1
|
Akbarishandiz S, Khani S, Maia J. Adhesion dynamics of functionalized nanocarriers to endothelial cells: a dissipative particle dynamics study. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:9254-9268. [PMID: 38009071 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00865g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Targeted drug delivery to endothelial cells utilizing functionalized nanocarriers (NCs) is an essential procedure in therapeutic and diagnosis therapies. Using dissipative particle dynamics simulation, NCs have been designed and combined with an endothelial environment, such as the endothelial glycocalyx (EG) layer, receptors, water, and cell wall. Furthermore, the energy landscapes of the functionalized NC with the endothelial cell have been analyzed as a function of properties such as the shape, size, initial orientation, and ligand density of NCs. Our results show that an appropriate higher ligand density for each particular NC provides more driving forces than barriers for the penetration of the NCs. Herein we report the importance of shell entropy loss for the NC shape effect on the adhesion and penetration into the EG layer. Moreover, the rotation of the disc shape NC as a wheel during the penetration is an extra driving force for its further inclusion. By increasing the NCs' size larger than the appropriate size for each particular ligand density, due to an increase in the NCs' shell entropy loss, the barriers surpass the driving forces for NC penetration. Furthermore, the parallel orientation provides the NCs with the best penetration capabilities. However, the rotation of the disc shape NCs enhances their diffusion in the perpendicular orientation too. Overall, our findings highlight the crucial role of the shell entropy loss in governing the penetration of NCs. Besides, studying NCs with a homogeneous ligand composition enabled us to cross barriers and probe energetics after the complete inclusion of the NCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Akbarishandiz
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, USA.
| | - Shaghayegh Khani
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, USA.
| | - Joao Maia
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Du F, Shusta EV, Palecek SP. Extracellular matrix proteins in construction and function of in vitro blood-brain barrier models. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2023.1130127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly impermeable barrier separating circulating blood and brain tissue. A functional BBB is critical for brain health, and BBB dysfunction has been linked to the pathophysiology of diseases such as stroke and Alzheimer’s disease. A variety of models have been developed to study the formation and maintenance of the BBB, ranging from in vivo animal models to in vitro models consisting of primary cells or cells differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). These models must consider the composition and source of the cellular components of the neurovascular unit (NVU), including brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs), brain pericytes, astrocytes, and neurons, and how these cell types interact. In addition, the non-cellular components of the BBB microenvironment, such as the brain vascular basement membrane (BM) that is in direct contact with the NVU, also play key roles in BBB function. Here, we review how extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in the brain vascular BM affect the BBB, with a particular focus on studies using hPSC-derived in vitro BBB models, and discuss how future studies are needed to advance our understanding of how the ECM affects BBB models to improve model performance and expand our knowledge on the formation and maintenance of the BBB.
Collapse
|
3
|
Belyaev AV, Kushchenko YK. Biomechanical activation of blood platelets via adhesion to von Willebrand factor studied with mesoscopic simulations. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2023; 22:785-808. [PMID: 36627458 PMCID: PMC9838538 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-022-01681-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Platelet adhesion and activation are essential initial processes of arterial and microvascular hemostasis, where high hydrodynamic forces from the bloodflow impede coagulation. The process relies on von Willebrand factor (VWF)-a linear multimeric protein of blood plasma plays a pivotal role in mechanochemical regulation of shear-induced platelet aggregation (SIPA). Adhesive interactions between VWF and glycoprotein receptors GPIb are crucial for platelet recruitment under high shear stress in fluid. Recent advances in experimental studies revealed that mechanical tension on the extracellular part of GPIb may trigger a cascade of biochemical reactions in platelets leading to activation of integrins [Formula: see text] (also known as GPIIb/IIIa) and strengthening of the adhesion. The present paper is aimed at investigation of this process by three-dimensional computer simulations of platelet adhesion to surface-grafted VWF multimers in pressure-driven flow of platelet-rich plasma. The simulations demonstrate that GPIb-mediated mechanotransduction is a feasible way of platelet activation and stabilization of platelet aggregates under high shear stress. Quantitative understanding of mechanochemical processes involved in SIPA would potentially promote the discovery of new anti-platelet medication and the development of multiscale numerical models of platelet thrombosis and hemostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey V. Belyaev
