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Sampaio GHF, da Silva ANB, de Negreiros CCA, Honorato NRM, Martins RR, Aguiar LMA, Sales LML, Brito CRDN, Guedes PMDM, da Câmara ACJ, Galvão LMDC. Temporal assessment of entomological surveillance of Trypanosoma cruzi vectors in an endemic area of northeastern Brazil. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287260. [PMID: 37319301 PMCID: PMC10270571 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Entomological surveillance is essential for the control of triatomines and the prevention of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in humans and domestic animals. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate entomological indicators and triatomine control during the period from 2005 to 2015 in an endemic area in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. This observational and retrospective study was developed based on data analysis related to active entomological surveillance activities and chemical control of infested housing units (HU) in the Agreste mesoregion of the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, in the period between 2005 to 2015. The quantitative analysis of housing units surveyed for entomological indicators was performed by linear regression of random effects (p < 0.05). The effect of the number of HU surveyed on the entomological indicators was analyzed by fitting a linear random effects regression model and an increasing intradomiciliary colonization rate was significant. In the period evaluated 92,156 housing units were investigated and the presence of triatomines was reported in 4,639 (5.0%). A total of 4,653 specimens of triatomines were captured and the species recorded were Triatoma pseudomaculata (n = 1,775), Triatoma brasiliensis (n = 1,569), Rhodnius nasutus (n = 741) and Panstrongylus lutzi (n = 568), with an index of natural infection by T. cruzi of 2.2%. Only 53.1% of the infested HU were subjected to chemical control. Moreover, there was a decrease in the total number of HU surveyed over time associated with an increase in the index of intradomiciliary colonization (p = 0.004). These data demonstrated that entomological surveillance and control of vectors in the Agreste mesoregion of the state has been discontinued, emphasizing the need for more effective public policies to effectively control the vectors, in order to avoid the exposure of humans and domestic animals to the risk of T. cruzi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Harisson Felinto Sampaio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | - Andressa Noronha Barbosa da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | | | - Nathan Ravi Medeiros Honorato
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Rand Randall Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | | | - Letícia Mikardya Lima Sales
- Curso de Graduação em Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | - Carlos Ramon do Nascimento Brito
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | - Paulo Marcos da Matta Guedes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | - Antonia Claudia Jácome da Câmara
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | - Lúcia Maria da Cunha Galvão
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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Detecting Leishmania in dogs: A hierarchical-modeling approach to investigate the performance of parasitological and qPCR-based diagnostic procedures. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0011011. [PMID: 36525465 PMCID: PMC9803295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Domestic dogs are primary reservoir hosts of Leishmania infantum, the agent of visceral leishmaniasis. Detecting dog infections is central to epidemiological inference, disease prevention, and veterinary practice. Error-free diagnostic procedures, however, are lacking, and the performance of those available is difficult to measure in the absence of fail-safe "reference standards". Here, we illustrate how a hierarchical-modeling approach can be used to formally account for false-negative and false-positive results when investigating the process of Leishmania detection in dogs. METHODS/FINDINGS We studied 294 field-sampled dogs of unknown infection status from a Leishmania-endemic region. We ran 350 parasitological tests (bone-marrow microscopy and culture) and 1,016 qPCR assays (blood, bone-marrow, and eye-swab samples with amplifiable DNA). Using replicate test results and site-occupancy models, we estimated (a) clinical sensitivity for each diagnostic procedure and (b) clinical specificity for qPCRs; parasitological tests were assumed 100% specific. Initial modeling revealed qPCR specificity < 94%; we tracked the source of this unexpected result to some qPCR plates having subtle signs of possible contamination. Using multi-model inference, we formally accounted for suspected plate contamination and estimated qPCR sensitivity at 49-53% across sample types and dog clinical conditions; qPCR specificity was high (95-96%), but fell to 81-82% for assays run in plates with suspected contamination. The sensitivity of parasitological procedures was low (~12-13%), but increased to ~33% (with substantial uncertainty) for bone-marrow culture in seriously-diseased dogs. Leishmania-infection frequency estimates (~49-50% across clinical conditions) were lower than observed (~60%). CONCLUSIONS We provide statistical estimates of key performance parameters for five diagnostic procedures used to detect Leishmania in dogs. Low clinical sensitivies likely reflect the absence of Leishmania parasites/DNA in perhaps ~50-70% of samples drawn from infected dogs. Although qPCR performance was similar across sample types, non-invasive eye-swabs were overall less likely to contain amplifiable DNA. Finally, modeling was instrumental to discovering (and formally accounting for) possible qPCR-plate contamination; even with stringent negative/blank-control scoring, ~4-5% of positive qPCRs were most likely false-positives. This work shows, in sum, how hierarchical site-occupancy models can sharpen our understanding of the problem of diagnosing host infections with hard-to-detect pathogens including Leishmania.
