1
|
Pham Q, Glicksman J, Chatterjee A. Chemical approaches to probe and engineer AAV vectors. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:13820-13833. [PMID: 38978480 PMCID: PMC11271820 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01300j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) has emerged as the most promising vector for in vivo human gene therapy, with several therapeutic approvals in the last few years and countless more under development. Underlying this remarkable success are several attractive features that AAV offers, including lack of pathogenicity, low immunogenicity, long-term gene expression without genomic integration, the ability to infect both dividing and non-dividing cells, etc. However, the commonly used wild-type AAV capsids in therapeutic development present significant challenges, including inadequate tissue specificity and the need for large doses to attain therapeutic effectiveness, raising safety concerns. Additionally, significant preexisting adaptive immunity against most natural capsids, and the development of such anti-capsid immunity after the first treatment, represent major challenges. Strategies to engineer the AAV capsid are critically needed to address these challenges and unlock the full promise of AAV gene therapy. Chemical modification of the AAV capsid has recently emerged as a powerful new approach to engineer its properties. Unlike genetic strategies, which can be more disruptive to the delicate capsid assembly and packaging processes, "late-stage" chemical modification of the assembled capsid-whether at natural amino acid residues or site-specifically installed noncanonical amino acid residues-often enables a versatile approach to introducing new properties to the capsid. This review summarizes the significant recent progress in AAV capsid engineering strategies, with a particular focus on chemical modifications in advancing the next generation of AAV-based gene therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quan Pham
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA.
| | - Jake Glicksman
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA.
| | - Abhishek Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kraszewska I, Sarad K, Andrysiak K, Kopacz A, Schmidt L, Krüger M, Dulak J, Jaźwa-Kusior A. Casein kinase 2 activity is a host restriction factor for AAV transduction. Mol Ther 2024; 32:84-102. [PMID: 37952087 PMCID: PMC10787142 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
So far, the mechanisms that impede AAV transduction, especially in the human heart, are poorly understood, hampering the introduction of new, effective gene therapy strategies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify and overcome the main cellular barriers to successful transduction in the heart, using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs), iPSC-derived cardiac fibroblasts (iPSC-CFs), and primary endothelial cells to model vector-host interactions. Through phosphoproteome analysis we established that casein kinase 2 (CK2) signaling is one of the most significantly affected pathways upon AAV exposure. Transient inhibition of CK2 activity substantially enhanced the transduction rate of AAV2, AAV6, and AAV9 in all tested cell types. In particular, CK2 inhibition improved the trafficking of AAVs through the cytoplasm, impaired DNA damage response through destabilization of MRE11, and altered the RNA processing pathways, which were also highly responsive to AAV transduction. Also, it augmented transgene expression in already transduced iPSC-CFs, which retain AAV genomes in a functional, but probably silent form. In summary, the present study provides new insights into the current understanding of the host-AAV vector interaction, identifying CK2 activity as a key barrier to efficient transduction and transgene expression, which may translate to improving the outcome of AAV-based therapies in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Kraszewska
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Sarad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kalina Andrysiak
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Kopacz
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Luisa Schmidt
- CECAD Research Center, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marcus Krüger
- CECAD Research Center, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Józef Dulak
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Jaźwa-Kusior
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pacak CA, Suzuki-Hatano S, Khadir F, Daugherty AL, Sriramvenugopal M, Gosiker BJ, Kang PB, Cade WT. One episode of low intensity aerobic exercise prior to systemic AAV9 administration augments transgene delivery to the heart and skeletal muscle. J Transl Med 2023; 21:748. [PMID: 37875924 PMCID: PMC10598899 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04626-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The promising potential of adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene delivery strategies to treat genetic disorders continues to grow with an additional three AAV-based therapies recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration and dozens of others currently under evaluation in clinical trials. With these developments, it has become increasingly apparent that the high doses currently needed for efficacy carry risks of toxicity and entail enormous manufacturing costs, especially for clinical grade products. Strategies to increase the therapeutic efficacy of AAV-mediated gene delivery and reduce the minimal effective dose would have a substantial impact on this field. We hypothesized that an exercise-induced redistribution of tissue perfusion in the body to favor specific target organs via acute aerobic exercise prior to systemic intravenous (IV) AAV