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Roy CN, Shu ST, Kline C, Rigatti L, Smithgall TE, Ambrose Z. Use of pediatric thymus to humanize mice for HIV-1 mucosal transmission. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17067. [PMID: 37816950 PMCID: PMC10564933 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44366-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Humanized mice have been used to study human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission, pathogenesis, and treatment. The ability of pediatric thymus tissue implanted either in the leg (Leg PedThy) or under the renal capsule (Renal PedThy) with allogeneic CD34+ hematopoietic cells (HSCs) in NSG mice was evaluated for reconstitution of human immune cells and for rectal transmission of HIV-1. These mice were compared to traditional BLT mice implanted with fetal liver and thymus under the renal capsule and mice injected only with HSCs. Renal PedThy mice had similar immune reconstitution in the blood, spleen and intestine as BLT mice, while Leg PedThy mice had transient detection of immune cells, particularly CD4+ T cells and macrophages, the target cells for HIV-1 infection. Rectal transmission and replication of HIV-1 was efficient in BLT mice but lower and more variable in Renal PedThy mice. HIV-1 was poorly transmitted in HSC mice and not transmitted in Leg PedThy mice, which correlated with the frequencies of target cells in the spleen and intestine. Humanization of NSG mice with pediatric thymus was successful when implanted under the kidney capsule, but led to less efficient HIV-1 rectal transmission and replication compared to BLT mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra N Roy
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sherry T Shu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Christopher Kline
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lora Rigatti
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Thomas E Smithgall
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zandrea Ambrose
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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2
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Baroncini L, Bredl S, Nicole KP, Speck RF. The Humanized Mouse Model: What Added Value Does It Offer for HIV Research? Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040608. [PMID: 37111494 PMCID: PMC10142098 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the early 2000s, novel humanized mouse models based on the transplantation of human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) into immunocompromised mice were introduced (hu mice). The human HSPCs gave rise to a lymphoid system of human origin. The HIV research community has greatly benefitted from these hu mice. Since human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 infection results in a high-titer disseminated HIV infection, hu mice have been of great value for all types of HIV research from pathogenesis to novel therapies. Since the first description of this new generation of hu mice, great efforts have been expended to improve humanization by creating other immunodeficient mouse models or supplementing mice with human transgenes to improve human engraftment. Many labs have their own customized hu mouse models, making comparisons quite difficult. Here, we discuss the different hu mouse models in the context of specific research questions in order to define which characteristics should be considered when determining which hu mouse model is appropriate for the question posed. We strongly believe that researchers must first define their research question and then determine whether a hu mouse model exists, allowing the research question to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Baroncini
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Bredl
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kadzioch P Nicole
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roberto F Speck
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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3
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Li Y, Lefebvre F, Nakku-Joloba E, Ronald A, Gray G, de Bruyn G, Kiarie J, Celum C, Cameron MJ, Lingappa JR, Mackelprang RD. Upregulation of PTPRC and Interferon Response Pathways in HIV-1 Seroconverters Prior to Infection. J Infect Dis 2023; 227:714-719. [PMID: 36637125 PMCID: PMC9978315 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) exposed seronegative (HESN) individuals may have unique characteristics that alter susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. However, identifying truly exposed HESN is challenging. We utilized stored data and biospecimens from HIV-1 serodifferent couple cohorts, in which couples' HIV-1 exposures were quantified based on unprotected sex frequency and viral load of the partner with HIV-1. We compared peripheral blood gene expression between 15 HESN and 18 seroconverters prior to infection. We found PTPRC (encoding CD45 antigen) and interferon-response pathways had significantly higher expression among individuals who went on to become seropositive and thus may be a signature for increased acquisition risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqi Li
