1
|
Silva-Carvalho AÉ, Filiú-Braga LDC, Bogéa GMR, de Assis AJB, Pittella-Silva F, Saldanha-Araujo F. GLP and G9a histone methyltransferases as potential therapeutic targets for lymphoid neoplasms. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:243. [PMID: 38997742 PMCID: PMC11249034 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03441-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Histone methyltransferases (HMTs) are enzymes that regulate histone methylation and play an important role in controlling transcription by altering the chromatin structure. Aberrant activation of HMTs has been widely reported in certain types of neoplastic cells. Among them, G9a/EHMT2 and GLP/EHMT1 are crucial for H3K9 methylation, and their dysregulation has been associated with tumor initiation and progression in different types of cancer. More recently, it has been shown that G9a and GLP appear to play a critical role in several lymphoid hematologic malignancies. Importantly, the key roles played by both enzymes in various diseases made them attractive targets for drug development. In fact, in recent years, several groups have tried to develop small molecule inhibitors targeting their epigenetic activities as potential anticancer therapeutic tools. In this review, we discuss the physiological role of GLP and G9a, their oncogenic functions in hematologic malignancies of the lymphoid lineage, and the therapeutic potential of epigenetic drugs targeting G9a/GLP for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alan Jhones Barbosa de Assis
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology of Cancer, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Fábio Pittella-Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology of Cancer, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Felipe Saldanha-Araujo
- Hematology and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bachiri K, Kantar D, Laurent EMN, Gaboriaud P, Durand L, Drouin A, Chollot M, Schrama D, Houben R, Kervarrec T, Trapp-Fragnet L, Touzé A, Coyaud E. DNA Damage Stress Control Is a Truncated Large T Antigen and Euchromatic Histone Lysine Methyltransferase 2-Dependent Central Feature of Merkel Cell Carcinoma. J Invest Dermatol 2024:S0022-202X(24)01860-8. [PMID: 38908781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive skin cancer with a high mortality rate. Merkel cell polyomavirus causes 80% of MCCs, encoding the viral oncogenes small T and truncated large T (tLT) antigens. These proteins impair the RB1-dependent G1/S checkpoint blockade and subvert the host cell epigenome to promote cancer. Whole-proteome analysis and proximal interactomics identified a tLT-dependent deregulation of DNA damage response (DDR). Our investigation revealed, to our knowledge, a previously unreported interaction between tLT and the histone methyltransferase EHMT2. T antigen knockdown reduced DDR protein levels and increased the levels of the DNA damage marker γH2Ax. EHMT2 normally promotes H3K9 methylation and DDR signaling. Given that inhibition of EHMT2 did not significantly change the MCC cell proteome, tLT-EHMT2 interaction could affect the DDR. With tLT, we report that EHMT2 gained DNA damage repair proximal interactors. EHMT2 inhibition rescued proliferation in MCC cells depleted for their T antigens, suggesting impaired DDR and/or lack of checkpoint efficiency. Combined tLT and EHMT2 inhibition led to altered DDR, evidenced by multiple signaling alterations. In this study, we show that tLT hijacks multiple components of the DNA damage machinery to enhance tolerance to DNA damage in MCC cells, which could explain the genetic stability of these cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamel Bachiri
- Univ.Lille, CHU Lille, Inserm U1192, Protéomique Réponse Inflammatoire Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Lille, France
| | - Diala Kantar
- Univ.Lille, CHU Lille, Inserm U1192, Protéomique Réponse Inflammatoire Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Lille, France
| | - Estelle M N Laurent
- Univ.Lille, CHU Lille, Inserm U1192, Protéomique Réponse Inflammatoire Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Lille, France
| | - Pauline Gaboriaud
- "Biologie des infections à Polyomavirus" team, UMR INRA ISP1282, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Laurine Durand
- "Biologie des infections à Polyomavirus" team, UMR INRA ISP1282, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Aurélie Drouin
- "Biologie des infections à Polyomavirus" team, UMR INRA ISP1282, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | | | - David Schrama
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology und Allergology, University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Roland Houben
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology und Allergology, University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thibault Kervarrec
- "Biologie des infections à Polyomavirus" team, UMR INRA ISP1282, University of Tours, Tours, France; Department of Pathology, University Hospital Center of Tours, Tours, France
| | | | - Antoine Touzé
- "Biologie des infections à Polyomavirus" team, UMR INRA ISP1282, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Etienne Coyaud
- Univ.Lille, CHU Lille, Inserm U1192, Protéomique Réponse Inflammatoire Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Lille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kang Z, Fu P, Ma H, Li T, Lu K, Liu J, Ginjala V, Romanienko P, Feng Z, Guan M, Ganesan S, Xia B. Distinct functions of EHMT1 and EHMT2 in cancer chemotherapy and immunotherapy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.03.560719. [PMID: 37873068 PMCID: PMC10592889 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.03.560719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
EHTM1 (GLP) and EHMT2 (G9a) are closely related protein lysine methyltransferases often thought to function together as a heterodimer to methylate histone H3 and non-histone substrates in diverse cellular processes including transcriptional regulation, genome methylation, and DNA repair. Here we show that EHMT1/2 inhibitors cause ATM-mediated slowdown of replication fork progression, accumulation of single-stranded replication gaps, emergence of cytosolic DNA, and increased expression of STING. EHMT1/2 inhibition strongly potentiates the efficacy of alkylating chemotherapy and anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in mouse models of tripe negative breast cancer. The effects on DNA replication and alkylating agent sensitivity are largely caused by the loss of EHMT1-mediated methylation of LIG1, whereas the elevated STING expression and remarkable response to immunotherapy appear mainly elicited by the loss of EHMT2 activity. Depletion of UHRF1, a protein known to be associated with EHMT1/2 and LIG1, also induces STING expression, and depletion of either EHMT2 or UHRF1 leads to demethylation of specific CpG sites in the STING1 promoter, suggestive of a distinct EHMT2-UHRF1 axis that regulates DNA methylation and gene transcription. These results highlight distinct functions of the two EHMT paralogs and provide enlightening paradigms and corresponding molecular basis for combination therapies involving alkylating agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Kang
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Pan Fu
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Ma