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Lima de Miranda V, Gurgel-Gonçalves R, Moreira de Souza RDC, Abad-Franch F. Triatoma costalimai, a neglected vector of Trypanosoma cruzi in the Cerrado savannas of South America: A comprehensive review. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2022; 2:100102. [PMID: 36479576 PMCID: PMC9720413 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2022.100102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Triatoma costalimai is a little-known triatomine-bug species whose role as a vector of Chagas disease remains poorly understood. To address this gap, we conducted a comprehensive review of the literature and assessed the evidence base from a public-health perspective. We found 89 individual documents/resources with information about T. costalimai. DNA-sequence and cytogenetic data indicate that T. costalimai belongs, together with Triatoma jatai, in a distinct clade within the 'pseudomaculata group' of South American Triatoma. Triatoma costalimai is probably a narrow endemic of the Cerrado on the upper Tocantins River Basin and associated ranges/plateaus; there, the species thrives in the sandstone/limestone outcrops typical of the "Cerrado rupestre" (rocky-soil savanna) and "mata seca decídua calcária" (limestone-soil dry forest) phytophysiognomies. Wild T. costalimai appear to feed on whatever vertebrates are available in rocky outcrops, with lizards and rodents being most common. There is persuasive evidence that house invasion/infestation by T. costalimai has increased in frequency since the 1990s. The bugs often carry Trypanosoma cruzi, often defecate while feeding, have high fecundity/fertility, and, under overtly favorable conditions, can produce two generations per year. Current knowledge suggests that T. costalimai can transmit human Chagas disease in the upper Tocantins Basin; control-surveillance systems should 'tag' the species as a potentially important local vector in the Brazilian states of Goiás and Tocantins. Further research is needed to clarify (i) the drivers and dynamics of house invasion, infestation, and reinfestation by T. costalimai and (ii) the genetic structuring and vector capacity of the species, including its wild and non-wild populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Lima de Miranda
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Gurgel-Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Abad-Franch
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
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Synanthropic triatomines in Hidalgo state, Mexico: Spatial-temporal distribution, domestic transmission cycle, and natural infection with Trypanosoma cruzi. Acta Trop 2022; 234:106618. [PMID: 35907500 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Triatomine vectors are responsible for the main route of transmission of the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease. This illness is potentially life-threatening and highly disabling and represents a major public health concern in the endemic countries in Latin America. The analysis of the spatial and temporal occurrence of triatomine insects is critical, since control strategies strongly depend on the vector species found within each area. Such knowledge is non-existent in Hidalgo state, an endemic region of Chagas disease in Mexico. A Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to analyze broad-scale spatial and temporal patterns of synanthropic triatomines collected in Hidalgo. Data was taken from the Institute of Epidemiological Diagnosis and Reference (InDRE) of Mexico and the state program of Vector Control of the Secretary of Health, covering the period of 1997-2019. Our analyses demonstrate a differential distribution of Triatoma dimidiata, T. mexicana, T. gerstaeckeri and T. barberi, which are the four predominant species, and that climate, temperature, and precipitation are some of the drivers of their distribution pattern. Notably, we report the presence of T. nitida, T. pallidipennis and T. phyllosoma for the first time in the state. In addition, we found seasonal variations of the populations of T. mexicana and T. gerstaeckeri, but not for T. dimidiata, whose population remains constant throughout the year. The insects were found mainly intradomicile (81.79 %), followed by peridomicile (17.56 %) and non-domestic areas (0.65%), with an average T. cruzi infection of 16.4%. Based on this evidence, priority sites for vector control intervention were identified. Our findings are very valuable for understanding the epidemiology of Chagas disease, the generation of future potential risk maps and for the development and implementation of effective and targeted vector control programs in Hidalgo state.
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Niederwerder MC, Hefley TJ. Diagnostic sensitivity of porcine biological samples for detecting African swine fever virus infection after natural consumption in feed and liquid. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:2727-2734. [PMID: 34914859 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a global threat to swine production and sustainable pork supply. Without a commercially available vaccine, prevention of ASFV entry and spread is reliant on biosecurity and early detection of infection. Although ASFV ingestion in swill or feed by naïve pigs is a likely route of initial introduction, controlled experimental studies rarely utilize natural consumption as the infection route. In the current study, we utilized biological samples collected from pigs 5 days after natural consumption of ASFV in feed and liquid to assess diagnostic sensitivity for early detection of virus infection. Biological samples (serum, spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, and faeces) were assessed for the presence of ASFV using quantitative PCR and virus isolation. Statistical methods modelled the detection sensitivity of each sample type with each diagnostic assay in individual samples. Our results provide important information that can be incorporated into ASFV surveillance programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C Niederwerder
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Trevor J Hefley
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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Tátila-Ferreira A, Garcia GA, Dos Santos LMB, Pavan MG, de C Moreira CJ, Victoriano JC, da Silva-Junior R, Dos Santos-Mallet JR, Verly T, Britto C, Sikulu-Lord MT, Maciel-de-Freitas R. Near infrared spectroscopy accurately detects Trypanosoma cruzi non-destructively in midguts, rectum and excreta samples of Triatoma infestans. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23884. [PMID: 34903840 PMCID: PMC8668913 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03465-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is a neglected tropical disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi parasite with an estimated 70 million people at risk. Traditionally, parasite presence in triatomine vectors is detected through optical microscopy which can be low in sensitivity or molecular techniques which can be costly in endemic countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of a reagent-free technique, the Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) for rapid and non-invasive detection of T. cruzi in Triatoma infestans body parts and in wet/dry excreta samples of the insect. NIRS was 100% accurate for predicting the presence of T. cruzi infection Dm28c strain (TcI) in either the midgut or the rectum and models developed from either body part could predict infection in the other part. Models developed to predict infection in excreta samples were 100% accurate for predicting infection in both wet and dry samples. However, models developed using dry excreta could not predict infection in wet samples and vice versa. This is the first study to report on the potential application of NIRS for rapid and non-invasive detection of T. cruzi infection in T. infestans in the laboratory. Future work should demonstrate the capacity of NIRS to detect T. cruzi in triatomines originating from the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Tátila-Ferreira
