Cytotoxicity of thymoquinone alone or in combination with cisplatin (CDDP) against oral squamous cell carcinoma in vitro. Sci Rep. 2017;7:13131. [PMID: 29030590 PMCID: PMC5640598 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13357-5]

Thymoquinone potentiates anti-cancer effects of cisplatin in oral squamous cell carcinoma via targeting oxidative stress

Recent evidence has proved that thymoquinone as a natural polyphenol has great anticancer and anti-proliferative effects in cancer cells. In this study, we aimed to examine the effects of thymoquinone on increasing cisplatin-induced apoptosis human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells and its underlying molecular mechanisms. SCC-25 cancer cells treated by thymoquinone and cisplatin with different concentrations. Cell viability will determine by using MTT assay. The concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant activities were determined using specific related kits. DNA damage, lipid, and protein oxidation were assessed. Real-time PCR and Western blot analysis will be used to determine the expression of apoptosis-related proteins including Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3. Combination of thymoquinone and cisplatin suppressed synergistically SCC-25 cancer cell viability and induced apoptosis in dose-depended manner. Cell treatment with combination of thymoquinone and cisplatin led to accumulation of ROS within cells and increase in the intracellular levels of DNA damage, protein and lipid peroxidation. In addition, the combination of thymoquinone and cisplatin modulated the mRNA and protein expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins including Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3. Thymoquinone potentiated cisplatin anti-cancer effect on OSCC by inducing oxidative stress in cells.

Antitumoral properties of the pomegranate peel and blueberry extracts against tongue carcinoma (in vitro study)

Background

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common cancers globally. Considering the drawbacks of the traditional treatment phytochemicals have been introduced to the research field with consideration of their minimal, or no side effects and good efficacy against cancer cells. Pomegranate peel and blueberries are very well-known phytochemicals in this context.

Material and methods

Methanolic extracts are prepared from both pomegranate peel (PPE) and blueberry (BE) dried powders. The antioxidant content was determined by ORAC assay for both extracts. The cytotoxic levels of the extracts and IC50 on the HNO-97 cell line were defined using the colorimetric SRB assay. Then flow cytometric apoptosis analysis of the IC50 of both extracts was performed. Finally, an investigation of the metastasis through the wound healing assay was performed for both extracts.

Results

A significant difference in the antioxidant content was found between PPE and BE ethanolic extracts. The Ic50 for the PPE-treated cell line was 73.35 µg/ml while the BE showed it at 525.38 µg/ml with a significant difference between them. Both PPE and BE showed significant induction of cancer cell apoptosis with much better results with PPE treatment. The wound healing assay showed significant inhibition of cell migration when treated with PPE while there was not any significant effect on cell migration when treated with BE.

Conclusion

With the consideration that, the Phytochemicals used are well-known fruits with no harm on normal tissues. Low doses of PPE exert incredibly significant alteration in the HNO-97 tongue cancer cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis and inhibition of cancer cell migration. Meanwhile, treatment with BE needs much higher doses for showing anti-proliferative properties of cancer cells and induce cancer cell apoptosis. This gives promising results for further investigations about using them as a treatment or adjunctive treatment for oral cancer cases.

The anticancer and anti-inflammatory activity screening of pyridazinone-based analogs against human epidermoid skin cancer with detailed mechanistic analyses

3(2H)-Pyridazinone derivatives based on 4-biphenyl, naphtha-2-yl, pyridine, or piperidine moiety were synthesized and characterized using I-R and 1HNMR spectra. The activity and cytotoxicity of some synthesized compounds on the skin epidermoid cancer cell proliferation and progression were investigated. The pyridazine isomer with pyridine revealed a significant decrease in the level of nitric oxide p < 0.01 than the activity of caffeine phenecyl ester. The activity of the three active isomers recorded significant activity for their total antioxidant content that triggers their ability for the scavenging the oxygen free radicals significantly p < 0.01. Moreover, revealing the pharmaceutical activity of the isomers as anti-inflammatory agents, IL-6, IL10, and IL12 have been decreased by variable significant values. Additionally, the active isomers revealed variable actions on the skin cancer cell to induce apoptosis using annexin V-FITC/PI. Pyridine was the highest isomer to induce late apoptosis and necrosis for the skin cancer cells against the use of cisplatin. Importantly, Molecular modeling experiments including docking and dynamic simulations were done for the most active 3 analogs to explore the ligand binding and stability leading to exploring the structure-activity relationship with biological target PARP1 which showed a good binding propensity to pyridazine binding site which supports the in vitro data. In conclusion, the pyridazine moieties with piperdine, naphthayl, and pyridine have pharmacological activities against skin cancer epidermoid by triggering action in inhibition of the proliferation and progression with an up-regulated apoptotic mechanism that evades the emergence of cisplatin resistance among different cancer cells.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Aceclofenac/Citronellol Oil Nanoemulsion Repurposing Study: Formulation, In Vitro Characterization, and In Silico Evaluation of Their Antiproliferative and Pro-Apoptotic Activity against Melanoma Cell Line

Aceclofenac (ACF) is a widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) known for its effectiveness in treating pain and inflammation. Recent studies have demonstrated that ACF possesses antiproliferative properties, inhibiting the growth of cancer cells in various cancer cell lines. Citronellol, a monoterpenoid alcohol found in essential oils, exhibits antioxidant properties and activities such as inhibiting cell growth and acetylcholinesterase inhibition. In this study, the objective was to formulate and evaluate an aceclofenac/citronellol oil nanoemulsion for its antiproliferative effects on melanoma. The optimal concentrations of citronellol oil, Tween 80, and Transcutol HP were determined using a pseudoternary phase diagram. The formulated nanoemulsions were characterized for droplet size, zeta potential, thermophysical stability, and in vitro release. The selected formula (F1) consisted of citronellol oil (1 gm%), Tween 80 (4 gm%), and Transcutol HP (1 gm%). F1 exhibited a spherical appearance with high drug content, small droplet size, and acceptable negative zeta potential. The amorphous state of the drug in the nanoemulsion was confirmed by Differential Scanning Calorimetry, while FTIR analysis indicated its homogenous solubility. The nanoemulsion showed significant antiproliferative activity, with a lower IC50 value compared to aceclofenac or citronellol alone. Flow cytometric analysis revealed cell cycle arrest and increased apoptosis induced by the nanoemulsion. In silico studies provided insights into the molecular mechanism underlying the observed antitumor activity. In conclusion, the developed aceclofenac/citronellol oil nanoemulsion exhibited potent cytotoxicity and pro-apoptotic effects, suggesting its potential as a repurposed antiproliferative agent for melanoma treatment. In a future plan, further animal model research for validation is suggested.

Optimization and characterization of antileukemic L-asparaginase produced by Fusarium solani endophyte

L-asparaginase is an antileukemic enzyme that hydrolyzes L-asparagine into L-aspartic acid and ammonia, causing cell starvation and apoptosis in susceptible leukemic cell populations. Currently, L-asparaginase obtained from bacterial sources is constrained by several issues, including lesser productivity, stability, selectivity, and higher toxicity. The goal of this study is to provide fungal L-asparaginase with in-vitro effectiveness towards different human carcinomas. L-asparaginase from endophytic Fusarium solani (Gene Bank accession number MW209717) isolated from the roots of the medicinal plant Hedera helix L. was characterized and optimized experimentally for maximum L-asparaginase production in addition to evaluating its subsequent cytotoxicity towards acute monocytic leukemia and human skin fibroblast cell lines. The enzyme production was maximized using potato dextrose media (15.44 IU/ml/hr) at the 5th and 6th days of fermentation with incubation temperature 30 °C, 3% asparagine, 150-180 rpm agitation rate and a 250 ml flask. Enzyme characterization studies revealed that the enzyme maintained its thermal stability with temperatures up to 60 °C. However, its optimal activity was achieved at 35 °C. On measuring the enzymatic activity at various temperatures and different pH, maximum enzyme activity was recorded at 40 °C and pH 8 using 0.1 M asparagine concentration. Results also revealed promising cytotoxic activity against acute monocytic leukemia with IC50 = 3.66 µg/ml and low cytotoxicity against tested normal human skin fibroblast cell line which suggested that it might have selective toxicity, and consequently it could be used as a less toxic alternative to the current formulations.

