1
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Non-coding RNAs in human health and disease: potential function as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:33. [PMID: 36625940 PMCID: PMC9838419 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-022-00947-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Human diseases have been a critical threat from the beginning of human history. Knowing the origin, course of action and treatment of any disease state is essential. A microscopic approach to the molecular field is a more coherent and accurate way to explore the mechanism, progression, and therapy with the introduction and evolution of technology than a macroscopic approach. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play increasingly important roles in detecting, developing, and treating all abnormalities related to physiology, pathology, genetics, epigenetics, cancer, and developmental diseases. Noncoding RNAs are becoming increasingly crucial as powerful, multipurpose regulators of all biological processes. Parallel to this, a rising amount of scientific information has revealed links between abnormal noncoding RNA expression and human disorders. Numerous non-coding transcripts with unknown functions have been found in addition to advancements in RNA-sequencing methods. Non-coding linear RNAs come in a variety of forms, including circular RNAs with a continuous closed loop (circRNA), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA), and microRNAs (miRNA). This comprises specific information on their biogenesis, mode of action, physiological function, and significance concerning disease (such as cancer or cardiovascular diseases and others). This study review focuses on non-coding RNA as specific biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets.
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2
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Zhang F, Zhou Y, Ding J. The current landscape of microRNAs (miRNAs) in bacterial pneumonia: opportunities and challenges. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022; 27:70. [PMID: 35986232 PMCID: PMC9392286 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-022-00368-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), which were initially discovered in Caenorhabditis elegans, can regulate gene expression by recognizing cognate sequences and interfering with the transcriptional or translational machinery. The application of bioinformatics tools for structural analysis and target prediction has largely driven the investigation of certain miRNAs. Notably, it has been found that certain miRNAs which are widely involved in the inflammatory response and immune regulation are closely associated with the occurrence, development, and outcome of bacterial pneumonia. It has been shown that certain miRNA techniques can be used to identify related targets and explore associated signal transduction pathways. This enhances the understanding of bacterial pneumonia, notably for “refractory” or drug-resistant bacterial pneumonia. Although these miRNA-based methods may provide a basis for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of this disease, they still face various challenges, such as low sensitivity, poor specificity, low silencing efficiency, off-target effects, and toxic reactions. The opportunities and challenges of these methods have been completely reviewed, notably in bacterial pneumonia. With the continuous improvement of the current technology, the miRNA-based methods may surmount the aforementioned limitations, providing promising support for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of “refractory” or drug-resistant bacterial pneumonia.
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3
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Nguyen TH, Dao HH, Duong CM, Nguyen XH, Hoang DH, Do XH, Truong TQ, Nguyen TD, Nguyen LT, Than UTT. Cytokine-primed umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells enhanced therapeutic effects of extracellular vesicles on osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1041592. [PMID: 36389838 PMCID: PMC9647019 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1041592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as a potential cell-free therapy against osteoarthritis (OA). Thus, we investigated the therapeutic effects of EVs released by cytokine-primed umbilical cord-derived MSCs (UCMSCs) on osteoarthritic chondrocyte physiology. Priming UCMSCs individually with transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), interferon alpha (IFNα), or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) significantly reduced the sorting of miR-181b-3p but not miR-320a-3p; two negative regulators of chondrocyte regeneration, into EVs. However, the EV treatment did not show any significant effect on chondrocyte proliferation. Meanwhile, EVs from both non-priming and cytokine-primed UCMSCs induced migration at later time points of measurement. Moreover, TGFβ-primed UCMSCs secreted EVs that could upregulate the expression of chondrogenesis markers (COL2 and ACAN) and downregulate fibrotic markers (COL1 and RUNX2) in chondrocytes. Hence, priming UCMSCs with cytokines can deliver selective therapeutic effects of EV treatment in OA and chondrocyte-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Huyen Nguyen
- Center of Applied Sciences, Regenerative Medicine and Advance Technologies, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Huy Hoang Dao
- Center of Applied Sciences, Regenerative Medicine and Advance Technologies, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Faculty of Biology, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Chau Minh Duong
- Center of Applied Sciences, Regenerative Medicine and Advance Technologies, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Department of Biology, Clark University, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Xuan-Hung Nguyen
- Center of Applied Sciences, Regenerative Medicine and Advance Technologies, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam
- College of Health Sciences, VinUniversity, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Diem Huong Hoang
- Center of Applied Sciences, Regenerative Medicine and Advance Technologies, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Xuan-Hai Do
- Department of Practical and Experimental Surgery, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Trung Quang Truong
- Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi Medical University Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tu Dac Nguyen
- Center of Applied Sciences, Regenerative Medicine and Advance Technologies, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Liem Thanh Nguyen
- College of Health Sciences, VinUniversity, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Vinmec Research Institute of Stem Cell and Gene Technology, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Uyen Thi Trang Than
- Center of Applied Sciences, Regenerative Medicine and Advance Technologies, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam
- *Correspondence: Uyen Thi Trang Than,
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4
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Qin CX, Norling LV, Vecchio EA, Brennan EP, May LT, Wootten D, Godson C, Perretti M, Ritchie RH. Formylpeptide receptor 2: Nomenclature, structure, signalling and translational perspectives: IUPHAR review 35. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:4617-4639. [PMID: 35797341 PMCID: PMC9545948 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We discuss the fascinating pharmacology of formylpeptide receptor 2 (FPR2; often referred to as FPR2/ALX since it binds lipoxin A4 ). Initially identified as a low-affinity 'relative' of FPR1, FPR2 presents complex and diverse biology. For instance, it is activated by several classes of agonists (from peptides to proteins and lipid mediators) and displays diverse expression patterns on myeloid cells as well as epithelial cells and endothelial cells, to name a few. Over the last decade, the pharmacology of FPR2 has progressed from being considered a weak chemotactic receptor to a master-regulator of the resolution of inflammation, the second phase of the acute inflammatory response. We propose that exploitation of the biology of FPR2 offers innovative ways to rectify chronic inflammatory states and represents a viable avenue to develop novel therapies. Recent elucidation of FPR2 structure will facilitate development of the anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving drugs of next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xue Qin
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Lucy V. Norling
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of MedicineQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Elizabeth A. Vecchio
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Eoin P. Brennan
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute and School of MedicineUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Lauren T. May
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Catherine Godson
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute and School of MedicineUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Mauro Perretti
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of MedicineQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Rebecca H. Ritchie
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
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5
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Gierlikowski W, Gierlikowska B. MicroRNAs as Regulators of Phagocytosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091380. [PMID: 35563685 PMCID: PMC9106007 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression and thus act as important regulators of cellular phenotype and function. As their expression may be dysregulated in numerous diseases, they are of interest as biomarkers. What is more, attempts of modulation of some microRNAs for therapeutic reasons have been undertaken. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge regarding the influence of microRNAs on phagocytosis, which may be exerted on different levels, such as through macrophages polarization, phagosome maturation, reactive oxygen species production and cytokines synthesis. This phenomenon plays an important role in numerous pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Gierlikowski
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1a, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Barbara Gierlikowska
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 63a, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
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6
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Lee C, Kim J, Han J, Oh D, Kim M, Jeong H, Kim TJ, Kim SW, Kim JN, Seo YS, Suzuki A, Kim JH, Jung Y. Formyl peptide receptor 2 determines sex-specific differences in the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:578. [PMID: 35102146 PMCID: PMC8803937 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28138-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an important health concern worldwide and progresses into nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Although prevalence and severity of NAFLD/NASH are higher in men than premenopausal women, it remains unclear how sex affects NAFLD/NASH pathophysiology. Formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) modulates inflammatory responses in several organs; however, its role in the liver is unknown. Here we show that FPR2 mediates sex-specific responses to diet-induced NAFLD/NASH. NASH-like liver injury was induced in both sexes during choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD) feeding, but compared with females, male mice had more severe hepatic damage. Fpr2 was more highly expressed in hepatocytes and healthy livers from females than males, and FPR2 deletion exacerbated liver damage in CDAHFD-fed female mice. Estradiol induced Fpr2 expression, which protected hepatocytes and the liver from damage. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that FPR2 mediates sex-specific responses to diet-induced NAFLD/NASH, suggesting a novel therapeutic target for NAFLD/NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanbin Lee
