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Chaumeil MM, Bankson JA, Brindle KM, Epstein S, Gallagher FA, Grashei M, Guglielmetti C, Kaggie JD, Keshari KR, Knecht S, Laustsen C, Schmidt AB, Vigneron D, Yen YF, Schilling F. New Horizons in Hyperpolarized 13C MRI. Mol Imaging Biol 2024; 26:222-232. [PMID: 38147265 PMCID: PMC10972948 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-023-01888-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarization techniques significantly enhance the sensitivity of magnetic resonance (MR) and thus present fascinating new directions for research and applications with in vivo MR imaging and spectroscopy (MRI/S). Hyperpolarized 13C MRI/S, in particular, enables real-time non-invasive assessment of metabolic processes and holds great promise for a diverse range of clinical applications spanning fields like oncology, neurology, and cardiology, with a potential for improving early diagnosis of disease, patient stratification, and therapy response assessment. Despite its potential, technical challenges remain for achieving clinical translation. This paper provides an overview of the discussions that took place at the international workshop "New Horizons in Hyperpolarized 13C MRI," in March 2023 at the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Munich, Germany. The workshop covered new developments, as well as future directions, in topics including polarization techniques (particularly focusing on parahydrogen-based methods), novel probes, considerations related to data acquisition and analysis, and emerging clinical applications in oncology and other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam M Chaumeil
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - James A Bankson
- Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kevin M Brindle
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Ferdia A Gallagher
- Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Martin Grashei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, TUM School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Caroline Guglielmetti
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joshua D Kaggie
- Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kayvan R Keshari
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Graduate School, New York City, NY, USA
| | | | - Christoffer Laustsen
- The MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Andreas B Schmidt
- Partner Site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Medical Physics, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Killianstr. 5a, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Daniel Vigneron
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yi-Fen Yen
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Franz Schilling
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, TUM School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Partner Site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Peper CJ, Kilgore MD, Jiang Y, Xiu Y, Xia W, Wang Y, Shi M, Zhou D, Dumont AS, Wang X, Liu N. Tracing the path of disruption: 13C isotope applications in traumatic brain injury-induced metabolic dysfunction. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14693. [PMID: 38544365 PMCID: PMC10973562 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cerebral metabolic dysfunction is a critical pathological hallmark observed in the aftermath of traumatic brain injury (TBI), as extensively documented in clinical investigations and experimental models. An in-depth understanding of the bioenergetic disturbances that occur following TBI promises to reveal novel therapeutic targets, paving the way for the timely development of interventions to improve patient outcomes. The 13C isotope tracing technique represents a robust methodological advance, harnessing biochemical quantification to delineate the metabolic trajectories of isotopically labeled substrates. This nuanced approach enables real-time mapping of metabolic fluxes, providing a window into the cellular energetic state and elucidating the perturbations in key metabolic circuits. By applying this sophisticated tool, researchers can dissect the complexities of bioenergetic networks within the central nervous system, offering insights into the metabolic derangements specific to TBI pathology. Embraced by both animal studies and clinical research, 13C isotope tracing has bolstered our understanding of TBI-induced metabolic dysregulation. This review synthesizes current applications of isotope tracing and its transformative potential in evaluating and addressing the metabolic sequelae of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J. Peper
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Departments of Neurosurgery and NeurologyTulane University School of MedicineNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
| | - Mitchell D. Kilgore
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Departments of Neurosurgery and NeurologyTulane University School of MedicineNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
| | - Yinghua Jiang
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Departments of Neurosurgery and NeurologyTulane University School of MedicineNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
| | - Yuwen Xiu
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Departments of Neurosurgery and NeurologyTulane University School of MedicineNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
| | - Winna Xia
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Departments of Neurosurgery and NeurologyTulane University School of MedicineNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
| | - Yingjie Wang
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Departments of Neurosurgery and NeurologyTulane University School of MedicineNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
| | - Mengxuan Shi
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Departments of Neurosurgery and NeurologyTulane University School of MedicineNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
| | - Di Zhou
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Departments of Neurosurgery and NeurologyTulane University School of MedicineNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
| | - Aaron S. Dumont
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Departments of Neurosurgery and NeurologyTulane University School of MedicineNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Departments of Neurosurgery and NeurologyTulane University School of MedicineNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
- Neuroscience Program, Tulane Brain InstituteTulane UniversityNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
| | - Ning Liu
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Departments of Neurosurgery and NeurologyTulane University School of MedicineNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
- Neuroscience Program, Tulane Brain InstituteTulane UniversityNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
- Tulane University Translational Sciences InstituteNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
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3
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Boland R, Kokiko-Cochran ON. Deplete and repeat: microglial CSF1R inhibition and traumatic brain injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1352790. [PMID: 38450286 PMCID: PMC10915023 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1352790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a public health burden affecting millions of people. Sustained neuroinflammation after TBI is often associated with poor outcome. As a result, increased attention has been placed on the role of immune cells in post-injury recovery. Microglia are highly dynamic after TBI and play a key role in the post-injury neuroinflammatory response. Therefore, microglia represent a malleable post-injury target that could substantially influence long-term outcome after TBI. This review highlights the cell specific role of microglia in TBI pathophysiology. Microglia have been manipulated via genetic deletion, drug inhibition, and pharmacological depletion in various pre-clinical TBI models. Notably, colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) and its receptor (CSF1R) have gained much traction in recent years as a pharmacological target on microglia. CSF1R is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor that is essential for microglia proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Small molecule inhibitors targeting CSF1R result in a swift and effective depletion of microglia in rodents. Moreover, discontinuation of the inhibitors is sufficient for microglia repopulation. Attention is placed on summarizing studies that incorporate CSF1R inhibition of microglia. Indeed, microglia depletion affects multiple aspects of TBI pathophysiology, including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and functional recovery with measurable influence on astrocytes, peripheral immune cells, and neurons. Taken together, the data highlight an important role for microglia in sustaining neuroinflammation and increasing risk of oxidative stress, which lends to neuronal damage and behavioral deficits chronically after TBI. Ultimately, the insights gained from CSF1R depletion of microglia are critical for understanding the temporospatial role that microglia develop in mediating TBI pathophysiology and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Boland
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Chronic Brain Injury Program, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Olga N Kokiko-Cochran