Thymoquinone Potentially Modulates the Expression of Key Onco- and Tumor Suppressor miRNAs in Prostate and Colon Cancer Cell Lines: Insights from PC3 and HCT-15 Cells

Prostate cancer (PC) and colon cancer significantly contribute to global cancer-related morbidity and mortality. Thymoquinone (TQ), a naturally occurring phytochemical found in black cumin, has shown potential as an anticancer compound. This study aimed to investigate the effects of TQ on the expression profile of key tumor suppressor and onco-suppressor miRNAs in PC3 prostate cancer cells and HCT-15 colon cancer cells. Cell viability assays revealed that TQ inhibited the growth of both cell lines in a dose-dependent manner, with IC50 values of approximately 82.59 μM for HCT-15 and 55.83 μM for PC3 cells. Following TQ treatment at the IC50 concentrations, miRNA expression analysis demonstrated that TQ significantly downregulated miR-21-5p expression in HCT-15 cells and upregulated miR-34a-5p, miR-221-5p, miR-17-5p, and miR-21-5p expression in PC3 cells. However, no significant changes were observed in the expression levels of miR-34a-5p and miR-200a-5p in HCT-15 cells. The current findings suggest that TQ might exert its antiproliferative effects by modulating specific tumor suppressor and onco-suppressor miRNAs in prostate and colon cancer cells. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the precise underlying mechanisms and to explore the therapeutic potential of TQ in cancer treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report regarding the effect of TQ on the miRNA expression profile in colon and prostate cancer cell lines.

Microfluidizing Technique Application for Algerian Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf Effects Enhanced Volatile Content, Antimicrobial, and Anti-Mycotoxigenic Properties

Medicinal plant extracts are a promising source of bioactive minor contents. The present study aimed to evaluate the distinguished volatile content of Algerian Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf before and after the microfluidization process and their related antimicrobial and anti-mycotoxigenic impacts and changes. The GC-MS apparatus was utilized for a comparative examination of Algerian lemongrass essential oil (LGEO) with its microfluidization nanoemulsion (MF-LGEO) volatile content. The MF-LGEO was characterized using Zetasizer and an electron microscope. Cytotoxicity, antibacterial, and antifungal activities were determined for the LGEO and MF-LGEO. The result reflected changes in the content of volatiles for the MF-LGEO. The microfluidizing process enhanced the presence of compounds known for their exceptional antifungal and antibacterial properties in MF-LGEO, namely, neral, geranial, and carvacrol. However, certain terpenes, such as camphor and citronellal, were absent, while decanal, not found in the raw LGEO, was detected. The droplet diameter was 20.76 ± 0.36 nm, and the polydispersity index (PDI) was 0.179 ± 0.03. In cytotoxicity studies, LGEO showed higher activity against the HepG2 cell line than MF-LGEO. Antibacterial LGEO activity against Gram-positive bacteria recorded an inhibitory zone from 41.82 ± 2.84 mm to 58.74 ± 2.64 mm, while the zone ranged from 12.71 ± 1.38 mm to 16.54 ± 1.42 mm for Gram-negative bacteria. Antibacterial activity was enhanced to be up to 71.43 ± 2.54 nm and 31.54 ± 1.01 nm for MF-LGEO impact against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. The antifungal effect was considerable, particularly against Fusarium fungi. It reached 17.56 ± 1.01 mm and 13.04 ± 1.37 mm for LGEO and MF-LGEO application of a well-diffusion assay, respectively. The MF-LGEO was more promising in reducing mycotoxin production in simulated fungal growth media due to the changes linked to essential compounds content. The reduction ratio was 54.3% and 74.57% for total aflatoxins (AFs) and ochratoxin A (OCA) contents, respectively. These results reflect the microfluidizing improvement impact regarding the LGEO antibacterial, antifungal and anti-mycotoxigenic properties.

Thymoquinone Enhances Apoptosis of K562 Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Cells through Hypomethylation of SHP-1 and Inhibition of JAK/STAT Signaling Pathway

The epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) is critical in the development of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). SHP-1 functions as a TSG and negatively regulates JAK/STAT signaling. Enhancement of SHP-1 expression by demethylation provides molecular targets for the treatment of various cancers. Thymoquinone (TQ), a constituent of Nigella sativa seeds, has shown anti-cancer activities in various cancers. However, TQs effect on methylation is not fully clear. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess TQs ability to enhance the expression of SHP-1 through modifying DNA methylation in K562 CML cells. The activities of TQ on cell cycle progression and apoptosis were evaluated using a fluorometric-red cell cycle assay and Annexin V-FITC/PI, respectively. The methylation status of SHP-1 was studied by pyrosequencing analysis. The expression of SHP-1, TET2, WT1, DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B was determined using RT-qPCR. The protein phosphorylation of STAT3, STAT5, and JAK2 was assessed using Jess Western analysis. TQ significantly downregulated the DNMT1 gene, DNMT3A gene, and DNMT3B gene and upregulated the WT1 gene and TET2 gene. This led to hypomethylation and restoration of SHP-1 expression, resulting in inhibition of JAK/STAT signaling, induction of apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest. The observed findings imply that TQ promotes apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in CML cells by inhibiting JAK/STAT signaling via restoration of the expression of JAK/STAT-negative regulator genes.

Hydrothermally reinforcing hydroxyaptatite and bioactive glass on carbon nanofiber scafold for bone tissue engineering

As a bone tissue engineering scaffold, the objective of this study was to design hierarchical bioceramics based on an electrospun composite of carbon nanofibers (CNF) reinforced with hydroxyapatite (HA) and bioactive glasses (BGs) nanoparticles. The performance of the nanofiber as a scaffold for bone tissue engineering was enhanced by reinforcing it with hydroxyapatite and bioactive glass nanoparticles through a hydrothermal process. The influence of HA and BGs on the morphology and biological properties of carbon nanofibers was examined. The prepared materials were evaluated for cytotoxicity in vitro using the water-soluble tetrazolium salt assay (WST-assay) on Osteoblast-like (MG-63) cells, and oste-ocalcin (OCN), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, total calcium, total protein, and tar-trate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAcP) were measured. The WST-1, OCN, TRAcP, total calcium, total protein, and ALP activity tests demonstrated that scaffolds reinforced with HA and BGs had excellent in vitro biocompatibility (cell viability and proliferation) and were suitable for repairing damaged bone by stimulating bioactivity and biomarkers of bone cell formation.

Multifunctional Lipophobic Polymer Dots from Cyclodextrin: Antimicrobial/Anticancer Laborers and Silver Ions Chemo-Sensor

β-Cyclodextrin (CD) is currently exploited for the implantation of lipophobic polymer dots (PDs) for antimicrobial and anticancer laborers. Moreover, the PDs were investigated to act as a chemo-sensor for metal detection. The data revealed that under basic conditions, photoluminescent PDs (5.1 nm) were successively clustered with a controllable size at 190 °C, whereas under acidic conditions, smaller-sized non-photoluminescent carbon nanoparticles (2.9 nm) were obtained. The fluorescence intensity of synthesized PDs under basic conditions was affected by pH, and such an intensity was significantly higher compared to that prepared under acidic conditions. The PDs were exploited as florescent detectors in estimation of Ag⁺ ions in aquatic streams. Treatment of Ag⁺ ion colloids with PDs resulted in fluorescence quenching attributing to the production of AgNPs that approved by spectral studies. The cell viability percent was estimated for Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans after incubation with PDs implanted under basic conditions for 24 h. The cell mortality percent was estimated for breast cancer (MCF-7) after incubation with different concentrations of PDs that were implanted under acidic versus basic conditions to show that treatment of the tested cells with 1000 μg/mL PDs prepared under basic (IC50 232.5 μg/mL) and acidic (IC₅₀ 88.6 μg/mL) conditions resulted in cell mortality percentages of 70 and 90%, respectively.