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Li
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Kevin Lu
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Juan Liu
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Vasudeva Ginjala
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | - Zhaohui Feng
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Ming Guan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shridar Ganesan
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Bing Xia
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Lead contact
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gasser SM. Transient chromatin compaction in fork restart. Nat Cell Biol 2023:10.1038/s41556-023-01181-1. [PMID: 37414848 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01181-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Gasser
- ISREC Foundation, Agora Cancer Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- University of Lausanne, Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gaggioli V, Lo CSY, Reverón-Gómez N, Jasencakova Z, Domenech H, Nguyen H, Sidoli S, Tvardovskiy A, Uruci S, Slotman JA, Chai Y, Gonçalves JGSCS, Manolika EM, Jensen ON, Wheeler D, Sridharan S, Chakrabarty S, Demmers J, Kanaar R, Groth A, Taneja N. Dynamic de novo heterochromatin assembly and disassembly at replication forks ensures fork stability. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:1017-1032. [PMID: 37414849 PMCID: PMC10344782 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01167-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Chromatin is dynamically reorganized when DNA replication forks are challenged. However, the process of epigenetic reorganization and its implication for fork stability is poorly understood. Here we discover a checkpoint-regulated cascade of chromatin signalling that activates the histone methyltransferase EHMT2/G9a to catalyse heterochromatin assembly at stressed replication forks. Using biochemical and single molecule chromatin fibre approaches, we show that G9a together with SUV39h1 induces chromatin compaction by accumulating the repressive modifications, H3K9me1/me2/me3, in the vicinity of stressed replication forks. This closed conformation is also favoured by the G9a-dependent exclusion of the H3K9-demethylase JMJD1A/KDM3A, which facilitates heterochromatin disassembly upon fork restart. Untimely heterochromatin disassembly from stressed forks by KDM3A enables PRIMPOL access, triggering single-stranded DNA gap formation and sensitizing cells towards chemotherapeutic drugs. These findings may help in explaining chemotherapy resistance and poor prognosis observed in patients with cancer displaying elevated levels of G9a/H3K9me3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Gaggioli
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Calvin S Y Lo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nazaret Reverón-Gómez
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research (CPR), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zuzana Jasencakova
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research (CPR), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Heura Domenech
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hong Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Simone Sidoli
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, VILLUM Centre for Bioanalytical Sciences and Centre for Epigenetics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Andrey Tvardovskiy
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, VILLUM Centre for Bioanalytical Sciences and Centre for Epigenetics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Institute of Functional Epigenetics (IFE), Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sidrit Uruci
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johan A Slotman
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Optical Imaging Centre, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yi Chai
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Eleni Maria Manolika
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ole N Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, VILLUM Centre for Bioanalytical Sciences and Centre for Epigenetics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - David Wheeler
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sriram Sridharan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sanjiban Chakrabarty
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Jeroen Demmers
- Proteomics Center and Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Roland Kanaar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anja Groth
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research (CPR), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nitika Taneja
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sigismondo G, Arseni L, Palacio-Escat N, Hofmann TG, Seiffert M, Krijgsveld J. Multi-layered chromatin proteomics identifies cell vulnerabilities in DNA repair. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:687-711. [PMID: 36629267 PMCID: PMC9881138 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac1264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) is essential to maintain genome stability, and its deregulation predisposes to carcinogenesis while encompassing attractive targets for cancer therapy. Chromatin governs the DDR via the concerted interplay among different layers, including DNA, histone post-translational modifications (hPTMs) and chromatin-associated proteins. Here, we employ multi-layered proteomics to characterize chromatin-mediated functional interactions of repair proteins, signatures of hPTMs and the DNA-bound proteome during DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair at high temporal resolution. Our data illuminate the dynamics of known and novel DDR-associated factors both at chromatin and at DSBs. We functionally attribute novel chromatin-associated proteins to repair by non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ), homologous recombination (HR) and DSB repair pathway choice. We reveal histone reader ATAD2, microtubule organizer TPX2 and histone methyltransferase G9A as regulators of HR and involved in poly-ADP-ribose polymerase-inhibitor sensitivity. Furthermore, we distinguish hPTMs that are globally induced by DNA damage from those specifically acquired at sites flanking DSBs (γH2AX foci-specific) and profiled their dynamics during the DDR. Integration of complementary chromatin layers implicates G9A-mediated monomethylation of H3K56 in DSBs repair via HR. Our data provide a dynamic chromatin-centered view of the DDR that can be further mined to identify novel mechanistic links and cell vulnerabilities in DSB repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Sigismondo
- Division of Proteomics of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lavinia Arseni
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicolàs Palacio-Escat
- Division of Proteomics of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas G Hofmann
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Martina Seiffert