- Institute for Public Health Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Francois Lefebvre
- Canadian Centre for Computational Genomics-Montréal Node, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Allan Ronald
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Glenda Gray
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Guy de Bruyn
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - James Kiarie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Connie Celum
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mark J Cameron
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jairam R Lingappa
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Romel D Mackelprang
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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4
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Comparing Current and Next-generation Humanized Mouse Models for Advancing HIV and HIV/Mtb Co-infection Studies. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091927. [PMID: 36146734 PMCID: PMC9500899 DOI: 10.3390/v14091927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In people living with HIV, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the major cause of death. Due to the increased morbidity/mortality in co-infection, further research is urgently required. A limiting factor to research in HIV and HIV/Mtb co-infection is the lack of accessible in vivo models. Next-generation humanized mice expressing HLA transgenes report improved human immune reconstitution and functionality, which may better recapitulate human disease. This study compares well-established huNRG mice and next-generation HLA I/II-transgenic (huDRAG-A2) mice for immune reconstitution, disease course, and pathology in HIV and TB. HuDRAG-A2 mice have improved engraftment of key immune cell types involved in HIV and TB disease. Upon intravaginal HIV-1 infection, both models developed significant HIV target cell depletion in the blood and tissues. Upon intranasal Mtb infection, both models sustained high bacterial load within the lungs and tissue dissemination. Some huDRAG-A2 granulomas appeared more classically organized, characterized by focal central necrosis, multinucleated giant cells, and foamy macrophages surrounded by a halo of CD4+ T cells. HIV/Mtb co-infection in huNRG mice trended towards worsened TB pathology and showed potential for modeling co-infection. Both huNRG and huDRAG-A2 mice are viable options for investigating HIV and TB, but the huDRAG-A2 model may offer advantages.
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5
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Terahara K, Iwabuchi R, Tsunetsugu-Yokota Y. Perspectives on Non-BLT Humanized Mouse Models for Studying HIV Pathogenesis and Therapy. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050776. [PMID: 33924786 PMCID: PMC8145733 DOI: 10.3390/v13050776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of humanized mice, which are reconstituted only with human hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) or with fetal thymus and HSCs, have been developed and widely utilized as in vivo animal models of HIV-1 infection. The models represent some aspects of HIV-mediated pathogenesis in humans and are useful for the evaluation of therapeutic regimens. However, there are several limitations in these models, including their incomplete immune responses and poor distribution of human cells to the secondary lymphoid tissues. These limitations are common in many humanized mouse models and are critical issues that need to be addressed. As distinct defects exist in each model, we need to be cautious about the experimental design and interpretation of the outcomes obtained using humanized mice. Considering this point, we mainly characterize the current conventional humanized mouse reconstituted only with HSCs and describe past achievements in this area, as well as the potential contributions of the humanized mouse models for the study of HIV pathogenesis and therapy. We also discuss the use of various technologies to solve the current problems. Humanized mice will contribute not only to the pre-clinical evaluation of anti-HIV regimens, but also to a deeper understanding of basic aspects of HIV biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Terahara
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (K.T.); (R.I.)
| | - Ryutaro Iwabuchi
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (K.T.); (R.I.)
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Yasuko Tsunetsugu-Yokota
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (K.T.); (R.I.)