An in-vitro quantitative investigation on the synergistic effect of capsaicin and 5-fluorouracil encapsulated into lipid nanocapsules to treat breast cancer

Background: Breast cancer conventional therapeutics are effective; however, they encounter some limitations including multidrug resistance, the presence of pharmacological barriers and non-selectivity which hinder their optimal therapeutic efficacy. Aim: Overcoming such drawbacks necessitates the development of efficient drug vehicles including lipid-based nanoparticles. This study aimed to quantitatively investigate in-vitro the synergistic therapeutic effect of the novel combination of capsaicin and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) encapsulated in lipid nanocapsules (LNCs). Method: To this end, thorough physicochemical and in-vitro assessments on breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) were done. The drugs-loaded LNCs were characterized using DLS, TEM imaging, stability study, and in-vitro release study. Results: The developed nanoformulations were monodisperse with average particle size (PS) of 31, 43.8 and 127.3 nm for empty LNCs, Cap-LNCs, and 5-FU-LNCs, respectively, and with a surface charge of -35.4, -21.7 and -31.4 mV, respectively, reflecting good physical stability. The TEM micrographs revealed the spherical morphology of the drugs-loaded LNCs with comparable PS to that obtained by DLS. Furthermore, the biological activity of the prepared LNCs were assessed through implementing comparative cytotoxicity studies as well as apoptosis, and cell cycle flow cytometric analyses. All biological assessments confirmed the superior antiproliferative effect of the combined drug-loaded LNCs over their free drugs counterparts. Conclusion: Intriguingly, the study findings highlighted the potential synergistic activity of the drugs (capsaicin and 5-FU) and the extensive enhancement of their biological activity through incorporation into LNCs. Promising results will pave the way to further assess the novel combined nanoformulation in preclinical and clinical studies on breast cancer patients.

Gamma radiation coupled ADP-ribosyl transferase activity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PE24 moiety

The ADP-ribosyl transferase activity of P. aeruginosa PE24 moiety expressed by E. coli BL21 (DE3) was assessed on nitrobenzylidene aminoguanidine (NBAG) and in vitro cultured cancer cell lines. Gene encoding PE24 was isolated from P. aeruginosa isolates, cloned into pET22b( +) plasmid, and expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) under IPTG induction. Genetic recombination was confirmed by colony PCR, the appearance of insert post digestion of engineered construct, and protein electrophoresis using sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel (SDS-PAGE). The chemical compound NBAG has been used to confirm PE24 extract ADP-ribosyl transferase action through UV spectroscopy, FTIR, c¹³-NMR, and HPLC before and after low-dose gamma irradiation (5, 10, 15, 24 Gy). The cytotoxicity of PE24 extract alone and in combination with paclitaxel and low-dose gamma radiation (both 5 Gy and one shot 24 Gy) was assessed on adherent cell lines HEPG2, MCF-7, A375, OEC, and Kasumi-1 cell suspension. Expressed PE24 moiety ADP-ribosylated NBAG as revealed by structural changes depicted by FTIR and NMR, and the surge of new peaks at different retention times from NBAG in HPLC chromatograms. Irradiating recombinant PE24 moiety was associated with a reduction in ADP-ribosylating activity. The PE24 extract IC50 values were < 10 μg/ml with an acceptable R² value on cancer cell lines and acceptable cell viability at 10 μg/ml on normal OEC. Overall, the synergistic effects were observed upon combining PE24 extract with low-dose paclitaxel demonstrated by the reduction in IC50 whereas antagonistic effects and a rise in IC50 values were recorded after irradiation by low-dose gamma rays. KEY POINTS: • Recombinant PE24 moiety was successfully expressed and biochemically analyzed. • Low-dose gamma radiation and metal ions decreased the recombinant PE24 cytotoxic activity. • Synergism was observed upon combining recombinant PE24 with low-dose paclitaxel.

Novel 2-oxo-2-phenylethoxy and benzyloxy diaryl urea hybrids as VEGFR-2 inhibitors: Design, synthesis, and anticancer evaluation

Two series of diaryl urea derivatives, 6a-k and 7a-n, were synthesized. All the newly synthesized compounds were tested against the NCI (US) cancer cell lines via SRB assay. The p-chloro-m-trifluoromethyl phenyl derivatives 6e-g and 7e-g showed the most potent cytotoxic activity with a GI₅₀ value range of 1.2-15.9 µM. Furthermore, the p-fluorobenzyloxy diaryl urea derivative 7g revealed the most potent cytotoxicity against eight cancer cell lines in the MTT assay with IC₅₀ values below 5 µM. Compounds 6a-k and 7a-n were tested for their vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) kinase inhibitory activities. The p-chloro-m-trifluoromethyl diaryl urea benzyloxy derivatives 7e-i and the p-methoxydiaryl urea benzyloxy derivatives 7k, 7l, and 7n were found to be the most active compounds as VEGFR-2 inhibitors in the benzyloxy series 7, with an IC₅₀ range of 0.09-4.15 µM. In the 2-oxo-2-phenylethoxy series 6, compounds 6e-g and 6i were reported with IC₅₀ values of 0.94, 0.54, 2.71, and 4.81 µM, respectively. Moreover, compounds 7e and 7g induced apoptosis, causing cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. In addition, 7g showed an antimigratory effect in A-375 cells and inhibited the VEGFR-2 expression in an immunohistofluorescence study. Molecular docking simulations on VEGFR-2 as well as ADME properties prediction were also performed.

Integration of phytotherapy and chemotherapy: Recent advances in anticancer molecular pathways

Cancer is a disease characterized by abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cells, leading to invasion and metastasis to other tissues. Chemotherapy drugs are some of the primary treatments for cancer, which could detrimentally affect the cancer cells by various molecular mechanisms like apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. These treatment lines have always aligned with side effects and drug resistance. Due to their anticancer effects, medicinal herbs and their active derivative compounds are being profoundly used as complementary treatments for cancer. Many studies have shown that herbal ingredients exert antitumor activities and immune-modulation effects and have fewer side effects. On the other hand, combining phytotherapy and chemotherapy, with their synergistic effects, has gained much attention across the medical community. This review article discussed the therapeutic effects of essential herbal active ingredients combined with chemotherapeutic drugs in cancer therapy. To write this article, PubMed and Scopus database were searched with the keywords "Cancer," "Combination," "Herbal," "Traditional," and "Natural." After applying inclusion/exclusion criteria, 110 articles were considered. The study shows the anticancer effects of the active herbal ingredients by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in cancer cells, especially with a chemotherapeutic agent. This study also indicates that herbal compounds can reduce side effects and dosage, potentiate anticancer responses, and sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapy drugs.

Thymoquinone Suppresses Angiogenesis in DEN-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Targeting miR-1-3p

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is characterized by its high vascularity and metastasis. Thymoquinone (TQ), the main bio-active constituent of Nigella sativa, has shown anticancer and hepatoprotective effects. TQ's anticancer effect is mediated through miRNA regulation. miR-1-3p plays a significant role in various cancers but its role in HCC invasiveness remains poorly understood. Bio-informatics analysis predicted that the 3'-UTR of TIMP3 is a target for miR-1-3p; Rats were equally divided into four groups: Group 1, the negative control; Group 2 received TQ; Group 3 received DEN; and Group 4 received DEN after pretreatment with TQ. The expression of TIMP3, MMP2, MMP9, and VEGF in rats' liver was determined immunohistochemically. RT-qPCR was used to measure the miR-1-3p level in rats' liver, and TIMP3, MMP2, MMP9, and VEGF in the HepG2 cells after being transfected with miR-1-3p mimic or inhibitor; In rats pretreated with TQ, a decreased expression of MMP2, MMP9 and VEGF, and increased expression levels of TIMP3 and miR-1-3p were detected. Treating the HepG2 cells with miR-1-3p mimic led to the upregulation of TIMP3 and downregulation of MMP2, MMP9, and VEGF, and showed a significant delay in wound healing; These results suggested that the anti-angiogenic effect of TQ in HCC may be mediated through the regulation of miR-1-3p.