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Chronic Brain Injury Program, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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Wodtke P, Grashei M, Schilling F. Quo Vadis Hyperpolarized 13C MRI? Z Med Phys 2023:S0939-3889(23)00120-4. [PMID: 38160135 DOI: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, hyperpolarized 13C MRI has gained significance in both preclinical and clinical studies, hereby relying on technologies like PHIP-SAH (ParaHydrogen-Induced Polarization-Side Arm Hydrogenation), SABRE (Signal Amplification by Reversible Exchange), and dDNP (dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization), with dDNP being applied in humans. A clinical dDNP polarizer has enabled studies across 24 sites, despite challenges like high cost and slow polarization. Parahydrogen-based techniques like SABRE and PHIP offer faster, more cost-efficient alternatives but require molecule-specific optimization. The focus has been on imaging metabolism of hyperpolarized probes, which requires long T1, high polarization and rapid contrast generation. Efforts to establish novel probes, improve acquisition techniques and enhance data analysis methods including artificial intelligence are ongoing. Potential clinical value of hyperpolarized 13C MRI was demonstrated primarily for treatment response assessment in oncology, but also in cardiology, nephrology, hepatology and CNS characterization. In this review on biomedical hyperpolarized 13C MRI, we summarize important and recent advances in polarization techniques, probe development, acquisition and analysis methods as well as clinical trials. Starting from those we try to sketch a trajectory where the field of biomedical hyperpolarized 13C MRI might go.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Wodtke
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Klinikum rechts der Isar of Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge UK
| | - Martin Grashei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Klinikum rechts der Isar of Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Schilling
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Klinikum rechts der Isar of Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
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Hackett EP, Chen J, Ingle L, Nemri SA, Barshikar S, da Cunha Pinho M, Plautz EJ, Bartnik-Olson BL, Park JM. Longitudinal assessment of mitochondrial dysfunction in acute traumatic brain injury using hyperpolarized [1- 13 C]pyruvate. Magn Reson Med 2023; 90:2432-2442. [PMID: 37427535 PMCID: PMC10543630 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE [13 C]Bicarbonate formation from hyperpolarized [1-13 C]pyruvate via pyruvate dehydrogenase, a key regulatory enzyme, represents the cerebral oxidation of pyruvate and the integrity of mitochondrial function. The present study is to characterize the chronology of cerebral mitochondrial metabolism during secondary injury associated with acute traumatic brain injury (TBI) by longitudinally monitoring [13 C]bicarbonate production from hyperpolarized [1-13 C]pyruvate in rodents. METHODS Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to undergo a controlled-cortical impact (CCI, n = 31) or sham surgery (n = 22). Seventeen of the CCI and 9 of the sham rats longitudinally underwent a 1 H/13 C-integrated MR protocol that includes a bolus injection of hyperpolarized [1-13 C]pyruvate at 0 (2 h), 1, 2, 5, and 10 days post-surgery. Separate CCI and sham rats were used for histological validation and enzyme assays. RESULTS In addition to elevated lactate, we observed significantly reduced bicarbonate production in the injured site. Unlike the immediate appearance of hyperintensity on T2 -weighted MRI, the contrast of bicarbonate signals between the injured region and the contralateral brain peaked at 24 h post-injury, then fully recovered to the normal level at day 10. A subset of TBI rats demonstrated markedly increased bicarbonate in normal-appearing contralateral brain regions post-injury. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that aberrant mitochondrial metabolism occurring in acute TBI can be monitored by detecting [13 C]bicarbonate production from hyperpolarized [1-13 C]pyruvate, suggesting that [13 C]bicarbonate is a sensitive in-vivo biomarker of the secondary injury processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward P. Hackett
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX USA 75390
| | - Jun Chen
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX USA 75390
| | - Laura Ingle
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX USA 75390
| | - Sarah Al Nemri
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX USA 75390
| | - Surendra Barshikar
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX USA 75390
| | - Marco da Cunha Pinho
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX USA 75390
| | - Erik J. Plautz
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX USA 75390
| | | | - Jae Mo Park
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX USA 75390
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX USA 75390
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX USA 75390
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6
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Chaumeil M, Guglielmetti C, Qiao K, Tiret B, Ozen M, Krukowski K, Nolan A, Paladini MS, Lopez C, Rosi S. Hyperpolarized 13C metabolic imaging detects long-lasting metabolic alterations following mild repetitive traumatic brain injury. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3166656. [PMID: 37645937 PMCID: PMC10462249 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3166656/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Career athletes, active military, and head trauma victims are at increased risk for mild repetitive traumatic brain injury (rTBI), a condition that contributes to the development of epilepsy and neurodegenerative diseases. Standard clinical imaging fails to identify rTBI-induced lesions, and novel non-invasive methods are needed. Here, we evaluated if hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (HP 13C MRSI) could detect long-lasting changes in brain metabolism 3.5 months post-injury in a rTBI mouse model. Our results show that this metabolic imaging approach can detect changes in cortical metabolism at that timepoint, whereas multimodal MR imaging did not detect any structural or contrast alterations. Using Machine Learning, we further show that HP 13C MRSI parameters can help classify rTBI vs. Sham and predict long-term rTBI-induced behavioral outcomes. Altogether, our study demonstrates the potential of metabolic imaging to improve detection, classification and outcome prediction of previously undetected rTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kai Qiao
- University of California, San Francisco
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Guglielmetti C, Cordano C, Najac C, Green AJ, Chaumeil MM. Imaging immunomodulatory treatment responses in a multiple sclerosis mouse model using hyperpolarized 13C metabolic MRI. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2023; 3:71. [PMID: 37217574 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-023-00300-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, the ability of conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including T1 contrast-enhanced (CE) MRI, to monitor high-efficacy therapies and predict long-term disability in multiple sclerosis (MS) has been challenged. Therefore, non-invasive methods to improve MS lesions detection and monitor therapy response are needed. METHODS We studied the combined cuprizone and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (CPZ-EAE) mouse model of MS, which presents inflammatory-mediated demyelinated lesions in the central nervous system as commonly seen in MS patients. Using hyperpolarized 13C MR spectroscopy (MRS) metabolic imaging, we measured cerebral metabolic fluxes in control, CPZ-EAE and CPZ-EAE mice treated with two clinically-relevant therapies, namely fingolimod and dimethyl fumarate. We also acquired conventional T1 CE MRI to detect active lesions, and performed ex vivo measurements of enzyme activities and immunofluorescence analyses of brain tissue. Last, we evaluated associations between imaging and ex vivo parameters. RESULTS We show that hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate conversion to lactate is increased in the brain of untreated CPZ-EAE mice when compared to the control, reflecting immune cell activation. We further demonstrate that this metabolic conversion is significantly decreased in response to the two treatments. This reduction can be explained by increased pyruvate dehydrogenase activity and a decrease in immune cells. Importantly, we show that hyperpolarized 13C MRS detects dimethyl fumarate therapy, whereas conventional T1 CE MRI cannot. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, hyperpolarized MRS metabolic imaging of [1-13C]pyruvate detects immunological responses to disease-modifying therapies in MS. This technique is complementary to conventional MRI and provides unique information on neuroinflammation and its modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Guglielmetti
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Christian Cordano
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chloé Najac
- Department of Radiology, C.J. Gorter MRI Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ari J Green
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California at San Francisco, CA, San Francisco, USA
| | - Myriam M Chaumeil
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Stacpoole PW, McCall CE. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex: Life's essential, vulnerable and druggable energy homeostat. Mitochondrion 2023; 70:59-102. [PMID: 36863425 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Found in all organisms, pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes (PDC) are the keystones of prokaryotic and eukaryotic energy metabolism. In eukaryotic organisms these multi-component megacomplexes provide a crucial mechanistic link between cytoplasmic glycolysis and the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. As a consequence, PDCs also influence the metabolism of branched chain amino acids, lipids and, ultimately, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). PDC activity is an essential determinant of the metabolic and bioenergetic flexibility of metazoan organisms in adapting to changes in development, nutrient availability and various stresses that challenge maintenance of homeostasis. This canonical role of the PDC has been extensively probed over the past decades by multidisciplinary investigations into its causal association with diverse physiological and pathological conditions, the latter making the PDC an increasingly viable therapeutic target. Here we review the biology of the remarkable PDC and its emerging importance in the pathobiology and treatment of diverse congenital and acquired disorders of metabolic integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Stacpoole
- Department of Medicine (Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States.