- grid.14476.300000 0001 2342 9668Faculty of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-2 Leninskiye Gory, Moscow, Russia 119991
| | - Yulia K. Kushchenko
- grid.14476.300000 0001 2342 9668Faculty of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-2 Leninskiye Gory, Moscow, Russia 119991
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Detwiler RE, Kramer JR. Preparation and applications of artificial mucins in biomedicine. CURRENT OPINION IN SOLID STATE & MATERIALS SCIENCE 2022; 26:101031. [PMID: 37283850 PMCID: PMC10243510 DOI: 10.1016/j.cossms.2022.101031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Mucus is an essential barrier material that separates organisms from the outside world. This slippery material regulates the transport of nutrients, drugs, gases, and pathogens toward the cell surface. The surface of the cell itself is coated in a mucus-like barrier of glycoproteins and glycolipids. Mucin glycoproteins are the primary component of mucus and the epithelial glycocalyx. Aberrant mucin production is implicated in diverse disease states from cancer and inflammation to pre-term birth and infection. Biological mucins are inherently heterogenous in structure, which has challenged understanding their molecular functions as a barrier and as biochemically active proteins. Therefore, many synthetic materials have been developed as artificial mucins with precisely tunable structures. This review highlights advances in design and synthesis of artificial mucins and their application in biomedical studies of mucin chemistry, biology, and physics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Detwiler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, 36 S. Wasatch
Dr., Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jessica R. Kramer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, 36 S. Wasatch
Dr., Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kohout VR, Wardzala CL, Kramer JR. Synthesis and biomedical applications of mucin mimic materials. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 191:114540. [PMID: 36228896 PMCID: PMC10066857 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Mucin glycoproteins are the major component of mucus and coat epithelial cell surfaces forming the glycocalyx. The glycocalyx and mucus are involved in the transport of nutrients, drugs, gases, and pathogens toward the cell surface. Mucins are also involved in diverse diseases such as cystic fibrosis and cancer. Due to inherent heterogeneity in native mucin structure, many synthetic materials have been designed to probe mucin chemistry, biology, and physics. Such materials include various glycopolymers, low molecular weight glycopeptides, glycopolypeptides, polysaccharides, and polysaccharide-protein conjugates. This review highlights advances in the area of design and synthesis of mucin mimic materials, and their biomedical applications in glycan binding, epithelial models of infection, therapeutic delivery, vaccine formulation, and beyond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria R Kohout
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, 36 S. Wasatch Dr., Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Casia L Wardzala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, 36 S. Wasatch Dr., Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jessica R Kramer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, 36 S. Wasatch Dr., Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Glycocalyx Sensing with a Mathematical Model of Acoustic Shear Wave Biosensor. BIOENGINEERING (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:bioengineering9090462. [PMID: 36135008 PMCID: PMC9495919 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9090462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The article deals with an idea of exploiting an acoustic shear wave biosensor for investigating the glycocalyx, a polysaccharide polymer molecule layer on the endothelium of blood vessels that, according to recent studies, plays an important role in protecting against diseases. To test this idea, a mathematical model of an acoustic shear wave sensor and corresponding software developed earlier for proteomic applications are used. In this case, the glycocalyx is treated as a layer homogenized over the thin polymer “villi”. Its material characteristics depend on the density, thickness, and length of the villi and on the viscous properties of the surrounding liquid (blood plasma). It is proved that the model used has a good sensitivity to the above parameters of the villi and blood plasma. Numerical experiments performed using real data collected retrospectively from premature infants show that the use of acoustic shear wave sensors may be a promising approach to investigate properties of glycocalyx-like structures and their role in prematurity.
