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Shilnikova K, Kang KA, Piao MJ, Herath HMUL, Fernando PDSM, Boo HJ, Yoon SP, Hyun JW. Shikonin protects skin cells against oxidative stress and cellular dysfunction induced by fine particulate matter. Cell Biol Int 2024. [PMID: 39169545 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Shikonin, an herbal naphthoquinone, demonstrates a broad spectrum of pharmacological properties. Owing to increasingly adverse environmental conditions, human skin is vulnerable to harmful influences from dust particles. This study explored the antioxidant capabilities of shikonin and its ability to protect human keratinocytes from oxidative stress induced by fine particulate matter (PM2.5). We found that shikonin at a concentration of 3 µM was nontoxic to human keratinocytes and effectively scavenged reactive oxygen species (ROS) while increasing the production of reduced glutathione (GSH). Furthermore, shikonin enhanced GSH level by upregulating glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit and glutathione synthetase mediated by nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor. Shikonin reduced ROS levels induced by PM2.5, leading to recovering PM2.5-impaired cellular biomolecules and cell viability. Shikonin restored the GSH level in PM2.5-exposed keratinocytes via enhancing the expression of GSH-synthesizing enzymes. Notably, buthionine sulphoximine, an inhibitor of GSH synthesis, diminished effect of shikonin against PM2.5-induced cell damage, confirming the role of GSH in shikonin-induced cytoprotection. Collectively, these findings indicated that shikonin could provide substantial cytoprotection against the adverse effects of PM2.5 through direct ROS scavenging and modulation of cellular antioxidant system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Shilnikova
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Kyoung Ah Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
- Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Mei Jing Piao
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
- Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Herath Mudiyanselage Udari Lakmini Herath
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
- Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Pincha Devage Sameera Madushan Fernando
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
- Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Boo
- Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Sang Pil Yoon
- Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Jin Won Hyun
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
- Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
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2
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Srivastava T, Tyagi D, Fatima S, Sathyan MTV, Raj R, Sharma A, Chaturvedi M, Sinha M, Shishodia SK, Kumar D, Sharma SK, Shankar J, Satish A, Priya S. A natural small molecule-mediated inhibition of alpha-synuclein aggregation leads to neuroprotection in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Neurochem 2024; 168:1640-1654. [PMID: 37429595 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Small molecules are being explored intensively for their applications as therapeutic molecules in the management of metabolic and neurological disorders. The natural small molecules can inhibit protein aggregation and underlying cellular pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases involving multi-factorial mechanisms of action. Certain natural small molecular inhibitors of pathogenic protein aggregation are highly efficient and have shown promising therapeutic potential. In the present study, Shikonin (SHK), a natural plant-based naphthoquinone has been investigated for its aggregation inhibition activity against α-synuclein (α-syn) and the neuroprotective potential in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). SHK significantly inhibited aggregation of α-syn at sub-stochiometric concentrations, delayed the linear lag phase and growth kinetics of seeded and unseeded α-syn aggregation. The binding of SHK to the C-terminus of α-syn maintained α-helical and disordered secondary structures with reduced beta-sheet content and complexity of aggregates. Further, in C. elegans transgenic PD models, SHK significantly reduced α-syn aggregation, improved locomotor activity and prevented dopaminergic (DA) neuronal degeneration, indicating the neuroprotective role of SHK. The present study highlights the potential of natural small molecules in the prevention of protein aggregation that may further be explored for their therapeutic efficacy in the management of protein aggregation and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulika Srivastava
- Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Divya Tyagi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India
| | - Siraj Fatima
- Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Malur Thirumalesh Vishnu Sathyan
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India
| | - Ritu Raj
- Department of Advanced Spectroscopy and Imaging, Centre of Biomedical Research (CBMR), Lucknow, India
| | - Aniket Sharma
- Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Minal Chaturvedi
- Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Meetali Sinha
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- Computational Toxicology Facility, Toxicoinformatics Research Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR) Vishvigyan Bhawan, Lucknow, India
| | - Sonia Kumari Shishodia
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, India
- University Institute of Biotechnology (UIBT), Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Advanced Spectroscopy and Imaging, Centre of Biomedical Research (CBMR), Lucknow, India
| | - Sandeep K Sharma
- Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India
| | - Jata Shankar
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, India
| | - Aruna Satish
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India
| | - Smriti Priya
- Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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3
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Kumar Nelson V, Jha NK, Nuli MV, Gupta S, Kanna S, Gahtani RM, Hani U, Singh AK, Abomughaid MM, Abomughayedh AM, Almutary AG, Iqbal D, Al Othaim A, Begum SS, Ahmad F, Mishra PC, Jha SK, Ojha S. Unveiling the impact of aging on BBB and Alzheimer's disease: Factors and therapeutic implications. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 98:102224. [PMID: 38346505 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a highly prevalent neurodegenerative condition that has devastating effects on individuals, often resulting in dementia. AD is primarily defined by the presence of extracellular plaques containing insoluble β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) composed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein (P-tau). In addition, individuals afflicted by these age-related illnesses experience a diminished state of health, which places significant financial strain on their loved ones. Several risk factors play a significant role in the development of AD. These factors include genetics, diet, smoking, certain diseases (such as cerebrovascular diseases, obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia), age, and alcohol consumption. Age-related factors are key contributors to the development of vascular-based neurodegenerative diseases such as AD. In general, the process of aging can lead to changes in the immune system's responses and can also initiate inflammation in the brain. The chronic inflammation and the inflammatory mediators found in the brain play a crucial role in the dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Furthermore, maintaining BBB integrity is of utmost importance in preventing a wide range of neurological disorders. Therefore, in this review, we discussed the role of age and its related factors in the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier and the development of AD. We also discussed the importance of different compounds, such as those with anti-aging properties, and other compounds that can help maintain the integrity of the blood-brain barrier in the prevention of AD. This review builds a strong correlation between age-related factors, degradation of the BBB, and its impact on AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar Nelson
- Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Anantapur, India.
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Centre of Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India; School of Bioengineering & Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India; Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India.
| | - Mohana Vamsi Nuli
- Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Anantapur, India
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sandeep Kanna
- Department of pharmaceutics, Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chalapathi Nagar, Guntur 522034, India
| | - Reem M Gahtani
- Departement of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Umme Hani
- Department of pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arun Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mosleh Mohammad Abomughaid
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali M Abomughayedh
- Pharmacy Department, Aseer Central Hospital, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmajeed G Almutary
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 59911, United Arab Emirates
| | - Danish Iqbal
- Department of Health Information Management, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Buraydah Private Colleges, Buraydah 51418, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayoub Al Othaim
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia.
| | - S Sabarunisha Begum
- Department of Biotechnology, P.S.R. Engineering College, Sivakasi 626140, India
| | - Fuzail Ahmad
- Respiratory Care Department, College of Applied Sciences, Almaarefa University, Diriya, Riyadh, 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Prabhu Chandra Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Zoology, Kalindi College, University of Delhi, 110008, India.
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
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4
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Fukuyama Y, Kubo M, Harada K. Neurotrophic Natural Products. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024; 123:1-473. [PMID: 38340248 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-42422-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Neurotrophins (NGF, BDNF, NT3, NT4) can decrease cell death, induce differentiation, as well as sustain the structure and function of neurons, which make them promising therapeutic agents for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. However, neurotrophins have not been very effective in clinical trials mostly because they cannot pass through the blood-brain barrier owing to being high-molecular-weight proteins. Thus, neurotrophin-mimic small molecules, which stimulate the synthesis of endogenous neurotrophins or enhance neurotrophic actions, may serve as promising alternatives to neurotrophins. Small-molecular-weight natural products, which have been used in dietary functional foods or in traditional medicines over the course of human history, have a great potential for the development of new therapeutic agents against neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. In this contribution, a variety of natural products possessing neurotrophic properties such as neurogenesis, neurite outgrowth promotion (neuritogenesis), and neuroprotection are described, and a focus is made on the chemistry and biology of several neurotrophic natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyasu Fukuyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan.