| | - Charles E McCall
- Department of Internal Medicine and Translational Sciences, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
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Sun P, Wu Z, Lin L, Hu G, Zhang X, Wang J. MR-Nucleomics: The study of pathological cellular processes with multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging in vivo. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2023; 36:e4845. [PMID: 36259659 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Clinical medicine has experienced a rapid development in recent decades, during which therapies targeting specific cellular signaling pathways, or specific cell surface receptors, have been increasingly adopted. While these developments in clinical medicine call for improved precision in diagnosis and treatment monitoring, modern medical imaging methods are restricted mainly to anatomical imaging, lagging behind the requirements of precision medicine. Although positron emission tomography and single photon emission computed tomography have been used clinically for studies of metabolism, their applications have been limited by the exposure risk to ionizing radiation, the subsequent limitation in repeated and longitudinal studies, and the incapability in assessing downstream metabolism. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) or spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) are, in theory, capable of assessing molecular activities in vivo, although they are often limited by sensitivity. Here, we review some recent developments in MRS and MRSI of multiple nuclei that have potential as molecular imaging tools in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Sun
- Clinical & Technical Support, Philips Healthcare, China
| | - Zhigang Wu
- Clinical & Technical Support, Philips Healthcare, China
| | - Liangjie Lin
- Clinical & Technical Support, Philips Healthcare, China
| | - Geli Hu
- Clinical & Technical Support, Philips Healthcare, China
| | | | - Jiazheng Wang
- Clinical & Technical Support, Philips Healthcare, China
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Xu XJ, Liu BY, Dong JQ, Ge QQ, Lu SH, Yang MS, Zhuang Y, Zhang B, Niu F. Tandem Mass Tag-based proteomics analysis reveals the vital role of inflammation in traumatic brain injury in a mouse model. Neural Regen Res 2023. [PMID: 35799536 PMCID: PMC9241417 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.343886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Healicon R, Rooney CHE, Ball V, Shinozaki A, Miller JJ, Smart S, Radford‐Smith D, Anthony D, Tyler DJ, Grist JT. Assessing the effect of anesthetic gas mixtures on hyperpolarized 13 C pyruvate metabolism in the rat brain. Magn Reson Med 2022; 88:1324-1332. [PMID: 35468245 PMCID: PMC9325476 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effect of altering anesthetic oxygen protocols on measurements of cerebral perfusion and metabolism in the rodent brain. METHODS Seven rats were anesthetized and underwent serial MRI scans with hyperpolarized [1-13 C]pyruvate and perfusion weighted imaging. The anesthetic carrier gas protocol used varied from 100:0% to 90:10% to 60:40% O2 :N2 O. Spectra were quantified with AMARES and perfusion imaging was processed using model-free deconvolution. A 1-way ANOVA was used to compare results across groups, with pairwise t tests performed with correction for multiple comparisons. Spearman's correlation analysis was performed between O2 % and MR measurements. RESULTS There was a significant increase in bicarbonate:total 13 C carbon and bicarbonate:13 C pyruvate when moving between 100:0 to 90:10 and 100:0 to 60:40 O2 :N2 O % (0.02 ± 0.01 vs. 0.019 ± 0.005 and 0.02 ± 0.01 vs. 0.05 ± 0.02, respectively) and (0.04 ± 0.01 vs. 0.03 ± 0.01 and 0.04 ± 0.01 vs. 0.08 ± 0.02, respectively). There was a significant difference in 13 C pyruvate time to peak when moving between 100:0 to 90:10 and 100:0 to 60:40 O2 :N2 O % (13 ± 2 vs. 10 ± 1 and 13 ± 2 vs. 7.5 ± 0.5 s, respectively) as well as significant differences in cerebral blood flow (CBF) between gas protocols. Significant correlations between bicarbonate:13 C pyruvate and gas protocol (ρ = -0.47), mean transit time and gas protocol (ρ = 0.41) and 13 C pyruvate time-to-peak and cerebral blood flow (ρ = -0.54) were also observed. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that the detection and quantification of cerebral metabolism and perfusion is dependent on the oxygen protocol used in the anesthetized rodent brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Healicon
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Catriona H. E. Rooney
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Vicky Ball
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Ayaka Shinozaki
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Jack J. Miller
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of PhysicsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- The PET Centre and The MR Centre, Clinical MedicineAarhus University and Aarhus University HospitalAarhusDenmark
| | - Sean Smart
- Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Daniel Anthony
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Damian J. Tyler
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- The PET Centre and The MR Centre, Clinical MedicineAarhus University and Aarhus University HospitalAarhusDenmark
| | - James T. Grist
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- The PET Centre and The MR Centre, Clinical MedicineAarhus University and Aarhus University HospitalAarhusDenmark
- Department of RadiologyOxford University HospitalsOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
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Wei Y, Yang C, Jiang H, Li Q, Che F, Wan S, Yao S, Gao F, Zhang T, Wang J, Song B. Multi-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: state of the art and future directions. Insights Imaging 2022; 13:135. [PMID: 35976510 PMCID: PMC9382599 DOI: 10.1186/s13244-022-01262-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With the development of heteronuclear fluorine, sodium, phosphorus, and other probes and imaging technologies as well as the optimization of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) equipment and sequences, multi-nuclear magnetic resonance (multi-NMR) has enabled localize molecular activities in vivo that are central to a variety of diseases, including cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative pathologies, metabolic diseases, kidney, and tumor, to shift from the traditional morphological imaging to the molecular imaging, precision diagnosis, and treatment mode. However, due to the low natural abundance and low gyromagnetic ratios, the clinical application of multi-NMR has been hampered. Several techniques have been developed to amplify the NMR sensitivity such as the dynamic nuclear polarization, spin-exchange optical pumping, and brute-force polarization. Meanwhile, a wide range of nuclei can be hyperpolarized, such as 2H, 3He, 13C, 15 N, 31P, and 129Xe. The signal can be increased and allows real-time observation of biological perfusion, metabolite transport, and metabolic reactions in vivo, overcoming the disadvantages of conventional magnetic resonance of low sensitivity. HP-NMR imaging of different nuclear substrates provides a unique opportunity and invention to map the metabolic changes in various organs without invasive procedures. This review aims to focus on the recent applications of multi-NMR technology not only in a range of preliminary animal experiments but also in various disease spectrum in human. Furthermore, we will discuss the future challenges and opportunities of this multi-NMR from a clinical perspective, in the hope of truly bridging the gap between cutting-edge molecular biology and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wei
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Caiwei Yang
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanyu Jiang
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Che
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Shang Wan
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Yao
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Feifei Gao
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiazheng Wang
- Clinical & Technical Support, Philips Healthcare, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Song
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Radiology, Sanya People's Hospital, Sanya, China.