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wu Y, Xu S, Cheng S, Yang J, Wang Y. Clinical application of PARP inhibitors in ovarian cancer: from molecular mechanisms to the current status. J Ovarian Res 2023; 16:6. [PMID: 36611214 PMCID: PMC9826575 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-023-01094-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As a kind of gynecological tumor, ovarian cancer is not as common as cervical cancer and breast cancer, but its malignant degree is higher. Despite the increasingly mature treatment of ovarian cancer, the five-year survival rate of patients is still less than 50%. Based on the concept of synthetic lethality, poly (ADP- ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors target tumor cells with defects in homologous recombination repair(HRR), the most significant being the target gene Breast cancer susceptibility genes(BRCA). PARP inhibitors capture PARP-1 protein at the site of DNA damage to destroy the original reaction, causing the accumulation of PARP-DNA nucleoprotein complexes, resulting in DNA double-strand breaks(DSBs) and cell death. PARP inhibitors have been approved for the treatment of ovarian cancer for several years and achieved good results. However, with the widespread use of PARP inhibitors, more and more attention has been paid to drug resistance and side effects. Therefore, further research is needed to understand the mechanism of PARP inhibitors, to be familiar with the adverse reactions of the drug, to explore the markers of its efficacy and prognosis, and to deal with its drug resistance. This review elaborates the use of PARP inhibitors in ovarian cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongsong Wu
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai200092, China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shilin Xu
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanshan Cheng
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiani Yang
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai200092, China
| | - Yu Wang
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai200092, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Roy A, Niharika, Chakraborty S, Mishra J, Singh SP, Patra SK. Mechanistic aspects of reversible methylation modifications of arginine and lysine of nuclear histones and their roles in human colon cancer. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 197:261-302. [PMID: 37019596 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2023.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Developmental proceedings and maintenance of cellular homeostasis are regulated by the precise orchestration of a series of epigenetic events that eventually control gene expression. DNA methylation and post-translational modifications (PTMs) of histones are well-characterized epigenetic events responsible for fine-tuning gene expression. PTMs of histones bear molecular logic of gene expression at chromosomal territory and have become a fascinating field of epigenetics. Nowadays, reversible methylation on histone arginine and lysine is gaining increasing attention as a significant PTM related to reorganizing local nucleosomal structure, chromatin dynamics, and transcriptional regulation. It is now well-accepted and reported that histone marks play crucial roles in colon cancer initiation and progression by encouraging abnormal epigenomic reprogramming. It is becoming increasingly clear that multiple PTM marks at the N-terminal tails of the core histones cross-talk with one another to intricately regulate DNA-templated biological processes such as replication, transcription, recombination, and damage repair in several malignancies, including colon cancer. These functional cross-talks provide an additional layer of message, which spatiotemporally fine-tunes the overall gene expression regulation. Nowadays, it is evident that several PTMs instigate colon cancer development. How colon cancer-specific PTM patterns or codes are generated and how they affect downstream molecular events are uncovered to some extent. Future studies would address more about epigenetic communication, and the relationship between histone modification marks to define cellular functions in depth. This chapter will comprehensively highlight the importance of histone arginine and lysine-based methylation modifications and their functional cross-talk with other histone marks from the perspective of colon cancer development.
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhao P, Malik S. The phosphorylation to acetylation/methylation cascade in transcriptional regulation: how kinases regulate transcriptional activities of DNA/histone-modifying enzymes. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:83. [PMID: 35659740 PMCID: PMC9164400 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00821-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors directly regulate gene expression by recognizing and binding to specific DNA sequences, involving the dynamic alterations of chromatin structure and the formation of a complex with different kinds of cofactors, like DNA/histone modifying-enzymes, chromatin remodeling factors, and cell cycle factors. Despite the significance of transcription factors, it remains unclear to determine how these cofactors are regulated to cooperate with transcription factors, especially DNA/histone modifying-enzymes. It has been known that DNA/histone modifying-enzymes are regulated by post-translational modifications. And the most common and important modification is phosphorylation. Even though various DNA/histone modifying-enzymes have been classified and partly explained how phosphorylated sites of these enzymes function characteristically in recent studies. It still needs to find out the relationship between phosphorylation of these enzymes and the diseases-associated transcriptional regulation. Here this review describes how phosphorylation affects the transcription activity of these enzymes and other functions, including protein stability, subcellular localization, binding to chromatin, and interaction with other proteins.
Collapse
|
10
|
PARP3 supervises G9a-mediated repression of adhesion and hypoxia-responsive genes in glioblastoma cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15534. [PMID: 36109561 PMCID: PMC9478127 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19525-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIn breast cancer, Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 3 (PARP3) has been identified as a key driver of tumor aggressiveness exemplifying its selective inhibition as a promising surrogate for clinical activity onto difficult-to-treat cancers. Here we explored the role of PARP3 in the oncogenicity of glioblastoma, the most aggressive type of brain cancer. The absence of PARP3 did not alter cell proliferation nor the in vivo tumorigenic potential of glioblastoma cells. We identified a physical and functional interaction of PARP3 with the histone H3 lysine 9 methyltransferase G9a. We show that PARP3 helps to adjust G9a-dependent repression of the adhesion genes Nfasc and Parvb and the hypoxia-responsive genes Hif-2α, Runx3, Mlh1, Ndrg1, Ndrg2 and Ndrg4. Specifically for Nfasc, Parvb and Ndrg4, PARP3/G9a cooperate for an adjusted establishment of the repressive mark H3K9me2. While examining the functional consequence in cell response to hypoxia, we discovered that PARP3 acts to maintain the cytoskeletal microtubule stability. As a result, the absence of PARP3 markedly increases the sensitivity of glioblastoma cells to microtubule-destabilizing agents providing a new therapeutic avenue for PARP3 inhibition in brain cancer therapy.