| | - Miwa Kubo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan
| | - Kenichi Harada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan
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5
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Sánchez Y, Castillo C, Fuentealba J, Sáez-Orellana F, Burgos CF, López JJ, F de la Torre A, Jiménez CA. New Benzodihydrofuran Derivatives Alter the Amyloid β Peptide Aggregation: Strategies To Develop New Anti-Alzheimer Drugs. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:2590-2602. [PMID: 37480555 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that is the leading cause of dementia in elderly patients. Amyloid-β peptide (1-42 oligomers) has been identified as a neurotoxic factor, triggering many neuropathologic events. In this study, 15 chalcones were synthesized employing the Claisen-Schmidt condensation reaction, starting from a compound derived from fomannoxine, a natural benzodihydrofuran whose neuroprotective activity has been proven and reported, and methyl aromatic ketones with diverse patterns of halogenated substitution. As a result, chalcones were obtained, with good to excellent reaction yields from 50 to 98%. Cytotoxicity of the compounds was assessed, and their cytoprotective effect against the toxicity associated with Aβ was evaluated on PC-12 cells. Out of the 15 chalcones obtained, only the 4-bromo substituted was cytotoxic at most tested concentrations. Three synthesized chalcones showed a cytoprotective effect against Aβ toxicity (over 37%). The 2,4,5-trifluoro substituted chalcone was the most promising series since it showed a cytoprotective impact with more than 60 ± 5% of recovery of cellular viability; however, 3-fluoro substituted compound also exhibited important values of recovery (50 ± 6%). The fluorine substitution pattern was shown to be more effective for cytoprotective activity. Specifically, substitution with fluorine in the 3,5-positions turned out to be particularly effective for cytoprotection. Furthermore, fluorinated compounds inhibited the aggregation rate of Aβ, suggesting a dual effect that can be the starting point of new molecules with therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaíma Sánchez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepcion 4130000, Chile
| | - Carolina Castillo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepcion 4130000, Chile
| | - Jorge Fuentealba
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepcion 4130000, Chile
| | - Francisco Sáez-Orellana
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepcion 4130000, Chile
| | - Carlos Felipe Burgos
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepcion 4130000, Chile
| | - Jhon J López
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepcion 4130000, Chile
| | - Alexander F de la Torre
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepcion 4130000, Chile
| | - Claudio A Jiménez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepcion 4130000, Chile
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Thammasart S, Namchaiw P, Pasuwat K, Tonsomboon K, Khantachawana A. Attenuation Aβ1-42-induced neurotoxicity in neuronal cell by 660nm and 810nm LED light irradiation. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283976. [PMID: 37478089 PMCID: PMC10361470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligomeric amyloid-β 1-42 (Aβ1-42) has a close correlation with neurodegenerative disorder especially Alzheimer's disease (AD). It induces oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage in neurons. Therefore, it is used to generate AD-like in vitro model for studying neurotoxicity and neuroprotection against amyloid-β. A low-level light therapy (LLLT) is a non-invasive method that has been used to treat several neurodegenerative disorders. In this study, the red wavelength (660nm) and near infrared wavelength (810nm) at energy densities of 1, 3, and 5 J/cm2 were used to modulate biochemical processes in the neural cells. The exposure of Aβ1-42 resulted in cell death, increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and retracted neurite outgrowth. We showed that both of LLLT wavelengths could protect neurons form Aβ1-42-induced neurotoxicity in a biphasic manner. The treatment of LLLT at 3 J/cm2 potentially alleviated cell death and recovered neurite outgrowth. In addition, the treatment of LLLT following Aβ1-42 exposure could attenuate the intracellular ROS generation and Ca2+ influx. Interestingly, both wavelengths could induce minimal level of ROS generation. However, they did not affect cell viability. In addition, LLLT also stimulated Ca2+ influx, but not altered mitochondrial membrane potential. This finding indicated LLLT may protect neurons through the stimulation of secondary signaling messengers such as ROS and Ca2+. The increase of these secondary messengers was in a functional level and did not harmful to the cells. These results suggested the use of LLLT as a tool to modulate the neuronal toxicity following Aβ1-42 accumulation in AD's brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriluk Thammasart
- Biological Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Thung Kru, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Poommaree Namchaiw
- Biological Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Thung Kru, Bangkok, Thailand
- Neuroscience Center for Research and Innovation, Learning Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Thung Kru, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kwanchanok Pasuwat
- Biological Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Thung Kru, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Thung Kru, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Khaow Tonsomboon
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Anak Khantachawana
- Biological Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Thung Kru, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Thung Kru, Bangkok, Thailand
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7
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Yao M, Li G, Zhou LY, Zheng Z, Sun YL, Liu SF, Wang YJ, Cui XJ. Shikonin inhibits neuronal apoptosis via regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress in the rat model of double-level chronic cervical cord compression. Cell Biol Toxicol 2023; 39:907-928. [PMID: 35028790 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-021-09648-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is a clinically symptomatic entity arising from the spinal cord compression by degenerative diseases. Although endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been commonly observed in several neurodegenerative diseases, the relationship between ER stress and CSM remains unknown. Shikonin is known to protect PC12 by inhibiting apoptosis in vitro. This study hypothesised that ER stress was vital in neuronal apoptosis in CSM. Shikonin might inhibit such responses by regulating ER stress through the protein kinase-like ER kinase-eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 α-subunit-C/EBP homologous protein (PERK-eIF2α-CHOP) signalling pathway. Thus, the aim of this study was evaluating the neuroprotective effect of shikonin in rats with double-level chronic cervical cord compression, as well as primary rat cortical neurons with glutamate-induced neurotoxicity. The result showed that ER stress-related upregulation of PERK-eIF2α-CHOP resulted in rat neuronal apoptosis after chronic cervical cord compression; then, shikonin promoted motor recovery and inhibited neuronal apoptosis by attenuating PERK-eIF2α-CHOP and prevented Bax translocation from cytoplasm to mitochondrion induced by CHOP of neurons in rats with chronic compression. Also, it was found that shikonin could protect rat primary cortical neuron against glutamate toxicity by regulating ER stress through the PERK-eIF2α-CHOP pathway in vitro. In conclusion, shikonin might inhibit neuronal apoptosis by regulating ER stress through attenuating the activation of PERK-eIF2α-CHOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yao
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Gan Li
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Long-Yun Zhou
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, Jiangsu Provincial People's Hospital, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Zhong Zheng
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yue-Li Sun
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shu-Fen Liu
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yong-Jun Wang
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Xue-Jun Cui
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Zhu G, Bai P, Wang K, Mi J, Yang J, Hu J, Ban Y, Xu R, Chen R, Wang C, Tang L, Sang Z. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel O-alkyl ferulamide derivatives as multifunctional ligands for treating Alzheimer's disease. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:1375-1388. [PMID: 35549612 PMCID: PMC9116242 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2073442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, a series of novel O-alkyl ferulamide derivatives were designed and synthesised through the multi-target-directed ligands (MTDLs) strategy. The biological activities in vitro showed that compounds 5a, 5d, 5e, 5f, and 5h indicated significantly selective MAO-B inhibitory potency (IC50 = 0.32, 0.56, 0.54, 0.73, and 0.86 μM, respectively) and moderate antioxidant activity. Moreover, compounds 5a, 5d, 5e, 5f, and 5h showed potent anti-inflammatory properties, remarkable effects on self-induced Aβ1-42 aggregation, and potent neuroprotective effect on Aβ1-42-induced PC12 cell injury. Furthermore, compounds 5a, 5d, 5e, 5f, and 5h presented good blood-brain barrier permeation in vitro and drug-like properties. More interesting, the PET/CT images with [11C]5f demonstrated that [11C]5f could penetrate the BBB with a high brain uptake and exhibited good brain clearance kinetic property. Therefore, compound 5f would be a promising multi-functional agent for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaofeng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ping Bai
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Keren Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Jing Mi
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Jing Yang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Jiaqi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yujuan Ban
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ran Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Rui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Changning Wang
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Lei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhipei Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
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9
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Barrientos RE, Ibáñez E, Puerta A, Padrón JM, Paredes A, Cifuentes F, Romero-Parra J, Palacios J, Bórquez J, Simirgiotis MJ. Phenolic Fingerprinting and Bioactivity Profiling of Extracts and Isolated Compounds from Gypothamnium pinifolium Phil. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122313. [PMID: 36552522 PMCID: PMC9774750 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gypothamnium pinifolium Phil. (Asteraceae) is a small shrub that grows in the Paposo Valley of the II Antofagasta Region of Chile. This initial study is of the high-resolution phenolic fingerprinting, antioxidant activity, the relaxation effects in rat aorta, the inhibitory enzyme potential, plus the antiproliferative activity of the ethyl acetate and n-hexane extract from G. pinifolium and its two major isolated secondary metabolites (one coumarin: 2-nor-1,2-secolycoserone, and one diterpene: ent-labda-8,13-E-diene-15-ol). The study involves using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography todiode array detection coupled with Q-Orbitrap mass spectrometry analysis (UHPLC-PDA-Orbi-trap-MS), in which various compounds were identified, including specific coumarins. The n-hexane extract showed total phenolic and flavonoid contents of 517.4 ± 12.5 mg GAE/100 g extract and 72.3 ± 3.7 mg QE/100 g extract, respectively. In addition, the antioxidant activity of the n-hexane extract was assessed using in-vitro assays such as bleaching of DPPH and ABTS (IC50: 14.3 ± 0.52 and 2.51 ± 0.43 µg extract/mL, respectively), FRAP (347.12 ± 1.15 μmol Trolox equivalent/g extract), and ORAC (287.3 ± 1.54 μmol Trolox equivalents/g extract). Furthermore, the inhibition against cholinesterases (acetylcholinesterase (AChE) 4.58 ± 0.04 µg/mL, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) IC50: 23.44 ± 0.03 µg/mL) and tyrosinase (IC50: 9.25 ± 0.15 µg/mL) enzymes of the n-hexane extract, and main compounds (IC50: 1.21 ± 0.03 µg/mL, 11.23 ± 0.02 µg/mL, 3.23 ± 0.12 µg/mL, and 103.43 ± 16.86 µg/mL, correspondingly for the most active coumarin 1) were measured. The antiproliferative potential of the extracts and the two principal compounds against several solid human cancer cells was investigated. All of them showed good activity against cancer cells. Label-free live-cell imaging studies on HeLa cells exposed to the isolated coumarin and the diterpene enabled the observation of cell death and several apoptotic hallmarks. Our results indicate that G. pinifolium Phil. is a valuable source of secondary metabolites with potential activity against noncommunicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth E. Barrientos
- Instituto de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Elena Ibáñez
- Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL, CSIC, Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián Puerta
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González (IUBO-AG), Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Spain
| | - José M. Padrón
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González (IUBO-AG), Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Adrián Paredes
- Laboratorio de Química Biológica, Instituto Antofagasta, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1240000, Chile
| | - Fredi Cifuentes
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Experimental, Instituto Antofagasta, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile
- Departamento Biomédico, Facultad Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1240000, Chile
| | - Javier Romero-Parra
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Olivos 1007, Casilla 233, Santiago 6640022, Chile
| | - Javier Palacios
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Aplicada, Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique 1110939, Chile
- Correspondence: (J.P.); (M.J.S.); Tel.: +56-57-2526910 (J.P.); +56-63-63233257 (M.J.S.)
| | - Jorge Bórquez
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1240000, Chile
| | - Mario J. Simirgiotis
- Instituto de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Correspondence: (J.P.); (M.J.S.); Tel.: +56-57-2526910 (J.P.); +56-63-63233257 (M.J.S.)