- Laboratório de Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriela A Garcia
- Laboratório de Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lilha M B Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Márcio G Pavan
- Laboratório de Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos José de C Moreira
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana C Victoriano
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Vigilância Entomológica de Diptera E Hemiptera, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renato da Silva-Junior
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Vigilância Entomológica de Diptera E Hemiptera, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Universidade Iguaçu - UNIG, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jacenir R Dos Santos-Mallet
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Vigilância Entomológica de Diptera E Hemiptera, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Universidade Iguaçu - UNIG, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thaiane Verly
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Constança Britto
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maggy T Sikulu-Lord
- The School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Rafael Maciel-de-Freitas
- Laboratório de Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Stevens L, Lima-Cordón RA, Helms Cahan S, Dorn PL, Monroy MC, Axen HJ, Nguyen A, Hernáiz-Hernánde Y, Rodas A, Justi SA. Catch me if you can: Under-detection of Trypanosoma cruzi (Kinetoplastea: Trypanosomatida) infections in Triatoma dimidiata s.l. (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) from Central America. Acta Trop 2021; 224:106130. [PMID: 34536368 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Assays for parasite detection in insect vectors provide important information for disease control. American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease) is the most devastating vector-borne illness and the fourth most common in Central America behind HIV/AIDS and acute respiratory and diarrheal infections (Peterson et al., 2019). Under-detection of parasites is a general problem which may be influenced by parasite genetic variation; however, little is known about the genetic variation of the Chagas parasite, especially in this region. In this study we compared six assays for detecting the Chagas parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi: genomic reduced representation sequencing (here referred to as genotype-by-sequencing or GBS), two with conventional PCR (i.e., agarose gel detection), two with qPCR, and microscopy. Our results show that, compared to GBS genomic analysis, microscopy and PCR under-detected T. cruzi in vectors from Central America. Of 94 samples, 44% (50/94) were positive based on genomic analysis. The lowest detection, 9% (3/32) was in a subset assayed with microscopy. Four PCR assays, two with conventional PCR and two with qPCR showed intermediate levels of detection. Both qPCR tests and one conventional PCR test targeted the 195 bp repeat of satellite DNA while the fourth test targeted the 18S gene. Statistical analyses of the genomic and PCR results indicate that the PCR assays significantly under detect infections of Central American T. cruzi genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Stevens
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA.
| | | | - Sara Helms Cahan
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA
| | - Patricia L Dorn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Loyola University New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - M Carlota Monroy
- The Applied Entomology and Parasitology Laboratory, Biology School, Pharmacy Faculty, San Carlos University of Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Heather J Axen
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA
| | - Andrew Nguyen
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA
| | | | - Antonieta Rodas
- The Applied Entomology and Parasitology Laboratory, Biology School, Pharmacy Faculty, San Carlos University of Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Silvia A Justi
- The Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Smithsonian Institution Museum Support Center, MD, USA; Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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Ribeiro-Jr G, Abad-Franch F, de Sousa OMF, dos Santos CGS, Fonseca EOL, dos Santos RF, Cunha GM, de Carvalho CMM, Reis RB, Gurgel-Gonçalves R, Reis MG. TriatoScore: an entomological-risk score for Chagas disease vector control-surveillance. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:492. [PMID: 34563255 PMCID: PMC8465766 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04954-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triatomine bugs transmit Chagas disease across Latin America, where vector control-surveillance is increasingly decentralized. Locally run systems often deal with highly diverse native-vector faunas-plus, in some areas, domestic populations of non-native species. Flexible entomological-risk indicators that cover native and non-native vectors and can support local decision-making are therefore needed. METHODS We present a local-scale entomological-risk score ("TriatoScore") that leverages and builds upon information on the ecology-behavior and distribution-biogeography of individual triatomine bug species. We illustrate our approach by calculating TriatoScores for the 417 municipalities of Bahia state, Brazil. For this, we (i) listed all triatomine bug species recorded statewide; (ii) derived a "species relevance score" reflecting whether each species is native/non-native and, if native, whether/how often it invades/colonizes dwellings; (iii) mapped each species' presence by municipality; (iv) for native vectors, weighted presence by the proportion of municipal territory within ecoregions occupied by each species; (v) multiplied "species relevance score" × "weighted presence" to get species-specific "weighted scores"; and (vi) summed "weighted scores" across species to get municipal TriatoScores. Using standardized TriatoScores, we then grouped municipalities into high/moderate/low entomological-risk strata. RESULTS TriatoScores were higher in municipalities dominated by dry-to-semiarid ecoregions than in those dominated by savanna-grassland or, especially, moist-forest ecoregions. Bahia's native triatomines can maintain high to moderate risk of vector-borne Chagas disease in 318 (76.3%) municipalities. Historical elimination of Triatoma infestans from 125 municipalities reduced TriatoScores by ~ 27% (range, 20-44%); eight municipalities reported T. infestans since Bahia was certified free of Trypanosoma cruzi transmission by this non-native species. Entomological-risk strata based on TriatoScores agreed well with Bahia's official disease-risk strata, but TriatoScores suggest that the official classification likely underestimates risk in 42 municipalities. Of 152 municipalities failing to report triatomines in 2006-2019, two and 71 had TriatoScores corresponding to, respectively, high and moderate entomological risk. CONCLUSIONS TriatoScore can help control-surveillance managers to flexibly assess and stratify the entomological risk of Chagas disease at operationally relevant scales. Integrating eco-epidemiological, demographic, socioeconomic, or operational data (on, e.g., local-scale dwelling-infestation or vector-infection frequencies, land-use change and urbanization, housing conditions, poverty, or the functioning of control-surveillance systems) is also straightforward. TriatoScore may thus become a useful addition to the triatomine bug control-surveillance toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernando Abad-Franch