Collapse
|
11
|
Ang GCK, Gupta A, Surana U, Yap SXL, Taneja R. Potential Therapeutics Targeting Upstream Regulators and Interactors of EHMT1/2. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2855. [PMID: 35740522 PMCID: PMC9221123 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14122855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Euchromatin histone lysine methyltransferases (EHMTs) are epigenetic regulators responsible for silencing gene transcription by catalyzing H3K9 dimethylation. Dysregulation of EHMT1/2 has been reported in multiple cancers and is associated with poor clinical outcomes. Although substantial insights have been gleaned into the downstream targets and pathways regulated by EHMT1/2, few studies have uncovered mechanisms responsible for their dysregulated expression. Moreover, EHMT1/2 interacting partners, which can influence their function and, therefore, the expression of target genes, have not been extensively explored. As none of the currently available EHMT inhibitors have made it past clinical trials, understanding upstream regulators and EHMT protein complexes may provide unique insights into novel therapeutic avenues in EHMT-overexpressing cancers. Here, we review our current understanding of the regulators and interacting partners of EHMTs. We also discuss available therapeutic drugs that target the upstream regulators and binding partners of EHMTs and could potentially modulate EHMT function in cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Chin Khye Ang
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore; (G.C.K.A.); (A.G.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore;
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research A*STAR, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Amogh Gupta
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore; (G.C.K.A.); (A.G.)
| | - Uttam Surana
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore;
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research A*STAR, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Shirlyn Xue Ling Yap
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore;
| | - Reshma Taneja
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore; (G.C.K.A.); (A.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
White DS, Mongeluzi D, Curry AM, Donu D, Cen Y. Facile synthesis of photoactivatable adenosine analogs. RSC Adv 2022; 12:2219-2226. [PMID: 35425235 PMCID: PMC8979134 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08794k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine and its derivatives are important building blocks of the biological system. They serve as the universal energy currency, amplify intracellular signals for various signal transduction pathways, and can also be used as the co-substrates for enzymatic transformations. The synthesis and regulation of adenosine and its analogs rely on the adenosine binding proteins (ABPs). Dysregulated ABP activity contributes to numerous diseases such as cancer, metabolic disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. Presently, there is intense interest in targeting ABPs for therapeutic purposes. A large fraction of the human ABP family remains poorly characterized. The need for innovative chemical probes to investigate ABP function in the native biological matrix is apparent. In this study, an adenosine analog, probe 1, with a photoaffinity group and biotin tag was synthesized using concise synthetic strategies. This probe was able to label and capture individual recombinant ABPs with good target selectivity. Probe 1 was also evaluated for its ability to label spiked ABP in complex cell lysates. This chemical probe, together with the labeling and enrichment assay, is of great value to interrogate the biological functions of ABPs and to elucidate their diversity under different physiological conditions. Photoactivatable adenosine analog-enabled capture and enrichment of adenosine binding protein (ABP).![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dawanna S White
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA 23219 USA +1-804-828-7405
| | - Daniel Mongeluzi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA 23219 USA +1-804-828-7405
| | - Alyson M Curry
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA 23219 USA +1-804-828-7405
| | - Dickson Donu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA 23219 USA +1-804-828-7405
| | - Yana Cen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA 23219 USA +1-804-828-7405.,Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA 23219 USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nachiyappan A, Gupta N, Taneja R. EHMT1/EHMT2 in EMT, Cancer Stemness and Drug Resistance: Emerging Evidence and Mechanisms. FEBS J 2021; 289:1329-1351. [PMID: 34954891 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis, therapy failure and tumor recurrence are major clinical challenges in cancer. The interplay between tumor initiating cells (TICs) and Epithelial-Mesenchymal transition (EMT) drives tumor progression and spread. Recent advances have highlighted the involvement of epigenetic deregulation in these processes. The Euchromatin Histone Lysine Methyltransferase 1 (EHMT1) and Euchromatin Histone Lysine Methyltransferase 2 (EHMT2) that primarily mediate histone 3 lysine 9 di-methylation (H3K9me2), as well as methylation of non-histone proteins, are now recognized to be aberrantly expressed in many cancers. Their deregulated expression is associated with EMT, cellular plasticity and therapy resistance. In this review, we summarize evidence of their myriad roles in cancer metastasis, stemness and drug resistance. We discuss cancer-type specific molecular targets, context-dependent mechanisms and future directions of research in targeting EHMT1/EHMT2 for the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alamelu Nachiyappan
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117593
| | - Neelima Gupta
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117593
| | - Reshma Taneja
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117593.,Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117593
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chen YA, Ho CL, Ku MT, Hwu L, Lu CH, Chiu SJ, Chang WY, Liu RS. Detection of cancer stem cells by EMT-specific biomarker-based peptide ligands. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22430. [PMID: 34789743 PMCID: PMC8599855 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01138-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) within tumors, which enables invasion and metastasis, is linked to cancer stem cells (CSCs) with drug and radiation resistance. We used two specific peptides, F7 and SP peptides, to detect EMT derived cells or CSCs. Human tongue squamous carcinoma cell line-SAS transfected with reporter genes was generated and followed by spheroid culture. A small molecule inhibitor-Unc0642 and low-dose ionizing radiation (IR) were used for induction of EMT. Confocal microscopic imaging and fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis were performed to evaluate the binding ability and specificity of peptides. A SAS xenograft mouse model with EMT induction was established for assessing the binding affinity of peptides. The results showed that F7 and SP peptides not only specifically penetrated into cytoplasm of SAS cells but also bound to EMT derived cells and CSCs with high nucleolin and vimentin expression. In addition, the expression of CSC marker and the binding of peptides were increased in tumors isolated from Unc0642/IR-treated groups. Our study demonstrates the potential of these peptides for detecting EMT derived cells or CSCs and might provide an alternative isolation method for these subpopulations within the tumor in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-An Chen