Collapse
|
7
|
Kabedev A, Lobaskin V. Endothelial glycocalyx permeability for nanoscale solutes. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2022; 17:979-996. [PMID: 35815713 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycocalyx has a great impact on the accessibility of the endothelial cell membranes. Although the specific interactions play a crucial role in cross-membrane solute transport, nonspecific interactions cannot be neglected. In this work, we used computational modeling to quantify the nonspecific interactions that control the distribution of nanosized solutes across the endothelial glycocalyx. We evaluated the probabilities of various nanoparticles' passage through the luminal layer to the membrane. The calculations demonstrate that excluded volume and electrostatic interactions are decisive for the solute transport as compared with van der Waals and hydrodynamic interactions. Damaged glycocalyx models showed a relatively weak efficiency in sieving plasma solutes. We estimated the energy barriers and corresponding mean first passage times for nanoscale solute transport through the model glycocalyx.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksei Kabedev
- School of Physics, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Uppsala, 75 123, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kołodziejczyk AM, Grala MM, Zimon A, Białkowska K, Walkowiak B, Komorowski P. Investigation of HUVEC response to exposure to PAMAM dendrimers – changes in cell elasticity and vesicles release. Nanotoxicology 2022; 16:375-392. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2022.2097138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Maria Kołodziejczyk
- Nanomaterial Structural Research Laboratory, Bionanopark Ltd., Lodz, Poland
- Molecular and Nanostructural Biophysics Laboratory, Bionanopark Ltd., Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Aleksandra Zimon
- Nanomaterial Structural Research Laboratory, Bionanopark Ltd., Lodz, Poland
| | - Kamila Białkowska
- Molecular and Nanostructural Biophysics Laboratory, Bionanopark Ltd., Lodz, Poland
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Bogdan Walkowiak
- Nanomaterial Structural Research Laboratory, Bionanopark Ltd., Lodz, Poland
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Komorowski
- Nanomaterial Structural Research Laboratory, Bionanopark Ltd., Lodz, Poland
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
The role of the cell surface glycocalyx in drug delivery to and through the endothelium. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 184:114195. [PMID: 35292326 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell membranes are key interfaces where materials engineering meets biology. Traditionally regarded as just the location of receptors regulating the uptake of molecules, we now know that all mammalian cell membranes are 'sugar coated'. These sugars, or glycans, form a matrix bound at the cell membrane via proteins and lipids, referred to as the glycocalyx, which modulate access to cell membrane receptors crucial for interactions with drug delivery systems (DDS). Focusing on the key blood-tissue barrier faced by most DDS to enable transport from the place of administration to target sites via the circulation, we critically assess the design of carriers for interactions at the endothelial cell surface. We also discuss the current challenges for this area and provide opportunities for future research efforts to more fully engineer DDS for controlled, efficient, and targeted interactions with the endothelium for therapeutic application.
Collapse
|
10
|
Stoddart P, Satchell SC, Ramnath R. Cerebral microvascular endothelial glycocalyx damage, its implications on the blood-brain barrier and a possible contributor to cognitive impairment. Brain Res 2022; 1780:147804. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
11
|
Jin J, Fang F, Gao W, Chen H, Wen J, Wen X, Chen J. The Structure and Function of the Glycocalyx and Its Connection With Blood-Brain Barrier. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:739699. [PMID: 34690703 PMCID: PMC8529036 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.739699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular endothelial glycocalyx is a dense, bush-like structure that is synthesized and secreted by endothelial cells and evenly distributed on the surface of vascular endothelial cells. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is mainly composed of pericytes endothelial cells, glycocalyx, basement membranes, and astrocytes. The glycocalyx in the BBB plays an indispensable role in many important physiological functions, including vascular permeability, inflammation, blood coagulation, and the synthesis of nitric oxide. Damage to the fragile glycocalyx can lead to increased permeability of the BBB, tissue edema, glial cell activation, up-regulation of inflammatory chemokines expression, and ultimately brain tissue damage, leading to increased mortality. This article reviews the important role that glycocalyx plays in the physiological function of the BBB. The review may provide some basis for the research direction of neurological diseases and a theoretical basis for the diagnosis and treatment of neurological diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jin
- Zhejiang Center for Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fuquan Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Gao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hanjian Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiali Wen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuehua Wen
- Department of Radiology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junfa Chen