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10
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Gopalakrishna R, Lin CY, Oh A, Le C, Yang S, Hicks A, Kindy MS, Mack WJ, Bhat NR. cAMP-induced decrease in cell-surface laminin receptor and cellular prion protein attenuates amyloid-β uptake and amyloid-β-induced neuronal cell death. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:2914-2927. [PMID: 35971617 PMCID: PMC9712173 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that amyloid-β oligomers (AβO) bind with high affinity to cellular prion protein (PrPC ). The AβO-PrPC complex binds to cell-surface co-receptors, including the laminin receptor (67LR). Our current studies revealed that in Neuroscreen-1 cells, 67LR is the major co-receptor involved in the cellular uptake of AβO and AβΟ-induced cell death. Both pharmacological (dibutyryl-cAMP, forskolin and rolipram) and physiological (pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide) cAMP-elevating agents decreased cell-surface PrPC and 67LR, thereby attenuating the uptake of AβO and the resultant neuronal cell death. These cAMP protective effects are dependent on protein kinase A, but not dependent on the exchange protein directly activated by cAMP. Conceivably, cAMP protects neuronal cells from AβO-induced cytotoxicity by decreasing cell-surface-associated PrPC and 67LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayudu Gopalakrishna
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA,Corresponding author: Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, 1333 San Pablo Street, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA, Phone: 1 + 323-442-1770; Fax: 1 + 323-442-1771:
| | - Charlotte Y. Lin
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Andrew Oh
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Calvin Le
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Seolyn Yang
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Alexandra Hicks
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Mark S. Kindy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; James A. Haley VA Medical Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - William J. Mack
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Narayan R. Bhat
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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11
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Li RL, Wang LY, Duan HX, Zhang Q, Guo X, Wu C, Peng W. Regulation of mitochondrial dysfunction induced cell apoptosis is a potential therapeutic strategy for herbal medicine to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:937289. [PMID: 36210852 PMCID: PMC9535092 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.937289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disease is a progressive neurodegeneration caused by genetic and environmental factors. Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and Huntington’s disease (HD) are the three most common neurodegenerative diseases clinically. Unfortunately, the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases is increasing year by year. However, the current available drugs have poor efficacy and large side effects, which brings a great burden to the patients and the society. Increasing evidence suggests that occurrence and development of the neurodegenerative diseases is closely related to the mitochondrial dysfunction, which can affect mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial dynamics, as well as mitochondrial mitophagy. Through the disruption of mitochondrial homeostasis, nerve cells undergo varying degrees of apoptosis. Interestingly, it has been shown in recent years that the natural agents derived from herbal medicines are beneficial for prevention/treatment of neurodegenerative diseases via regulation of mitochondrial dysfunction. Therefore, in this review, we will focus on the potential therapeutic agents from herbal medicines for treating neurodegenerative diseases via suppressing apoptosis through regulation of mitochondrial dysfunction, in order to provide a foundation for the development of more candidate drugs for neurodegenerative diseases from herbal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Lan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling-Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hu-Xinyue Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohui Guo
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaohui Guo, ; Chunjie Wu, ; Wei Peng,
| | - Chunjie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaohui Guo, ; Chunjie Wu, ; Wei Peng,
| | - Wei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaohui Guo, ; Chunjie Wu, ; Wei Peng,
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12
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Near-Infrared Photothermally Enhanced Photo-Oxygenation for Inhibition of Amyloid-β Aggregation Based on RVG-Conjugated Porphyrinic Metal-Organic Framework and Indocyanine Green Nanoplatform. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810885. [PMID: 36142796 PMCID: PMC9505608 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid aggregation is associated with many neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The current technologies using phototherapy for amyloid inhibition are usually photodynamic approaches based on evidence that reactive oxygen species can inhibit Aβ aggregation. Herein, we report a novel combinational photothermally assisted photo-oxygenation treatment based on a nano-platform of the brain-targeting peptide RVG conjugated with the 2D porphyrinic PCN-222 metal-organic framework and indocyanine green (PCN-222@ICG@RVG) with enhanced photo-inhibition in Alzheimer's Aβ aggregation. A photothermally assisted photo-oxygenation treatment based on PCN@ICG could largely enhance the photo-inhibition effect on Aβ42 aggregation and lead to much lower neurotoxicity upon near-infrared (NIR) irradiation at 808 nm compared with a single modality of photo-treatment in both cell-free and in vitro experiments. Generally, local photothermal heat increases the instability of Aβ aggregates and keeps Aβ in the status of monomers, which facilitates the photo-oxygenation process of generating oxidized Aβ monomers with low aggregation capability. In addition, combined with the brain-targeting peptide RVG, the PCN-222@ICG@RVG nanoprobe shows high permeability of the human blood-brain barrier (BBB) on a human brain-on-a-chip platform. The ex vivo study also demonstrates that NIR-activated PCN-222@ICG@RVG could efficiently dissemble Aβ plaques. Our work suggests that the combination of photothermal treatment with photo-oxygenation can synergistically enhance the inhibition of Aβ aggregation, which may boost NIR-based combinational phototherapy of AD in the future.
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13
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Guo L, Li Y, Li W, Qiu J, Du J, Wang L, Zhang T. Shikonin ameliorates oxidative stress and neuroinflammation via the Akt/
ERK
/
JNK
/
NF‐κB
signaling pathways in model of Parkinson’s disease. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2022; 49:1221-1231. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Guo
- Department of Neurology Yantai City Yantaishan Hospital Yantai Shandong China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Health Care Dongying People's Hospital Dongying Shandong China
| | - Wenna Li
- Department of Neurology Yantai City Yantaishan Hospital Yantai Shandong China
| | - Jiaoxue Qiu
- Department of Neurology Yantai City Yantaishan Hospital Yantai Shandong China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Neurology Yantai City Yantaishan Hospital Yantai Shandong China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Department of Neurology Yantai City Yantaishan Hospital Yantai Shandong China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Health Care Dongying People's Hospital Dongying Shandong China
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14
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Zhang DY, Wang J, Fleeman RM, Kuhn MK, Swulius MT, Proctor EA, Dokholyan NV. Monosialotetrahexosylganglioside Promotes Early Aβ42 Oligomer Formation and Maintenance. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:1979-1991. [PMID: 35713284 PMCID: PMC10137048 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aggregation of the amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide is associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Cell membrane composition, especially monosialotetrahexosylganglioside (GM1), is known to promote the formation of Aβ fibrils, yet little is known about the roles of GM1 in the early steps of Aβ oligomer formation. Here, by using GM1-contained liposomes as a mimic of the neuronal cell membrane, we demonstrate that GM1 is a critical trigger of Aβ oligomerization and aggregation. We find that GM1 not only promotes the formation of Aβ fibrils but also facilitates the maintenance of Aβ42 oligomers on liposome membranes. We structurally characterize the Aβ42 oligomers formed on the membrane and find that GM1 captures Aβ by binding to its arginine-5 residue. To interrogate the mechanism of Aβ42 oligomer toxicity, we design a new liposome-based Ca2+-encapsulation assay and provide new evidence for the Aβ42 ion channel hypothesis. Finally, we determine the toxicity of Aβ42 oligomers formed on membranes. Overall, by uncovering the roles of GM1 in mediating early Aβ oligomer formation and maintenance, our work provides a novel direction for pharmaceutical research for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-0850, United States
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-0850, United States
| | - Rebecca M Fleeman
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-0850, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-0850, United States.,Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania 16801, United States
| | - Madison K Kuhn
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-0850, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-0850, United States.,Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania 16801, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania 16801, United States
| | - Matthew T Swulius
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-0850, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Proctor
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-0850, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-0850, United States.,Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania 16801, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania 16801, United States.,Department of Engineering Science & Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania 16801, United States
| | - Nikolay V Dokholyan
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-0850, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania 16801, United States.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-0850, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania 16801, United States
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15
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Zou X, Yang H, Li Q, Li N, Hou Y, Wang X, Meng X, Yu J, Zhang Y, Tang C, Kuang T. Protective Effect of Brassica rapa Polysaccharide against Acute High-Altitude Hypoxia-Induced Brain Injury and Its Metabolomics. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:3063899. [PMID: 39282147 PMCID: PMC11401678 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3063899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
Brassica rapa L., a traditional Tibetan medicine, has been wildly used for treating plateau disease. Polysaccharide is an important chemical component in B. rapa. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of B. rapa polysaccharide (BRP) against acute high-altitude hypoxia (AHH) induced brain injury and its metabolic mechanism. The rats were randomly divided into six groups: control group, AHH group, Hongjingtian oral liquid group, and three BRP groups (38, 75, and 150 mg/kg/d). Serum levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were detected by commercial biochemical kits. Hippocampus and cortex histopathological changes were observed by H&E staining and Nissl staining. Neuronal apoptosis was observed by TUNEL staining. The protein and gene expression of Caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2, p-PI3K, PI3K, p-Akt, Akt, HIF-1α, microRNA 210, ISCU1/2, and COX10 were detected by western blotting and qRT-PCR. Then, a brain metabolomics method based on UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS was performed to discover potential biomarkers and analyze metabolic pathways. It was found that BRP decreased levels of MDA, LDH, and GSSG, increased GSH and SOD, reduced the pathological changes, inhibited apoptosis, and activated the PI3K/Akt/HIF-1α signaling pathway as evidenced by increased phosphorylation of PI3K and Akt, enhanced protein expression of HIF-1α and gene levels of microRNA210, ISCU1/2, and COX10. Furthermore, 15 endogenous potential biomarkers were identified in the brain through metabolomics analysis. BRP can regulate 7 potential biomarkers and the corresponding metabolic pathways were mainly associated with pyruvate metabolism and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis. Collectively, BRP has a clear protective effect on AHH-induced brain injury and its mechanisms may be related to ameliorate oxidative stress injury, inhibit apoptosis by activating PI3K/Akt/HIF-1α signaling pathway, and reverse metabolic pathway disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Hailing Yang
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Qiuyue Li
- Pharmacy Intravenous Admixture Services, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646600, China
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Ya Hou
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xianli Meng
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Ce Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Tingting Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
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16
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Venkatramani A, Mukherjee S, Kumari A, Panda D. Shikonin impedes phase separation and aggregation of tau and protects SH-SY5Y cells from the toxic effects of tau oligomers. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 204:19-33. [PMID: 35120943 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tauopathies such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases involve the abnormal deposition of tau aggregates in the brain and neuronal tissues. We report that a natural naphthoquinone, shikonin, impeded the oligomerization and fibrillization of tau. The compound strongly inhibited heparin, arachidonic acid, and RNA-induced tau aggregation. Atomic force microscopy, dynamic light scattering, SDS-PAGE, and dot blot assays revealed that shikonin diminished tau oligomerization and decreased the mean size of tau oligomers. Transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy analysis further showed that shikonin could suppress tau fibrillization and shorten the tau filaments. Shikonin inhibited tau droplet formation. The compound significantly reduced the aggregation rate of a tryptophan mutant (Y310W-tau) of tau. In addition, shikonin disaggregated preformed tau filaments with a half-maximal disaggregation concentration (DC50) of 6.3 ± 0.4 μM. Pre-treatment of neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) with shikonin protected the cells from the toxicity induced by tau oligomers and increased their viability. The findings imply that shikonin inhibited several steps in the tau aggregation pathways, especially the early stages, such as liquid-liquid phase separation. Therefore, shikonin is an attractive candidate for developing a therapy against tauopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Venkatramani
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Sandipan Mukherjee
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Anuradha Kumari
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Dulal Panda
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, SAS. Nagar, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India.