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Kim
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsol Han
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Dayoung Oh
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Minju Kim
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayeong Jeong
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Kim
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Woo Kim
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Nam Kim
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Su Seo
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Ayako Suzuki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jae Ho Kim
- Department of Physiology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmi Jung
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Koeppen K, Nymon A, Barnaby R, Li Z, Hampton TH, Ashare A, Stanton BA. CF monocyte-derived macrophages have an attenuated response to extracellular vesicles secreted by airway epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 320:L530-L544. [PMID: 33471607 PMCID: PMC8238154 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00621.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in CFTR alter macrophage responses, for example, by reducing their ability to phagocytose and kill bacteria. Altered macrophage responses may facilitate bacterial infection and inflammation in the lungs, contributing to morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF). Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted by multiple cell types in the lungs and participate in the host immune response to bacterial infection, but the effect of EVs secreted by CF airway epithelial cells (AEC) on CF macrophages is unknown. This report examines the effect of EVs secreted by primary AEC on monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) and contrasts responses of CF and wild type (WT) MDM. We found that EVs generally increase pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and expression of innate immune genes in MDM, especially when EVs are derived from AEC exposed to Pseudomonas aeruginosa and that this effect is attenuated in CF MDM. Specifically, EVs secreted by P. aeruginosa exposed AEC (EV-PA) induced immune response genes and increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, chemoattractants, and chemokines involved in tissue repair by WT MDM, but these effects were less robust in CF MDM. We attribute attenuated responses by CF MDM to differences between CF and WT macrophages because EVs secreted by CF AEC or WT AEC elicited similar responses in CF MDM. Our findings demonstrate the importance of AEC EVs in macrophage responses and show that the Phe508del mutation in CFTR attenuates the innate immune response of MDM to EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Koeppen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Amanda Nymon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Roxanna Barnaby
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Zhongyou Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Thomas H Hampton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Alix Ashare
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Bruce A Stanton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
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8
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De Palma FDE, Raia V, Kroemer G, Maiuri MC. The Multifaceted Roles of MicroRNAs in Cystic Fibrosis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:E1102. [PMID: 33348555 PMCID: PMC7765910 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10121102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a lifelong disorder affecting 1 in 3500 live births worldwide. It is a monogenetic autosomal recessive disease caused by loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding the chloride channel cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), the impairment of which leads to ionic disequilibria in exocrine organs. This translates into a chronic multisystemic disease characterized by airway obstruction, respiratory infections, and pancreatic insufficiency as well as hepatobiliary and gastrointestinal dysfunction. Molecular characterization of the mutational heterogeneity of CFTR (affected by more than 2000 variants) improved the understanding and management of CF. However, these CFTR variants are linked to different clinical manifestations and phenotypes, and they affect response to treatments. Expanding evidence suggests that multisystemic disease affects CF pathology via impairing either CFTR or proteins regulated by CFTR. Thus, altering the expression of miRNAs in vivo could constitute an appealing strategy for developing new CF therapies. In this review, we will first describe the pathophysiology and clinical management of CF. Then, we will summarize the current knowledge on altered miRNAs in CF patients, with a focus on the miRNAs involved in the deregulation of CFTR and in the modulation of inflammation. We will highlight recent findings on the potential utility of measuring circulating miRNAs in CF as diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers. Finally, we will provide an overview on potential miRNA-based therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Domenica Elisa De Palma
- Equipe 11 Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMRS 1138, Sorbonne Université, Université of Paris, 75006 Paris, France;
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805 Villejuif, France
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Raia