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13
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Chou A, Torres-Espín A, Huie JR, Krukowski K, Lee S, Nolan A, Guglielmetti C, Hawkins BE, Chaumeil MM, Manley GT, Beattie MS, Bresnahan JC, Martone ME, Grethe JS, Rosi S, Ferguson AR. Empowering Data Sharing and Analytics through the Open Data Commons for Traumatic Brain Injury Research. Neurotrauma Rep 2022; 3:139-157. [PMID: 35403104 PMCID: PMC8985540 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2021.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health problem. Despite considerable research deciphering injury pathophysiology, precision therapies remain elusive. Here, we present large-scale data sharing and machine intelligence approaches to leverage TBI complexity. The Open Data Commons for TBI (ODC-TBI) is a community-centered repository emphasizing Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable data sharing and publication with persistent identifiers. Importantly, the ODC-TBI implements data sharing of individual subject data, enabling pooling for high-sample-size, feature-rich data sets for machine learning analytics. We demonstrate pooled ODC-TBI data analyses, starting with descriptive analytics of subject-level data from 11 previously published articles (N = 1250 subjects) representing six distinct pre-clinical TBI models. Second, we perform unsupervised machine learning on multi-cohort data to identify persistent inflammatory patterns across different studies, improving experimental sensitivity for pro- versus anti-inflammation effects. As funders and journals increasingly mandate open data practices, ODC-TBI will create new scientific opportunities for researchers and facilitate multi-data-set, multi-dimensional analytics toward effective translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Chou
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Abel Torres-Espín
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - J Russell Huie
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Karen Krukowski
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sangmi Lee
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Amber Nolan
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Caroline Guglielmetti
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Bridget E Hawkins
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Moody Project for Traumatic Brain Injury Research, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Myriam M Chaumeil
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Geoffrey T Manley
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael S Beattie
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Francisco, California, USA
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jacqueline C Bresnahan
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Maryann E Martone
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Grethe
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Susanna Rosi
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Kavli Institute of Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Adam R Ferguson
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Francisco, California, USA
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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14
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Initial Experience on Hyperpolarized [1-13C]Pyruvate MRI Multicenter Reproducibility—Are Multicenter Trials Feasible? Tomography 2022; 8:585-595. [PMID: 35314625 PMCID: PMC8938827 DOI: 10.3390/tomography8020048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate allows real-time and pathway specific clinical detection of otherwise unimageable in vivo metabolism. However, the comparability between sites and protocols is unknown. Here, we provide initial experiences on the agreement of hyperpolarized MRI between sites and protocols by repeated imaging of same healthy volunteers in Europe and the US. Methods: Three healthy volunteers traveled for repeated multicenter brain MRI exams with hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate within one year. First, multisite agreement was assessed with the same echo-planar imaging protocol at both sites. Then, this was compared to a variable resolution echo-planar imaging protocol. In total, 12 examinations were performed. Common metrics of 13C-pyruvate to 13C-lactate conversion were calculated, including the kPL, a model-based kinetic rate constant, and its model-free equivalents. Repeatability was evaluated with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for absolute agreement computed using two-way random effects models. Results: The mean kPL across all examinations in the multisite comparison was 0.024 ± 0.0016 s−1. The ICC of the kPL was 0.83 (p = 0.14) between sites and 0.7 (p = 0.09) between examinations of the same volunteer at any of the two sites. For the model-free metrics, the lactate Z-score had similar site-to-site ICC, while it was considerably lower for the lactate-to-pyruvate ratio. Conclusions: Estimation of metabolic conversion from hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate to lactate using model-based metrics such as kPL suggests close agreement between sites and examinations in volunteers. Our initial results support harmonization of protocols, support multicenter studies, and inform their design.
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15
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Bøgh N, Olin RB, Hansen ESS, Gordon JW, Bech SK, Bertelsen LB, Sánchez-Heredia JD, Blicher JU, Østergaard L, Ardenkjær-Larsen JH, Bok RA, Vigneron DB, Laustsen C. Metabolic MRI with hyperpolarized [1- 13C]pyruvate separates benign oligemia from infarcting penumbra in porcine stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:2916-2927. [PMID: 34013807 PMCID: PMC8756460 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211018317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Acute ischemic stroke patients benefit from reperfusion in a short time-window after debut. Later treatment may be indicated if viable brain tissue is demonstrated and this outweighs the inherent risks of late reperfusion. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate is an emerging technology that directly images metabolism. Here, we investigated its potential to detect viable tissue in ischemic stroke. Stroke was induced in pigs by intracerebral injection of endothelin 1. During ischemia, the rate constant of pyruvate-to-lactate conversion, kPL, was 52% larger in penumbra and 85% larger in the infarct compared to the contralateral hemisphere (P = 0.0001). Within the penumbra, the kPL was 50% higher in the regions that later infarcted compared to non-progressing regions (P = 0.026). After reperfusion, measures of pyruvate-to-lactate conversion were slightly decreased in the infarct compared to contralateral. In addition to metabolic imaging, we used hyperpolarized pyruvate for perfusion-weighted imaging. This was consistent with conventional imaging for assessment of infarct size and blood flow. Lastly, we confirmed the translatability of simultaneous assessment of metabolism and perfusion with hyperpolarized MRI in healthy volunteers. In conclusion, hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate may aid penumbral characterization and increase access to reperfusion therapy for late presenting patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaj Bøgh
- The MR Research Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rie B Olin
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Esben SS Hansen
- The MR Research Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jeremy W Gordon
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sabrina K Bech
- The MR Research Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lotte B Bertelsen
- The MR Research Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Juan D Sánchez-Heredia
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jakob U Blicher
- Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Leif Østergaard
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan H Ardenkjær-Larsen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- GE Healthcare, Brøndby, Denmark
| | - Robert A Bok
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel B Vigneron
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
- UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California San Francisco and University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Christoffer Laustsen
- The MR Research Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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16
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Fiedorowicz M, Wieteska M, Rylewicz K, Kossowski B, Piątkowska-Janko E, Czarnecka AM, Toczylowska B, Bogorodzki P. Hyperpolarized 13C tracers: Technical advancements and perspectives for clinical applications. Biocybern Biomed Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbe.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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17
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Li Y, Vigneron DB, Xu D. Current human brain applications and challenges of dynamic hyperpolarized carbon-13 labeled pyruvate MR metabolic imaging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 48:4225-4235. [PMID: 34432118 PMCID: PMC8566394 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05508-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The ability of hyperpolarized carbon-13 MR metabolic imaging to acquire dynamic metabolic information in real time is crucial to gain mechanistic insights into metabolic pathways, which are complementary to anatomic and other functional imaging methods. This review presents the advantages of this emerging functional imaging technology, describes considerations in clinical translations, and summarizes current human brain applications. Despite rapid development in methodologies, significant technological and physiological related challenges continue to impede broader clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, UCSF Radiology, University of California, 185 Berry Street, Ste 350, Box 0946, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA.