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal Brazil
| | - Orlando M. F. de Sousa
- Coordenação Geral de Vigilância de Zoonoses e Doenças de Transmissão Vetorial, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, Distrito Federal Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo O. L. Fonseca
- Instituto de Tecnologias da Saúde, Centro Universitário SENAI CIMATEC, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Roberto F. dos Santos
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Prof. Gonçalo Moniz, Secretaria de Saúde do Estado da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia Brazil
| | - Gabriel M. Cunha
- Centro de Atenção à Saúde José Maria de Magalhães Neto, Secretaria de Saúde do Estado da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia Brazil
| | - Cristiane M. M. de Carvalho
- Centro de Atenção à Saúde José Maria de Magalhães Neto, Secretaria de Saúde do Estado da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Gurgel-Gonçalves
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal Brazil
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal Brazil
| | - Mitermayer G. Reis
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fiocruz Bahia, Salvador, Bahia Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia Brazil
- Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
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Khan MAA, Faisal K, Chowdhury R, Nath R, Ghosh P, Ghosh D, Hossain F, Abd El Wahed A, Mondal D. Evaluation of molecular assays to detect Leishmania donovani in Phlebotomus argentipes fed on post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis patients. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:465. [PMID: 34503557 PMCID: PMC8428120 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04961-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) caused by Leishmania donovani (LD) is a skin disorder that often appears after treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients. PKDL patients are potential reservoirs of LD parasites, which can initiate a new epidemic of anthroponotic VL. Therefore, host infectiousness to its sand fly vector is a critical factor for transmission, and its accurate estimation can facilitate control strategies. At present, conventional microscopy serves as the reference method to detect parasites in its vector. However, low sensitivity of microscopy can be a limiting factor. METHODS In this study, real-time quantitative PCR (LD-qPCR) and recombinase polymerase amplification (LD-RPA) assays were evaluated against microscopy for the detection of LD DNA extracted from live sand flies five days after controlled feeding on PKDL cases. RESULTS The sensitivity of LD-qPCR and LD-RPA assays were found to be 96.43 and 100%, respectively, against microscopy for the selected fed sand flies (n = 28), and an absolute specificity of both molecular tools for apparently unfed sand flies (n = 30). While the proportion of infectious cases among 47 PKDL patients was estimated as 46.81% as defined by microscopic detection of LD in at least one fed sand fly per case, LD-RPA assay evaluation of only the microscopy negative sand flies fed to those 47 PKDL cases estimated an even greater proportion of infectious cases (51.06%). In overall estimation of the infectious cases in retrospective manner, discordance in positivity rate was observed (p < 0.05) between LD-RPA (59.57%) assay and microscopy (46.81%), while LD-RPA had slightly better positivity rate than LD-qPCR (55.32%) as well. CONCLUSIONS Considering the sensitivity, cost, detection time, and field applicability, RPA assay can be considered as a promising single molecular detection tool for investigations pertaining to LD infections in sand flies and/or host infectiousness in PKDL, while it can also be useful in confirmation of microscopy negative sand fly samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Anik Ashfaq Khan
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 43, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh, 1212, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Khaledul Faisal
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh, 1212, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rajashree Chowdhury
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh, 1212, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rupen Nath
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh, 1212, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Prakash Ghosh
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh, 1212, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Debashis Ghosh
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh, 1212, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Faria Hossain
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh, 1212, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ahmed Abd El Wahed
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 43, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Dinesh Mondal
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh, 1212, Dhaka, Bangladesh. .,Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh, 1212, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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10
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Santos WS, Gurgel-Gonçalves R, Garcez LM, Abad-Franch F. Deforestation effects on Attalea palms and their resident Rhodnius, vectors of Chagas disease, in eastern Amazonia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252071. [PMID: 34015050 PMCID: PMC8136634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Attalea palms provide primary habitat to Rhodnius spp., vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi. Flying from palms, these blood-sucking bugs often invade houses and can infect people directly or via food contamination. Chagas disease (CD) risk may therefore increase when Attalea palms thrive near houses. For example, Attalea dominate many deforested landscapes of eastern Amazonia, where acute-CD outbreaks are disturbingly frequent. Despite this possible link between deforestation and CD risk, the population-level responses of Amazonian Attalea and their resident Rhodnius to anthropogenic landscape disturbance remain largely uncharted. We studied adult Attalea palms in old-growth forest (OGF), young secondary forest (YSF), and cattle pasture (CP) in two localities of eastern Amazonia. We recorded 1856 Attalea along 10 transects (153.6 ha), and detected infestation by Rhodnius spp. in 18 of 280 systematically-sampled palms (33 bugs caught). Distance-sampling models suggest that, relative to OGF, adult Attalea density declined by 70-80% in CP and then recovered in YSF. Site-occupancy models estimate a strong positive effect of deforestation on palm-infestation odds (βCP-infestation = 4.82±1.14 SE), with a moderate decline in recovering YSF (βYSF-infestation = 2.66±1.10 SE). Similarly, N-mixture models suggest that, relative to OGF, mean vector density sharply increased in CP palms (βCP-density = 3.20±0.62 SE) and then tapered in YSF (βYSF-density = 1.61±0.76 SE). Together, these results indicate that disturbed landscapes may support between ~2.5 (YSF) and ~5.1 (CP) times more Attalea-dwelling Rhodnius spp. per unit area than OGF. We provide evidence that deforestation may favor palm-dwelling CD vectors in eastern Amazonia. Importantly, our landscape-disturbance effect estimates explicitly take account of (i) imperfect palm and bug detection and (ii) the uncertainties about infestation and vector density arising from sparse bug data. These results suggest that incorporating landscape-disturbance metrics into the spatial stratification of transmission risk could help enhance CD surveillance and prevention in Amazonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Souza Santos