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Regional Cystic Fibrosis Center, Federico II University Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMRS 1138, Sorbonne Université, Université of Paris, 75006 Paris, France;
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805 Villejuif, France
- Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Maria Chiara Maiuri
- Equipe 11 Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMRS 1138, Sorbonne Université, Université of Paris, 75006 Paris, France;
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805 Villejuif, France
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9
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Gillan JL, Davidson DJ, Gray RD. Targeting cystic fibrosis inflammation in the age of CFTR modulators: focus on macrophages. Eur Respir J 2020; 57:13993003.03502-2020. [PMID: 33303535 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.03502-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a life-shortening, multi-organ, autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. The most prominent clinical manifestation in CF is the development of progressive lung disease characterised by an intense, chronic inflammatory airway response that culminates in respiratory failure and, ultimately, death. In recent years, a new class of therapeutics that have the potential to correct the underlying defect in CF, known as CFTR modulators, have revolutionised the field. Despite the exciting success of these drugs, their impact on airway inflammation, and its long-term consequences, remains undetermined. In addition, studies querying the absolute requirement for infection as a driver of CF inflammation have challenged the traditional consensus on CF pathogenesis, and also emphasise the need to prioritise complementary anti-inflammatory treatments in CF. Macrophages, often overlooked in CF research despite their integral role in other chronic inflammatory pathologies, have increasingly become recognised as key players in the initiation, perpetuation and resolution of CF lung inflammation, perhaps as a direct result of CFTR dysfunction. These findings suggest that macrophages may be an important target for novel anti-inflammatory interventional strategies to effectively treat CF lung function decline. This review will consider evidence for the efficacy of anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of CF, the potential role of macrophages, and the significance of targeting these pathways at a time when rectifying the basic defect in CF, through use of novel CFTR modulator therapies, is becoming increasingly viable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L Gillan
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Donald J Davidson
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Robert D Gray
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
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10
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Fabbri E, Tamanini A, Jakova T, Gasparello J, Manicardi A, Corradini R, Finotti A, Borgatti M, Lampronti I, Munari S, Dechecchi MC, Cabrini G, Gambari R. Treatment of human airway epithelial Calu-3 cells with a peptide-nucleic acid (PNA) targeting the microRNA miR-101-3p is associated with increased expression of the cystic fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator () gene. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 209:112876. [PMID: 33127171 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the identification of microRNAs (miRNAs) involved in the regulation of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) gene, miRNAs known to down-regulate the expression of the CFTR and associated proteins have been investigated as potential therapeutic targets. Here we show that miR-101-3p, targeting the 3'-UTR sequence of the CFTR mRNA, can be selectively inhibited by a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) carrying a full complementary sequence. With respect to clinical relevance of microRNA targeting, it is expected that reduction in concentration of miRNAs (the anti-miRNA approach) could be associated with increasing amounts of target mRNAs. Consistently to this hypothesis, we report that PNA-mediated inhibition of miR-101-3p was accompanied by CFTR up-regulation. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) was performed in order to verify the effects of the anti-miR-101-3p PNA on the Calu-3 miRNome. Upon inhibition of miR-101-3p we observed a fold change (FC) expression <2 of the majority of miRNAs (403/479, 84.13%), whereas we identified a list of dysregulated miRNAs, suggesting that specific miRNA inhibition (in our case miR-101-3p) might be accompanied by alteration of expression of other miRNAs, some of them known to be involved in Cystic Fibrosis (CF), such as miR-155-5p and miR-125b-5p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Fabbri
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Anna Tamanini
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University Hospital of Verona, Italy
| | - Tiziana Jakova
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Section of Clinical Biochemistry, Italy
| | - Jessica Gasparello
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alex Manicardi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Section of Clinical Biochemistry, Italy; Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roberto Corradini
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Section of Clinical Biochemistry, Italy
| | - Alessia Finotti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Monica Borgatti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ilaria Lampronti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Silvia Munari
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University Hospital of Verona, Italy
| | | | - Giulio Cabrini
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Research Center for Innovative Therapies of Cystic Fibrosis, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberto Gambari
- Research Center for Innovative Therapies of Cystic Fibrosis, University of Ferrara, Italy.