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Human Sciences, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo 144-8535, Japan
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +81-3-6424-2223
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6
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Gillgrass A, Wessels JM, Yang JX, Kaushic C. Advances in Humanized Mouse Models to Improve Understanding of HIV-1 Pathogenesis and Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2021; 11:617516. [PMID: 33746940 PMCID: PMC7973037 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.617516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although antiretroviral therapy has transformed human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) from a deadly infection into a chronic disease, it does not clear the viral reservoir, leaving HIV-1 as an uncurable infection. Currently, 1.2 million new HIV-1 infections occur globally each year, with little decrease over many years. Therefore, additional research is required to advance the current state of HIV management, find potential therapeutic strategies, and further understand the mechanisms of HIV pathogenesis and prevention strategies. Non-human primates (NHP) have been used extensively in HIV research and have provided critical advances within the field, but there are several issues that limit their use. Humanized mouse (Hu-mouse) models, or immunodeficient mice engrafted with human immune cells and/or tissues, provide a cost-effective and practical approach to create models for HIV research. Hu-mice closely parallel multiple aspects of human HIV infection and disease progression. Here, we highlight how innovations in Hu-mouse models have advanced HIV-1 research in the past decade. We discuss the effect of different background strains of mice, of modifications on the reconstitution of the immune cells, and the pros and cons of different human cells and/or tissue engraftment methods, on the ability to examine HIV-1 infection and immune response. Finally, we consider the newest advances in the Hu-mouse models and their potential to advance research in emerging areas of mucosal infections, understand the role of microbiota and the complex issues in HIV-TB co-infection. These innovations in Hu-mouse models hold the potential to significantly enhance mechanistic research to develop novel strategies for HIV prevention and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Gillgrass
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jocelyn M. Wessels
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jack X. Yang
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Charu Kaushic
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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7
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Saba I, Barat C, Chabaud S, Reyjon N, Leclerc M, Jakubowska W, Orabi H, Lachhab A, Pelletier M, Tremblay MJ, Bolduc S. Immunocompetent Human 3D Organ-Specific Hormone-Responding Vaginal Mucosa Model of HIV-1 Infection. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2021; 27:152-166. [PMID: 33573474 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2020.0333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of appropriate experimental models often limits our ability to investigate the establishment of infections in specific tissues. To reproduce the structural and spatial organization of vaginal mucosae to study human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection, we used the self-assembly technique to bioengineer tridimensional vaginal mucosae using human cells extracted from HIV-1-negative healthy pre- and postmenopausal donors. We produced a stroma, free of exogenous material, that can be adapted to generate near-to-native vaginal tissue with the best complexity obtained with seeded epithelial cells on the organ-specific stroma. The autologous engineered tissues had mechanical properties close to native mucosa and shared similar glycogen production, which declined in reconstructed tissues of the postmenopausal donor. The in vitro-engineered tissues were also rendered immune competent by adding human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) on the epithelium or in the stroma layers. The model was infected with HIV-1, and viral replication and transcytosis were observed when immunocompetent reconstructed vaginal mucosa tissue has incorporated MDMs into the stroma and infected with free HIV-1 green fluorescent protein (GFP) viral particles. These data illustrate a natural permissiveness of immunocompetent untransformed human vaginal mucosae to HIV-1 infection. This model offers a physiological tool to explore viral load, HIV-1 transmission in an environment that may contribute to the virus propagation, and new antiviral treatments in vitro. Impact statement This study introduces an innovative immunocompetent three-dimensional human organ-specific vaginal mucosa free of exogenous material for in vitro modeling of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection. The proposed model is histologically close to native tissue, especially by presenting glycogen accumulation in the epithelium's superficial cells, responsive to estrogen, and able to sustain a monocyte-derived macrophage population infected or not by HIV-1 during ∼2 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Saba
- Centre de Recherche en Organogenèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec City, Canada
| | - Corinne Barat
- Infectious and Immune Diseases, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Stéphane Chabaud
- Centre de Recherche en Organogenèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec City, Canada
| | - Nolan Reyjon
- Centre de Recherche en Organogenèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec City, Canada
| | - Maude Leclerc
- Centre de Recherche en Organogenèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec City, Canada
| | - Weronika Jakubowska
- Centre de Recherche en Organogenèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec City, Canada
| | - Hazem Orabi
- Centre de Recherche en Organogenèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec City, Canada
| | - Asmaa Lachhab
- Infectious and Immune Diseases, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Martin Pelletier
- Infectious and Immune Diseases, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Michel J Tremblay