- Department of Radiology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cross talk between endothelial and red blood cell glycocalyces via near-field flow. Biophys J 2021; 120:3180-3191. [PMID: 34197803 PMCID: PMC8392098 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells and circulating red blood cell (RBC) surfaces are both covered by a layer of bushy glycocalyx. The interplay between these glycocalyx layers is hardly measurable and insufficiently understood. This study aims to investigate and qualify the possible interactions between the glycocalyces of RBCs and endothelial cells using mathematical modeling and numerical simulation. Dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations are conducted to investigate the response of the endothelial glycocalyx (EG) to varying ambient conditions. A two-compartment model including EG and flow and a three-compartment model comprising EG, RBC glycocalyx, and flow are established. The two-compartment analysis shows that a relatively fast flow is associated with a predominantly bending motion of the EG, whereas oscillatory motions are predominant in a relatively slow flow. Results show that circulating RBCs cause the contactless deformation of EG. Its deformation is dependent on the chain layout, chain length, bending stiffness, RBC-to-EG distance, and RBC velocities. Specifically, shorter EG chains or RBC-to-EG distance leads to greater relative deflections of EG. Deformation of EG is enhanced when the EG chains are rarefied or RBCs move faster. The bending stiffness maintains stretching conformation of EG. Moreover, a compact EG chain layout and shedding EG chains disturb the neighboring flow field, causing disordered flow velocity distributions. In contrast, the movement of EG chains on RBC surfaces exerts a marginal driving force on RBCs. The DPD method is used for the first time, to our knowledge, in the three-compartment system to explore the cross talk between EG and RBC glycocalyx. This study suggests that RBCs drive the EG deformation via the near-field flow, whereas marginal propulsion of RBCs by the EG is observed. These new, to our knowledge, findings provide a new angle to understand the roles of glycocalyx in mechanotransduction and microvascular permeability and their perturbations under idealized pathophysiologic conditions associated with EG degradation.
Collapse
|
13
|
Pastorino C, Müller M. Liquid and Droplet Transport in Brush-Coated Cylindrical Nanochannels: Brush-Assisted Droplet Formation. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:442-449. [PMID: 33400523 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c09189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We study, by coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, equilibrium and flow properties of a liquid in cylindrical nanochannels, coated with polymer brushes. The parameters of the interaction potential model confer a chemical incompatibility between brush monomers and liquid particles. First, we study cylindrical channels whose radii are larger than the brush height and a continuous column of liquid forms at the center of the channel. These results are contrasted to the limiting case in which the radius of the cylinder is comparable to the brush height. In this second case, the grafted polymers interact across the channel and "close" it. We observe a train of droplets as the stable liquid morphology. The droplet size is comparable to the cylinder radius. By applying a constant body force onto the liquid, we induce a Poiseuille-like flow and investigate the morphology and flow rate as a function of driving force. Upon increasing the driving force, we encounter a nonequilibrium transition from a closed channel with slowly moving droplets to a flowing liquid thread at the center. The switching between these two states is reversible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Pastorino
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Centro Atómico Constituyentes, CNEA, Av.Gral. Paz 1499, B1650 San Martín, Pcia. de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología CONICET-CNEA, B1650 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Müller
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
von Palubitzki L, Wang Y, Hoffmann S, Vidal-Y-Sy S, Zobiak B, Failla AV, Schmage P, John A, Osorio-Madrazo A, Bauer AT, Schneider SW, Goycoolea FM, Gorzelanny C. Differences of the tumour cell glycocalyx affect binding of capsaicin-loaded chitosan nanocapsules. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22443. [PMID: 33384430 PMCID: PMC7775450 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79882-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycocalyx regulates the interaction of mammalian cells with extracellular molecules, such as cytokines. However, it is unknown to which extend the glycocalyx of distinct cancer cells control the binding and uptake of nanoparticles. In the present study, exome sequencing data of cancer patients and analysis of distinct melanoma and bladder cancer cell lines suggested differences in cancer cell-exposed glycocalyx components such as heparan sulphate. Our data indicate that glycocalyx differences affected the binding of cationic chitosan nanocapsules (Chi-NCs). The pronounced glycocalyx of bladder cancer cells enhanced the internalisation of nanoencapsulated capsaicin. Consequently, capsaicin induced apoptosis in the cancer cells, but not in the less glycosylated benign urothelial cells. Moreover, we measured counterion condensation on highly negatively charged heparan sulphate chains. Counterion condensation triggered a cooperative binding of Chi-NCs, characterised by a weak binding rate at low Chi-NC doses and a strongly increased binding rate at high Chi-NC concentrations. Our results indicate that the glycocalyx of tumour cells controls the binding and biological activity of nanoparticles. This has to be considered for the design of tumour cell directed nanocarriers to improve the delivery of cytotoxic drugs. Differential nanoparticle binding may also be useful to discriminate tumour cells from healthy cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lydia von Palubitzki
- Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Research Campus, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Research Campus, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Hoffmann