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.,Molecular and Genetic Imaging Core/Taiwan Mouse Clinic, National Comprehensive Mouse Phenotyping and Drug Testing Center, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Cheau-Ling Ho
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Min-Tzu Ku
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.,PET center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Luen Hwu
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.,Molecular and Genetic Imaging Core/Taiwan Mouse Clinic, National Comprehensive Mouse Phenotyping and Drug Testing Center, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsiu Lu
- Core Laboratory for Phenomics and Diagnostics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, 833, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, 833, Taiwan
| | - Sain-Jhih Chiu
- Molecular and Genetic Imaging Core/Taiwan Mouse Clinic, National Comprehensive Mouse Phenotyping and Drug Testing Center, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yi Chang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.,PET center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Ren-Shyan Liu
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan. .,PET center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 112, Taiwan. .,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
He L, Lomberk G. Collateral Victim or Rescue Worker?-The Role of Histone Methyltransferases in DNA Damage Repair and Their Targeting for Therapeutic Opportunities in Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:735107. [PMID: 34869318 PMCID: PMC8636273 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.735107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Disrupted DNA damage signaling greatly threatens cell integrity and plays significant roles in cancer. With recent advances in understanding the human genome and gene regulation in the context of DNA damage, chromatin biology, specifically biology of histone post-translational modifications (PTMs), has emerged as a popular field of study with great promise for cancer therapeutics. Here, we discuss how key histone methylation pathways contribute to DNA damage repair and impact tumorigenesis within this context, as well as the potential for their targeting as part of therapeutic strategies in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lishu He
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States,Division of Research, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States,Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Gwen Lomberk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States,Division of Research, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States,Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States,LaBahn Pancreatic Cancer Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States,*Correspondence: Gwen Lomberk,
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Poulard C, Noureddine LM, Pruvost L, Le Romancer M. Structure, Activity, and Function of the Protein Lysine Methyltransferase G9a. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11101082. [PMID: 34685453 PMCID: PMC8541646 DOI: 10.3390/life11101082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
G9a is a lysine methyltransferase catalyzing the majority of histone H3 mono- and dimethylation at Lys-9 (H3K9), responsible for transcriptional repression events in euchromatin. G9a has been shown to methylate various lysine residues of non-histone proteins and acts as a coactivator for several transcription factors. This review will provide an overview of the structural features of G9a and its paralog called G9a-like protein (GLP), explore the biochemical features of G9a, and describe its post-translational modifications and the specific inhibitors available to target its catalytic activity. Aside from its role on histone substrates, the review will highlight some non-histone targets of G9a, in order gain insight into their role in specific cellular mechanisms. Indeed, G9a was largely described to be involved in embryonic development, hypoxia, and DNA repair. Finally, the involvement of G9a in cancer biology will be presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Poulard
- Cancer Research Cancer of Lyon, Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France; (L.M.N.); (L.P.); (M.L.R.)
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Lara M. Noureddine
- Cancer Research Cancer of Lyon, Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France; (L.M.N.); (L.P.); (M.L.R.)
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadat-Beirut 90565, Lebanon
| | - Ludivine Pruvost
- Cancer Research Cancer of Lyon, Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France; (L.M.N.); (L.P.); (M.L.R.)
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
| | - Muriel Le Romancer
- Cancer Research Cancer of Lyon, Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France; (L.M.N.); (L.P.); (M.L.R.)
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Imgruet MK, Lutze J, An N, Hu B, Khan S, Kurkewich J, Martinez TC, Wolfgeher D, Gurbuxani SK, Kron SJ, McNerney ME. Loss of a 7q gene, CUX1, disrupts epigenetically driven DNA repair and drives therapy-related myeloid neoplasms. Blood 2021; 138:790-805. [PMID: 34473231 PMCID: PMC8414261 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020009195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapy-related myeloid neoplasms (t-MNs) are high-risk late effects with poorly understood pathogenesis in cancer survivors. It has been postulated that, in some cases, hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) harboring mutations are selected for by cytotoxic exposures and transform. Here, we evaluate this model in the context of deficiency of CUX1, a transcription factor encoded on chromosome 7q and deleted in half of t-MN cases. We report that CUX1 has a critical early role in the DNA repair process in HSPCs. Mechanistically, CUX1 recruits the histone methyltransferase EHMT2 to DNA breaks to promote downstream H3K9 and H3K27 methylation, phosphorylated ATM retention, subsequent γH2AX focus formation and propagation, and, ultimately, 53BP1 recruitment. Despite significant unrepaired DNA damage sustained in CUX1-deficient murine HSPCs after cytotoxic exposures, they continue to proliferate and expand, mimicking clonal hematopoiesis in patients postchemotherapy. As a consequence, preexisting CUX1 deficiency predisposes mice to highly penetrant and rapidly fatal therapy-related erythroleukemias. These findings establish the importance of epigenetic regulation of HSPC DNA repair and position CUX1 as a gatekeeper in myeloid transformation.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chromosomes, Mammalian/genetics
- Chromosomes, Mammalian/metabolism
- Clonal Hematopoiesis
- DNA Repair
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Second Primary/genetics
- Neoplasms, Second Primary/metabolism
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Julian Lutze
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology
- Committee on Cancer Biology
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sandeep K Gurbuxani
- Department of Pathology
- The University of Chicago Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Stephen J Kron
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology
- Committee on Cancer Biology
- The University of Chicago Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Megan E McNerney
- Department of Pathology
- Committee on Cancer Biology
- The University of Chicago Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
- Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Saha N, Muntean AG. Insight into the multi-faceted role of the SUV family of H3K9 methyltransferases in carcinogenesis and cancer progression. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1875:188498. [PMID: 33373647 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence implicates histone H3 lysine 9 methylation in tumorigenesis. The SUV family of H3K9 methyltransferases, which include G9a, GLP, SETDB1, SETDB2, SUV39H1 and SUV39H2 deposit H3K9me1/2/3 marks at euchromatic and heterochromatic regions, catalyzed by their conserved SET domain. In cancer, this family of enzymes can be deregulated by genomic alterations and transcriptional mis-expression leading to alteration of transcriptional programs. In solid and hematological malignancies, studies have uncovered pro-oncogenic roles for several H3K9 methyltransferases and accordingly, small molecule inhibitors are being tested as potential therapies. However, emerging evidence demonstrate onco-suppressive roles for these enzymes in cancer development as well. Here, we review the role H3K9 methyltransferases play in tumorigenesis focusing on gene targets and biological pathways affected due to misregulation of these enzymes. We also discuss molecular mechanisms regulating H3K9 methyltransferases and their influence on cancer. Finally, we describe the impact of H3K9 methylation on therapy induced resistance in carcinoma. Converging evidence point to multi-faceted roles for H3K9 methyltransferases in development and cancer that encourages a deeper understanding of these enzymes to inform novel therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nirmalya Saha
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States of America
| | - Andrew G Muntean
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Jan S, Dar MI, Wani R, Sandey J, Mushtaq I, Lateef S, Syed SH. Targeting EHMT2/ G9a for cancer therapy: Progress and perspective. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 893:173827. [PMID: 33347828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Euchromatic histone lysine methyltransferase-2, also known as G9a, is a ubiquitously expressed SET domain-containing histone lysine methyltransferase linked with both facultative and constitutive heterochromatin formation and transcriptional repression. It is an essential developmental gene and reported to play role in embryonic development, establishment of proviral silencing in ES cells, tumor cell growth, metastasis, T-cell immune response, cocaine induced neural plasticity and cognition and adaptive behavior. It is mainly responsible for carrying out mono, di and tri methylation of histone H3K9 in euchromatin. G9a levels are elevated in many cancers and its selective inhibition is known to reduce the cell growth and induce autophagy, apoptosis and senescence. We carried out a thorough search of online literature databases including Pubmed, Scopus, Journal websites, Clinical trials etc to gather the maximum possible information related to the G9a. The main messages from the cited papers are presented in a systematic manner. Chemical structures were drawn by Chemdraw software. In this review, we shed light on current understanding of structure and biological activity of G9a, the molecular events directing its targeting to genomic regions and its post-translational modification. Finally, we discuss the current strategies to target G9a in different cancers and evaluate the available compounds and agents used to inhibit G9a functions. The review provides the present status and future directions of research in targeting G9a and provides the basis to persuade the development of novel strategies to target G9a -related effects in cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suraya Jan
- CSIR, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, 190005, Srinagar, Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Mohd Ishaq Dar
- CSIR, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, 190005, Srinagar, Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Rubiada Wani
- CSIR, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, 190005, Srinagar, Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Jagjeet Sandey
- CSIR, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, 190005, Srinagar, Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Iqra Mushtaq
- CSIR, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, 190005, Srinagar, Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sammar Lateef
- CSIR, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, 190005, Srinagar, Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sajad Hussain Syed
- CSIR, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, 190005, Srinagar, Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rahman Z, Bazaz MR, Devabattula G, Khan MA, Godugu C. Targeting H3K9 methyltransferase G9a and its related molecule GLP as a potential therapeutic strategy for cancer. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 35:e22674. [PMID: 33283949 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
H3K9 methyltransferase (G9a) and its relevant molecule GLP are the SET domain proteins that specifically add mono, di and trimethyl groups on to the histone H3K9, which lead to the transcriptional inactivation of chromatin and reduce the expression of cancer suppressor genes, which trigger growth and progress of several cancer types. Various studies have demonstrated that overexpression of H3K9 methyltransferase G9a and GLP in different kinds of tumors, like lung, breast, bladder, colon, cervical, gastric, skin cancers, hepatocellular carcinoma and hematological malignancies. Several G9a and GLP inhibitors such as BIX-01294, UNC0642, A-366 and DCG066 were developed to combat various cancers; however, there is a need for more effective and less toxic compounds. The current molecular docking study suggested that the selected new compounds such as ninhydrin, naphthoquinone, cysteamine and disulfide cysteamine could be suitable molecules as a G9a and GLP inhibitors. Furthermore, detailed cell based and preclinical animal studies are required to confirm their properties. In the current review, we discussed the role of G9a and GLP mediated epigenetic regulation in the cancers. A thorough literature review was done related to G9a and GLP. The databases used extensively for retrieval of information were PubMed, Medline, Scopus and Science-direct. Further, molecular docking was performed using Maestro Schrodinger version 9.2 software to investigate the binding profile of compounds with Human G9a HMT (PDB ID: 3FPD, 3RJW) and Human GLP MT (PDB ID: 6MBO, 6MBP).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziaur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Mohd Rabi Bazaz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Geetanjali Devabattula
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Mohd Abrar Khan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Chandraiah Godugu
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Controlling the Controllers: Regulation of Histone Methylation by Phosphosignalling. Trends Biochem Sci 2020; 45:1035-1048. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
22
|
Lee EK, Matulonis UA. PARP Inhibitor Resistance Mechanisms and Implications for Post-Progression Combination Therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2054. [PMID: 32722408 PMCID: PMC7465003 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of PARP inhibitors (PARPi) is growing widely as FDA approvals have shifted its use from the recurrence setting to the frontline setting. In parallel, the population developing PARPi resistance is increasing. Here we review the role of PARP, DNA damage repair, and synthetic lethality. We discuss mechanisms of resistance to PARP inhibition and how this informs on novel combinations to re-sensitize cancer cells to PARPi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K. Lee