Response of Skin-Derived and Metastatic Human Malignant Melanoma Cell Lines to Thymoquinone and Thymoquinone-Loaded Liposomes

Thymoquinone has been proved to be effective against neoplasms, including skin cancer. Its high lipophilicity, however, may limit its potential use as a drug. Melanoma remains the deadliest of all skin cancers worldwide, due to its high heterogeneity, depending on the stage of the disease. Our goal was to compare the anti-cancer activity of free thymoquinone and thymoquinone-loaded liposomes on two melanoma cell lines that originated from different stages of this cancer: skin-derived A375 and metastatic WM9. We evaluated the proapoptotic effects of free thymoquinone by flow cytometry and Western blot, and its mitotoxicity by means of JC-1 assay. Additionally, we compared the cytotoxicity of free thymoquinone and thymoquinone in liposomes by WST-1 assay. Our results revealed a higher antiproliferative effect of TQ in WM9 cells, whereas its higher proapoptotic activity was observed in the A375 cell line. Moreover, the thymoquinone-loaded liposome was proved to exert stronger cytotoxic effect on both cell lines studied than free thymoquinone. Differences in the response of melanoma cells derived from different stages of the disease to thymoquinone, as well as their different responses to free and carrier-delivered thymoquinone, are essential for the development of new anti-melanoma therapies. However, further research is required to fully understand them.

Therapeutic implications and clinical manifestations of thymoquinone

Thymoquinone (TQ), a natural phytochemical predominantly found in Nigella sativa, has been investigated for its numerous health benefits. TQ showed anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, validated in various disease models. The anti-cancer potential of TQ is goverened by anti-proliferation, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis induction, ROS production, anti-metastasis and anti-angiogenesis, inhibition of cell migration and invasion action. Additionally, TQ exhibited antitumor activity via the modulation of multiple pathways and molecular targets, including Akt, ERK1/2, STAT3, and NF-κB. The present review highlighted the anticancer potential of TQ . We summarize the anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties of TQ, focusing on its molecular targets and its promising action in cancer therapy. We further described the molecular mechanisms by which TQ prevents signaling pathways that mediate cancer progression, invasion, and metastasis.

2-(3-Bromophenyl)-8-fluoroquinazoline-4-carboxylic Acid as a Novel and Selective Aurora A Kinase Inhibitory Lead with Apoptosis Properties: Design, Synthesis, In Vitro and In Silico Biological Evaluation

New quinazoline derivatives were designed based on the structural modification of the reported inhibitors to enhance their selectivity toward Aurora A. The synthesized compounds were tested over Aurora A, and a cytotoxicity assay was performed over NCI cell lines to select the best candidate for further evaluation. Compound 6e (2-(3-bromophenyl)-8-fluoroquinazoline-4-carboxylic acid) was the most potent compound among the tested derivatives. A Kinase panel assay was conducted for compound 6e over 14 kinases to evaluate its selectivity profile. Further cell cycle and apoptosis analysis were evaluated for compound 6e over the MCF-7 cell line at its IC50 of 168.78 µM. It arrested the cell cycle at the G1 phase and induced apoptosis. Molecular docking was performed to explore the possible binding mode of compound 6e into the active site. It showed significant binding into the main pocket in addition to potential binding interactions with the key amino acid residues. Accordingly, compound 6e can be considered a potential lead for further structural and molecular optimization of the quinazoline-based carboxylic acid scaffold for Aurora A kinase selective inhibition with apoptosis properties.

Chitosan Schiff bases-based polyelectrolyte complexes with graphene quantum dots and their prospective biomedical applications

Chitosan (Cs) bis-aldehyde Schiff base derivatives were synthesized by condensation of Cs with three bis-aldehydes namely; butane-1,4-diyl bis(4-formylbenzoate), N,N'-(butane-1,4-diyl)bis(2-(4-formylphenoxy)acetamide) and 4,4'-(butane-1,4-diylbis(oxy))dibenzaldehyde. The prepared Cs derivatives were blended with carboxymethyl chitosan(CMC) and graphene quantum dots (GQDs) to produce semi-IPNs polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs). and characterized with respect to their molecular structure and physio-chemical properties. The antibacterial activity against H. pylori (and in vitro Inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase IMPDH inhibitory assay) was evaluated. Additionally, a preliminary in vitro assessment for wound healing was performed against PECs in which wound closure percentages, and rates were investigated indicating an accelerated wound healing compared with untreated cells. The PEC based on Schiff base PEC containing amide linkage showed the highest wound healing ability. A minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was obtained for the PEC sample containing Cs Schiff base derived from 4,4'-(butane-1, 4-diylbis(oxy))dibenzaldehyde at a dose of 0.98 μg/ml inhibiting H. pylori growth by 100%. Additionally, the selected above-mentioned compound was selected to test its inhibitory activity against the HpIMPDH enzyme in addition to its selectivity towards the hIMPDH2 enzyme and was found to have promising activity against the HpIMPDH enzyme with IC₅₀ value of 0.65 μM, and to be safer and less active against the hIMPDH2 enzyme with IC₅₀ > 10 μM, reflecting its selectivity.

The Effect of TQ and Cis in OS

INTRODUCTION

Osteosarcoma (OS) is a primary bone sarcoma with a high recurrence rate and poorer prognosis. The application of natural agents in combinational therapies can increase the efficacy of treatment and decrease the side effects. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the effects of Thymoquinone (TQ) combined with Cisplatin on apoptosis and its underlying mechanisms in the Saos-2 cells.

METHODS

The effects of TQ and Cisplatin on Saos-2 cell viability were measured using an MTT assay. Western blotting was applied for the measurement of γH2AX protein expression. The expression levels of 8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). DCFH-DA fluorescence dye was used to detect reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. For evaluation of apoptosis, flow cytometry was employed.

RESULTS

TQ dramatically promotes the cytotoxic effects of Cisplatin. TQ considerably enhanced the expression levels of 8-oxo-dG and γ-H2AX in Saos-2 cells. After TQ treatment, ROS levels were increased; furthermore, TQ treatment resulted in the potentiation of Cisplatin-induced apoptosis in Saos-2 cells compared to either TQ or Cisplatin treated cells.

CONCLUSION

In general, TQ plus Cisplatin resulted in potentiated cellular cytotoxicity by increasing ROS level and inducing oxidative DNA damage, leading to the potent induction of apoptosis in tumor cells.

Evaluation the Effect of Natural Compounds: Vitamin C, Green Tea, and their Combination on Progression of Mg-63 Osteosarcoma Cell Line Cells. (An In Vitro Study)

BACKGROUND: Osteosarcoma (OS) is considered extremely rare type of bone tumor although it is the most common type of malignant bone tumor in children with less common occurrence in elderly patients. Herbal plants and phytoconstituents are recently used in the treatment of OS to avoid the side effects of chemotherapeutic drugs. AIM: The aims of the present study are to investigate the effect of natural compound Vitamin C, green tea, and their combination on OS cell line (Mg-63 cells) after 72 h. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Mg-63 cells were obtained from Nawah scientific and divided to four groups: Control untreated cells, Vitamin C treated group, green tea treated group, and Vitamin C and green tea treated group (compounds combination treated group). The viability of treated cells was examined by sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. Antioxidant 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) assay was performed to investigate the antioxidant property of Vitamin C, green tea, and their combination. Flow cytometer analysis was applied to demonstrate cell cycle analysis and apoptosis. Wound width and cell migration were calculated by wound healing assay. RESULTS: SRB cytotoxic assay revealed that the Vitamin C, green tea, and their combination have a cytotoxic effect on MG-63 cells and Vitamin C has more cytotoxic effect than other two groups. Antioxidant DPPH assay showed that Vitamin C is more antioxidant agent than green tea and their combination on MG-63 cells. Flow cytometry assay revealed that the all-treated cells in different groups are arrested in cell cycle. Vitamin C, green tea, and their combination induced apoptosis and necrosis. Migration of MG-63 cells is inhibited after treated by Vitamin C, green tea, and their combination. CONCLUSION: Vitamin C, green tea, and their combination have cytotoxic effect on Mg-63 cells, also induced their effects on the cell cycle distribution and apoptosis. Anti-oxidant test was applied on three drugs revealed the powerful anti-oxidant capacity of Vitamin C than green tea and their combination. At least wound healing test was applied on malignant Mg-63 cells treated with our drugs that revealed Vitamin C was more effective.