- Infectious and Immune Diseases, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Stéphane Bolduc
- Centre de Recherche en Organogenèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec City, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
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8
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Wessels JM, Nguyen PV, Vitali D, Mueller K, Vahedi F, Felker AM, Dupont HA, Bagri P, Verschoor CP, Deshiere A, Mazzulli T, Tremblay MJ, Ashkar AA, Kaushic C. Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) enhances susceptibility and increases the window of vulnerability to HIV-1 in humanized mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3894. [PMID: 33594113 PMCID: PMC7887257 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83242-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The progestin-based hormonal contraceptive Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (DMPA) is widely used in sub-Saharan Africa, where HIV-1 is endemic. Meta-analyses have shown that women using DMPA are 40% more likely than women not using hormonal contraceptives to acquire Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1). Therefore understanding how DMPA increases susceptibility to HIV-1 is an important public health issue. Using C57BL/6 mice and our previously optimized humanized mouse model (NOD-Rag1tm1Mom Il2rgtm1Wjl transplanted with hCD34-enriched hematopoietic stem cells; Hu-mice) where peripheral blood and tissues are reconstituted by human immune cells, we assessed how DMPA affected mucosal barrier function, HIV-1 susceptibility, viral titres, and target cells compared to mice in the diestrus phase of the estrous cycle, when endogenous progesterone is highest. We found that DMPA enhanced FITC-dextran dye leakage from the vaginal tract into the systemic circulation, enhanced target cells (hCD68+ macrophages, hCD4+ T cells) in the vaginal tract and peripheral blood (hCD45+hCD3+hCD4+hCCR5+ T cells), increased the rate of intravaginal HIV-1 infection, extended the window of vulnerability, and lowered vaginal viral titres following infection. These findings suggest DMPA may enhance susceptibility to HIV-1 in Hu-mice by impairing the vaginal epithelial barrier, increasing vaginal target cells (including macrophages), and extending the period of time during which Hu-mice are susceptible to infection; mechanisms that might also affect HIV-1 susceptibility in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn M Wessels
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, MDCL Room 4014, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Philip V Nguyen
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, MDCL Room 4014, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Danielle Vitali
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, MDCL Room 4014, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Kristen Mueller
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, MDCL Room 4014, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Fatemeh Vahedi
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, MDCL Room 4014, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Allison M Felker
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, MDCL Room 4014, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Haley A Dupont
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, MDCL Room 4014, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Puja Bagri
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, MDCL Room 4014, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Chris P Verschoor
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Alexandre Deshiere
- Axe Des Maladies Infectieuses Et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, Québec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Tony Mazzulli
- Public Health Laboratories, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, M5G 1V2, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai Hospital/University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Michel J Tremblay
- Axe Des Maladies Infectieuses Et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, Québec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Ali A Ashkar
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, MDCL Room 4014, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Charu Kaushic
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, MDCL Room 4014, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada. .,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.
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9
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Wessels JM, Lajoie J, Cooper MIJH, Omollo K, Felker AM, Vitali D, Dupont HA, Nguyen PV, Mueller K, Vahedi F, Kimani J, Oyugi J, Cheruiyot J, Mungai JN, Deshiere A, Tremblay MJ, Mazzulli T, Stearns JC, Ashkar AA, Fowke KR, Surette MG, Kaushic C. Medroxyprogesterone acetate alters the vaginal microbiota and microenvironment in women and increases susceptibility to HIV-1 in humanized mice. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:dmm.039669. [PMID: 31537512 PMCID: PMC6826019 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.039669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The hormonal contraceptive medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) is associated with increased risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), via incompletely understood mechanisms. Increased diversity in the vaginal microbiota modulates genital inflammation and is associated with increased HIV-1 acquisition. However, the effect of MPA on diversity of the vaginal microbiota is relatively unknown. In a cohort of female Kenyan sex workers, negative for sexually transmitted infections (STIs), with Nugent scores <7 (N=58 of 370 screened), MPA correlated with significantly increased diversity of the vaginal microbiota as assessed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. MPA was also significantly associated with decreased levels of estrogen in the plasma, and low vaginal glycogen and α-amylase, factors implicated in vaginal colonization by lactobacilli, bacteria that are believed to protect against STIs. In a humanized mouse model, MPA treatment was associated with low serum estrogen, low glycogen and enhanced HIV-1 susceptibility. The mechanism by which the MPA-mediated changes in the vaginal microbiota may contribute to HIV-1 susceptibility in humans appears to be independent of inflammatory cytokines and/or activated T cells. Altogether, these results suggest MPA-induced hypo-estrogenism may alter key metabolic components that are necessary for vaginal colonization by certain bacterial species including lactobacilli, and allow for greater bacterial diversity in the vaginal microbiota. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: MPA may increase susceptibility to HIV-1 in sex workers through the suppression of endogenous estrogen, reducing vaginal glycogen and α-amylase levels, which increases bacterial diversity, potentially reducing protective bacterial species such as lactobacilli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn M Wessels