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215-5450, USA;
| | - Ursula A. Matulonis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215-5450, USA;
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215-5450, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Dong C, West KL, Tan XY, Li J, Ishibashi T, Yu CH, Sy SMH, Leung JWC, Huen MSY. Screen identifies DYRK1B network as mediator of transcription repression on damaged chromatin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:17019-17030. [PMID: 32611815 PMCID: PMC7382216 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002193117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) trigger transient pausing of nearby transcription, an emerging ATM-dependent response that suppresses chromosomal instability. We screened a chemical library designed to target the human kinome for new activities that mediate gene silencing on DSB-flanking chromatin, and have uncovered the DYRK1B kinase as an early respondent to DNA damage. We showed that DYRK1B is swiftly and transiently recruited to laser-microirradiated sites, and that genetic inactivation of DYRK1B or its kinase activity attenuated DSB-induced gene silencing and led to compromised DNA repair. Notably, global transcription shutdown alleviated DNA repair defects associated with DYRK1B loss, suggesting that DYRK1B is strictly required for DSB repair on active chromatin. We also found that DYRK1B mediates transcription silencing in part via phosphorylating and enforcing DSB accumulation of the histone methyltransferase EHMT2. Together, our findings unveil the DYRK1B signaling network as a key branch of mammalian DNA damage response circuitries, and establish the DYRK1B-EHMT2 axis as an effector that coordinates DSB repair on transcribed chromatin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Dong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kirk L West
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - Xin Yi Tan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Junshi Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Toyotaka Ishibashi
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Cheng-Han Yu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shirley M H Sy
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Justin W C Leung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205;
| | - Michael S Y Huen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Repurposing Drugs for Cancer Radiotherapy: Early Successes and Emerging Opportunities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 25:106-115. [PMID: 30896532 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0000000000000369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It has long been recognized that combining radiotherapy with cytotoxic drugs such as cisplatin can improve efficacy. However, while concurrent chemoradiotherapy improves patient outcomes, it comes at costs of increased toxicity. A tremendous opportunity remains to investigate drug combinations in the clinical setting that might increase the benefits of radiation without additional toxicity. This chapter highlights opportunities to apply repurposing of drugs along with a mechanistic understanding of radiation effects on cancer and normal tissue to discover new therapy-modifying drugs and help rapidly translate them to the clinic. We survey candidate radiosensitizers that alter DNA repair, decrease hypoxia, block tumor survival signaling, modify tumor metabolism, block growth factor signaling, slow tumor invasiveness, impair angiogenesis, or stimulate antitumor immunity. Promising agents include widely used drugs such as aspirin, metformin, and statins, offering the potential to improve outcomes, decrease radiation doses, and lower costs. Many other candidate drugs are also discussed.
Collapse
|
25
|
Lavin DP, Tiwari VK. Unresolved Complexity in the Gene Regulatory Network Underlying EMT. Front Oncol 2020; 10:554. [PMID: 32477926 PMCID: PMC7235173 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is the process whereby a polarized epithelial cell ceases to maintain cell-cell contacts, loses expression of characteristic epithelial cell markers, and acquires mesenchymal cell markers and properties such as motility, contractile ability, and invasiveness. A complex process that occurs during development and many disease states, EMT involves a plethora of transcription factors (TFs) and signaling pathways. Whilst great advances have been made in both our understanding of the progressive cell-fate changes during EMT and the gene regulatory networks that drive this process, there are still gaps in our knowledge. Epigenetic modifications are dynamic, chromatin modifying enzymes are vast and varied, transcription factors are pleiotropic, and signaling pathways are multifaceted and rarely act alone. Therefore, it is of great importance that we decipher and understand each intricate step of the process and how these players at different levels crosstalk with each other to successfully orchestrate EMT. A delicate balance and fine-tuned cooperation of gene regulatory mechanisms is required for EMT to occur successfully, and until we resolve the unknowns in this network, we cannot hope to develop effective therapies against diseases that involve aberrant EMT such as cancer. In this review, we focus on data that challenge these unknown entities underlying EMT, starting with EMT stimuli followed by intracellular signaling through to epigenetic mechanisms and chromatin remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vijay K. Tiwari
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Shikata D, Yamamoto T, Honda S, Ikeda S, Minami N. H4K20 monomethylation inhibition causes loss of genomic integrity in mouse preimplantation embryos. J Reprod Dev 2020; 66:411-419. [PMID: 32378528 PMCID: PMC7593633 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2020-036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining genomic integrity in mammalian early embryos, which are deficient in DNA damage repair, is critical for normal preimplantation and subsequent
development. Abnormalities in DNA damage repair in preimplantation embryos can cause not only developmental arrest, but also diseases such as congenital
disorders and cancers. Histone H4 lysine 20 monomethylation (H4K20me1) is involved in DNA damage repair and regulation of gene expression. However, little is
known about the role of H4K20me1 during mouse preimplantation development. In this study, we revealed that H4K20me1 mediated by SETD8 is involved in maintaining
genomic integrity. H4K20me1 was present throughout preimplantation development. In addition, reduction in the level of H4K20me1 by inhibition of SETD8 activity
or a dominant-negative mutant of histone H4 resulted in developmental arrest at the S/G2 phase and excessive accumulation of DNA double-strand breaks. Together,
our results suggest that H4K20me1, a type of epigenetic modification, is associated with the maintenance of genomic integrity and is essential for
preimplantation development. A better understanding of the mechanisms involved in maintaining genome integrity during preimplantation development could
contribute to advances in reproductive medicine and technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Shikata
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takuto Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shinnosuke Honda
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Ikeda
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Naojiro Minami