| | - Daniel B Vigneron
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, UCSF Radiology, University of California, 185 Berry Street, Ste 350, Box 0946, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
| | - Duan Xu
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, UCSF Radiology, University of California, 185 Berry Street, Ste 350, Box 0946, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
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18
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DeVience SJ, Lu X, Proctor JL, Rangghran P, Medina JA, Melhem ER, Gullapalli RP, Fiskum G, Mayer D. Enhancing Metabolic Imaging of Energy Metabolism in Traumatic Brain Injury Using Hyperpolarized [1- 13C]Pyruvate and Dichloroacetate. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11060335. [PMID: 34073714 PMCID: PMC8225170 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11060335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperpolarized magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) of [1-13C]pyruvate metabolism has previously been used to assess the effects of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats. Here, we show that MRSI can be used in conjunction with dichloroacetate to measure the phosphorylation state of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) following mild-to-moderate TBI, and that measurements can be repeated in a longitudinal study to monitor the course of injury progression and recovery. We found that the level of 13C-bicarbonate and the bicarbonate-to-lactate ratio decreased on the injured side of the brain four hours after injury and continued to decrease through day 7. Levels recovered to normal by day 28. Measurements following dichloroacetate administration showed that PDH was inhibited equally by PDH kinase (PDK) on both sides of the brain. Therefore, the decrease in aerobic metabolism is not due to inhibition by PDK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. DeVience
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (S.J.D.); (X.L.); (E.R.M.); (R.P.G.)
- Center for Metabolic Imaging & Therapeutics (CMIT), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (S.J.D.); (X.L.); (E.R.M.); (R.P.G.)
- Center for Metabolic Imaging & Therapeutics (CMIT), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Julie L. Proctor
- Department of Anesthesiology and the Center for Shock, Trauma, and Anesthesiology Research (S.T.A.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (J.L.P.); (P.R.); (J.A.M.); (G.F.)
| | - Parisa Rangghran
- Department of Anesthesiology and the Center for Shock, Trauma, and Anesthesiology Research (S.T.A.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (J.L.P.); (P.R.); (J.A.M.); (G.F.)
| | - Juliana A. Medina
- Department of Anesthesiology and the Center for Shock, Trauma, and Anesthesiology Research (S.T.A.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (J.L.P.); (P.R.); (J.A.M.); (G.F.)
| | - Elias R. Melhem
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (S.J.D.); (X.L.); (E.R.M.); (R.P.G.)
- Center for Metabolic Imaging & Therapeutics (CMIT), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Rao P. Gullapalli
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (S.J.D.); (X.L.); (E.R.M.); (R.P.G.)
- Center for Metabolic Imaging & Therapeutics (CMIT), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Gary Fiskum
- Department of Anesthesiology and the Center for Shock, Trauma, and Anesthesiology Research (S.T.A.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (J.L.P.); (P.R.); (J.A.M.); (G.F.)
| | - Dirk Mayer
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (S.J.D.); (X.L.); (E.R.M.); (R.P.G.)
- Center for Metabolic Imaging & Therapeutics (CMIT), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Correspondence:
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19
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Zhang D, Feng Y, Pan H, Xuan Z, Yan S, Mao Y, Xiao X, Huang X, Zhang H, Zhou F, Chen B, Chen X, Liu H, Yan X, Liang H, Cui W. 9-Methylfascaplysin exerts anti-ischemic stroke neuroprotective effects via the inhibition of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 97:107656. [PMID: 33895476 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of 9-methylfascaplysin, a novel marine derivative derived from sponge, against middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO)-induced motor impairments, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in rats. METHODS Neurological and behavioral tests were used to evaluate behavioral changes. The 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining was used to determine infarct size and edema extent. Activated microglia/macrophage was analyzed by immunohistochemical staining of Iba-1. RT-PCR and ELISA were used to measure the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, CD16 and CD206. Western blotting analysis was performed to explore the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and NLRP3. The levels of oxidative stress were studied by evaluating the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase. RESULTS Post-occlusion intracerebroventricular injection of 9-methylfascaplysin significantly attenuated motor impairments and infarct size in MCAO rats. Moreover, 9-methylfascaplysin reduced the activation of microglia/macrophage in ischemic penumbra as evidenced by the decreased Iba-1-positive area and the reduced expression of pro-inflammatory factors. Furthermore, 9-methylfascaplysin inhibited MCAO-induced oxidative stress and activation of NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome. CONCLUSION All the results suggested that 9-methylfascaplysin might produce neuroprotective effects against MCAO via the reduction of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, simultaneously, possibly via the inhibition of NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Difan Zhang
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yi Feng
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Hanbo Pan
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Zhenquan Xuan
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Sicheng Yan
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yuechun Mao
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xinghan Huang
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Fei Zhou
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Bojun Chen
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xiaojun Yan
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Hongze Liang
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Wei Cui
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo 315020, China.