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17
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Ren X, Zhang J, Zhao Y, Sun L. Senegenin Inhibits Aβ 1-42-Induced PC12 Cells Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress via Activation of the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2022; 18:513-524. [PMID: 35280979 PMCID: PMC8904946 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s346238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Apoptosis and oxidative stress have been considered as key events in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Senegenin (Sen), the major and most effective ingredient of Radix Polygalae, which has anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidative effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidant effects of Sen on Aβ1-42-induced PC12 cells apoptosis and oxidative stress as well as its possible signaling pathway. METHODS Rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells were treated by 20 μM Aβ1-42 and then divided into 5 different treatment groups (Control; Aβ1-42 20 μM; Aβ1-42 20 μM + Sen 10 μM; Aβ1-42 20 μM + Sen 30 μM; Aβ1-42 20μM + Sen 60 μM). PC12 cells activity was detected by MTT assay. Colony formation assay was performed to assess the clonogenic ability of cells. The cell apoptosis was detected by Annexin-V/PI staining. The pro-apoptotic protein (Bax), anti-apoptotic protein (Bcl-2), anti-oxidative stress factor (HO-1, Nuclear Nrf2, Total Nrf2) and pathway-related protein (Akt, P-Akt, PI3K, P-PI3K) were tested by Western blot. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was assessed with a DCFH-DA probe. RESULTS The results indicated that Sen dose-dependently increased cell viability and reduced the number of apoptotic cells. The ratio of P-PI3K/PI3K and P-Akt/Akt increased in a dose-dependent manner under the treatment of Sen, suggesting that Sen might activate the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Moreover, Sen upregulates the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax. Further study revealed that Sen can play an antioxidant role in enhancing HO-1, promoting Nrf2 nuclear translocation and reducing ROS accumulation to reduce oxidative stress. CONCLUSION Sen is effective in inhibiting apoptosis and oxidative stress in Aβ1-42-induced PC12 cells, which likely contribute to the development of novel therapies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Ren
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiwei Zhang
- College of Acupuncture and Massage, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunnan Zhao
- Editorial Office of Journal of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingzhi Sun
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250011, People's Republic of China
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18
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Shikonin Alleviates Endothelial Cell Injury Induced by ox-LDL via AMPK/Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:5881321. [PMID: 34912465 PMCID: PMC8668324 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5881321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the effects of shikonin (SKN) on the damage of human venous endothelial cells (HUVECs) induced by ox-LDL and the underlying molecular mechanism. The HUVECs were randomly divided into six groups: control, ox-LDL, SKN + ox-LDL, SKN + ox-LDL + compound C, SKN + ox-LDL + si-Nrf2, and SKN + ox-LDL + si-HO-1. The MTT method was used to detect cell viability, flow cytometry was used to detect cell apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and Western blot was used to detect protein levels. Compared to the control group, the cell viability of the ox-LDL group decreased, the apoptosis rate increased, the level of cleaved caspase-3 was upregulated, and the level of Bcl-2 protein was downregulated. The level of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM1), and E-selectin (E-sel) was increased, ROS levels increased, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) level decreased. Moreover, the protein levels of p-AMPK, Nrf2, and HO-1 were decreased. Compared to the ox-LDL group, SKN treatment improves cell viability, alleviates cell apoptosis and oxidative stress injury, and upregulates the protein levels of p-AMPK, Nrf2, and HO-1. Compound C, si-Nrf2, and si-HO-1 administration inhibits the AMPK/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, increases ROS generation, and inhibits the antagonistic effect of SKN on ox-LDL-induced HUVECs damage. In summary, SKN suppressed ox-LDL-induced ROS production and improved cell viability and cell apoptosis via the AMPK/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.
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Patel P, Raval M, Airao V, Bhatt V, Shah P. Silibinin loaded inhalable solid lipid nanoparticles for lung targeting. J Microencapsul 2021; 39:1-24. [PMID: 34825627 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2021.2002448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM In the current study, efforts are being made to prepare Inhalable Silibinin loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) with narrow size distribution with improved bioavailability. METHODS SLNs were formulated by high shear homogenisation method SLNs were characterised, including Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR), particle size analysis, entrapment efficiency with Aerodynamic behaviour. The MTT assay was performed against A549 cell line, to measure their anticancer cell activity with In vivo study. RESULTS Optimized formulation exhibited spherical surface with a mean particle size of 221 ± 1.251 nm, PI of 0.121 ± 0.081, zeta potential of -4.12 ± 0.744. Aerodynamic behaviour such as Mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) and Geometric size distribution (GSD) were found to be 5.487 ± 0.072 and 2.321 ± 0.141 respectively proved formulation is suitable for inhalation. In vitro cellular efficacy against A549 cells, revealed that the optimised formulations were more effective and potent. CONCLUSION The Inhalable SLNs approach was successfully engineered and administered to the lungs safely without causing any problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, India
| | - Mihir Raval
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, India
| | - Vishal Airao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, India
| | - Vaibhav Bhatt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, India
| | - Pranav Shah
- Maliba Pharmacy College, Uka Tarsadia University, Tarsadi, India
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20
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Liu Y, Zheng J, Chen Y, Wang F, Ye H, Wang M, Zhang Z. Shikonin protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and apoptosis in human nucleus pulposus cells through the nuclear factor-kappa B pathway. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:5583-5589. [PMID: 34646528 PMCID: PMC8497831 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the protective effect and mechanism of shikonin on human intervertebral disk degeneration. METHODS Human primary nucleus pulposus (NP) cells cultured in vitro were used for the experiments. The effects of different concentrations of shikonin (1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 µM) on the activity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NP cells were determined using the CCK-8 assay, and the appropriate drug concentration was determined. The experiment was divided into the control, LPS, and LPS + shikonin groups. ELISA and Western blot were used to detect the expression of the inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β. NP cell apoptosis was measured using Western blot and caspase 3 activity. Western blot and immunofluorescence assays were used to detect the protein expression of p-P65 and P65 and the nuclear translocation of P65. RESULTS The CCK-8 assay showed that shikonin had no cytotoxic effect on NP cells and increased the activity of LPS-induced NP cells, especially at a concentration of 4 μM. Shikonin reversed the expression of the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β and apoptosis-related molecules Bax, Bcl-2, and cleaved caspase 3 in LPS-induced NP cells. In addition, shikonin significantly decreased apoptosis and caspase-3 activity in LPS-induced NP cells. Furthermore, shikonin treatment significantly inhibited the expression of p-P65 and nuclear translocation of P65, and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway inhibitor Pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate ammonium (PDTC) significantly enhanced the anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects of shikonin in LPS-induced NP cells. CONCLUSION Shikonin significantly inhibited the inflammatory response and apoptosis of human primary NP cells, possibly through the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanbin Liu
- Department of OrthopaedicsSuining Central HospitalSuiningChina
| | - Jiazhuang Zheng
- Department of OrthopaedicsSuining Central HospitalSuiningChina
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of OrthopaedicsSuining Central HospitalSuiningChina
| | - Fandong Wang
- Department of OrthopaedicsSuining Central HospitalSuiningChina
| | - He Ye
- Department of OrthopaedicsSuining Central HospitalSuiningChina
| | - Miao Wang
- Department of OrthopaedicsSuining Central HospitalSuiningChina
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Department of OrthopaedicsSuining Central HospitalSuiningChina
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21
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Shikonin induces programmed death of fibroblast synovial cells in rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting energy pathways. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18263. [PMID: 34521930 PMCID: PMC8440543 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97713-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Shikonin is the main component of the traditional Chinese medicine comfrey, which can inhibit the activity of PKM2 by regulating glycolysis and ATP production. Rheumatoid arthritis synovial cells (RA-FLSs) have been reported to increase glycolytic activity and have other similar hallmarks of metabolic activity. In this study, we investigated the effects of shikonin on glycolysis, mitochondrial function, and cell death in RA-FLSs. The results showed that shikonin induced apoptosis and autophagy in RA-FLSs by activating the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibiting intracellular ATP levels, glycolysis-related proteins, and the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway. Shikonin can significantly reduce the expression of apoptosis-related proteins, paw swelling in rat arthritic tissues, and the levels of inflammatory factors in peripheral blood, such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17A, and IL-1β while showing less toxicity to the liver and kidney.