administration could increase efficacy. BACKGROUND Aerobic exercise triggers an array of downstream physiological effects including increased perfusion of heart and skeletal muscle, which we expected could enhance AAV transduction. Prior preclinical studies have shown promising results for a gene therapy approach to treat Barth syndrome (BTHS), a rare monogenic cardioskeletal myopathy, and clinical studies have shown the benefit of low intensity exercise in these patients, making this a suitable disease in which to test the ability of aerobic exercise to enhance AAV transduction. METHODS Wild-type (WT) and BTHS mice were either systemically administered AAV9 or completed one episode of low intensity treadmill exercise immediately prior to systemic administration of AAV9. RESULTS We demonstrate that a single episode of acute low intensity aerobic exercise immediately prior to IV AAV9 administration improves marker transgene delivery in WT mice as compared to mice injected without the exercise pre-treatment. In BTHS mice, prior exercise improved transgene delivery and additionally increased improvement in mitochondrial gene transcription levels and mitochondrial function in the heart and gastrocnemius muscles as compared to mice treated without exercise. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that one episode of acute low intensity aerobic exercise improves AAV9 transduction of heart and skeletal muscle. This low-risk, cost effective intervention could be implemented in clinical trials of individuals with inherited cardioskeletal disease as a potential means of improving patient safety for human gene therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina A Pacak
- Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center and Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Silveli Suzuki-Hatano
- College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Fatemeh Khadir
- Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center and Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Audrey L Daugherty
- Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center and Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | | | - Bennett J Gosiker
- College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Peter B Kang
- Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center and Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - William Todd Cade
- Physical Therapy Division, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, 311 Trent Drive, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Golm SK, Hübner W, Müller KM. Fluorescence Microscopy in Adeno-Associated Virus Research. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051174. [PMID: 37243260 DOI: 10.3390/v15051174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on adeno-associated virus (AAV) and its recombinant vectors as well as on fluorescence microscopy imaging is rapidly progressing driven by clinical applications and new technologies, respectively. The topics converge, since high and super-resolution microscopes facilitate the study of spatial and temporal aspects of cellular virus biology. Labeling methods also evolve and diversify. We review these interdisciplinary developments and provide information on the technologies used and the biological knowledge gained. The emphasis lies on the visualization of AAV proteins by chemical fluorophores, protein fusions and antibodies as well as on methods for the detection of adeno-associated viral DNA. We add a short overview of fluorescent microscope techniques and their advantages and challenges in detecting AAV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne K Golm
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hübner
- Biomolecular Photonics, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Kristian M Müller
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Direct Capsid Labeling of Infectious HIV-1 by Genetic Code Expansion Allows Detection of Largely Complete Nuclear Capsids and Suggests Nuclear Entry of HIV-1 Complexes via Common Routes. mBio 2022; 13:e0195922. [PMID: 35972146 PMCID: PMC9600849 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01959-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cone-shaped mature HIV-1 capsid is the main orchestrator of early viral replication. After cytosolic entry, it transports the viral replication complex along microtubules toward the nucleus. While it was initially believed that the reverse transcribed genome is released from the capsid in the cytosol, recent observations indicate that a high amount of capsid protein (CA) remains associated with subviral complexes during import through the nuclear pore complex (NPC). Observation of postentry events via microscopic detection of HIV-1 CA is challenging, since epitope shielding limits immunodetection and the genetic fragility of CA hampers direct labeling approaches. Here, we present a minimally invasive strategy based on genetic code expansion and click chemistry that allows for site-directed fluorescent labeling of HIV-1 CA, while retaining virus morphology and infectivity. Thereby, we could directly visualize virions and subviral complexes using advanced microscopy, including nanoscopy and correlative imaging. Quantification of signal intensities of subviral complexes revealed an amount of CA associated with nuclear complexes in HeLa-derived cells and primary T cells consistent with a complete capsid and showed that treatment with the small molecule inhibitor PF74 did not result in capsid dissociation from nuclear complexes. Cone-shaped objects detected in the nucleus by electron tomography were clearly identified as capsid-derived structures by correlative microscopy. High-resolution imaging revealed dose-dependent clustering of nuclear capsids, suggesting that incoming particles may follow common entry routes.