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia das Leishmanioses, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Parasitária na Amazônia, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Gurgel-Gonçalves
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Lourdes Maria Garcez
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia das Leishmanioses, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Parasitária na Amazônia, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Fernando Abad-Franch
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Parasitária na Amazônia, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Grupo Triatomíneos, Instituto René Rachou–Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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11
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Gurgel-Gonçalves R, Abad-Franch F, de Almeida MR, Obara MT, de Souza RDCM, Batista JADS, Rocha DDA. TriatoDex, an electronic identification key to the Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), vectors of Chagas disease: Development, description, and performance. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248628. [PMID: 33886550 PMCID: PMC8061935 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Correct identification of triatomine bugs is crucial for Chagas disease surveillance, yet available taxonomic keys are outdated, incomplete, or both. Here we present TriatoDex, an Android app-based pictorial, annotated, polytomous key to the Triatominae. TriatoDex was developed using Android Studio and tested by 27 Brazilian users. Each user received a box with pinned, number-labeled, adult triatomines (33 species in total) and was asked to identify each bug to the species level. We used generalized linear mixed models (with user- and species-ID random effects) and information-theoretic model evaluation/averaging to investigate TriatoDex performance. TriatoDex encompasses 79 questions and 554 images of the 150 triatomine-bug species described worldwide up to 2017. TriatoDex-based identification was correct in 78.9% of 824 tasks. TriatoDex performed better in the hands of trained taxonomists (93.3% vs. 72.7% correct identifications; model-averaged, adjusted odds ratio 5.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.09–11.48). In contrast, user age, gender, primary job (including academic research/teaching or disease surveillance), workplace (including universities, a reference laboratory for triatomine-bug taxonomy, or disease-surveillance units), and basic training (from high school to biology) all had negligible effects on TriatoDex performance. Our analyses also suggest that, as TriatoDex results accrue to cover more taxa, they may help pinpoint triatomine-bug species that are consistently harder (than average) to identify. In a pilot comparison with a standard, printed key (370 tasks by seven users), TriatoDex performed similarly (84.5% correct assignments, CI 68.9–94.0%), but identification was 32.8% (CI 24.7–40.1%) faster on average–for a mean absolute saving of ~2.3 minutes per bug-identification task. TriatoDex holds much promise as a handy, flexible, and reliable tool for triatomine-bug identification; an updated iOS/Android version is under development. We expect that, with continuous refinement derived from evolving knowledge and user feedback, TriatoDex will substantially help strengthen both entomological surveillance and research on Chagas disease vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Gurgel-Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Área de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Fernando Abad-Franch
- Faculdade de Medicina, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Takashi Obara
- Faculdade de Medicina, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Faculdade de Ceilândia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | | | - Douglas de Almeida Rocha
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Área de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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12
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Abad-Franch F. Chagas disease diagnosis and cure assessment: Getting formally hierarchical about a naturally hierarchical problem. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008751. [PMID: 33120404 PMCID: PMC7595277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Abad-Franch
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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13
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Ribeiro G, Dos Santos CGS, Lanza F, Reis J, Vaccarezza F, Diniz C, Miranda DLP, de Araújo RF, Cunha GM, de Carvalho CMM, Fonseca EOL, Dos Santos RF, de Sousa OMF, Reis RB, de Araújo WN, Gurgel-Gonçalves R, Dos Reis MG. Wide distribution of Trypanosoma cruzi-infected triatomines in the State of Bahia, Brazil. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:604. [PMID: 31878960 PMCID: PMC6933904 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3849-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The identification of Trypanosoma cruzi and blood-meal sources in synanthropic triatomines is important to assess the potential risk of Chagas disease transmission. We identified T. cruzi infection and blood-meal sources of triatomines caught in and around houses in the state of Bahia, northeastern Brazil, and mapped the occurrence of infected triatomines that fed on humans and domestic animals. Methods Triatominae bugs were manually captured by trained agents from the Epidemiologic Surveillance team of Bahia State Health Service between 2013 and 2014. We applied conventional PCR to detect T. cruzi and blood-meal sources (dog, cat, human and bird) in a randomized sample of triatomines. We mapped triatomine distribution and analyzed vector hotspots with kernel density spatial analysis. Results In total, 5906 triatomines comprising 15 species were collected from 127 out of 417 municipalities in Bahia. The molecular analyses of 695 triatomines revealed a ~10% T. cruzi infection rate, which was highest in the T. brasiliensis species complex. Most bugs were found to have fed on birds (74.2%), and other blood-meal sources included dogs (6%), cats (0.6%) and humans (1%). Trypanosoma cruzi-infected triatomines that fed on humans were detected inside houses. Spatial analysis showed a wide distribution of T. cruzi-infected triatomines throughout Bahia; triatomines that fed on dogs, humans, and cats were observed mainly in the northeast region. Conclusions Synanthropic triatomines have a wide distribution and maintain the potential risk of T. cruzi transmission to humans and domestic animals in Bahia. Ten species were recorded inside houses, mainly Triatoma sordida, T. pseudomaculata, and the T. brasiliensis species complex. Molecular and spatial analysis are useful to reveal T. cruzi infection and blood-meal sources in synanthropic triatomines, identifying areas with ongoing threat for parasite transmission and improving entomological surveillance strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilmar Ribeiro
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fiocruz-BA, Laboratório de Patologia e Biologia Molecular, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Candeal-Salvador, BA, CEP: 40296-710, Brazil.,Faculdades Ruy Barbosa-Wyden, Rua Theodomiro Baptista, 422 - Rio Vermelho, Salvador, BA, 41940-320, Brazil
| | - Carlos G S Dos Santos