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22
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Shikonin attenuates H 2O 2-induced oxidative injury in HT29 cells via antioxidant activities and the inhibition of mitochondrial pathway-mediated apoptosis. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1118. [PMID: 34504572 PMCID: PMC8383764 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Shikonin, a natural naphthoquinone extracted from the roots of Lithospermumery throrhizon, possesses multiple pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antitumor effects. It has been hypothesized that the properties of shikonin are associated with its oxygen free radical scavenging abilities. However, the mechanism underlying the antioxidant activity of shikonin is not completely understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of shikonin against H2O2-induced oxidative injury in HT29 cells and to explore the underlying molecular mechanism. The concentration and duration of H2O2 treatment to cause maximal damage, and the effects of shikonin (2.5, 5 or 10 µg/ml) on the activity of H2O2-induced HT29 cells were determined by MTT assay. The apoptotic rate in HT29 cells was determined by annexin V/propidium iodide staining. HT29 cell cycle alteration was also analyzed by propidium iodide staining. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was assessed by monitoring 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin in diacetate fluorescence. Mitochondrial membrane potentials were determined by JC-1 staining. The activities of malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, caspase-9 and caspase-3 were measured using spectrophotometric assays. The expression levels of Bcl-2, Bax and cytochrome c were determined by western blotting. The results suggested that shikonin increased cell viability, reduced cell apoptosis and increased the proliferation index in H2O2-treated HT29 cells. Shikonin also significantly inhibited increases in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), restored the mitochondrial membrane potential, prevented the release of lactic dehydrogenase and decreased the levels of superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde in H2O2-induced HT29 cells. Furthermore, shikonin significantly decreased caspase-9 and caspase-3 activities, increased Bcl-2 expression and decreased Bax and cytochrome c expression levels in H2O2-induced HT29 cells. The results indicated that shikonin protected against H2O2-induced oxidative injury by removing ROS, ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction, attenuating DNA oxidative damage and inhibiting mitochondrial pathway-mediated apoptosis.
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23
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Chatterjee T, Das G, Ghosh S, Chakrabarti P. Effect of gold nanoparticles on the structure and neuroprotective function of protein L-isoaspartyl methyltransferase (PIMT). Sci Rep 2021; 11:14296. [PMID: 34253804 PMCID: PMC8275801 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93752-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrillation of peptides and proteins is implicated in various neurodegenerative diseases and is a global concern. Aging leads to the formation of abnormal isoaspartate (isoAsp) residues from isomerization of normal aspartates in proteins, triggering fibril formation that leads to neurodegenerative diseases. Protein L-isoaspartyl methyltransferase (PIMT) is a repair enzyme which recognizes and converts altered isoAsp residues back to normal aspartate. Here we report the effect of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) of different sizes on the structure and function of PIMT. Spherical AuNPs, viz. AuNS5, AuNS50 and AuNS100 (the number indicating the diameter in nm) stabilize PIMT, with AuNS100 exhibiting the best efficacy, as evident from various biophysical experiments. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) revealed endothermic, but entropy driven mode of binding of PIMT with all the three AuNSs. Methyltransferase activity assay showed enhanced activity of PIMT in presence of all AuNSs, the maximum being with AuNS100. The efficacy of PIMT in presence of AuNS100 was further demonstrated by the reduction of fibrillation of Aβ42, the peptide that is implicated in Alzheimer's disease. The enhancement of anti-fibrillation activity of PIMT with AuNS100 was confirmed from cell survival assay with PC12 derived neuronal cells against Aβ42 induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanaya Chatterjee
- grid.418423.80000 0004 1768 2239Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, P1/12 CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata, 700054 India
| | - Gaurav Das
- grid.417635.20000 0001 2216 5074Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032 India ,grid.469887.c0000 0004 7744 2771Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India ,grid.417635.20000 0001 2216 5074Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032 India
| | - Surajit Ghosh
- grid.417635.20000 0001 2216 5074Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032 India ,grid.469887.c0000 0004 7744 2771Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India ,grid.417635.20000 0001 2216 5074Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032 India ,grid.462385.e0000 0004 1775 4538Present Address: Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342037 India
| | - Pinak Chakrabarti
- grid.418423.80000 0004 1768 2239Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, P1/12 CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata, 700054 India
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Kwan KKL, Yun H, Dong TTX, Tsim KWK. Ginsenosides attenuate bioenergetics and morphology of mitochondria in cultured PC12 cells under the insult of amyloid beta-peptide. J Ginseng Res 2021; 45:473-481. [PMID: 34295207 PMCID: PMC8282498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the significant reasons for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Ginsenosides, natural molecules extracted from Panax ginseng, have been demonstrated to exert essential neuroprotective functions, which can ascribe to its anti-oxidative effect, enhancing central metabolism and improving mitochondrial function. However, a comprehensive analysis of cellular mitochondrial bioenergetics after ginsenoside treatment under Aβ-oxidative stress is missing. METHODS The antioxidant activities of ginsenoside Rb1, Rd, Re, Rg1 were compared by measuring the cell survival and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. Next, the protective effects of ginsenosides of mitochondrial bioenergetics were examined by measuring oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in PC12 cells under Aβ-oxidative stress with an extracellular flux analyzer. Meanwhile, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and mitochondrial dynamics were evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscopy. RESULTS Ginsenoside Rg1 possessed the strongest anti-oxidative property, and which therefore provided the best protective function to PC12 cells under the Aβ oxidative stress by increasing ATP production to 3 folds, spare capacity to 2 folds, maximal respiration to 2 folds and non-mitochondrial respiration to 1.5 folds, as compared to Aβ cell model. Furthermore, ginsenoside Rg1 enhanced MMP and mitochondrial interconnectivity, and simultaneously reduced mitochondrial circularity. CONCLUSION In the present study, these results demonstrated that ginsenoside Rg1 could be the best natural compound, as compared with other ginsenosides, by modulating the OCR of cultured PC12 cells during oxidative phosphorylation, in regulating MMP and in improving mitochondria dynamics under Aβ-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Kin Leung Kwan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, Shenzhen Research Institute, Hi-Tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huang Yun
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, Shenzhen Research Institute, Hi-Tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tina Ting Xia Dong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, Shenzhen Research Institute, Hi-Tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Karl Wah Keung Tsim
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, Shenzhen Research Institute, Hi-Tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
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25
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Tsay GJ, Lin YT, Hsu CH, Tang FY, Kuo YH, Chao CY. Adlay hull extracts attenuate β-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity and oxidative stress in PC12 cells through antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 26:101020. [PMID: 34041372 PMCID: PMC8142039 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) in senile plaques, contributing to oxidative stress, mitochondrial diseases, and synaptic atrophy, consequently leading to the deterioration of brain function. Adlay (Coix lacryma-jobi L.) is an annual botanical. Here, a 95% ethanol extract of adlay hull (AHEE) was partitioned by ethyl acetate (AHEAE), n-butanol (AHBUE), and water (AHWE), and the effects of these extracts on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells and Aβ-induced PC12 cells, as experimental models of neurotoxicity, were evaluated. The expression of anti-inflammatory and antiapoptosis-related proteins was investigated and AHEE, AHEAE, and AHWE were found to exert anti-inflammatory effects. AHWE exhibited antiapoptotic effects and inhibited inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and nitric oxide production. We investigated the protective effects of AHWE against Aβ-induced neurotoxicity in dPC12 cells and explored the underlying mechanism. Pretreatment with AHWE significantly attenuated cell death and Aβ-mediated increase in B cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2/Bax ratio. AHWE significantly inhibited Aβ and enhanced protein kinase B (Akt) level in dPC12 cells, suggesting that its protective effect against Aβ-induced apoptosis in dPC12 cells was mediated through upregulation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway. These extracts and its bioactive compound K36-21 may be potentially useful to treat neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Tsay
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ta Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatobiliary, Asia University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hong Hsu
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Yao Tang
- Biomedical Science Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Hsiung Kuo
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Che-Yi Chao
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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26