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20
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Vaeggemose M, F. Schulte R, Laustsen C. Comprehensive Literature Review of Hyperpolarized Carbon-13 MRI: The Road to Clinical Application. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11040219. [PMID: 33916803 PMCID: PMC8067176 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11040219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive assessment of the development of hyperpolarized (HP) carbon-13 metabolic MRI from the early days to the present with a focus on clinical applications. The status and upcoming challenges of translating HP carbon-13 into clinical application are reviewed, along with the complexity, technical advancements, and future directions. The road to clinical application is discussed regarding clinical needs and technological advancements, highlighting the most recent successes of metabolic imaging with hyperpolarized carbon-13 MRI. Given the current state of hyperpolarized carbon-13 MRI, the conclusion of this review is that the workflow for hyperpolarized carbon-13 MRI is the limiting factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Vaeggemose
- GE Healthcare, 2605 Brondby, Denmark;
- MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Christoffer Laustsen
- MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- Correspondence:
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21
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Anderson S, Grist JT, Lewis A, Tyler DJ. Hyperpolarized 13 C magnetic resonance imaging for noninvasive assessment of tissue inflammation. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 34:e4460. [PMID: 33291188 PMCID: PMC7900961 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a central mechanism underlying numerous diseases and incorporates multiple known and potential future therapeutic targets. However, progress in developing novel immunomodulatory therapies has been slowed by a need for improvement in noninvasive biomarkers to accurately monitor the initiation, development and resolution of immune responses as well as their response to therapies. Hyperpolarized magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an emerging molecular imaging technique with the potential to assess immune cell responses by exploiting characteristic metabolic reprogramming in activated immune cells to support their function. Using specific metabolic tracers, hyperpolarized MRI can be used to produce detailed images of tissues producing lactate, a key metabolic signature in activated immune cells. This method has the potential to further our understanding of inflammatory processes across different diseases in human subjects as well as in preclinical models. This review discusses the application of hyperpolarized MRI to the imaging of inflammation, as well as the progress made towards the clinical translation of this emerging technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Anderson
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - James T. Grist
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Department of Radiology, The Churchill HospitalOxford University Hospitals TrustHeadingtonUK
| | - Andrew Lewis
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Damian J. Tyler
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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22
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Graykowski D, Cudaback E. Don't know what you got till it's gone: microglial depletion and neurodegeneration. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:1921-1927. [PMID: 33642360 PMCID: PMC8343303 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.308078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system, immunologic surveillance and response are carried out, in large part, by microglia. These resident macrophages derive from myeloid precursors in the embryonic yolk sac, migrating to the brain and eventually populating local tissue prior to blood-brain barrier formation. Preserved for the duration of lifespan, microglia serve the host as more than just a central arm of innate immunity, also contributing significantly to the development and maintenance of neurons and neural networks, as well as neuroregeneration. The critical nature of these varied functions makes the characterization of key roles played by microglia in neurodegenerative disorders, especially Alzheimer's disease, of paramount importance. While genetic models and rudimentary pharmacologic approaches for microglial manipulation have greatly improved our understanding of central nervous system health and disease, significant advances in the selective and near complete in vitro and in vivo depletion of microglia for neuroscience application continue to push the boundaries of research. Here we discuss the research efficacy and utility of various microglial depletion strategies, including the highly effective CSF1R inhibitor models, noteworthy insights into the relationship between microglia and neurodegeneration, and the potential for therapeutic repurposing of microglial depletion and repopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Graykowski
- Department of Health Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Eiron Cudaback
- Department of Health Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA
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23
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Hackett EP, Pinho MC, Harrison CE, Reed GD, Liticker J, Raza J, Hall RG, Malloy CR, Barshikar S, Madden CJ, Park JM. Imaging Acute Metabolic Changes in Patients with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Using Hyperpolarized [1- 13C]Pyruvate. iScience 2020; 23:101885. [PMID: 33344923 PMCID: PMC7736977 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) involves complex secondary injury processes following the primary injury. The secondary injury is often associated with rapid metabolic shifts and impaired brain function immediately after the initial tissue damage. Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) coupled with hyperpolarization of 13C-labeled substrates provides a unique opportunity to map the metabolic changes in the brain after traumatic injury in real-time without invasive procedures. In this report, we investigated two patients with acute mild TBI (Glasgow coma scale 15) but no anatomical brain injury or hemorrhage. Patients were imaged with hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate MRSI 1 or 6 days after head trauma. Both patients showed significantly reduced bicarbonate (HCO3–) production, and one showed hyperintense lactate production at the injured sites. This study reports the feasibility of imaging altered metabolism using hyperpolarized pyruvate in patients with TBI, demonstrating the translatability and sensitivity of the technology to cerebral metabolic changes after mild TBI. Clinical translation of hyperpolarized pyruvate to TBI was demonstrated Patients with mild TBI were imaged with hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate Altered lactate and HCO3– production in the brain nearest the site of trauma
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward P Hackett
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Marco C Pinho
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Crystal E Harrison
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Galen D Reed
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,GE Healthcare, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jeff Liticker
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jaffar Raza
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, The Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Dallas, TX 75216, USA
| | - Ronald G Hall
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, The Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Dallas, TX 75216, USA
| | - Craig R Malloy
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Surendra Barshikar
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Christopher J Madden
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jae Mo Park
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson TX 75080, USA
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24
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Grist JT, Miller JJ, Zaccagna F, McLean MA, Riemer F, Matys T, Tyler DJ, Laustsen C, Coles AJ, Gallagher FA. Hyperpolarized 13C MRI: A novel approach for probing cerebral metabolism in health and neurological disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:1137-1147. [PMID: 32153235 PMCID: PMC7238376 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20909045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral metabolism is tightly regulated and fundamental for healthy neurological function. There is increasing evidence that alterations in this metabolism may be a precursor and early biomarker of later stage disease processes. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) is a powerful tool to non-invasively assess tissue metabolites and has many applications for studying the normal and diseased brain. However, the technique has limitations including low spatial and temporal resolution, difficulties in discriminating overlapping peaks, and challenges in assessing metabolic flux rather than steady-state concentrations. Hyperpolarized carbon-13 magnetic resonance imaging is an emerging clinical technique that may overcome some of these spatial and temporal limitations, providing novel insights into neurometabolism in both health and in pathological processes such as glioma, stroke and multiple sclerosis. This review will explore the growing body of pre-clinical data that demonstrates a potential role for the technique in assessing metabolism in the central nervous system. There are now a number of clinical studies being undertaken in this area and this review will present the emerging clinical data as well as the potential future applications of hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance imaging in the brain, in both clinical and pre-clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Grist
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of
Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge,
UK
| | - Jack J Miller
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of
Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of
Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, John
Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Fulvio Zaccagna
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge,
UK
| | - Mary A McLean
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge,
UK
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frank Riemer
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge,
UK
| | - Tomasz Matys
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge,
UK
| | - Damian J Tyler
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of
Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, John
Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Alasdair J Coles
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge,
Cambridge, UK
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25
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Le Page LM, Guglielmetti C, Taglang C, Chaumeil MM. Imaging Brain Metabolism Using Hyperpolarized 13C Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Trends Neurosci 2020; 43:343-354. [PMID: 32353337 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant metabolism is a key factor in many neurological disorders. The ability to measure such metabolic impairment could lead to improved detection of disease progression, and development and monitoring of new therapeutic approaches. Hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a developing imaging technique that enables non-invasive measurement of enzymatic activity in real time in living organisms. Primarily applied in the fields of cancer and cardiac disease so far, this metabolic imaging method has recently been used to investigate neurological disorders. In this review, we summarize the preclinical research developments in this emerging field, and discuss future prospects for this exciting technology, which has the potential to change the clinical paradigm for patients with neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia M Le Page
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Caroline Guglielmetti
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Celine Taglang
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Myriam M Chaumeil
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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26
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Hyacinthe JN, Buscemi L, Lê TP, Lepore M, Hirt L, Mishkovsky M. Evaluating the potential of hyperpolarised [1- 13C] L-lactate as a neuroprotectant metabolic biosensor for stroke. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5507. [PMID: 32218474 PMCID: PMC7099080 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62319-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral metabolism, which can be monitored by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), changes rapidly after brain ischaemic injury. Hyperpolarisation techniques boost 13C MRS sensitivity by several orders of magnitude, thereby enabling in vivo monitoring of biochemical transformations of hyperpolarised (HP) 13C-labelled precursors with a time resolution of seconds. The exogenous administration of the metabolite L-lactate was shown to decrease lesion size and ameliorate neurological outcome in preclinical studies in rodent stroke models, as well as influencing brain metabolism in clinical pilot studies of acute brain injury patients. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of measuring HP [1-13C] L-lactate metabolism in real-time in the mouse brain after ischaemic stroke when administered after reperfusion at a therapeutic dose. We showed a rapid, time-after-reperfusion-dependent conversion of [1-13C] L-lactate to [1-13C] pyruvate and [13C] bicarbonate that brings new insights into the neuroprotection mechanism of L-lactate. Moreover, this study paves the way for the use of HP [1-13C] L-lactate as a sensitive molecular-imaging biosensor in ischaemic stroke patients after endovascular clot removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Noël Hyacinthe
- Geneva School of Health Sciences, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Geneva, Switzerland.,Image Guided Intervention Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lara Buscemi
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thanh Phong Lê
- Geneva School of Health Sciences, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Geneva, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Functional and Metabolic Imaging, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mario Lepore
- Centre d'Imagerie Biomédicale (CIBM), École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lorenz Hirt
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mor Mishkovsky
- Laboratory of Functional and Metabolic Imaging, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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27
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Gordon JW, Chen HY, Dwork N, Tang S, Larson PEZ. Fast Imaging for Hyperpolarized MR Metabolic Imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 2020; 53:686-702. [PMID: 32039520 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MRI with hyperpolarized carbon-13 agents has created a new type of noninvasive, in vivo metabolic imaging that can be applied in cell, animal, and human studies. The use of 13 C-labeled agents, primarily [1-13 C]pyruvate, enables monitoring of key metabolic pathways with the ability to image substrate and products based on their chemical shift. Over 10 sites worldwide are now performing human studies with this new approach for studies of cancer, heart disease, liver disease, and kidney disease. Hyperpolarized metabolic imaging studies must be performed within several minutes following creation of the hyperpolarized agent due to irreversible decay of the net magnetization back to equilibrium, so fast imaging methods are critical. The imaging methods must include multiple metabolites, separated based on their chemical shift, which are also undergoing rapid metabolic conversion (via label exchange), further exacerbating the challenges of fast imaging. This review describes the state-of-the-art in fast imaging methods for hyperpolarized metabolic imaging. This includes the approach and tradeoffs between three major categories of fast imaging methods-fast spectroscopic imaging, model-based strategies, and metabolite specific imaging-as well additional options of parallel imaging, compressed sensing, tailored RF flip angles, refocused imaging methods, and calibration methods that can improve the scan coverage, speed, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), resolution, and/or robustness of these studies. To date, these approaches have produced extremely promising initial human imaging results. Improvements to fast hyperpolarized metabolic imaging methods will provide better coverage, SNR, resolution, and reproducibility for future human imaging studies. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 5 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy W Gordon
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hsin-Yu Chen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nicholas Dwork
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Shuyu Tang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,UC Berkeley/UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Peder E Z Larson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,UC Berkeley/UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, California, USA
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28
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Le Page LM, Guglielmetti C, Najac CF, Tiret B, Chaumeil MM. Hyperpolarized 13 C magnetic resonance spectroscopy detects toxin-induced neuroinflammation in mice. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2019; 32:e4164. [PMID: 31437326 PMCID: PMC6817388 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a commonly used agent for induction of neuroinflammation in preclinical studies. Upon injection, LPS causes activation of microglia and astrocytes, whose metabolism alters to favor glycolysis. Assessing in vivo neuroinflammation and its modulation following therapy remains challenging, and new noninvasive methods allowing for longitudinal monitoring would be highly valuable. Hyperpolarized (HP) 13 C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a promising technique for assessing in vivo metabolism. In addition to applications in oncology, the most commonly used probe of [1-13 C] pyruvate has shown potential in assessing neuroinflammation-linked metabolism in mouse models of multiple sclerosis and traumatic brain injury. Here, we aimed to investigate LPS-induced neuroinflammatory changes using HP [1-13 C] pyruvate and HP 13 C urea. 2D chemical shift imaging following simultaneous intravenous injection of HP [1-13 C] pyruvate and HP 13 C urea was performed at baseline (day 0) and at days 3 and 7 post-intracranial injection of LPS (n = 6) or saline (n = 5). Immunofluorescence (IF) analyses were performed for Iba1 (resting and activated microglia/macrophages), GFAP (resting and reactive astrocytes) and CD68 (activated microglia/macrophages). A significant increase in HP [1-13 C] lactate production was observed at days 3 and 7 following injection, in the injected (ipsilateral) side of the LPS-treated mouse brain, but not in either the contralateral side or saline-injected animals. HP 13 C lactate/pyruvate ratio, without and with normalization to urea, was also significantly increased in the ipsilateral LPS-injected brain at 7 days compared with baseline. IF analyses showed a significant increase in CD68 and GFAP staining at 3 days, followed by increased numbers of Iba1 and GFAP positive cells at 7 days post-LPS injection. In conclusion, we can detect LPS-induced changes in the mouse brain using HP 13 C MRS, in alignment with increased numbers of microglia/macrophages and astrocytes. This study demonstrates that HP 13 C spectroscopy has substantial potential for providing noninvasive information on neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia M Le Page
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Caroline Guglielmetti
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Chloé F Najac
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Brice Tiret
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Myriam M Chaumeil
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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29