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fiocruz-BA, Laboratório de Patologia e Biologia Molecular, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Candeal-Salvador, BA, CEP: 40296-710, Brazil.,SESAB/Diretoria de Vigilância Epidemiológica (DIVEP), Centro de Atenção à Saúde José Maria de Magalhães Netto., Av. Antônio Carlos Magalhães, s/nº, Parque Bela Vista, Salvador, BA, CEP 41.820-000, Brazil.,SESAB/Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Prof, Gonçalo Moniz LACEN, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 12, Candeal, Salvador, BA, 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Lanza
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fiocruz-BA, Laboratório de Patologia e Biologia Molecular, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Candeal-Salvador, BA, CEP: 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Jamylle Reis
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fiocruz-BA, Laboratório de Patologia e Biologia Molecular, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Candeal-Salvador, BA, CEP: 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Vaccarezza
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fiocruz-BA, Laboratório de Patologia e Biologia Molecular, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Candeal-Salvador, BA, CEP: 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Camila Diniz
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fiocruz-BA, Laboratório de Patologia e Biologia Molecular, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Candeal-Salvador, BA, CEP: 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Diego Lopes Paim Miranda
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fiocruz-BA, Laboratório de Patologia e Biologia Molecular, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Candeal-Salvador, BA, CEP: 40296-710, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina-UFBA, Rua Reitor Miguel Calmon, s/n Vale do Canela, Salvador, BA, 40110-100, Brazil
| | - Renato Freitas de Araújo
- SESAB/Diretoria de Vigilância Epidemiológica (DIVEP), Centro de Atenção à Saúde José Maria de Magalhães Netto., Av. Antônio Carlos Magalhães, s/nº, Parque Bela Vista, Salvador, BA, CEP 41.820-000, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Muricy Cunha
- SESAB/Diretoria de Vigilância Epidemiológica (DIVEP), Centro de Atenção à Saúde José Maria de Magalhães Netto., Av. Antônio Carlos Magalhães, s/nº, Parque Bela Vista, Salvador, BA, CEP 41.820-000, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Medeiros Moraes de Carvalho
- SESAB/Diretoria de Vigilância Epidemiológica (DIVEP), Centro de Atenção à Saúde José Maria de Magalhães Netto., Av. Antônio Carlos Magalhães, s/nº, Parque Bela Vista, Salvador, BA, CEP 41.820-000, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Oyama Lins Fonseca
- Instituto de Tecnologias da Saúde (CIMATEC ITS), Av. Orlando Gomes, 1845 Piatã, Salvador, BA, 41650-010, Brazil
| | - Roberto Fonseca Dos Santos
- SESAB/Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Prof, Gonçalo Moniz LACEN, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 12, Candeal, Salvador, BA, 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Orlando Marcos Farias de Sousa
- Coordenação-Geral de Vigilância de Zoonoses e Doenças de Transmissão Vetorial, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, SRTV 702, Via W 5 Norte, Brasília, DF, 70723-040, Brazil
| | | | - Wildo Navegantes de Araújo
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, s/n, Asa Norte, Brasília, Distrito Federa, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Gurgel-Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Campus, Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília, Distrito Federal, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Mitermayer G Dos Reis
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fiocruz-BA, Laboratório de Patologia e Biologia Molecular, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Candeal-Salvador, BA, CEP: 40296-710, Brazil. .,Faculdade de Medicina-UFBA, Rua Reitor Miguel Calmon, s/n Vale do Canela, Salvador, BA, 40110-100, Brazil. .,Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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14
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Reis FC, Minuzzi-Souza TTC, Neiva M, Timbó RV, de Morais IOB, de Lima TM, Hecht M, Nitz N, Gurgel-Gonçalves R. Trypanosomatid infections in captive wild mammals and potential vectors at the Brasilia Zoo, Federal District, Brazil. Vet Med Sci 2019; 6:248-256. [PMID: 31743623 PMCID: PMC7196675 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Conservation projects in zoos may involve translocation of captive animals, which may lead to pathogen spread. Neotropical mammals are important hosts of Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp. the etiological agents of Chagas disease and Leishmaniasis respectively. Studies of trypanosomatid‐infected mammals and vectors (triatomines and sandflies) in zoos are important for the establishment of surveillance and control measures. Objectives We investigated trypanosomatid infections in captive wild mammals, triatomines and sandflies at the Brasília Zoo. Methods We collected triatomines during active bimonthly surveys, sampled sandflies using light‐traps and obtained blood samples from 74 mammals between 2016 and 2017. We used quantitative PCR to detect trypanosomatids in vectors and mammals. Results We found a colony of 19 Panstrongylus megistus in the porcupine unit and detected T. cruzi infections in five bugs. We captured 17 sandflies of four species including Nyssomyia whitmani and Lutzomyia longipalpis, but no Leishmania infection was detected. qPCR detected 50 T. cruzi‐infected mammals belonging to 24 species and five groups of mammals (Carnivora, Cetartiodactyla, Perissodactyla, Pilosa and Primates); Leishmania DNA was detected in 23 mammals from 15 species, mainly carnivores. We detected trypanosomatid infections in 11 mammals born at the Brasília Zoo. Conclusions Our results suggest vector‐borne transmission of T. cruzi among maned wolves; measures to reduce the risk of new infections should therefore be taken. We also report sandfly presence and Leishmania‐infected mammals at the Brasília Zoo. Translocation of wild mammals in and out of the Brasília Zoo should consider the risk of T. cruzi and Leishmania spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe C Reis
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil.,Fundação Jardim Zoológico de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Thaís T C Minuzzi-Souza
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Mariana Neiva
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Renata V Timbó
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Igor O B de Morais
- Fundação Jardim Zoológico de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Thiago M de Lima
- Fundação Jardim Zoológico de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Mariana Hecht
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Biociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Nadjar Nitz
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Biociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Gurgel-Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
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15
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Insights from quantitative and mathematical modelling on the proposed WHO 2030 goals for Chagas disease. Gates Open Res 2019; 3:1539. [PMID: 31781687 PMCID: PMC6856696 DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.13069.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD) persists as one of the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) with a particularly large impact in the Americas. The World Health Organization (WHO) recently proposed goals for CD elimination as a public health problem to be reached by 2030 by means of achieving intradomiciliary transmission interruption (IDTI), blood transfusion and transplant transmission interruption, diagnostic and treatment scaling-up and prevention and control of congenital transmission. The NTD Modelling Consortium has developed mathematical models to study