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Zhou H, He Y, Zhu J, Lin X, Chen J, Shao C, Wan H, Yang J. Guhong Injection Protects Against Apoptosis in Cerebral Ischemia by Maintaining Cerebral Microvasculature and Mitochondrial Integrity Through the PI3K/AKT Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:650983. [PMID: 34054531 PMCID: PMC8155598 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.650983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Guhong injection (GHI) can be used for the treatment of ischemic stroke. We investigated the antiapoptotic activity of GHI, its ability to repair the cerebral microvessels and mitochondria, and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway of GHI against cerebral ischemia. Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses were used to determine the expression of cleaved caspase-3, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), cytochrome c (Cyt-c), basic fibroblast growth factor (BFGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and proteins in the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to evaluate the structures of the cerebral microvasculature and cells. Hoechst 33342 staining was used to evaluate the nuclear morphology. FITC-AV/PI double staining was used to measure the antiapoptotic effects. The fluorescent dye JC-1 was used to measure mitochondrial membrane potential. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the activities of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Biochemical assay kits were used to detect the activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA). Compared with the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) group, there was decreased infarct volume and significantly improved neurological deficits in the GHI group. In addition, the expression of Bcl-2 was significantly upregulated, while the expression of Cyt-c, Bax, and cleaved caspase-3 was notably downregulated. GHI administration attenuated the pathological change and morphology of the cerebral microvasculature, and immunohistochemical staining indicated that the expressions of BFGF, VEGF, and TGF-β1 were significantly increased. The cell morphology, cell viability, cell nuclei characteristics, and mitochondrial morphology normalized following GHI treatment, which decreased the release of Cyt-c and the mitochondrial membrane potential. The levels of LDH, MMP-9, and MDA decreased, while SOD increased. Moreover, GHI administration inhibited the activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in rat brain microvascular endothelial cells (rBMECs) following oxygen/glucose deprivation (OGD) injury. Therefore, our results show that GHI administration resulted in antiapoptosis of cerebral cells and repair of cerebral microvessels and mitochondria via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifen Zhou
- Institute of Cardiovascular-Cranial Disease, School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu He
- College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhu
- Institute of Cardiovascular-Cranial Disease, School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojie Lin
- Institute of Cardiovascular-Cranial Disease, School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Juan Chen
- College of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chongyu Shao
- Institute of Cardiovascular-Cranial Disease, School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haitong Wan
- Institute of Cardiovascular-Cranial Disease, School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,College of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiehong Yang
- College of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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27
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Meng M, Zhang L, Ai D, Wu H, Peng W. β-Asarone Ameliorates β-Amyloid-Induced Neurotoxicity in PC12 Cells by Activating P13K/Akt/Nrf2 Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:659955. [PMID: 34040526 PMCID: PMC8141729 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.659955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) causes oxidative stress, which is the major pathological mechanism in Alzheimer's disease (AD). β-asarone could reduce Aβ-induced oxidative stress and neuronal damage, but the molecular mechanism remains elusive. In this study, we used an Aβ-stimulated PC12 cell model to explore the neuroprotective effects and potential mechanisms of β-asarone. The results showed that β-asarone could improve cell viability and weaken cell damage and apoptosis. β-asarone could also decrease the level of ROS and MDA; increase the level of SOD, CAT, and GSH-PX; and ameliorate the mitochondrial membrane potential. Furthermore, β-asarone could promote the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 by upregulating the level of PI3K/Akt phosphorylation. In conclusion, β-asarone could exert neuroprotective effects by modulating the P13K/Akt/Nrf2 signaling pathway. β-asarone might be a promising therapy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Meng
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Education Management, The Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Di Ai
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Hongyun Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Peng
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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28
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Ma L, Zheng J, Chen H, Zeng X, Wang S, Yang C, Li X, Xiao Y, Zheng L, Chen H, Huang K. A Systematic Screening of Traditional Chinese Medicine Identifies Two Novel Inhibitors Against the Cytotoxic Aggregation of Amyloid Beta. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:637766. [PMID: 33897425 PMCID: PMC8062920 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.637766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The toxic aggregates of amyloid beta (Aβ) disrupt the cell membrane, induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, and eventually lead to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Intervening with this cytotoxic aggregation process has been suggested as a potential therapeutic approach for AD and other protein misfolding diseases. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has been used to treat AD and related cognitive impairment for centuries with obvious efficacy. Extracts or active ingredients of TCMs have been reported to inhibit the aggregation and cytotoxicity of Aβ. However, there is a lack of systematic research on the anti-Aβ aggregation effects of TCM components. In this study, we performed a systematic screening to identify the active ingredients of TCM against the cytotoxic aggregation of Aβ42. Through a literature and database survey, we selected 19 TCM herbals frequently used in the treatment of AD, from which 76 major active chemicals without known anti-amyloid effects were further screened. This took place through two rounds of MTT-based screening detection of the cytotoxicity of these chemicals and their effects on Aβ42-induced cytotoxicity, respectively. Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG) and sinapic acid (SA) were found to be less toxic, and they inhibited the cytotoxicity of Aβ42. Further studies demonstrated that TSG and SA concentration-dependently attenuated the amyloidosis and membrane disruption ability of Aβ42. Thus, we identified two novel chemicals (TSG and SA) against the cytotoxic aggregation of Aβ42. Nonetheless, further exploration of their therapeutic potential is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ma
- Affiliated Wuhan Mental Health Center, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaojiao Zheng
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huijing Chen
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xia Zeng
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shilin Wang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi Li
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yushuo Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Huang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Jin X, Guo JL, Wang L, Zhong X, Yao WF, Gao H, Liu MY. Natural products as pharmacological modulators of mitochondrial dysfunctions for the treatments of Alzheimer's disease: A comprehensive review. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 218:113401. [PMID: 33831779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by neuronal loss and cognitive impairment that harshly affect the elderly individuals. Currently, the available anti-AD pharmacological approaches are purely symptomatic to alleviate AD symptoms, and the curative effects of novel anti-AD drugs focused on Aβ target are disappointing. Hence, there is a tremendous need to adjust AD therapeutic targets and discover novel anti-AD agents. In AD, mitochondrial dysfunction gradually triggers neuronal death from different aspects and worsens the occurrence and progress of AD. Consequently, it has been proposed that the intervention of impaired mitochondria represents an attractive breakthrough point for AD treatments. Due to chemical diversity, poly-pharmacological activities, few adverse effects and multiple targeting, natural products (NPs) have been identified as a valuable treasure for drug discovery and development. Multiple lines of studies have scientifically proven that NPs display ameliorative benefits in AD treatment in relation to mitochondrial dysfunction. This review surveys the complicated implications for mitochondrial dysregulation and AD, and then summarizes the potentials of NPs and their underlying molecular mechanisms against AD via reducing or improving mitochondrial dysfunction. It is expected that this work may open the window to speed up the development of innovative anti-AD drugs originated from NPs and improve upcoming AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jia-Ling Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Zhong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei-Fan Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hua Gao
- Division of Pharmacology Laboratory, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Yan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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Fakhri S, Pesce M, Patruno A, Moradi SZ, Iranpanah A, Farzaei MH, Sobarzo-Sánchez E. Attenuation of Nrf2/Keap1/ARE in Alzheimer's Disease by Plant Secondary Metabolites: A Mechanistic Review. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25214926. [PMID: 33114450 PMCID: PMC7663041 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25214926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neuronal/cognitional dysfunction, leading to disability and death. Despite advances in revealing the pathophysiological mechanisms behind AD, no effective treatment has yet been provided. It urges the need for finding novel multi-target agents in combating the complex dysregulated mechanisms in AD. Amongst the dysregulated pathophysiological pathways in AD, oxidative stress seems to play a critical role in the pathogenesis progression of AD, with a dominant role of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1 (Keap1)/antioxidant responsive elements (ARE) pathway. In the present study, a comprehensive review was conducted using the existing electronic databases, including PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus, as well as related articles in the field. Nrf2/Keap1/ARE has shown to be the upstream orchestrate of oxidative pathways, which also ameliorates various inflammatory and apoptotic pathways. So, developing multi-target agents with higher efficacy and lower side effects could pave the road in the prevention/management of AD. The plant kingdom is now a great source of natural secondary metabolites in targeting Nrf2/Keap1/ARE. Among natural entities, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, terpene/terpenoids, carotenoids, sulfur-compounds, as well as some other miscellaneous plant-derived compounds have shown promising future accordingly. Prevailing evidence has shown that activating Nrf2/ARE and downstream antioxidant enzymes, as well as inhibiting Keap1 could play hopeful roles in overcoming AD. The current review highlights the neuroprotective effects of plant secondary metabolites through targeting Nrf2/Keap1/ARE and downstream interconnected mediators in combating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Fakhri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran; (S.F.); (S.Z.M.)
| | - Mirko Pesce
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University G. d’Annunzio CH-PE, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Antonia Patruno
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University G. d’Annunzio CH-PE, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (M.H.F.)
| | - Seyed Zachariah Moradi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran; (S.F.); (S.Z.M.)
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
| | - Amin Iranpanah
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6714415153, Iran;
| | - Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran; (S.F.); (S.Z.M.)