A novel promising delivery system for cuminaldehyde using gelled lipid nanoparticles: Characterization and anticancer, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities

This work aimed to develop a novel nanoencapsulation system for food colloidal formulations using gelled lipid nanoparticles (GLNs) to improve the functionality, stability, and bioactivity of cuminaldehyde as a highly volatile and poor hydrophilic food additive. Cuminaldehyde-loaded GLNs with diameters of 117-138 nm were fabricated through a hot emulsification process with monoglyceride (10 and 15 g/100 g lipid phase) as a lipid gelator at two concentrations of cuminaldehyde (500 and 1000 mg/L). All samples remained stable towards macroscopic phase separation and creaming during 28 days of storage at 4 °C, which could be related to the rigid structure of dispersed particles in the gelled state and retarding droplet movement. Moreover, all samples were stable to creaming after subjecting to the environmental changes including temperature (30, 60, and 90 °C for 30 min), ionic strength (100, 200, and 300 mM NaCl), and pH (3, 5, and 7). Measurement of apparent viscosity showed non-Newtonian shear thinning nature in all samples, which was more pronounced at higher concentrations of the gelator. Interestingly, higher cytotoxic effects of cuminaldehyde against human lung and colorectal cancer cells were observed after encapsulation within GLNs. However, weak toxicity was also found against normal peripheral blood mononuclearcells.On the other hand, the antioxidant activity and lipid oxidation stability were improved by increasing cuminaldehyde concentration, while it was reduced at higher monoglyceride concentration. All samples exhibited stronger antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus than Eschershia coli. These findings suggest the significant potential benefits of GLNs as novel nanocarriers to enrich various food and beverage formulations with essential oils, flavors, and aromas.

Thymoquinone and quercetin induce enhanced apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer in combination through the Bax/Bcl2 cascade

The treatments available for non-small cell lung cancer exert various side effects in patients, and the burden of treatment cost is high. Therefore, exploring the alternative system of medicines, including therapies based on natural compounds, has become inevitable in developing anticancer therapeutics. This study used an integrated approach involving in-silico and in-vitro methods to explore natural compounds targeting Bax and Bcl2 for their apoptotic potential. Molecular docking followed by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of thymoquinone (Tq) and quercetin (Qu) with Bax and Bcl2 were carried out to explore their interactions and stability under explicit solvent conditions. Tq and Qu showed appreciable binding affinities toward Bax (-6.2 and -7.1 kcal/mol, respectively) and Bcl2 (-5.6 and -6.4 kcal/mol, respectively) with well-organized conformational fitting compatibility. The MD simulation results revealed the development of stable complexes maintained by various noncovalent interactions that were preserved throughout the 100 ns trajectories. Further studies with these compounds were carried out using various in-vitro experimental approaches like MTT assay, apoptotic assay, and Western blot. IC₅₀ values of Tq and Qu alone in A549 cells were found to be 45.78 and 35.69 µM, while in combination, it comes down to 22.49 µM, which is quite impressive. Similarly, in apoptosis assay, a combination of Tq and Qu shows 50.9% early apoptosis compared to Tq (40.6%) and Qu (33.3%) when taken alone. These assays signify their apoptotic induction potential, whereas both compounds significantly reduce the expression of antiapoptotic protein Bcl2 and induce proapoptotic Bax, suggestive of sensitizing NSCLS cells toward apoptosis.

Targeting Autophagy with Natural Products as a Potential Therapeutic Approach for Cancer

Macro-autophagy (autophagy) is a highly conserved eukaryotic intracellular process of self-digestion caused by lysosomes on demand, which is upregulated as a survival strategy upon exposure to various stressors, such as metabolic insults, cytotoxic drugs, and alcohol abuse. Paradoxically, autophagy dysfunction also contributes to cancer and aging. It is well known that regulating autophagy by targeting specific regulatory molecules in its machinery can modulate multiple disease processes. Therefore, autophagy represents a significant pharmacological target for drug development and therapeutic interventions in various diseases, including cancers. According to the framework of autophagy, the suppression or induction of autophagy can exert therapeutic properties through the promotion of cell death or cell survival, which are the two main events targeted by cancer therapies. Remarkably, natural products have attracted attention in the anticancer drug discovery field, because they are biologically friendly and have potential therapeutic effects. In this review, we summarize the up-to-date knowledge regarding natural products that can modulate autophagy in various cancers. These findings will provide a new position to exploit more natural compounds as potential novel anticancer drugs and will lead to a better understanding of molecular pathways by targeting the various autophagy stages of upcoming cancer therapeutics.

Does Bromelain-Cisplatin Combination Afford In-Vitro Synergistic Anticancer Effects on Human Prostatic Carcinoma Cell Line, PC3?

Background:

Bromelain enhances anticancer impacts to chemotherapeutic agents. The question as to whether bromelain does promote in-vitro cytotoxic and proapoptotic effects of cisplatin on human prostatic carcinoma PC3 cell line was investigated.

Materials and Methods:

PC3 (human prostatic carcinoma) cells were treated either single or in combination with bromelain and/or cisplatin. MTT, clonogenic assay, flow cytometry and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction were used to investigate cell viability, colony formation, proapoptotic potential and p53 gene expression, respectively.

Results:

Cisplatin (IC₁₀) combined with bromelain (IC₄₀) significantly affected PC3 cell viability, inhibited colony formation, as well increased p53 proapoptotic gene expression compared to cisplatin single treatment. Nevertheless, bromelain-cisplatin chemoherbal combination did not display any additive proapoptotic effect compared to single treatments.

Conclusion:

Bromelain-cisplatin chemoherbal combination demonstrated synergistic in-vitro anticancer effect on human prostatic carcinoma cell line, PC3, that drastically reduced required cisplatin dose.

Antiviral, Cytotoxic, and Antioxidant Activities of Three Edible Agaricomycetes Mushrooms: Pleurotus columbinus, Pleurotus sajor-caju, and Agaricus bisporus

In this study, we investigated aqueous extracts of three edible mushrooms: Agaricus bisporus (white button mushroom), Pleurotus columbinus (oyster mushroom), and Pleurotus sajor-caju (grey oyster mushroom). The extracts were biochemically characterized for total carbohydrate, phenolic, flavonoid, vitamin, and protein contents besides amino acid analysis. Triple TOF proteome analysis showed 30.1% similarity between proteomes of the two Pleurotus spp. All three extracts showed promising antiviral activities. While Pleurotus columbinus extract showed potent activity against adenovirus (Ad7, selectivity index (SI) = 4.2), Agaricus bisporus showed strong activity against herpes simplex II (HSV-2; SI = 3.7). The extracts showed low cytotoxicity against normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and moderate cytotoxicity against prostate (PC3, DU-145); colorectal (Colo-205); cecum carcinoma (LS-513); liver carcinoma (HepG2); cervical cancer (HeLa); breast adenocarcinoma (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) as well as leukemia (CCRF-CEM); acute monocytic leukemia (THP1); acute promyelocytic leukemia (NB4); and lymphoma (U937) cell lines. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) radical scavenging, 2,2′-Azinobis-(3-Ethylbenzthiazolin-6-Sulfonic Acid) ABTS radical cation scavenging, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays. The three extracts showed potential antioxidant activities with the maximum activity recorded for Pleurotus columbinus (IC₅₀ µg/mL) = 35.13 ± 3.27 for DPPH, 13.97 ± 4.91 for ABTS, and 29.42 ± 3.21 for ORAC assays.

Thymoquinone loading into hydroxyapatite/alginate scaffolds accelerated the osteogenic differentiation of the mesenchymal stem cells

Background

Phytochemical agents such as thymoquinone (TQ) have osteogenic property. This study aimed to investigate the synergic impact of TQ and hydroxyapatite on mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. Alginate was also used as drug vehicle.