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Julie Lajoie
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, P.O. BOX 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Maeve I J Hay Cooper
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Kenneth Omollo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, P.O. BOX 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Allison M Felker
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Danielle Vitali
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Haley A Dupont
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Philip V Nguyen
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Kristen Mueller
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Fatemeh Vahedi
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Joshua Kimani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, P.O. BOX 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.,Kenyan AIDS Control Program, P.O. Box 19361 - 00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Julius Oyugi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, P.O. BOX 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - John N Mungai
- Kenyan AIDS Control Program, P.O. Box 19361 - 00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Alexandre Deshiere
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, Québec City, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology Medical Biology, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Michel J Tremblay
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, Québec City, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology Medical Biology, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Tony Mazzulli
- Public Health Laboratories, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1V2, Canada.,Mount Sinai Hospital/University Health Network, Department of Microbiology, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jennifer C Stearns
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Ali A Ashkar
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Keith R Fowke
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, P.O. BOX 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Michael G Surette
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada.,McMaster Institute of Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Charu Kaushic
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada .,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada.,McMaster Institute of Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
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10
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Latinovic OS, Neal LM, Tagaya Y, Heredia A, Medina-Moreno S, Zapata JC, Reitz M, Bryant J, Redfield RR. Suppression of Active HIV-1 Infection in CD34 + Hematopoietic Humanized NSG Mice by a Combination of Combined Antiretroviral Therapy and CCR5 Targeting Drugs. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2019; 35:718-728. [PMID: 31099257 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2018.0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in the diagnostics and treatment of AIDS since the discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in 1983. The remarkable effectiveness of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) is evidenced by mortality reduction, control of peripheral blood viral load, and in a nearly normal quality of HIV patients' lives. Remaining obstacles in treatment and cure are drug toxicities and side effects, viral resistance, persistence of HIV-1 reservoirs on termination of cART treatment, the cost of lifelong antiretroviral therapy, and the stigma associated with taking antiretroviral drugs. As determined by plasma viral RNA and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) proviral DNA, we show improved suppression of productive HIV infection in human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cell-engrafted NOD (nonobese diabetic)-SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency)-il2rg-/- (NSG) mice by combined treatment with cART and CCR5 targeting drugs, compared with cART alone, as well as an increased preservation of human CD4+ T cells (defined as CD45+ CD3+ CD4+ cells) and CD4+/CD8+ cell ratios in infected mice. The data also suggest a possible reduction in viral reservoirs. Our data confirm that this animal model is suitable for detection of productive HIV infection, replication, and establishment of viral reservoirs. The data also provide proof of principle for the utility of combining CCR5 targeting drugs, maraviroc and rapamycin, with traditional cART to improve control of viremia and reduce viral reservoirs. This study thus serves as a model for future HIV-1 studies that could lead to the clinical development of new generations of antiretroviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga S. Latinovic
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lauren M. Neal
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yutaka Tagaya
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- School of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alonso Heredia
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- School of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sandra Medina-Moreno
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Juan C. Zapata
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Marvin Reitz
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joseph Bryant
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Robert R. Redfield
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- School of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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11