Collapse
|
6
|
Singh V, Khan N, Jayandharan GR. Vector engineering, strategies and targets in cancer gene therapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2022; 29:402-417. [PMID: 33859378 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-021-00331-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular basis of disease and the design of rationally designed molecular therapies has been the holy grail in the management of human cancers. Gene-based therapies are an important avenue for achieving a possible cure. Focused research in the last three decades has provided significant clues to optimize the potential of cancer gene therapy. The development of gene therapies with a high potential to kill the target cells at the lowest effective dose possible, the development of vectors with significant ability to target cancer-associated antigen, the application of adjunct therapies to target dysregulated microRNA, and embracing a hybrid strategy with a combination of gene therapy and low-dose chemotherapy in a disease-specific manner will be pivotal. This article outlines the advances and challenges in the field with emphasis on the biology and scope of vectors used for gene transfer, newer targets identified, and their outcome in preclinical and clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vijayata Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, UP, India
| | - Nusrat Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, UP, India
| | - Giridhara R Jayandharan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, UP, India. .,The Mehta Family Centre for Engineering in Medicine, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, UP, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lam AK, Frabutt D, Li L, Xiao W. Chemical Modifications of the Capsid for Redirecting and Improving the Efficacy of Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 32:1433-1438. [PMID: 34254844 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2021.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector-directed gene therapy is one of the most exciting modalities of biotechnology as more applications enter clinical stage. Although AAV vectors generally feature low toxicity, high stability, and long-lasting transgene expression, potential challenging issues of AAV include high vector dose, limited tissue tropism, and the host immune response and inflammation, which are all related to the capsid protein. To overcome these challenges, various strategies have been developed to engineer AAV capsids. Apart from widely employed genetic engineering of capsid protein, powerful and versatile chemical modification strategies are underexploited. This minireview summarizes recent advances and our perspectives for future direction in AAV capsid chemical modification to enhance its therapeutic use for gene therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anh K Lam
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatrics Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Dylan Frabutt
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatrics Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Weidong Xiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatrics Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pomorski A, Krężel A. Biarsenical fluorescent probes for multifunctional site-specific modification of proteins applicable in life sciences: an overview and future outlook. Metallomics 2021; 12:1179-1207. [PMID: 32658234 DOI: 10.1039/d0mt00093k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent modification of proteins of interest (POI) in living cells is desired to study their behaviour and functions in their natural environment. In a perfect setting it should be easy to perform, inexpensive, efficient and site-selective. Although multiple chemical and biological methods have been developed, only a few of them are applicable for cellular studies thanks to their appropriate physical, chemical and biological characteristics. One such successful system is a tetracysteine tag/motif and its selective biarsenical binders (e.g. FlAsH and ReAsH). Since its discovery in 1998 by Tsien and co-workers, this method has been enhanced and revolutionized in terms of its efficiency, formed complex stability and breadth of application. Here, we overview the whole field of knowledge, while placing most emphasis on recent reports. We showcase the improvements of classical biarsenical probes with various optical properties as well as multifunctional molecules that add new characteristics to proteins. We also present the evolution of affinity tags and motifs of biarsenical probes demonstrating much more possibilities in cellular applications. We summarize protocols and reported observations so both beginners and advanced users of biarsenical probes can troubleshoot their experiments. We address the concerns regarding the safety of biarsenical probe application. We showcase examples in virology, studies on receptors or amyloid aggregation, where application of biarsenical probes allowed observations that previously were not possible. We provide a summary of current applications ranging from bioanalytical sciences to allosteric control of selected proteins. Finally, we present an outlook to encourage more researchers to use these magnificent probes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Pomorski
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mattola S, Hakanen S, Salminen S, Aho V, Mäntylä E, Ihalainen TO, Kann M, Vihinen-Ranta M. Concepts to Reveal Parvovirus-Nucleus Interactions. Viruses 2021; 13:1306. [PMID: 34372512 PMCID: PMC8310053 DOI: 10.3390/v13071306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Parvoviruses are small single-stranded (ss) DNA viruses, which replicate in the nucleoplasm and affect both the structure and function of the nucleus. The nuclear stage of the parvovirus life cycle starts at the nuclear entry of incoming capsids and culminates in the successful passage of progeny capsids out of the nucleus. In this review, we will present past, current, and future microscopy and biochemical techniques and demonstrate their potential in revealing the dynamics and molecular interactions in the intranuclear processes of parvovirus infection. In particular, a number of advanced techniques will be presented for the detection of infection-induced changes, such as DNA modification and damage, as well as protein-chromatin interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salla Mattola
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, 40500 Jyvaskyla, Finland; (S.M.); (S.H.); (S.S.); (V.A.)
| | - Satu Hakanen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, 40500 Jyvaskyla, Finland; (S.M.); (S.H.); (S.S.); (V.A.)
| | - Sami Salminen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, 40500 Jyvaskyla, Finland; (S.M.); (S.H.); (S.S.); (V.A.)
| | - Vesa Aho
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, 40500 Jyvaskyla, Finland; (S.M.); (S.H.); (S.S.); (V.A.)