Methods

HA scaffolds were fabricated by casting into polyurethane foam and sintering at 800 °C, and then, 1250 °C and impregnated by TQ containing alginate. The adipose-derived stem cells were aliquoted into 4 groups: control, osteogenic induced-, TQ and osteogenic induced- and TQ-treated cultures. Adipose derived-mesenchymal stem cells were mixed with alginate and loaded into the scaffolds

Results

The results showed that impregnation of HA scaffold with alginate decelerated the degradation rate and reinforced the mechanical strength. TQ loading in alginate/HA had no significant influence on physical and mechanical properties. Real-time RT-PCR showed significant elevation in collagen, osteopontin, and osteocalcin expression at early phase of differentiation. TQ also led to an increase in alkaline phosphatase activity. At long term, TQ administration had no impact on calcium deposition and proliferation rate as well as bone-marker expression.

Conclusion

TQ accelerates the differentiation of the stem cells into the osteoblasts, without changing the physical and mechanical properties of the scaffolds. TQ also showed a synergic influence on differentiation potential of mesenchymal stem cells.

Proteome Analysis and In Vitro Antiviral, Anticancer and Antioxidant Capacities of the Aqueous Extracts of Lentinula edodes and Pleurotus ostreatus Edible Mushrooms

In this study, we examined aqueous extracts of the edible mushrooms Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom) and Lentinula edodes (shiitake mushroom). Proteome analysis was conducted using LC-Triple TOF-MS and showed the expression of 753 proteins by Pleurotus ostreatus, and 432 proteins by Lentinula edodes. Bioactive peptides: Rab GDP dissociation inhibitor, superoxide dismutase, thioredoxin reductase, serine proteinase and lectin, were identified in both mushrooms. The extracts also included promising bioactive compounds including phenolics, flavonoids, vitamins and amino acids. The extracts showed promising antiviral activities, with a selectivity index (SI) of 4.5 for Pleurotus ostreatus against adenovirus (Ad7), and a slight activity for Lentinula edodes against herpes simplex-II (HSV-2). The extracts were not cytotoxic to normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). On the contrary, they showed moderate cytotoxicity against various cancer cell lines. Additionally, antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH radical scavenging, ABTS radical cation scavenging and ORAC assays. The two extracts showed potential antioxidant activities, with the maximum activity seen for Pleurotus ostreatus (IC50 µg/mL) = 39.46 ± 1.27 for DPPH; 11.22 ± 1.81 for ABTS; and 21.40 ± 2.20 for ORAC assays. This study encourages the use of these mushrooms in medicine in the light of their low cytotoxicity on normal PBMCs vis à vis their antiviral, antitumor and antioxidant capabilities.

Therapeutic potential of thymoquinone in combination therapy against cancer and cancer stem cells

The long-term success of standard anticancer monotherapeutic strategies has been hampered by intolerable side effects, resistance to treatment and cancer relapse. These monotherapeutic strategies shrink the tumor bulk but do not effectively eliminate the population of self-renewing cancer stem cells (CSCs) that are normally present within the tumor. These surviving CSCs develop mechanisms of resistance to treatment and refuel the tumor, thus causing cancer relapse. To ensure durable tumor control, research has moved away from adopting the monotreatment paradigm towards developing and using combination therapy. Combining different therapeutic modalities has demonstrated significant therapeutic outcomes by strengthening the anti-tumor potential of monotreatment against cancer and cancer stem cells, mitigating their toxic adverse effects, and ultimately overcoming resistance. Recently, there has been growing interest in combining natural products from different sources or with clinically used chemotherapeutics to further improve treatment efficacy and tolerability. Thymoquinone (TQ), the main bioactive constituent of Nigella sativa, has gained great attention in combination therapy research after demonstrating its low toxicity to normal cells and remarkable anticancer efficacy in extensive preclinical studies in addition to its ability to target chemoresistant CSCs. Here, we provide an overview of the therapeutic responses resulting from combining TQ with conventional therapeutic agents such as alkylating agents, antimetabolites and antimicrotubules as well as with topoisomerase inhibitors and non-coding RNA. We also review data on anticancer effects of TQ when combined with ionizing radiation and several natural products such as vitamin D3, melatonin and other compounds derived from Chinese medicinal plants. The focus of this review is on two outcomes of TQ combination therapy, namely eradicating CSCs and treating various types of cancers. In conclusion, the ability of TQ to potentiate the anticancer activity of many chemotherapeutic agents and sensitize cancer cells to radiotherapy makes it a promising molecule that could be used in combination therapy to overcome resistance to standard chemotherapeutic agents and reduce their associated toxicities.

Antibacterial and cytotoxic potency of thermophilic Streptomyces werraensis MI-S.24-3 isolated from an Egyptian extreme environment

The need for novel and active antibiotics specially from actinomycetes is essential due to new and drug-resistant pathogens. In this study, 87 actinomycetes were isolated, and 18 strains among them characterized as thermophilic actinomycetes. Further fractionation and preliminary antibacterial activities indicated that one strain, coded as MI-S.24-3, showed good antibacterial activity. Based on the phenotypic, genomic, phylogenetic, and biochemical analyses, MI-S.24-3 was identified as Streptomyces werraensis. Results demonstrated that the ethyl acetate active fraction showed maximum antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli with MIC (12.7 ± 0.1 and 18.3 ± 0.2 mg/mL), and MBC (96.5 ± 1.4 and 91.5 ± 0.7 mg/mL), respectively, with determination of time kill kinetics assay. The active fraction showed moderate-to-weak cytotoxic effects against human lung carcinoma (A549 cells), breast cancer cell line (MCF-7), and human cervical carcinoma (HELA cells) with a IC₅₀ of (23.8 ± 1.2, 54 ± 1.8, 96.4 ± 3.2 μg/mL, respectively). Active components were characterised by different chemically volatile, ester, and lactone compounds, determined by GC-MS coupled with daughter ions of (GC-MS/MS). Notably, erucic acid and reynosin identified compounds are rare metabolites produced by Streptomyces werraensis. Our findings demonstrated that the MI-S.24-3 strain could be a potential source for active compounds of biomedical and pharmaceutical interest.

Synergistic Role of Thymoquinone on Anticancer Activity of 5-fluorouracil in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells

BACKGROUND

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is considered the most deadly subtype of breast cancer because of heterogeneity, fewer treatment options, and resistance to chemotherapy.

OBJECTIVE

We investigated the combined therapy of 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) and thymoquinone (TQ) against TNBC cell lines BT-549 and MDA-MB-231 in this study to find out efficient chemotherapeutic options.

METHODS

We tested 5-FU and TQ alone and in combination (5-FU + TQ) to observe the cellular growth, cell cycle, and apoptosis status of BT-549 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Also, we have measured the mRNA level expression of genes related to the cell cycle and apoptosis.

RESULTS

Experimental results suggest that both 5-FU and TQ are effective in controlling cell growth, cell cycle, and inducing apoptosis, but their combination is much more effective. 5-FU was found more effective in controlling cell growth, while TQ was found more effective in inducing apoptosis, but in both cases, their combination was most effective. TQ was found to be more effective in increasing and BAX/BCL-2 ratio), while 5-FU was more effective in inhibiting thymidylate synthase. They had shown significant increasing effects on caspases and P53 and decreasing effects on CDK-2, where their combination was found most effective.

CONCLUSIONS

Thus, TQ and 5-FU probably showed a synergistic effect on both of cell cycle and apoptosis of tested TNBC cell lines. Our study reveals that TQ can synergise 5-FU action and increase its anticancer efficiency against TNBC cells, which might be a good choice in drug development for TNBC treatment.