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology (IBBP), University of Münster, Schlossplatz 7-8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Sabine Vidal-Y-Sy
- Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Research Campus, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Zobiak
- Microscopy Imaging Facility, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Research Campus, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Antonio V Failla
- Microscopy Imaging Facility, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Research Campus, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Petra Schmage
- Clinic of Periodontology, Preventive and Operative Dentistry, Center of Dental and Oral Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Axel John
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anayancy Osorio-Madrazo
- Institute of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), and Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander T Bauer
- Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Research Campus, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan W Schneider
- Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Research Campus, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Francisco M Goycoolea
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Christian Gorzelanny
- Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Research Campus, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have become increasingly useful in the modern drug development process. In this review, we give a broad overview of the current application possibilities of MD in drug discovery and pharmaceutical development. Starting from the target validation step of the drug development process, we give several examples of how MD studies can give important insights into the dynamics and function of identified drug targets such as sirtuins, RAS proteins, or intrinsically disordered proteins. The role of MD in antibody design is also reviewed. In the lead discovery and lead optimization phases, MD facilitates the evaluation of the binding energetics and kinetics of the ligand-receptor interactions, therefore guiding the choice of the best candidate molecules for further development. The importance of considering the biological lipid bilayer environment in the MD simulations of membrane proteins is also discussed, using G-protein coupled receptors and ion channels as well as the drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes as relevant examples. Lastly, we discuss the emerging role of MD simulations in facilitating the pharmaceutical formulation development of drugs and candidate drugs. Specifically, we look at how MD can be used in studying the crystalline and amorphous solids, the stability of amorphous drug or drug-polymer formulations, and drug solubility. Moreover, since nanoparticle drug formulations are of great interest in the field of drug delivery research, different applications of nano-particle simulations are also briefly summarized using multiple recent studies as examples. In the future, the role of MD simulations in facilitating the drug development process is likely to grow substantially with the increasing computer power and advancements in the development of force fields and enhanced MD methodologies.
Collapse
|
16
|
Yu Y, Zhou JP, Jin YH, Wang X, Shi XX, Yu P, Zhong M, Yang Y. Guanidinothiosialoside-Human Serum Albumin Conjugate Mimics mucin Barrier to Restrict Influenza Infection. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:84-91. [PMID: 32522538 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A guanidinothiosialoside-human serum albumin conjugate as mucin mimic was prepared via a copper-free click reaction. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) indicated that three sialoside groups were grafted onto the protein backbone. The synthetic glycoconjugate exhibited strong influenza virion capture and trapping capability. Further mechanistic studies showed that this neomucin bound tightly to neuraminidase on the surface of influenza virus with a dissociation constant (KD) in the nanomolar range and had potent antiviral activity against a broad spectrum of virus strains. Most notably, the glycoconjugate acted as a biobarrier was able to protect Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells from influenza viral infection with 50% effective concentrations (EC50) in the nanomolar range and showed no cytotoxicity towards Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC) at high concentrations. This research establishes an attractive strategy for the development of new multivalent antiviral agents based on mucin structure. Moreover, the method for the functionalization of the natural biological macromolecular scaffold with bioactive small molecules also lays the experimental foundation for potential biomedical and biomaterial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, TEDA, Tianjin 300457,China; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, TEDA, Tianjin 300457,China
| | - Jia-Ping Zhou
- Research Centre of Modern Analytical Technology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Yin-Hua Jin
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, TEDA, Tianjin 300457,China; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, TEDA, Tianjin 300457,China
| | - Xue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, TEDA, Tianjin 300457,China; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, TEDA, Tianjin 300457,China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Shi
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, TEDA, Tianjin 300457,China; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, TEDA, Tianjin 300457,China
| | - Peng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, TEDA, Tianjin 300457,China; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, TEDA, Tianjin 300457,China.