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (M.H.F.)
| | - Eduardo Sobarzo-Sánchez
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago 8330507, Chile
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Yao Y, Zhang C, Han B, Tang Y, Xiong Y, Wang S. [Shikonin induces cell death by inhibiting glycolysis in human testicular cancer I-10 and seminoma TCAM-2 cells]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2020; 40:1288-1294. [PMID: 32990238 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.09.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the pattern of shikonin-induced cell death in testicular cancer cell I-10 and seminoma TCAM-2 cells and explore the possible mechanism in light of mitochondrial function and glycolysis. METHODS I-10 cells treated with 0, 1.2, 1.4 and 1.6 μmol/L shikonin and TCAM-2 cells treated with 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 μmol/L shikonin were examined for mitochondrial membrane potential and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) using JC-1 kit and ROS kit, respectively. The levels of intracellular lactic acid in the cells were detected using a lactic acid kit. The inhibitory effect of shikonin on the proliferation of the cells was assessed with MTT assay. The death patterns of the cells were observed by transmission electron microscopy, and annexin V-FITC/PI double staining was used to detect cell apoptosis. Western blotting was used to detect the relative expression levels of the apoptotic proteins Bax, Bcl-2, and cleaved caspase-3, the autophagy- related protein LC3B and glycolysis- related proteins PKM2, GLUT1 and HK2. RESULTS MTT assay showed that shikonin significantly inhibited the proliferation of I-10 and TCAM-2 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). The IC50 values of shikonin in I-10 cells at 24, 48, and 72 h were 1.8, 1.36 and 1.16 μmol/L, as compared with 2.37, 0.8 and 0.41 μmol/L in TCAM-2 cells, respectively. Shikonin treatment significantly reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, increased ROS levels and lower the level of lactic acid in both I-10 and TCAM-2 cells (P < 0.05). Transmission electron microscopy and annexin V-FITC/PI double staining demonstrated that shikonin induced apoptosis and excessive autophagy in I-10 and TCAM-2 cells (P < 0.05). In both I-10 and TCAM cells, shikonin treatment significantly down- regulated the expressions of Bax, Bcl-2, cleaved caspase-3, PKM2, GLUT1 and HK2, and up-regulated the expression of autophagy-related protein LC3B (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Shikonin can inhibit the proliferation, induce apoptosis and increase autophagy in both I-10 and TCAM-2 cells probably by affecting energy metabolism of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yao
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233000, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233000, China
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233000, China
| | - Yurui Tang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233000, China
| | - Yanjun Xiong
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233000, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233000, China
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Terada K, Murata A, Toki E, Goto S, Yamakawa H, Setoguchi S, Watase D, Koga M, Takata J, Matsunaga K, Karube Y. Atypical Antipsychotic Drug Ziprasidone Protects against Rotenone-Induced Neurotoxicity: An In Vitro Study. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184206. [PMID: 32937854 PMCID: PMC7570562 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe, chronic mental illness characterized by delusions, hallucinations, negative symptoms, and cognitive dysfunction. Recently, several studies have demonstrated that the pathogenesis of schizophrenia involves mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. However, the effect of antipsychotic drugs for these events has been poorly investigated. In the present study, we evaluated the neuroprotective effect of an atypical antipsychotic drug, ziprasidone (ZPD), on rotenone (ROT)-induced neurotoxicity involving oxidative stress in PC12 cells. Our data showed that ZPD treatment promoted the translocation of NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) from cytoplasm to nucleus and activated the expression of its target genes NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase (NQO-1), catalase (CAT), and heme oxygenase (HO-1). Additionally, ZPD prevented ROT-induced cell death and intracellular reactive oxygen species production. Interestingly, the use of serotonin 5-HT1A receptor antagonist 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4 (4-(2-phtalimido) butyl) piperazine (NAN-190) completely blocked the protective effect of ZPD against ROT-induced cell death. Our results demonstrate the neuroprotective effect of ZPD against ROT-induced neurotoxicity and suggest that ZPD may be a potential candidate for the prevention of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in schizophrenia.
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Nasrollahzadeh Sabet M, Biglari S, Khorram Khorshid HR, Esmaeilzadeh E. Shikonin ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) via immunomodulatory, anti-apoptotic and antioxidative activity. J Pharm Pharmacol 2020; 72:1970-1976. [PMID: 32892382 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Multiple sclerosis is a common autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. There are several underlying mechanisms for the pathogenesis of the disease, including inflammation, oligodendrocyte apoptosis and oxidative stress. METHODS The mechanism of action of shikonin was investigated in the C57BL/6 experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of multiple sclerosis. KEY FINDINGS The results revealed that EAE induction significantly increased the extent of demyelination in the corpus callosum tissues of the animals, while treatment of the mice with shikonin significantly decreased the extent of demyelination. Real-time polymerase chain reaction-based analysis of the brain samples from the EAE mice revealed significant enhancement in the expression levels of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and Bax genes as well as a reduction in the expression levels of transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-β) and Bcl2. But, shikonin treatment significantly reduced the expression levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ and Bax. On the other hand, the expression levels of TGF-β and Bcl2 as well as the activity of glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPX-1) enzyme were significantly increased following the shikonin treatment. CONCLUSIONS This study emphasized the immune-modulatory and antioxidative effects of shikonin, which may have an important healing effect on the severity of EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sajjad Biglari
- School of Medicine, Aja University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
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Chen DB, Gao HW, Peng C, Pei SQ, Dai AR, Yu XT, Zhou P, Wang Y, Cai B. Quinones as preventive agents in Alzheimer's diseases: focus on NLRP3 inflammasomes. J Pharm Pharmacol 2020; 72:1481-1490. [PMID: 32667050 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a hidden neurological degenerative disease, which main clinical manifestations are cognitive dysfunction, memory impairment and mental disorders. Neuroinflammation is considered as a basic response of the central nervous system. NLRP3 (Nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLR) and pyrin domain containing receptor 3) inflammasome is closely related to the occurrence of neuroinflammation. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome results in the release of cytokines, pore formation and ultimately pyroptosis, which has demonstrated one of the critical roles in AD pathogenesis. Inhibition of the activity of NLRP3 is one of the focuses of the research. Therefore, NLRP3 represents an attractive pharmacological target, and discovery compounds with good NLRP3 inhibitory activity are particularly important. KEY FINDINGS Quinones have good neuroprotective effects and prevent AD, which may be related to their regulation of inflammatory response. The molecular docking was used to explore 12 quinones with AD prevention and treatment and NLRP3. Docking results showed that the combination of anthraquinones and NLRP3 were the best, and the top two chemical compounds were Purpurin and Rhein, which are the most promising NLRP3 inhibitors. SUMMARY These quinones may provide the theoretical basis for finding lead compounds for novel neuroprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Bao Chen
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Hua-Wu Gao
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Shao-Qiang Pei
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - An-Ran Dai
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Xue-Ting Yu
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
| | - Biao Cai
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
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Chen SY, Gao Y, Sun JY, Meng XL, Yang D, Fan LH, Xiang L, Wang P. Traditional Chinese Medicine: Role in Reducing β-Amyloid, Apoptosis, Autophagy, Neuroinflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Mitochondrial Dysfunction of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:497. [PMID: 32390843 PMCID: PMC7188934 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive age-related neurodegenerative disease characterized by memory loss and cognitive impairment. The major characteristics of AD are amyloid β plaques, apoptosis, autophagy dysfunction, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. These are mostly used as the significant indicators for selecting the effects of potential drugs. It is imperative to explain AD pathogenesis and realize productive treatments. Although the currently used chemical drugs for clinical applications of AD are effective in managing the symptoms, they are inadequate to achieve anticipated preventive or therapeutic outcomes. There are new strategies for treating AD. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has accumulated thousands of years of experience in treating dementia. Nowadays, numerous modern pharmacological studies have verified the efficacy of many bioactive ingredients isolated from TCM for AD treatment. In this review, representative TCM for the treatment of AD are discussed, and among these herbal medicines, the Lamiaceae family accounts for the highest proportion. It is concluded that monomers and extracts from TCM have potential therapeutic effect for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yu Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jia-Yi Sun
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xian-Li Meng
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Dong Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin-Hong Fan
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Xiang
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Huang HJ, Huang CY, Lee M, Lin JY, Hsieh-Li HM. Puerariae Radix Prevents Anxiety and Cognitive Deficits in Mice Under Oligomeric Aβ-Induced Stress. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2020; 47:1459-1481. [PMID: 31752523 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x19500757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the therapeutic effects of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) for Alzheimer's disease (AD), we evaluated five CHMs in oligomeric Aβ25-35-treated mouse primary hippocampal neuronal cultures. The aqueous extract from the root of Pueraria lobata (Puerariae Radix; PR) showed better neuroprotective effects than did the other four CHM aqueous extracts, including Gardenia jasminoides, Eleutherococcus senticosus, Rhodiola rosea, and Panax, in the primary culture treated with saline or oligomeric Aβ25-35. Furthermore, the neuroprotective effects of aqueous extract of PR were also better than its well-known active compound, puerarin, against the neurotoxicity of oligomeric Aβ25-35 in a primary culture. For in vivo experiments, C57BL/6J male mice that received direct infusion of soluble oligomeric Aβ25-35 into the bilateral hippocampal CA1 subregion were used as an alternative AD mouse model. The effects and molecular mechanisms of chronic systemic administration of PR aqueous extract were evaluated in the alternative AD model. PR aqueous extract prevented anxiety and cognitive impairment in mice associated with a decrease in the levels of Aβ deposition, tau protein phosphorylation, inflammation, loss of noradrenergic, and serotonergic neurons and an increase in the levels of synaptophysin and insulin degrading enzyme (IDE) against the toxicity of oligomeric Aβ25-35. Furthermore, no obvious damage to the liver and kidney was detected after chronic systemic administration of PR aqueous extract. Therefore, using PR could be a safer, more effective therapeutic strategy than using its active compound puerarin to prevent both cognitive and noncognitive dysfunction and related pathological features of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hei-Jen Huang