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11
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Briottet M, Shum M, Urbach V. The Role of Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators in Cystic Fibrosis Airways Disease. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1290. [PMID: 32982730 PMCID: PMC7493015 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a recessive genetic disease due to mutations of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) gene encoding the CFTR chloride channel. The ion transport abnormalities related to CFTR mutation generate a dehydrated airway surface liquid (ASL) layer, which is responsible for an altered mucociliary clearance, favors infections and persistent inflammation that lead to progressive lung destruction and respiratory failure. The inflammatory response is normally followed by an active resolution phase to return to tissue homeostasis, which involves specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs). SPMs promote resolution of inflammation, clearance of microbes, tissue regeneration and reduce pain, but do not evoke unwanted immunosuppression. The airways of CF patients showed a decreased production of SPMs even in the absence of pathogens. SPMs levels in the airway correlated with CF patients' lung function. The prognosis for CF has greatly improved but there remains a critical need for more effective treatments that prevent excessive inflammation, lung damage, and declining pulmonary function for all CF patients. This review aims to highlight the recent understanding of CF airway inflammation and the possible impact of SPMs on functions that are altered in CF airways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Valerie Urbach
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm) U955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), Créteil, France
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12
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Recchiuti A, Patruno S, Plebani R, Romano M. The Resolution Approach to Cystic Fibrosis Inflammation. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1129. [PMID: 32848748 PMCID: PMC7403222 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the high expectations associated with the recent introduction of CFTR modulators, airway inflammation still remains a relevant clinical issue in cystic fibrosis (CF). The classical anti-inflammatory drugs have shown very limited efficacy, when not being harmful, raising the question of whether alternative approaches should be undertaken. Thus, a better knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the aberrant inflammation observed in CF is pivotal to develop more efficacious pharmacology. In this respect, the observation that endogenous proresolving pathways are defective in CF and that proresolving mediators, physiologically generated during an acute inflammatory reaction, do not completely suppress inflammation, but promote resolution, tissue healing and microbial clearance, without compromising immune host defense mechanisms, opens interesting therapeutic scenarios for CF. In this mini-review, we present the current knowledge and perspectives of proresolving pharmacology in CF, focusing on the specialized proresolving lipid mediators and selected peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Recchiuti
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Center on Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), Department of Medical, Oral e Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Sara Patruno
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Center on Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), Department of Medical, Oral e Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Roberto Plebani
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Center on Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), Department of Medical, Oral e Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Mario Romano
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Center on Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), Department of Medical, Oral e Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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13
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Mitri C, Xu Z, Bardin P, Corvol H, Touqui L, Tabary O. Novel Anti-Inflammatory Approaches for Cystic Fibrosis Lung Disease: Identification of Molecular Targets and Design of Innovative Therapies. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1096. [PMID: 32848733 PMCID: PMC7396676 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common genetic disorder among Caucasians, estimated to affect more than 70,000 people in the world. Severe and persistent bronchial inflammation and chronic bacterial infection, along with airway mucus obstruction, are hallmarks of CF lung disease and participate in its progression. Anti-inflammatory therapies are, therefore, of particular interest for CF lung disease. Furthermore, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in airway infection and inflammation in CF has led to the development of new therapeutic approaches that are currently under evaluation by clinical trials. These new strategies dedicated to CF inflammation are designed to treat different dysregulated aspects such as oxidative stress, cytokine secretion, and the targeting of dysregulated pathways. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that contribute to abnormal lung inflammation in CF, as well as the new anti-inflammatory strategies proposed to CF patients by exploring novel molecular targets and novel drug approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christie Mitri
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Paris, France
| | - Zhengzhong Xu
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Paris, France.,Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Pauline Bardin
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Paris, France
| | - Harriet Corvol
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Paris, France.,Département de Pédiatrie Respiratoire, Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Lhousseine Touqui