Therapeutic perspectives of the black cumin component thymoquinone: A review

The dietary phytochemical thymoquinone (TQ), belonging to the family of quinones, mainly obtained from the black and angular seeds of Nigella sativa, is one of the promising monoterpenoid hydrocarbons, which has been receiving massive attention for its therapeutic potential and pharmacological properties. It plays an important role as a chemopreventive and therapeutic agent in the treatment of various diseases and illnesses. The aim of this review is to present a summary of the most recent literature pertaining to the use of TQ for the prevention and treatment of various diseases along with possible mechanisms of action, and the potential use of this natural product as a complementary or alternative medicine. Research findings indicated that TQ exhibits numerous pharmacological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, and anticancer, among others. Conclusions of this review on the therapeutic aspects of TQ highlight the medicinal and folk values of this compound against various diseases and ailments. In short, TQ could be a novel drug in clinical trials, as we hope.

Thymoquinone Is a Multitarget Single Epidrug That Inhibits the UHRF1 Protein Complex

Silencing of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) through epigenetic mechanisms, mainly via abnormal promoter DNA methylation, is considered a main mechanism of tumorigenesis. The abnormal DNA methylation profiles are transmitted from the cancer mother cell to the daughter cells through the involvement of a macromolecular complex in which the ubiquitin-like containing plant homeodomain (PHD), and an interesting new gene (RING) finger domains 1 (UHRF1), play the role of conductor. Indeed, UHRF1 interacts with epigenetic writers, such as DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), histone methyltransferase G9a, erasers like histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1), and functions as a hub protein. Thus, targeting UHRF1 and/or its partners is a promising strategy for epigenetic cancer therapy. The natural compound thymoquinone (TQ) exhibits anticancer activities by targeting several cellular signaling pathways, including those involving UHRF1. In this review, we highlight TQ as a potential multitarget single epidrug that functions by targeting the UHRF1/DNMT1/HDAC1/G9a complex. We also speculate on the possibility that TQ might specifically target UHRF1, with subsequent regulatory effects on other partners.

Thymoquinone, as a Novel Therapeutic Candidate of Cancers

To date, natural products are widely used as pharmaceutical agents for many human diseases and cancers. One of the most popular natural products that have been studied for anticancer properties is thymoquinone (TQ). As a bioactive compound of Nigella sativa, TQ has shown anticancer activities through the inhibition of cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. The anticancer efficacy of TQ is being investigated in several human cancers such as pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, hepatic cancer, cervical cancer, and leukemia. Even though TQ induces apoptosis by regulating the expression of pro- apoptotic and anti-apoptotic genes in many cancers, the TQ effect mechanism on such cancers is not yet fully understood. Therefore, the present review has highlighted the TQ effect mechanisms on several signaling pathways and expression of tumor suppressor genes (TSG). Data from relevant published experimental articles on TQ from 2015 to June 2020 were selected by using Google Scholar and PubMed search engines. The present study investigated the effectiveness of TQ alone or in combination with other anticancer therapeutic agents, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors on cancers, as a future anticancer therapy nominee by using nanotechnology.

Nutritional Value and Preventive Role of Nigella sativa L. and Its Main Component Thymoquinone in Cancer: An Evidenced-Based Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies

In recent times, scientific attention has been paid to different foods and their bioactive components for the ability to inhibit the onset and progress of different types of cancer. Nigella sativa extract, powder and seed oil and its main components, thymoquinone and α-hederin, have showed potent anticancer and chemosensitizing effects against various types of cancer, such as liver, colon, breast, renal, cervical, lung, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate and skin tumors, through the modulation of various molecular signaling pathways. Herein, the purpose of this review was to highlight the anticancer activity of Nigella sativa and it constitutes, focusing on different in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies and projects, in order to underline their antiproliferative, proapoptotic, cytotoxic and antimetastatic effects. Particular attention has been also given to the synergistic effect of Nigella sativa and it constitutes with chemotherapeutic drugs, and to the synthesized analogs of thymoquinone that seem to enhance the chemo-sensitizing potential. This review could be a useful step towards new research on N. sativa and cancer, to include this plant in the dietary treatments in support to conventional therapies, for the best achievement of therapeutic goals.

Thymoquinone: A Tie-Breaker in SARS-CoV2-Infected Cancer Patients?

Since the beginning of the SARS-CoV-2(severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2) pandemic, arace to develop a vaccine has been initiated, considering the massive and rather significant economic and healthcare hits that this virus has caused. The pathophysiology occurring following COVID-19(coronavirus disease-2019) infection has givenhints regarding the supportive and symptomatic treatments to establish for patients, as no specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 is available yet. Patient symptoms vary greatly and range from mild symptoms to severe fatal complications. Supportive treatments include antipyretics, antiviral therapies, different combinations of broad-spectrum antibiotics, hydroxychloroquine and plasma transfusion. Unfortunately, cancer patients are at higher risk of viral infection and more likely to develop serious complications due to their immunocompromised state, the fact that they are already administering multiple medications, as well as combined comorbidity compared to the general population. It may seem impossible to find a drug that possesses both potent antiviral and anticancer effects specifically against COVID-19 infection and its complications and the existing malignancy, respectively. Thymoquinone (TQ) is the most pharmacologically active ingredient in Nigella sativa seeds (black seeds); it is reported to have anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in various settings. In this review, we will discuss the multiple effects of TQ specifically against COVID-19, its beneficial effects against COVID-19 pathophysiology and multiple-organ complications, its use as an adjuvant for supportive COVID-19 therapy and cancer therapy, and finally, its anticancer effects.

Synthesis and Cytotoxic Activity of Novel Mono- and Bis-Indole Derivatives: Analogues of Marine Alkaloid Nortopsentin

BACKGROUND

The oceans cover more than 70% of the earth's surface, which represents over 95% of the biosphere. Therefore, oceans provide a wealth of marine invertebrates, especially sponges, ascidians, bryozoans and molluscs that produce structurally unique bioactive metabolites such as alkaloids. The bioactive scaffolds of marine alkaloids exhibit cytotoxic activities against human cancer cell lines.

OBJECTIVE

To prepare analogues of the marine alkaloid nortopsentin [having 2,4-bis(3'- indolyl)imidazole scaffold] as cytotoxic agents via structural modification of the core imidazole ring and one of the side indole rings.

METHODS

Four series of nortopsentin analogues were synthesized in which the imidazole ring was replaced by pyrazole, pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidinone and pyridine rings. Furthermore, one of the side indole rings was replaced by substituted phenyl moiety. The target compounds were tested for their in vitro cytotoxic activity against HCT-116 cell-line and the most potent compound was subjected to further investigation on its effect on HCT-116 cell cycle progression.

RESULTS

The cytotoxic screening of the synthesized compounds revealed that bis-indolylpyridinedicarbonitriles 8a-d exhibited the most potent cytotoxic activity with IC50=2.6-8.8 μM. Compound 8c was further tested by flow cytometry analysis to explore its effect on HCT-116 cell cycle progression that, in turn, indicated its anti-proliferative effect.

CONCLUSION

Marine-derived bis-indole alkaloids (nortopsentins) have emerged as a new class of indole-based antitumor agents. The design of new analogues involved several modifications in order to obtain more selective and potent cytotoxic agents. Indole derivatives bearing a pyridine core displayed more potent cytotoxic activity than those containing pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(1H)-one moiety.

Antitumor/antiviral carbon quantum dots based on carrageenan and pullulan

Requirement for medication from pathogenic human viruses and cancer diseases are urgently considered, while, numerous reports were focused on investigating easily manufactured and excellently effective therapeutic reagents. Herein, CQDs were prepared with size of 2.1 nm from both of carrageenan and pullulan. CQDs nucleated from pullulan showed higher anti-proliferative effects against cancer cells, while, treatment with 100 μg/mL of CQDs colloids originated from pullulan and carrageenan separately resulted in diminishing of cancer cell viability percent to be 42.1 & 58.7%, respectively. Plaque reduction assay was also affirmed that, 2.5 μg/L of both of pullulan and carrageenan based CQDs exhibited viral inhibition with percent of 44.3& 59.5%, respectively. As a conclusion, pullulan showed seniority over carrageenan in nucleation of CQDs with higher anticancer activities. While, estimation of antiviral performance of the prepared CQDs confirmed the priority of carrageenan compared to pullulan in preparation of CQDs as antiviral laborer.