- Department of Nursing, Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, Taipei 11260, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yi Huang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Mingchung Lee
- Brion Research Institute, New Taipei City 23143, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Yaw Lin
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu Mei Hsieh-Li
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
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Mairuae N, Connor JR, Buranrat B, Lee SY. Oroxylum indicum (L.) extract protects human neuroblastoma SH‑SY5Y cells against β‑amyloid‑induced cell injury. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:1933-1942. [PMID: 31257498 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that amyloid β peptide, the major component of senile plaques, serves a critical role in the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to oxidative stress. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of Oroxylum indicum (L.) extract against Aβ25‑35‑induced oxidative stress and cell injury using SH‑SY5Y cells as a model, and at exploring the underlying mechanisms. The results revealed that the exposure of cells to 20 µM Aβ25‑35 significantly increased cellular oxidative stress, as evidenced by the increased ROS levels. Aβ25‑35 treatment also increased caspase‑3/7 activity and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, and caused viability loss. Oroxylum indicum treatment not only attenuated the generation of ROS and suppressed caspase‑3/7 activity but also reduced the neurotoxicity of Aβ25‑35 in a concentration‑dependent manner, as evidenced by the increased cell viability and decreased LDH release. Treatment with Oroxylum indicum also increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity, increased the phosphorylation of Akt and cAMP‑responsive element binding protein (CREB), and contributed to the upregulation of Bcl‑2 protein. In combination, these results indicated that Oroxylum indicum extract could protect SH‑SY5Y cells against Aβ25‑35‑induced cell injury, at least partly, by inhibiting oxidative stress, increasing SOD and CAT activity, attenuating caspase 3/7 activity and promoting the cell survival pathway, Akt/CREB/Bcl‑2. The approach used in the present study may also be useful for preventing the neurotoxicity induced by Aβ in AD and related neurodegenerative diseases. Further studies investigating the activity of Oroxylum indicum extract in vivo are now required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nootchanat Mairuae
- Biomedical Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Mueang, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand
| | - James R Connor
- George M. Leader Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Benjaporn Buranrat
- Biomedical Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Mueang, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand
| | - Sang Y Lee
- George M. Leader Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Wang F, Yao X, Zhang Y, Tang J. Synthesis, biological function and evaluation of Shikonin in cancer therapy. Fitoterapia 2019; 134:329-339. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Yu H, Yuan B, Chu Q, Wang C, Bi H. Protective roles of isoastilbin against Alzheimer's disease via Nrf2‑mediated antioxidation and anti‑apoptosis. Int J Mol Med 2019; 43:1406-1416. [PMID: 30664148 PMCID: PMC6365075 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
By analyzing the L‑glutamic acid (L‑Glu)‑induced apoptosis of PC12 cells and an AlCl3 combined with D‑galactose (D‑gal)‑developed Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse model, the protective effects of isoastilbin (IAB) against AD were systematically investigated in the present study. Pre‑incubation with IAB for 3 h prior to treatment with 25 mM L‑Glu decreased cell viability and inhibited apoptosis, suppressed the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species, and restored mitochondrial membrane potential in PC12 cells induced by L‑Glu. In mice with AD, the reduced escape latency time in the water maze test, suppressed chronic movement in the center area of an open field test and enhanced ability to seek hidden food in a Y maze test indicated that abnormal behaviors had improved after 28 days of treatment with IAB. Furthermore, IAB reduced the deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) and the expression of phosphorylated‑Tau in the mouse brain and enhanced the serum levels of Aβ. IAB ameliorated the oxidative stress via modulating the levels of associated enzymes and improved the functioning of the central cholinergic system, as indicated by an increase in acetylcholine and choline acetyltransferase concentrations. The expression levels of acetylcholine esterase were reduced in the mouse brain in response to IAB pre‑treatment. In cells and brain tissue, IAB regulated the expression levels of pro‑ and anti‑apoptotic proteins and enhanced the nuclear levels of NF‑E2p45‑related factor 2 (Nrf2); subsequently, IAB further enhanced the expression of superoxide dismutase 1, catalase, and heme oxygenase‑1 and ‑2. The findings of the present study indicated that the protection of IAB against AD is at least partially associated with its antioxidation and anti‑apoptotic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yu
- Departments of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Bo Yuan
- Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Qiubo Chu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Chunyue Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Hui Bi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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Zhong L, Tong Y, Chuan J, Bai L, Shi J, Zhu Y. Protective effect of ethyl vanillin against Aβ-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells via the reduction of oxidative stress and apoptosis. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:2666-2674. [PMID: 30930969 PMCID: PMC6425458 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased aggregation of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides induces oxidative stress, which is considered a major contributor in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Prevention of Aβ-induced neurotoxicity is proposed as a possible modality for treatment of AD. The present study aimed to elucidate possible effects of ethyl vanillin (EVA), an analog of vanillin isolated from vanilla beans, on the Aβ1-42-induced oxidative injury in PC12 cells. EVA restrained the decrease in PC12 cell viability and apoptosis induction caused by treatment with Aβ1-42. In addition, EVA markedly alleviated intracellular lipid peroxidation as demonstrated by malondialdehyde levels and reactive oxygen species production in Aβ1-42-treated PC12 cells. In addition, the reduction in the activity levels of the antioxidative enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase was detected in Aβ1-42-treated PC12 cells. This effect was partially reversed by treatment with EVA. Furthermore, the results indicated that EVA attenuated Aβ1-42-induced caspase-3 activation and the increase noted in the apoptosis regulator Bcl-2/apoptosis regulator Bax ratio of PC12 cells. These results indicated that EVA could be used as an efficient and novel agent for the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases via inhibition of oxidative stress and cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhong
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Yuna Tong
- Department of Nephrology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, P.R. China
| | - Junlan Chuan
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Lan Bai
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Jianyou Shi
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Yuxuan Zhu
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
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Wang C, Cai X, Hu W, Li Z, Kong F, Chen X, Wang D. Investigation of the neuroprotective effects of crocin via antioxidant activities in HT22 cells and in mice with Alzheimer's disease. Int J Mol Med 2018; 43:956-966. [PMID: 30569175 PMCID: PMC6317678 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.4032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to its complex pathogenesis, the prevention and therapization of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains a serious challenge. Crocin, the main compound isolated from Crocus sativus L., demonstrates various pharmacological activities including anti-apoptotic properties. The present study investigated the neuroprotective effect of crocin and the underlying mechanisms. In l-glutamate-damaged HT22 cells, 3-h crocin pretreatment strongly enhanced the HT22 cell viability, reduced the apoptotic rate, mitigated mitochondrial dysfunction, suppressed intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and Ca2+ overload compared with untreated cells. Additionally, crocin significantly decreased the expression levels of Bax, Bad and cleaved caspase-3 and increased the expression levels of B-cell lymphoma-extra large, phosphorylated (P-) protein kinase B and P-mammalian target of rapamycin compared with untreated cells. In mice with AD induced by d-galactose and aluminum trichloride, crocin substantially improved the cognition and memory abilities of the mice as measured by their coordination of movement in an open field test, and reduced their escape time in the Morris water maze test compared with untreated mice. Biochemical analysis confirmed that crocin was able to reduce the Aβ1-42 content in the mouse brains, increase the levels of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, acetylcholine and choline acetyltransferase, and reduce the levels of ROS and acetylcholinesterase in the serum, cerebral cortex and hypothalamus compared with untreated mice. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that crocin reduced Aβ1-42 deposition in the hippocampus of the brains of treated mice compared with untreated mice. In conclusion, crocin demonstrates good prospects in the treatment of AD through the oxidative stress-associated apoptosis signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyue Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Xueying Cai
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Wenji Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Zhiping Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130006, P.R. China
| | - Fange Kong
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Xia Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
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42
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Zhang C, Xie L, Guan F, Cui Y. 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione protects PC12 cells against amyloid beta 1-42 (Aβ 1-42) induced apoptosis via activation of the ERK1/2 pathway. Life Sci 2018; 213:74-81. [PMID: 30326219 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Increasing evidence displays that deposition of aggregated β-amyloid (Aβ) leads to neuronal cell apoptosis, thus aggravates the pathological progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione (D3T) has been proved to exert neuroprotective effects. However, the effect of D3T on protecting against Aβ-induced apoptosis and the underlying mechanism are unknown. MAIN METHODS MTT, DCFH-DA assay, LDH release assay, Fluo-3 AM assay, Flow cytometry and Western blot were used to examine cell viability, ROS level, LDH release, intracellular Ca2+ concentration, cell apoptosis and related proteins level respectively. KEY FINDINGS In the present study, we found that D3T pretreatment significantly increased cell viability and decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels and the intracellular calcium concentration of rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells after Aβ1-42 exposure. In addition, D3T pretreatment inhibited Aβ1-42 induced cell apoptosis as well as protein levels of Bax and Caspase-3 in PC12 cells. Further, D3T markedly activated extracellular regulated protein kinase 1/2 (p-ERK1/2) but not PI3K/Akt signaling. Moreover, the protective effect of D3T against Aβ1-42 induced apoptosis was abolished by the ERK1/2 pathway inhibitor PD98059 while PI3K inhibitor LY294002 had no significant effect. SIGNIFICANCE Taken together, these findings suggest that D3T protects PC12 cells against Aβ1-42 induced apoptosis through activation of the ERK1/2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450007, China
| | - Linsen Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450007, China
| | - Fangxia Guan
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Yuanbo Cui
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Translational Medicine Center, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450007, China.
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