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Paris, France.,Equipe Mucoviscidose et Bronchopathies Chroniques, Département Santé Globale, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Tabary
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Paris, France
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14
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Houston CJ, Taggart CC, Downey DG. The role of inflammation in cystic fibrosis pulmonary exacerbations. Expert Rev Respir Med 2020; 14:889-903. [PMID: 32544353 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2020.1778469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cystic Fibrosis pulmonary exacerbations are critical events in the lives of people with CF that have deleterious effects on lung function, quality of life, and life expectancy. There are significant unmet needs in the management of exacerbations. We review here the associated inflammatory changes that underlie these events and are of interest for the development of biomarkers of exacerbation. AREAS COVERED Inflammatory responses in CF are abnormal and contribute to a sustained proinflammatory lung microenvironment, abundant in proinflammatory mediators and deficient in counter-regulatory mediators that terminate and resolve inflammation. There is increasing interest in these inflammatory pathways to discover novel biomarkers for pulmonary exacerbation management. In this review, we explore the inflammatory changes occurring during intravenous antibiotic therapy for exacerbation and how they may be applied as biomarkers to guide exacerbation therapy. A literature search was conducted using the PubMed database in February 2020. EXPERT OPINION Heterogeneity in inflammatory responses to treatment of a pulmonary exacerbation, a disease process with complex pathophysiology, limits the clinical utility of individual biomarkers. Biomarker panels may be a more successful strategy to capture informative changes within the CF population to improve pulmonary exacerbation management and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire J Houston
- Airway Innate Immunity Group (Aiir), Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast , Northern Ireland
| | - Clifford C Taggart
- Airway Innate Immunity Group (Aiir), Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast , Northern Ireland
| | - Damian G Downey
- Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast , Northern Ireland.,Northern Ireland Regional Adult CF Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust , Belfast, UK
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15
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Isopi E, Mattoscio D, Codagnone M, Mari VC, Lamolinara A, Patruno S, D'Aurora M, Cianci E, Nespoli A, Franchi S, Gatta V, Dubourdeau M, Moretti P, Di Sabatino M, Iezzi M, Romano M, Recchiuti A. Resolvin D1 Reduces Lung Infection and Inflammation Activating Resolution in Cystic Fibrosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:581. [PMID: 32528461 PMCID: PMC7247852 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-resolving lung inflammation and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections are the underlying cause of morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF). The endogenous lipid mediator resolvin (Rv) D1 is a potent regulator of resolution, and its roles, actions, and therapeutic potential in CF are of interest. Here, we investigated actions and efficacy of RvD1 in preclinical models of cystic fibrosis. Cftr knockout mice with chronic P. aeruginosa lung infection were treated with RvD1 to assess differences in lung bacterial load, inflammation, and tissue damage. Cells from volunteers with CF were treated with RvD1 during ex vivo infection with P. aeruginosa, and effects on phagocytosis and inflammatory signaling were determined. In CF mice, RvD1 reduced bacterial burden, neutrophil infiltration, and histological signs of lung pathology, improving clinical scores of diseases. Mechanistically, RvD1 increased macrophage-mediated bacterial and leukocyte clearance in vivo. The clinical significance of these findings is supported by actions in primary leukocytes and epithelial cells from volunteers with CF where RvD1 enhanced P. aeruginosa phagocytosis and reduced genes and proteins associated to NF-κB activation and leukocyte infiltration. Concentration of RvD1 in sputum from patients with CF was also inversely correlated to those of cytokines and chemokines involved in CF lung pathology. These findings demonstrate efficacy of RvD1 in enhancing resolution of lung inflammation and infections and provide proof of concept for its potential as a prototypic novel pro-resolutive therapeutic approach for CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Isopi
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnology Science, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti - Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Domenico Mattoscio
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnology Science, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti - Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marilina Codagnone
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnology Science, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti - Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Veronica Cecilia Mari
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnology Science, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti - Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessia Lamolinara
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti - Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Sara Patruno
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnology Science, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti - Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marco D'Aurora
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, Department of Psychological, Humanistic and Territorial Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti - Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cianci
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnology Science, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti - Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Annalisa Nespoli
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti - Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Sara Franchi