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Funk KE, Klein RS. CSF1R antagonism limits local restimulation of antiviral CD8 + T cells during viral encephalitis. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:22. [PMID: 30704498 PMCID: PMC6354430 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1397-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia are resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) locally maintained through colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) signaling. Microglial depletion via CSF1R inactivation improves cognition in mouse models of neuroinflammation, but limits virologic control in the CNS of mouse models of neurotropic infections by unknown mechanisms. We hypothesize that CSF1R plays a critical role in myeloid cell responses that restrict viral replication and locally restimulate recruited antiviral T cells within the CNS. METHODS The impact of CSF1R signaling during West Nile virus infection was assessed in vivo using a mouse model of neurotropic infection. Pharmacological inactivation of CSF1R was achieved using PLX5622 prior to infection with virulent or attenuated strains of West Nile virus (WNV), an emerging neuropathogen. The subsequent effect of CSF1R antagonism on virologic control was assessed by measuring mortality and viral titers in the CNS and peripheral organs. Immune responses were assessed by flow cytometric-based phenotypic analyses of both peripheral and CNS immune cells. RESULTS Mice treated with CSF1R antagonist prior to infection exhibited higher susceptibility to lethal WNV infection and lack of virologic control in both the CNS and periphery. CSFR1 antagonism reduced B7 co-stimulatory signals on peripheral and CNS antigen-presenting cells (APCs) by depleting CNS cellular sources, which limited local reactivation of CNS-infiltrating virus-specific T cells and reduced viral clearance. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate the impact of CSF1R antagonism on APC activation in the CNS and periphery and the importance of microglia in orchestrating the CNS immune response following neurotropic viral infection. These data will be an important consideration when assessing the benefit of CSF1R antagonism, which has been investigated as a therapeutic for neurodegenerative conditions, in which neuroinflammation is a contributing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen E. Funk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Robyn S. Klein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110 USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110 USA
- Department of Neurosciences, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110 USA
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30
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Kassi AAY, Mahavadi AK, Clavijo A, Caliz D, Lee SW, Ahmed AI, Yokobori S, Hu Z, Spurlock MS, Wasserman JM, Rivera KN, Nodal S, Powell HR, Di L, Torres R, Leung LY, Rubiano AM, Bullock RM, Gajavelli S. Enduring Neuroprotective Effect of Subacute Neural Stem Cell Transplantation After Penetrating TBI. Front Neurol 2019; 9:1097. [PMID: 30719019 PMCID: PMC6348935 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the largest cause of death and disability of persons under 45 years old, worldwide. Independent of the distribution, outcomes such as disability are associated with huge societal costs. The heterogeneity of TBI and its complicated biological response have helped clarify the limitations of current pharmacological approaches to TBI management. Five decades of effort have made some strides in reducing TBI mortality but little progress has been made to mitigate TBI-induced disability. Lessons learned from the failure of numerous randomized clinical trials and the inability to scale up results from single center clinical trials with neuroprotective agents led to the formation of organizations such as the Neurological Emergencies Treatment Trials (NETT) Network, and international collaborative comparative effectiveness research (CER) to re-orient TBI clinical research. With initiatives such as TRACK-TBI, generating rich and comprehensive human datasets with demographic, clinical, genomic, proteomic, imaging, and detailed outcome data across multiple time points has become the focus of the field in the United States (US). In addition, government institutions such as the US Department of Defense are investing in groups such as Operation Brain Trauma Therapy (OBTT), a multicenter, pre-clinical drug-screening consortium to address the barriers in translation. The consensus from such efforts including “The Lancet Neurology Commission” and current literature is that unmitigated cell death processes, incomplete debris clearance, aberrant neurotoxic immune, and glia cell response induce progressive tissue loss and spatiotemporal magnification of primary TBI. Our analysis suggests that the focus of neuroprotection research needs to shift from protecting dying and injured neurons at acute time points to modulating the aberrant glial response in sub-acute and chronic time points. One unexpected agent with neuroprotective properties that shows promise is transplantation of neural stem cells. In this review we present (i) a short survey of TBI epidemiology and summary of current care, (ii) findings of past neuroprotective clinical trials and possible reasons for failure based upon insights from human and preclinical TBI pathophysiology studies, including our group's inflammation-centered approach, (iii) the unmet need of TBI and unproven treatments and lastly, (iv) present evidence to support the rationale for sub-acute neural stem cell therapy to mediate enduring neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anelia A Y Kassi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Anil K Mahavadi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Angelica Clavijo
- Neurosurgery Service, INUB-MEDITECH Research Group, El Bosque University, Bogotá, CO, United States
| | - Daniela Caliz
- Neurosurgery Service, INUB-MEDITECH Research Group, El Bosque University, Bogotá, CO, United States
| | - Stephanie W Lee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Aminul I Ahmed
- Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospitals Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Shoji Yokobori
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zhen Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Markus S Spurlock
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Joseph M Wasserman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Karla N Rivera
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Samuel Nodal
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Henry R Powell
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Long Di
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Rolando Torres
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Lai Yee Leung
- Branch of Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States.,Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Andres Mariano Rubiano
- Neurosurgery Service, INUB-MEDITECH Research Group, El Bosque University, Bogotá, CO, United States
| | - Ross M Bullock
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Shyam Gajavelli
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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31
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Traumatic Brain Injury in Aged Mice Induces Chronic Microglia Activation, Synapse Loss, and Complement-Dependent Memory Deficits. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123753. [PMID: 30486287 PMCID: PMC6321529 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is of particular concern for the aging community since there is both increased incidence of TBI and decreased functional recovery in this population. In addition, TBI is the strongest environmental risk factor for development of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementia-related neurodegenerative disorders. Critical changes that affect cognition take place over time following the initial insult. Our previous work identified immune system activation as a key contributor to cognitive deficits observed in aged animals. Using a focal contusion model in the current study, we demonstrate a brain lesion and cavitation formation, as well as prolonged blood–brain barrier breakdown. These changes were associated with a prolonged inflammatory response, characterized by increased microglial cell number and phagocytic activity 30 days post injury, corresponding to significant memory deficits. We next aimed to identify the injury-induced cellular and molecular changes that lead to chronic cognitive deficits in aged animals, and measured increases in complement initiation components C1q, C3, and CR3, which are known to regulate microglial–synapse interactions. Specifically, we found significant accumulation of C1q on synapses within the hippocampus, which was paralleled by synapse loss 30 days post injury. We used genetic and pharmacological approaches to determine the mechanistic role of complement initiation on cognitive loss in aging animals after TBI. Notably, both genetic and pharmacological blockade of the complement pathway prevented memory deficits in aged injured animals. Thus, therapeutically targeting early components of the complement cascade represents a significant avenue for possible clinical intervention following TBI in the aging population.
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Koenig JB, Dulla CG. Dysregulated Glucose Metabolism as a Therapeutic Target to Reduce Post-traumatic Epilepsy. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:350. [PMID: 30459556 PMCID: PMC6232824 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant cause of disability worldwide and can lead to post-traumatic epilepsy. Multiple molecular, cellular, and network pathologies occur following injury which may contribute to epileptogenesis. Efforts to identify mechanisms of disease progression and biomarkers which predict clinical outcomes have focused heavily on metabolic changes. Advances in imaging approaches, combined with well-established biochemical methodologies, have revealed a complex landscape of metabolic changes that occur acutely after TBI and then evolve in the days to weeks after. Based on this rich clinical and preclinical data, combined with the success of metabolic therapies like the ketogenic diet in treating epilepsy, interest has grown in determining whether manipulating metabolic activity following TBI may have therapeutic value to prevent post-traumatic epileptogenesis. Here, we focus on changes in glucose utilization and glycolytic activity in the brain following TBI and during seizures. We review relevant literature and outline potential paths forward to utilize glycolytic inhibitors as a disease-modifying therapy for post-traumatic epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny B Koenig
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Chris G Dulla
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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Braun M, Häseli S, Rösch F, Piel M, Münnemann K. NMR Hyperpolarization of Established PET Tracers. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Braun
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Sascha Häseli
- Inst. of Nuclear ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg-University Mainz Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Frank Rösch
- Inst. of Nuclear ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg-University Mainz Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Markus Piel
- Inst. of Nuclear ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg-University Mainz Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Kerstin Münnemann
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
- Dept. of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Lab. of Engineering ThermodynamicsUniversity of Kaiserslautern Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 44 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
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