Trypanosoma cruzi transmission dynamics and the potential impact of control measures. Modelling insights have shown that IDTI is feasible in areas with sustained vector control programmes and no presence of native triatomine vector populations. However, IDTI in areas with native vectors it is not feasible in a sustainable manner. Combining vector control with trypanocidal treatment can reduce the timeframes necessary to reach operational thresholds for IDTI (<2% seroprevalence in children aged <5 years), but the most informative age groups for serological monitoring are yet to be identified. Measuring progress towards the 2030 goals will require availability of vector surveillance and seroprevalence data at a fine scale, and a more active surveillance system, as well as a better understanding of the risks of vector re-colonization and disease resurgence after vector control cessation. Also, achieving scaling-up in terms of access to treatment to the expected levels (75%) will require a substantial increase in screening asymptomatic populations, which is anticipated to become very costly as CD prevalence decreases. Further modelling work includes refining and extending mathematical models (including transmission dynamics and statistical frameworks) to predict transmission at a sub-national scale, and developing quantitative tools to inform IDTI certification, post-certification and re-certification protocols. Potential perverse incentives associated with operational thresholds are discussed. These modelling insights aim to inform discussions on the goals and treatment guidelines for CD.
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Heterogeneity of Trypanosoma cruzi infection rates in vectors and animal reservoirs in Colombia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:308. [PMID: 31221188 PMCID: PMC6585012 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3541-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The heterogeneity of Trypanosoma cruzi infection rates among triatomines insects and animal reservoirs has been studied in independent studies, but little information has been systematised to allow pooled and comparative estimates. Unravelling the main patterns of this heterogeneity could contribute to a further understanding of T. cruzi transmission in Colombia. Methods A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Medline, LILACS, Embase, Web of Knowledge, Google Scholar and secondary sources with no filters of language or time and until April 2018. Based on selection criteria, all relevant studies reporting T. cruzi infection rates in reservoirs or triatomines were chosen. For pooled analyses, a random effects model for binomial distribution was used. Heterogeneity among studies is reported as I2. Subgroup analyses included: taxonomic classification, ecotope and diagnostic methods. Publication bias and sensitivity analyses were performed. Results Overall, 39 studies reporting infection rates in Colombia were found (22 for potential reservoirs and 28 for triatomine insects) for a total sample of 22,838 potential animals and 11,307 triatomines evaluated for T. cruzi infection. We have found evidence of 38/71 different animal species as potential T. cruzi reservoirs and 14/18 species as triatomine vectors for T. cruzi. Among animals, the species with the highest pooled prevalence were opossum (Didelphis marsupialis) with 48.0% (95% CI: 26–71%; I2 = 88%, τ2 = 0.07, P < 0.01) and domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) with 22.0% (95% CI: 4–48%; I2 = 96%, τ2 = 0.01, P < 0.01). Among triatomines, the highest prevalence was found for Triatoma maculata in the peridomestic ecotope (68.0%, 95% CI: 62–74%; I2 = 0%, τ2 = 0, P < 0.0001), followed by Rhodnius prolixus (62.0%, 95% CI: 38–84%; I2 = 95%, τ2 = 0.05, P < 0.01) and Rhodnius pallescens (54.0%, 95% CI: 37–71%; I2 = 86%, τ2 = 0.035, P < 0.01) in the sylvatic ecotope. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first systematic and quantitative analyses of triatomine insects and potential animal reservoirs for T. cruzi infection in Colombia. The results highlight a marked heterogeneity between species and provide initial estimates of infection rates heterogeneity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3541-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Nelli L, Ferguson HM, Matthiopoulos J. Achieving explanatory depth and spatial breadth in infectious disease modelling: Integrating active and passive case surveillance. Stat Methods Med Res 2019; 29:1273-1287. [PMID: 31213191 DOI: 10.1177/0962280219856380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ideally, the data used for robust spatial prediction of disease distribution should be both high-resolution and spatially expansive. However, such in-depth and geographically broad data are rarely available in practice. Instead, researchers usually acquire either detailed epidemiological data with high resolution at a small number of active sampling sites, or more broad-ranging but less precise data from passive case surveillance. We propose a novel inferential framework, capable of simultaneously drawing insights from both passive and active data types. We developed a Bayesian latent point process approach, combining active data collection in a limited set of points, where in-depth covariates are measured, with passive case detection, where error-prone, large-scale disease data are accompanied only by coarse or remotely-sensed covariate layers. Using the example of malaria, we tested our method's efficiency under several hypothetical scenarios of reported incidence in different combinations of imperfect detection and spatial complexity of the environmental variables. We provide a simple solution to a widespread problem in spatial epidemiology, combining latent process modelling and spatially autoregressive modelling. By using active sampling and passive case detection in a complementary way, we achieved the best-of-both-worlds, in effect, a formal calibration of spatially extensive, error-prone data by localised, high-quality data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Nelli
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Heather M Ferguson
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jason Matthiopoulos
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Niederwerder MC, Stoian AMM, Rowland RRR, Dritz SS, Petrovan V, Constance LA, Gebhardt JT, Olcha M, Jones CK, Woodworth JC, Fang Y, Liang J, Hefley TJ. Infectious Dose of African Swine Fever Virus When Consumed Naturally in Liquid or Feed. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:891-897. [PMID: 30761988 PMCID: PMC6478231 DOI: 10.3201/eid2505.181495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a contagious, rapidly spreading, transboundary animal disease and a major threat to pork production globally. Although plant-based feed has been identified as a potential route for virus introduction onto swine farms, little is known about the risks for ASFV transmission in feed. We aimed to determine the minimum and median infectious doses of the Georgia 2007 strain of ASFV through oral exposure during natural drinking and feeding behaviors. The minimum infectious dose of ASFV in liquid was 100 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50), compared with 104 TCID50 in feed. The median infectious dose was 101.0 TCID50 for liquid and 106.8 TCID50 for feed. Our findings demonstrate that ASFV Georgia 2007 can easily be transmitted orally, although higher doses are required for infection in plant-based feed. These data provide important information that can be incorporated into risk models for ASFV transmission.