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Wessels JM, Felker AM, Dupont HA, Kaushic C. The relationship between sex hormones, the vaginal microbiome and immunity in HIV-1 susceptibility in women. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm035147. [PMID: 30154116 PMCID: PMC6177003 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.035147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of sex hormones in regulating immune responses in the female genital tract has been recognized for decades. More recently, it has become increasingly clear that sex hormones regulate susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections through direct and indirect mechanisms involving inflammation and immune responses. The reproductive cycle can influence simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) infections in primates and HIV-1 infection in ex vivo cervical tissues from women. Exogenous hormones, such as those found in hormonal contraceptives, have come under intense scrutiny because of the increased susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections seen in women using medroxyprogesterone acetate, a synthetic progestin-based contraceptive. Recent meta-analyses concluded that medroxyprogesterone acetate enhanced HIV-1 susceptibility in women by 40%. In contrast, estradiol-containing hormonal contraceptives were not associated with increased susceptibility and some studies reported a protective effect of estrogen on HIV/SIV infection, although the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Recent studies describe a key role for the vaginal microbiota in determining susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections, including HIV-1. While Lactobacillus spp.-dominated vaginal microbiota is associated with decreased susceptibility, complex microbiota, such as those seen in bacterial vaginosis, correlates with increased susceptibility to HIV-1. Interestingly, sex hormones are inherently linked to microbiota regulation in the vaginal tract. Estrogen has been postulated to play a key role in establishing a Lactobacillus-dominated microenvironment, whereas medroxyprogesterone acetate is linked to hypo-estrogenic effects. The aim of this Review is to contribute to a better understanding of the sex-hormone-microbiome-immunity axis, which can provide key information on the determinants of HIV-1 susceptibility in the female genital tract and, consequently, inform HIV-1 prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn M Wessels
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Allison M Felker
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Haley A Dupont
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Charu Kaushic
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
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12
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Nazli A, Dizzell S, Zahoor MA, Ferreira VH, Kafka J, Woods MW, Ouellet M, Ashkar AA, Tremblay MJ, Bowdish DM, Kaushic C. Interferon-β induced in female genital epithelium by HIV-1 glycoprotein 120 via Toll-like-receptor 2 pathway acts to protect the mucosal barrier. Cell Mol Immunol 2018; 16:178-194. [PMID: 29553138 PMCID: PMC6355787 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 40% of HIV infections occur via female reproductive tract (FRT) through heterosexual transmission. Epithelial cells that line the female genital mucosa are the first line of defense against HIV-1 and other sexually transmitted pathogens. These sentient cells recognize and respond to external stimuli by induction of a range of carefully balanced innate immune responses. Previously, we have shown that in response to HIV-1 gp120, the genital epithelial cells (GECs) from upper reproductive tract induce an inflammatory response that may facilitate HIV-1 translocation and infection. In this study, we report that the endometrial and endocervical GECs simultaneously induce biologically active interferon-β (IFNβ) antiviral responses following exposure to HIV-1 that act to protect the epithelial tight junction barrier. The innate antiviral response was directly induced by HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 and addition of gp120 neutralizing antibody inhibited IFNβ production. Interferon-β was induced by gp120 in upper GECs through Toll-like receptor 2 signaling and required presence of heparan sulfate on epithelial cell surface. The induction of IFNβ was dependent upon activation of transcription factor IRF3 (interferon regulatory factor 3). The IFNβ was biologically active, had a protective effect on epithelial tight junction barrier and was able to inhibit HIV-1 infection in TZM-bl indicator cells and HIV-1 replication in T cells. This is the first report that recognition of HIV-1 by upper GECs leads to induction of innate antiviral pathways. This could explain the overall low infectivity of HIV-1 in the FRT and could be exploited for HIV-1 prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Nazli
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Center for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Sara Dizzell
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Center for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Muhammad Atif Zahoor
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Center for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Victor H Ferreira
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Center for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Jessica Kafka
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Center for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Matthew William Woods
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Center for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Michel Ouellet
- Department of Medical Biology, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Ali A Ashkar
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Center for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Michel J Tremblay
- Department of Medical Biology, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Dawn Me Bowdish
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Center for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Charu Kaushic
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Center for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada. .,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
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