where macromolecular templates are used to confine an on-surface reaction. Cyclic porphyrin polymers, nanorings - consisting of 40 porphyrin units with internal diameter 13 nm, are used to form a template on a Au(111) surface, and an on-surface Ullmann-type coupling reaction is initiated within the nanoring template. The surface confined template and covalently coupled reaction products are investigated and characterised with scanning tunnelling microscopy.
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19
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Sarasola A, Barragán A, Vitali L. Cooperative Action for Molecular Debromination Reaction on Cu(110). J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:15631-15634. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b10329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ane Sarasola
- Departamento de Física Aplicada I, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ana Barragán
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Materials Physics Center MPC, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU) E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Lucia Vitali
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Materials Physics Center MPC, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU) E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, E-48013 Bilbao, Spain
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20
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Piquero-Zulaica I, Garcia-Lekue A, Colazzo L, Krug CK, Mohammed MSG, Abd El-Fattah ZM, Gottfried JM, de Oteyza DG, Ortega JE, Lobo-Checa J. Electronic Structure Tunability by Periodic meta-Ligand Spacing in One-Dimensional Organic Semiconductors. ACS NANO 2018; 12:10537-10544. [PMID: 30295463 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b06536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Designing molecular organic semiconductors with distinct frontier orbitals is key for the development of devices with desirable properties. Generating defined organic nanostructures with atomic precision can be accomplished by on-surface synthesis. We use this "dry" chemistry to introduce topological variations in a conjugated poly( para-phenylene) chain in the form of meta-junctions. As evidenced by STM and LEED, we produce a macroscopically ordered, monolayer thin zigzag chain film on a vicinal silver crystal. These cross-conjugated nanostructures are expected to display altered electronic properties, which are now unraveled by highly complementary experimental techniques (ARPES and STS) and theoretical calculations (DFT and EPWE). We find that meta-junctions dominate the weakly dispersive band structure, while the band gap is tunable by altering the linear segment's length. These periodic topology effects induce significant loss of the electronic coupling between neighboring linear segments leading to partial electron confinement in the form of weakly coupled quantum dots. Such periodic quantum interference effects determine the overall semiconducting character and functionality of the chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Piquero-Zulaica
- Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC/UPV-EHU-Materials Physics Center , Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5 , E-20018 San Sebastián , Spain
| | - Aran Garcia-Lekue
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) , Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4 , E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastián , Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science , 48011 Bilbao , Spain
| | - Luciano Colazzo
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) , Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4 , E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastián , Spain
| | - Claudio K Krug
- Fachbereich Chemie , Philipps-Universität Marburg , Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4 , 35032 Marburg , Germany
| | - Mohammed S G Mohammed
- Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC/UPV-EHU-Materials Physics Center , Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5 , E-20018 San Sebastián , Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) , Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4 , E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastián , Spain
| | - Zakaria M Abd El-Fattah
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona , Spain
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science , Al-Azhar University , Nasr City , E-11884 Cairo , Egypt
| | - J Michael Gottfried
- Fachbereich Chemie , Philipps-Universität Marburg , Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4 , 35032 Marburg , Germany
| | - Dimas G de Oteyza
- Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC/UPV-EHU-Materials Physics Center , Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5 , E-20018 San Sebastián , Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) , Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4 , E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastián , Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science , 48011 Bilbao , Spain
| | - J Enrique Ortega
- Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC/UPV-EHU-Materials Physics Center , Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5 , E-20018 San Sebastián , Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) , Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4 , E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastián , Spain
- Dpto. Física Aplicada I , Universidad del País Vasco , E-20018 San Sebastián , Spain
| | - Jorge Lobo-Checa