Therapeutic Potential of the Natural Compound S-Adenosylmethionine as a Chemoprotective Synergistic Agent in Breast, and Head and Neck Cancer Treatment: Current Status of Research

The present review summarizes the most recent studies focusing on the synergistic antitumor effect of the physiological methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) in association with the main drugs used against breast cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), two highly aggressive and metastatic malignancies. In these two tumors the chemotherapy approach is recommended as the first choice despite the numerous side effects and recurrence of metastasis, so better tolerated treatments are needed to overcome this problem. In this regard, combination therapy with natural compounds, such as AdoMet, a molecule with pleiotropic effects on multiple cellular processes, is emerging as a suitable strategy to achieve synergistic anticancer efficacy. In this context, the analysis of studies conducted in the literature highlighted AdoMet as one of the most effective and promising chemosensitizing agents to be taken into consideration for inclusion in emerging antitumor therapeutic modalities such as nanotechnologies.

Evaluation the interaction of ABC multidrug transporter MDR1 with thymoquinone: substrate or inhibitor?

Objective(s):

Thymoquinone (TQ) has valuable medical properties like anticancer effects. Development of multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype is one of the most important factors in failure of cancer chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mode of interaction of TQ and MDR1, a major MDR-related protein in gastric cancer drug resistant EPG85-257RDB cells, and its parental non-resistant EPG85-257 cells.

Materials and Methods:

MTT assay was used to assess the effects of TQ and doxorubicin (DOX) on cell viability of tested cell lines and TQ effect on pump performance. HPLC analyses were used to measure the input and output of TQ in EPG85-257RDB cells. Molecular docking studies were used to identify interactions between TQ and MDR1.

Results:

TQ inhibited cell viability in a time and concentration-dependent manner. Co-treatment of the cells with TQ and DOX did not significantly affect the amount of cell viability in comparison with DOX treatment alone. The HPLC analyses showed that more than 90% of TQ entered to EPG85-257RDB during 1 hr of treatment with TQ, but it was unable to exit from the cells. Moreover, there was no difference between influx and efflux amount of TQ in cells with inhibited and non-inhibited MDR1 transporters. Molecular docking studies revealed that TQ had a higher inhibitory constant to bind to active site of MDR1 protein as compared to specific inhibitor (verapamil) and substrate (vinblastine) of this transporter.

Conclusion:

These results proposed that TQ does not work as an inhibitor or a substrate of MDR1 transporter.

Chemopreventive and Anticancer Effects of Thymoquinone: Cellular and Molecular Targets

Thymoquinone (TQ) is a bioactive component derived from the seeds of Nigella sativa that are commonly as black cumin. Evidences indicate that the medicinal properties of TQ have been recognized for more than 2000 years. TQ has been shown to possess potent chemopreventive properties that include anti-inflammatory and anti-neoplastic activities. Recent studies have unraveled the multiple mechanisms through which TQ exerts its chemopreventive and anticancer activity in different cancer cells in a contextual manner. The present review aims to provide a brief compendium on the molecular mechanisms through which TQ inhibits signaling pathways underlying cancer genesis, progression, and metastasis.

Thymoquinone, an Active Compound of Nigella sativa: Role in Prevention and Treatment of Cancer

Background:

Cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide and the current mode of cancer treatment causes side effects on normal cells and are still the key challenges in its’ treatment. However, natural products or active compounds of medicinal plants have shown to be safe, affordable, and effective in diseases cure.

Methods:

In this context, scientific studies evidence the health-promoting effects of natural products, which work through its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activity. Thymoquinone (TM), a predominant active compound of Nigella sativa, has confirmed anti-neoplastic activity through its ability to regulate various genetic pathways. In addition, thymoquinone has established anti-cancerous effects through killing of various cancerous cells,and inhibiting the initiation, migration, invasion, and progression of the cancer. The anti-cancer effects of TM are chiefly mediated via regulating various cell signaling pathways such as VEGF, bcl2/bax ratio, p53, NF-kB, and oncogenes.

Results:

The anti-cancer drugs have limitations in efficacy and also causes adverse side effects on normal cells. The combination of anti-cancer drugs and thymoquinone improves the efficacy of drugs which is evident by decrease resistance to drugs and regulation of various cell signaling pathways. Moreover, combination of anti-cancer drugs as well as thymoquinone shows synergistic effect on killing of cancer cells and cells viability. Thus, TM, in combination with anti-cancer drugs, can be a good strategy in the management of various types of cancer.

Conclusion:

In this review article, we deliver an outline of thymoquinone role in cancer inhibition and prevention of cancer-based on in vivo and in vitro studies. Further studies on thymoquinone based on clinical trials are highly required to explore the benefits of thymoquinone in cancer management.

Thymoquinone-chemotherapeutic combinations: new regimen to combat cancer and cancer stem cells

Cancer is a worldwide disease that causes millions of cases of mortality and morbidity. The major problem associated with the cancer is its resistance to conventional therapy and a high relapse rate. The use of chemotherapy to treat cancer began at the start of the twentieth century with attempts to control cancer. In time advance, many cancer chemotherapeutic agents have been developed for cancer treatment with different mechanisms of action including the alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antimicrotubule, topoisomerase inhibitors, and cytotoxic antibiotics, all of which have toxic effects toward normal cells in the body. Here, we reviewed chemotherapeutics' anticancer role potentiation and safety by thymoquinone (TQ) alone or in combination with the most common therapeutic drugs. Our search was done through PubMed, Science Direct, Springer Link, Taylor & Francis Online, Wiley Online Library, Nature publication group, SAGE Journals, and Web of Science databases. We recognized that TQ-chemotherapeutics combination increased chemo-modulation to the anticancer effect of different chemotherapeutics and protected the normal body cells from the toxic injuries that are induced by chemotherapeutics based on its antioxidant power. Moreover, the current study investigates the possible combinatory effect of TQ and chemotherapeutics to control cancer stem cells through molecular docking targeting of wingless/integrated (Wnt) and Hedgehog (Hh). We found that TQ modulates the Wnt and Hh pathways, by binding with tankyrase-2 and smoothened 7TM receptor, respectively, more efficiently than most chemotherapeutics drugs, while methotrexate showed high-binding affinity compared with TQ. Therefore, we encourage researchers to investigate the chemo-modulatory potential and protective effects of TQ in combination with chemotherapeutics for either cancer or cancer stem cell treatment.

Metabolite Profiling of Aquilaria malaccensis Leaf Extract Using Liquid Chromatography-Q-TOF-Mass Spectrometry and Investigation of Its Potential Antilipoxygenase Activity In-Vitro

The Aquilaria malaccensis species of the genus Aquilaria is an abundant source of agarwood resin and many bioactive phytochemicals. Recent data regarding the chemical constituents and biological activities of Aquilaria leaves led us to attempt to qualitatively profile the metabolites of Aquilaria malaccensis leaves from a healthy, noninoculated tree through phytochemical screening, GC-MS, and LC/Q-TOF-MS. The present work is also the first to report the antilipoxygenase activity of A. malaccensis leaves from healthy noninoculated tree and investigate its toxicity on oral mucosal cells. A total of 53 compounds were tentatively identified in the extract, some of which have been described in literature as exhibiting anti-inflammatory activity. A number of compounds were identified for the first time in the extract of A. malaccensis leaf, including quercetin, quercetin-O-hexoside, kaempferol-O-dirhamnoside, isorhamnetin-O-hexoside, syringetin-O-hexoside, myricetin, tetrahydroxyflavanone, hesperetin, sissotrin, and lupeol. The antilipoxygenase assay was used to determine the lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitory potential of the extract, while a WST-1 assay was conducted to investigate the effect of the extract on oral epithelial cells (OEC). The extract implied moderate anti-LOX activity with IC50 value of 71.6 µg/mL. Meanwhile, the cell viability of OEC ranged between 92.55% (10 µg/mL)–76.06% ± (100 µg/mL) upon treatment, indicating some potential toxicity risks. The results attained encourage future studies of the isolation of bioactive compounds from Aquilaria malaccensis leaves, as well as further investigation on the anti-inflammatory mechanisms and toxicity associated with their use.