| | - Elina Mäntylä
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (E.M.); (T.O.I.)
| | - Teemu O. Ihalainen
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (E.M.); (T.O.I.)
| | - Michael Kann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden;
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maija Vihinen-Ranta
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, 40500 Jyvaskyla, Finland; (S.M.); (S.H.); (S.S.); (V.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cellular pathways of recombinant adeno-associated virus production for gene therapy. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 49:107764. [PMID: 33957276 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) are among the most important vectors for in vivo gene therapies. With the rapid development of gene therapy, current rAAV manufacturing capacity faces a challenge to meet the emerging demand for these therapies in the future. To examine the bottlenecks in rAAV production during cell culture, we focus here on an analysis of cellular pathways of rAAV production, based on an overview of assembly mechanisms first in the wild-type (wt) AAV replication and then in the common methods of rAAV production. The differences analyzed between the wild-type and recombinant systems provide insights into the mechanistic differences that may correlate with viral productivity. Based on these analyses, we identify potential barriers to high productivity of rAAV and discuss future directions for improvement to meet the emerging needs set by the growth of rAAV-based therapy and the needs of patients.
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang Z, Park J, Barrett H, Dooley S, Davies C, Verhagen MF. Capillary Electrophoresis-Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate with Laser-Induced Fluorescence Detection as a Highly Sensitive and Quality Control-Friendly Method for Monitoring Adeno-Associated Virus Capsid Protein Purity. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 32:628-637. [PMID: 33081515 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2020.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The capsid protein purity of adeno-associated virus (AAV) is considered a critical quality attribute of AAV-based gene therapy products. However, the analytical methods currently available to monitor the viral capsid proteins, which are present in extremely low concentrations, have limited sensitivity and robustness, thus limiting their general applicability. As a result, there is an urgent need to develop robust separation methods with highly sensitive detection. In this article, we describe the first denaturation and fluorescence labeling procedure for AAV capsid proteins using the pyrylium dye Chromeo™ P503, enabling the establishment of the first capillary electrophoresis-sodium dodecyl sulfate (CE-SDS) method combined with laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection for AAV. Upon optimization using a quality-by-design approach, the newly developed method features a simple and robust one-step sample preparation workflow resulting in consistently labeled and denatured viral protein samples, which can subsequently be separated and quantified by CE-LIF. The method has been validated to be accurate and precise with a linear range of 50-150% of the nominal concentration of 2.0 × 1011 vector genomes per mL (vg/mL). The detection limit and quantitation limit were established to be 8.0 × 107 vg/mL (∼0.8 ng/mL) and 4.2 × 108 vg/mL (∼4 ng/mL), respectively, representing the highest sensitivity achieved for AAV capsid protein quantitation reported to date and a linear dynamic range of 8.0 × 107-3.0 × 1011 vg/mL. A comparison of the CE-SDS LIF method with existing methods, such as CE-SDS ultraviolet and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with SYPRO Ruby stain, indicated that the new method has superior resolution and a significant increase in signal intensity. Capsid protein purity analysis of multiple AAV serotypes, including AAV5, scAAVrh10, AAV2, and AAV6, has been demonstrated for the first time using the same method, indicating the newly developed AAV labeling procedure and CE-LIF analysis could serve as a Quality Control-friendly platform and best-in-class analytical method for the control of AAV capsid protein purity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zichuan Zhang
- Sanofi Biologics Development, Bioanalytics, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeehae Park
- Sanofi Biologics Development, Bioanalytics, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hannah Barrett
- Sanofi Biologics Development, Bioanalytics, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Scott Dooley
- Sanofi Biologics Development, Bioanalytics, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Claire Davies
- Sanofi Biologics Development, Bioanalytics, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marc F Verhagen
- Sanofi Biologics Development, Bioanalytics, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Therapeutic viral gene delivery is an emerging technology which aims to correct genetic mutations by introducing new genetic information to cells either to correct a faulty gene or to initiate cell death in oncolytic treatments. In recent years, significant scientific progress has led to several clinical trials resulting in the approval of gene therapies for human treatment. However, successful therapies remain limited due to a number of challenges such as inefficient cell uptake, low transduction efficiency (TE), limited tropism, liver toxicity and immune response. To adress these issues and increase the number of available therapies, additives from a broad range of materials like polymers, peptides, lipids, nanoparticles, and small molecules have been applied so far. The scope of this review is to highlight these selected delivery systems from a materials perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kübra Kaygisiz