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Crocco L, Nattero J, López A, Cardozo M, Soria C, Ortiz V, Rodriguez CS. Factors associated with the presence of triatomines in rural areas of south Argentine Chaco. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2019; 52:e20180357. [PMID: 30652798 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0357-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The domestic and peridomestic presence of Triatoma infestans depends on several factors, such as human behavior, vector behavior, ecology, and the environment. METHODS This work was conducted in 139 domiciliary units, where triatomines were captured and risk factors in domiciles and peridomicilies were recorded. Household dwellers were interviewed to obtain information about practices regarding this disease and entomological indicators were calculated. RESULTS Infestation indices were 59.7% for house compounds, 4.3% for domestic areas and 58.3% for the peridomestic areas. Intradomicile infestation was significantly associated with housing characteristics. The presence of chicken coops in peridomicilies was associated with an increased risk of infestation. Of the respondents, 80% did not recognize the importance of the peridomiciliary structures for triatomine control and had infested peridomicilies. CONCLUSIONS The results show the importance of peridomiciles as refuge sites for Triatominae bugs; however, household dwellers do not perceive peridomiciles as areas that favor the presence of vectors. Actions for raising awareness about factors that favor the presence of triatomines are needed to improve the conditions of peridomiciliary environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Crocco
- Cátedra de Introducción a la Biología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET- UNC), FCEFyN, UNC. Vélez Sársfield 299. Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Julieta Nattero
- Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires, CONICET, EGE, FCEyN, UBA, Argentina
| | - Ana López
- Cátedra de Introducción a la Biología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET- UNC), FCEFyN, UNC. Vélez Sársfield 299. Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Miriam Cardozo
- Cátedra de Introducción a la Biología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET- UNC), FCEFyN, UNC. Vélez Sársfield 299. Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Carola Soria
- Cátedra de Introducción a la Biología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET- UNC), FCEFyN, UNC. Vélez Sársfield 299. Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Valeria Ortiz
- Cátedra Introducción a la Biología. FCEFyN. UNC. Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Claudia S Rodriguez
- Cátedra de Introducción a la Biología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET- UNC), FCEFyN, UNC. Vélez Sársfield 299. Córdoba, Argentina
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Minuzzi-Souza TTC, Silva LR, Hagström L, Hecht M, Nitz N, Gurgel-Gonçalves R. Molecular bloodmeal analyses reveal that Trypanosoma cruzi-infected, native triatomine bugs often feed on humans in houses in central Brazil. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 32:504-508. [PMID: 30003568 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The identification of bloodmeal sources in triatomine bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) is important in understanding vector-host associations and in measuring the risk for Chagas' disease transmission. The bloodmeal sources of triatomines infected with Trypanosoma cruzi (Trypanosomatida: Trypanosomatidae) caught in houses in central Brazil (Goiás State and the Federal District) were investigated during 2012-2014. Mitochondrial cytochrome b amplicons were used to identify bloodmeals through high-resolution melting and DNA sequencing. Most bugs were found to have fed on either humans (45.7%) or chickens (43.1%). Human blood was detected in Triatoma sordida (n = 22/50 bugs), Triatoma pseudomaculata (n = 7/11 bugs), Panstrongylus megistus (n = 10/24 bugs), Panstrongylus geniculatus (n = 1/3 bugs) and Rhodnius neglectus (n = 18/28 bugs) (all: Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Sequencing identified Necromys (Rodentia: Cricetidae) mouse blood in P. geniculatus and Tropidurus (Squamata: Tropiduridae) lizard blood in T. pseudomaculata and T. sordida. These findings reveal new vector-host associations. The present results suggest frequent contact between humans and T. cruzi-infected triatomines in central Brazil and indicate that Chagas' disease transmission by native vectors is an ongoing threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T C Minuzzi-Souza
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - L R Silva
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - L Hagström
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Biociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - M Hecht
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Biociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - N Nitz
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Biociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - R Gurgel-Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
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