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, Department of Psychological, Humanistic and Territorial Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti - Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Valentina Gatta
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, Department of Psychological, Humanistic and Territorial Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti - Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Moretti
- Cystic Fibrosis Regional Center, Ospedale "San Liberatore," Atri, Italy
| | - Maria Di Sabatino
- Cystic Fibrosis Regional Center, Ospedale "San Liberatore," Atri, Italy
| | - Manuela Iezzi
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti - Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Mario Romano
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnology Science, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti - Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonio Recchiuti
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnology Science, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti - Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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16
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Alpha-1 Antitrypsin-A Target for MicroRNA-Based Therapeutic Development for Cystic Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030836. [PMID: 32012925 PMCID: PMC7037267 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder arising from mutations to the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. Disruption to normal ion homeostasis in the airway results in impaired mucociliary clearance, leaving the lung more vulnerable to recurrent and chronic bacterial infections. The CF lung endures an excess of neutrophilic inflammation, and whilst neutrophil serine proteases are a crucial part of the innate host defence to infection, a surplus of neutrophil elastase (NE) is understood to create a net destructive effect. Alpha-1 antitrypsin (A1AT) is a key antiprotease in the control of NE protease activity but is ineffective in the CF lung due to the huge imbalance of NE levels. Therapeutic strategies to boost levels of protective antiproteases such as A1AT in the lung remain an attractive research strategy to limit the damage from excess protease activity. microRNAs are small non-coding RNA molecules that bind specific cognate sequences to inhibit expression of target mRNAs. The inhibition of miRNAs which target the SERPINA1 (A1AT-encoding gene) mRNA represents a novel therapeutic approach for CF inflammation. This could involve the delivery of antagomirs that bind and sequester the target miRNA, or target site blockers that bind miRNA recognition elements within the target mRNA to prevent miRNA interaction. Therefore, miRNA targeted therapies offer an alternative strategy to drive endogenous A1AT production and thus supplement the antiprotease shield of the CF lung.
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17
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Recchiuti A, Mattoscio D, Isopi E. Roles, Actions, and Therapeutic Potential of Specialized Pro-resolving Lipid Mediators for the Treatment of Inflammation in Cystic Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:252. [PMID: 31001110 PMCID: PMC6454233 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-resolving inflammation is the main mechanism of morbidity and mortality among patients suffering from cystic fibrosis (CF), the most common life-threatening human genetic disease. Resolution of inflammation is an active process timely controlled by endogenous specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs) produced locally in inflammatory loci to restrain this innate response, prevent further damages to the host, and permit return to homeostasis. Lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, and maresins are SPM derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids that limit excessive leukocyte infiltration and pro-inflammatory signals, stimulate innate microbial killing, and enhance resolution. Their unique chemical structures, receptors, and bioactions are being elucidated. Accruing data indicate that SPMs carry protective functions against unrelenting inflammation and infections in preclinical models and human CF systems. Here, we reviewed their roles and actions in controlling resolution of inflammation, evidence for their impairment in CF, and proofs of principle for their exploitation as innovative, non-immunosuppressive drugs to address inflammation and infections in CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Recchiuti
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Science, Università “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Centro di Scienze dell’Invecchiamento e Medicina Traslazionale (CeSI-MeT), Università “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Domenico Mattoscio
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Science, Università “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Centro di Scienze dell’Invecchiamento e Medicina Traslazionale (CeSI-MeT), Università “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Elisa Isopi
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Science, Università “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Centro di Scienze dell’Invecchiamento e Medicina Traslazionale (CeSI-MeT), Università “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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18