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sun C, Shen L, Zhang Z, Xie X. Therapeutic Strategies for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: An Update. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11080837. [PMID: 32717791 PMCID: PMC7463903 DOI: 10.3390/genes11080837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromuscular disorders encompass a heterogeneous group of conditions that impair the function of muscles, motor neurons, peripheral nerves, and neuromuscular junctions. Being the most common and most severe type of muscular dystrophy, Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), is caused by mutations in the X-linked dystrophin gene. Loss of dystrophin protein leads to recurrent myofiber damage, chronic inflammation, progressive fibrosis, and dysfunction of muscle stem cells. Over the last few years, there has been considerable development of diagnosis and therapeutics for DMD, but current treatments do not cure the disease. Here, we review the current status of DMD pathogenesis and therapy, focusing on mutational spectrum, diagnosis tools, clinical trials, and therapeutic approaches including dystrophin restoration, gene therapy, and myogenic cell transplantation. Furthermore, we present the clinical potential of advanced strategies combining gene editing, cell-based therapy with tissue engineering for the treatment of muscular dystrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengmei Sun
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China; (C.S.); (L.S.); (Z.Z.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Luoan Shen
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China; (C.S.); (L.S.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China; (C.S.); (L.S.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Xin Xie
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China; (C.S.); (L.S.); (Z.Z.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0571-87572326
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Seo JW, Ingham ES, Mahakian L, Tumbale S, Wu B, Aghevlian S, Shams S, Baikoghli M, Jain P, Ding X, Goeden N, Dobreva T, Flytzanis NC, Chavez M, Singhal K, Leib R, James ML, Segal DJ, Cheng RH, Silva EA, Gradinaru V, Ferrara KW. Positron emission tomography imaging of novel AAV capsids maps rapid brain accumulation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2102. [PMID: 32355221 PMCID: PMC7193641 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15818-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are typically single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (ssDNA) encapsulated within 25-nm protein capsids. Recently, tissue-specific AAV capsids (e.g. PHP.eB) have been shown to enhance brain delivery in rodents via the LY6A receptor on brain endothelial cells. Here, we create a non-invasive positron emission tomography (PET) methodology to track viruses. To provide the sensitivity required to track AAVs injected at picomolar levels, a unique multichelator construct labeled with a positron emitter (Cu-64, t1/2 = 12.7 h) is coupled to the viral capsid. We find that brain accumulation of the PHP.eB capsid 1) exceeds that reported in any previous PET study of brain uptake of targeted therapies and 2) is correlated with optical reporter gene transduction of the brain. The PHP.eB capsid brain endothelial receptor affinity is nearly 20-fold greater than that of AAV9. The results suggest that novel PET imaging techniques can be applied to inform and optimize capsid design. Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) can be targeted in a tissue-specific manner, but their tissue accumulation cannot be assessed in a non-invasive manner. Here the authors conjugate a multivalent chelator labelled with Cu-64 to the surface of AAVs and image the brain accumulation of the PHB.eB capsid by PET.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jai Woong Seo
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Ingham
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Mahakian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Spencer Tumbale
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bo Wu
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sadaf Aghevlian
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shahin Shams
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mo Baikoghli
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Poorva Jain
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xiaozhe Ding
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Nick Goeden
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Tatyana Dobreva
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas C Flytzanis
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Michael Chavez
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Ryan Leib
- Stanford University Mass Spectrometry, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michelle L James
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David J Segal
- Genome Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - R Holland Cheng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Eduardo A Silva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Katherine W Ferrara
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lee EJ, Guenther CM, Suh J. Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) Vectors: Rational Design Strategies for Capsid Engineering. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2018; 7:58-63. [PMID: 31106283 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) consists of a simple genome, infects mammalian cells, displays nonpathogenicity in humans, and spans an array of serotypes and variants bearing distinct tissue tropisms. These attributes lend AAV tremendous promise as a gene delivery vector, further substantiated by its extensive testing in human clinical trials. Rational design approaches to capsid engineering leverage current scientific knowledge of AAV to further modulate, enhance and optimize the performance of the vectors. Capsid modification strategies include amino acid point mutations, peptide domain insertions, and chemical biology approaches. Through such efforts, insights regarding AAV capsid sequence-structure-function relationships can be learned. Developments over the last 5 years in rational design-based capsid engineering approaches will be presented and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther J Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6500 Main St., MS-142, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Caitlin M Guenther
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6500 Main St., MS-142, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Junghae Suh
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6500 Main St., MS-142, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|