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lu X, Tang M, Zhu Q, Yang Q, Li Z, Bao Y, Liu G, Hou T, Lv Y, Zhao Y, Wang H, Yang Y, Cheng Z, Wen H, Liu B, Xu X, Gu L, Zhu WG. GLP-catalyzed H4K16me1 promotes 53BP1 recruitment to permit DNA damage repair and cell survival. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:10977-10993. [PMID: 31612207 PMCID: PMC6868394 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The binding of p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1) to damaged chromatin is a critical event in non-homologous DNA end joining (NHEJ)-mediated DNA damage repair. Although several molecular pathways explaining how 53BP1 binds damaged chromatin have been described, the precise underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Here we report that a newly identified H4K16 monomethylation (H4K16me1) mark is involved in 53BP1 binding activity in the DNA damage response (DDR). During the DDR, H4K16me1 rapidly increases as a result of catalyzation by the histone methyltransferase G9a-like protein (GLP). H4K16me1 shows an increased interaction level with 53BP1, which is important for the timely recruitment of 53BP1 to DNA double-strand breaks. Differing from H4K16 acetylation, H4K16me1 enhances the 53BP1-H4K20me2 interaction at damaged chromatin. Consistently, GLP knockdown markedly attenuates 53BP1 foci formation, leading to impaired NHEJ-mediated repair and decreased cell survival. Together, these data support a novel axis of the DNA damage repair pathway based on H4K16me1 catalysis by GLP, which promotes 53BP1 recruitment to permit NHEJ-mediated DNA damage repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Lu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ming Tang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qian Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qiaoyan Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhiming Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yantao Bao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ge Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tianyun Hou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yafei Lv
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Haiying Wang
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhongyi Cheng
- Jingjie PTM BioLab Co. Ltd., Hangzhou Economic and Technological Development Area, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - He Wen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Baohua Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xingzhi Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Luo Gu
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Wei-Guo Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
- International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Watson ZL, Yamamoto TM, McMellen A, Kim H, Hughes CJ, Wheeler LJ, Post MD, Behbakht K, Bitler BG. Histone methyltransferases EHMT1 and EHMT2 (GLP/G9A) maintain PARP inhibitor resistance in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma. Clin Epigenetics 2019; 11:165. [PMID: 31775874 PMCID: PMC6882350 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-019-0758-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Euchromatic histone-lysine-N-methyltransferases 1 and 2 (EHMT1/2, aka GLP/G9A) catalyze dimethylation of histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9me2) and have roles in epigenetic silencing of gene expression. EHMT1/2 also have direct roles in DNA repair and are implicated in chemoresistance in several cancers. Resistance to chemotherapy and PARP inhibitors (PARPi) is a major cause of mortality in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC), but the contribution of the epigenetic landscape is unknown. RESULTS To identify epigenetic mechanisms of PARPi resistance in HGSOC, we utilized unbiased exploratory techniques, including RNA-Seq and mass spectrometry profiling of histone modifications. Compared to sensitive cells, PARPi-resistant HGSOC cells display a global increase of H3K9me2 accompanied by overexpression of EHMT1/2. EHMT1/2 overexpression was also observed in a PARPi-resistant in vivo patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model. Genetic or pharmacologic disruption of EHMT1/2 sensitizes HGSOC cells to PARPi. Cell death assays demonstrate that EHMT1/2 disruption does not increase PARPi-induced apoptosis. Functional DNA repair assays show that disruption of EHMT1/2 ablates homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), while immunofluorescent staining of phosphorylated histone H2AX shows large increases in DNA damage. Propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry analysis of cell cycle show that PARPi treatment increases the proportion of PARPi-resistant cells in S and G2 phases, while cells treated with an EHMT1/2 inhibitor remain in G1. Co-treatment with PARPi and EHMT1/2 inhibitor produces an intermediate phenotype. Immunoblot of cell cycle regulators shows that combined EHMT1/2 and PARP inhibition reduces expression of specific cyclins and phosphorylation of mitotic markers. These data suggest DNA damage and altered cell cycle regulation as mechanisms of sensitization. RNA-Seq of PARPi-resistant cells treated with EHMT1/2 inhibitor showed significant gene expression changes enriched in pro-survival pathways that remain unexplored in the context of PARPi resistance, including PI3K, AKT, and mTOR. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that disrupting EHMT1/2 sensitizes HGSOC cells to PARPi, and suggests a potential mechanism through DNA damage and cell cycle dysregulation. RNA-Seq identifies several unexplored pathways that may alter PARPi resistance. Further study of EHMT1/2 and regulated genes will facilitate development of novel therapeutic strategies to successfully treat HGSOC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary L Watson
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Tomomi M Yamamoto
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Alexandra McMellen
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Hyunmin Kim
- Translational Bioinformatics and Cancer Systems Biology Laboratory, Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Connor J Hughes
- Medical Student Training Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Lindsay J Wheeler
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Miriam D Post
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Kian Behbakht
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Benjamin G Bitler
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
MDC1 methylation mediated by lysine methyltransferases EHMT1 and EHMT2 regulates active ATM accumulation flanking DNA damage sites. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10888. [PMID: 30022091 PMCID: PMC6052104 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29239-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatin dynamics mediated by post-translational modifications play a crucial role in cellular response to genotoxic stress for the maintenance of genome integrity. MDC1 is a pivotal chromatin adaptor in DNA damage response (DDR) and its methylation is essential to recruit repair factors at DNA double-strand break (DSB) sites, yet their precise molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Here we identified euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 1 (EHMT1) and EHMT2 as novel regulators of MDC1, which is required for the accumulation of DDR factors e.g. 53BP1 and RAP80, at the DSB sites. MDC1 interacts mainly with EHMT1, which is facilitated by DNA damage-initiated ATM signalling, and EHMT2 dominantly modulates methylation of MDC1 lysine 45. This regulatory modification promotes the interaction between MDC1 and ATM to expand activated ATM on damaged chromatin and dysfunctional telomere. These findings identify EHMT1 and EHMT2 as DDR components, with implications for genome-integrity maintenance through proper dynamic methylation of MDC1.
Collapse
|