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA) , CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza , E-50009 Zaragoza , Spain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada , Universidad de Zaragoza , E-50009 Zaragoza , Spain
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21
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Marina N, Lanterna AE, Scaiano JC. Expanding the Color Space in the Two-Color Heterogeneous Photocatalysis of Ullmann C–C Coupling Reactions. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b02026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Marina
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences and Centre for Advanced Materials Research (CAMaR), University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Anabel E. Lanterna
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences and Centre for Advanced Materials Research (CAMaR), University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Juan C. Scaiano
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences and Centre for Advanced Materials Research (CAMaR), University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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22
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Lischka M, Michelitsch GS, Martsinovich N, Eichhorn J, Rastgoo-Lahrood A, Strunskus T, Breuer R, Reuter K, Schmittel M, Lackinger M. Remote functionalization in surface-assisted dehalogenation by conformational mechanics: organometallic self-assembly of 3,3',5,5'-tetrabromo-2,2',4,4',6,6'-hexafluorobiphenyl on Ag(111). NANOSCALE 2018; 10:12035-12044. [PMID: 29905751 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr01987h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Even though the surface-assisted dehalogenative coupling constitutes the most abundant protocol in on-surface synthesis, its full potential will only become visible if selectivity issues with polybrominated precursors are comprehensively understood, opening new venues for both organometallic self-assembly and on-surface polymerization. Using the 3,3',5,5'-tetrabromo-2,2',4,4',6,6'-hexafluorobiphenyl (Br4F6BP) at Ag(111), we demonstrate a remote site-selective functionalization at room temperature and a marked temperature difference in double- vs. quadruple activation, both phenomena caused by conformational mechanical effects of the precursor-surface ensemble. The submolecularly resolved structural characterization was achieved by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy, the chemical state was quantitatively assessed by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, and the analysis of the experimental signatures was supported through first-principles Density-Functional Theory calculations. The non-planarity of the various structures at the surface was specifically probed by additional Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure experiments. Upon progressive heating, Br4F6BP on Ag(111) shows the following unprecedented phenomena: (1) formation of regular organometallic 1D chains via remote site-selective 3,5'-didebromination; (2) a marked temperature difference in double- vs. quadruple activation; (3) an organometallic self-assembly based on reversibility of C-Ag-C linkages with a thus far unknown polymorphism affording both hexagonal and rectangular 2D networks; (4) extraordinary thermal stability of the organometallic networks. Controlled covalent coupling at the previously Br-functionalized sites was not achieved for the Br4F6BP precursor, in contrast to the comparatively studied non-fluorinated analogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Lischka
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Frank-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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23
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Kalashnyk N, Salomon E, Mun SH, Jung J, Giovanelli L, Angot T, Dumur F, Gigmes D, Clair S. The Orientation of Silver Surfaces Drives the Reactivity and the Selectivity in Homo-Coupling Reactions. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:1802-1808. [PMID: 29732680 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Original reaction pathways can be explored in the on-surface synthesis approach where small aromatic precursors are confined to the surface of single crystal metals. The bis-indanedione molecule reacted with itself on silver surfaces in different ways, through a Knoevenagel reaction or an oxidative coupling, leading to the formation of a variety of new molecular compounds and covalently-linked 1D or 2D networks. Noteworthy, original reaction products were obtained that cannot be synthesized in traditional solvent-based chemistry. The lowest activation temperature for the homo-coupling reactions was found on the Ag(111) surface. The Ag(110) was highly selective in terms of coupling reaction type, while on Ag(100) the temperature could finely control the selectivity. The on-surface synthesis approach is shown here to be particularly efficient to produce original compounds in mild conditions, using activation temperatures as low as 200 °C. The different structures were characterized by scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) together with X-ray photoelectron emission spectroscopy (XPS) and high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Salomon
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, PIIM, Marseille, France
| | - Sung Hwan Mun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehoon Jung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Luca Giovanelli
- Aix Marseille Univ, Univ Toulon, CNRS, IM2NP, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | - Sylvain Clair
- Aix Marseille Univ, Univ Toulon, CNRS, IM2NP, Marseille, France
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