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Finotti A, Fabbri E, Lampronti I, Gasparello J, Borgatti M, Gambari R. MicroRNAs and Long Non-coding RNAs in Genetic Diseases. Mol Diagn Ther 2019; 23:155-171. [PMID: 30610665 PMCID: PMC6469593 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-018-0380-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery and classification of non-coding RNAs, their roles have gained great attention. In this respect, microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs have been firmly demonstrated to be linked to regulation of gene expression and onset of human diseases, including rare genetic diseases; therefore they are suitable targets for therapeutic intervention. This issue, in the context of rare genetic diseases, is being considered by an increasing number of research groups and is of key interest to the health community. In the case of rare genetic diseases, the possibility of developing personalized therapy in precision medicine has attracted the attention of researchers and clinicians involved in developing "orphan medicinal products" and proposing these to the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Office of Orphan Products Development (OOPD) in the United States. The major focuses of these activities are the evaluation and development of products (drugs, biologics, devices, or medical foods) considered to be promising for diagnosis and/or treatment of rare diseases or conditions, including rare genetic diseases. In an increasing number of rare genetic diseases, analysis of microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs has been proven a promising strategy. These diseases include, but are not limited to, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, cystic fibrosis, Rett syndrome, and β-thalassemia. In conclusion, a large number of approaches based on targeting microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs are expected in the field of molecular diagnosis and therapy, with a facilitated technological transfer in the case of rare genetic diseases, in virtue of the existing regulation concerning these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Finotti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara n.74, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Enrica Fabbri
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara n.74, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ilaria Lampronti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara n.74, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Jessica Gasparello
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara n.74, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Monica Borgatti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara n.74, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberto Gambari
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara n.74, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
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19
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Roesch EA, Nichols DP, Chmiel JF. Inflammation in cystic fibrosis: An update. Pediatr Pulmonol 2018; 53:S30-S50. [PMID: 29999593 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.24129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation plays a critical role in cystic fibrosis (CF) lung pathology and disease progression making it an active area of research and important therapeutic target. In this review, we explore the most recent research on the major contributors to the exuberant inflammatory response seen in CF as well as potential therapeutics to combat this response. Absence of functional cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) alters anion transport across CF airway epithelial cells and ultimately results in dehydration of the airway surface liquid. The dehydrated airway surface liquid in combination with abnormal mucin secretion contributes to airway obstruction and subsequent infection that may serve as a trigger point for inflammation. There is also evidence to suggest that airway inflammation may be excessive and sustained relative to the infectious stimuli. Studies have shown dysregulation of both pro-inflammatory mediators such as IL-17 and pro-resolution mediators including metabolites of the eicosanoid pathway. Recently, CFTR potentiators and correctors have garnered much attention in the CF community. Although these modulators address the underlying defect in CF, their impact on downstream consequences such as inflammation are not known. Here, we review pre-clinical and clinical data on the impact of CFTR modulators on inflammation. In addition, we examine other cell types including neutrophils, macrophages, and T-lymphocytes that express CFTR and contribute to the CF inflammatory response. Finally, we address challenges in developing anti-inflammatory therapies and highlight some of the most promising anti-inflammatory drugs under development for CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica A Roesch
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - David P Nichols
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - James F Chmiel
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio
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20
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Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are an abundant class of RNAs that include small ncRNAs, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) and pseudogenes. The human ncRNA atlas includes thousands of these specialised RNA molecules that are further subcategorised based on their size or function. Two of the more well-known and widely studied ncRNA species are microRNAs (miRNAs) and lncRNAs. These are regulatory RNAs and their altered expression has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of human diseases. Failure to express a functional cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane receptor (CFTR) chloride ion channel in epithelial cells underpins CF. Secondary to the CFTR defect, it is known that other pathways can be altered and these may contribute to the pathophysiology of CF lung disease in particular. For example, quantitative alterations in expression of some ncRNAs are associated with CF. In recent years, there has been a series of published studies exploring ncRNA expression and function in CF. The majority have focussed principally on miRNAs, with just a handful of reports to date on lncRNAs. The present study reviews what is currently known about ncRNA expression and function in CF, and discusses the possibility of applying this knowledge to the clinical management of CF in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlene M.A. Glasgow
- Lung Biology Group, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Chiara De Santi
- Lung Biology Group, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Catherine M. Greene
- Lung Biology Group, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
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