| | - Ming Zhong
- Medical College, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512026, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, TEDA, Tianjin 300457,China; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, TEDA, Tianjin 300457,China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Buffone A, Weaver VM. Don't sugarcoat it: How glycocalyx composition influences cancer progression. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:133536. [PMID: 31874115 PMCID: PMC7039198 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201910070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Buffone and Weaver discuss how the structure of the backbones and glycans of the tumor glycocalyx governs cell–matrix interactions and directs cancer progression. Mechanical interactions between tumors and the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the surrounding tissues have profound effects on a wide variety of cellular functions. An underappreciated mediator of tumor–ECM interactions is the glycocalyx, the sugar-decorated proteins and lipids that act as a buffer between the tumor and the ECM, which in turn mediates all cell-tissue mechanics. Importantly, tumors have an increase in the density of the glycocalyx, which in turn increases the tension of the cell membrane, alters tissue mechanics, and drives a more cancerous phenotype. In this review, we describe the basic components of the glycocalyx and the glycan moieties implicated in cancer. Next, we examine the important role the glycocalyx plays in driving tension-mediated cancer cell signaling through a self-enforcing feedback loop that expands the glycocalyx and furthers cancer progression. Finally, we discuss current tools used to edit the composition of the glycocalyx and the future challenges in leveraging these tools into a novel tractable approach to treat cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Buffone
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Valerie M Weaver
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Departments of Radiation Oncology and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cosgun ZC, Fels B, Kusche-Vihrog K. Nanomechanics of the Endothelial Glycocalyx. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:732-741. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
19
|
Delgadillo LF, Marsh GA, Waugh RE. Endothelial Glycocalyx Layer Properties and Its Ability to Limit Leukocyte Adhesion. Biophys J 2020; 118:1564-1575. [PMID: 32135082 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx layer (EGL), which consists of long proteoglycans protruding from the endothelium, acts as a regulator of inflammation by preventing leukocyte engagement with adhesion molecules on the endothelial surface. The amount of resistance to adhesive events the EGL provides is the result of two properties: EGL thickness and stiffness. To determine these, we used an atomic force microscope to indent the surfaces of cultured endothelial cells with a glass bead and evaluated two different approaches for interpreting the resulting force-indentation curves. In one, we treat the EGL as a molecular brush, and in the other, we treat it as a thin elastic layer on an elastic half-space. The latter approach proved more robust in our hands and yielded a thickness of 110 nm and a modulus of 0.025 kPa. Neither value showed significant dependence on indentation rate. The brush model indicated a larger layer thickness (∼350 nm) but tended to result in larger uncertainties in the fitted parameters. The modulus of the endothelial cell was determined to be 3.0-6.5 kPa (1.5-2.5 kPa for the brush model), with a significant increase in modulus with increasing indentation rates. For forces and leukocyte properties in the physiological range, a model of a leukocyte interacting with the endothelium predicts that the number of molecules within bonding range should decrease by an order of magnitude because of the presence of a 110-nm-thick layer and even further for a glycocalyx with larger thickness. Consistent with these predictions, neutrophil adhesion increased for endothelial cells with reduced EGL thickness because they were grown in the absence of fluid shear stress. These studies establish a framework for understanding how glycocalyx layers with different thickness and stiffness limit adhesive events under homeostatic conditions and how glycocalyx damage or removal will increase leukocyte adhesion potential during inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis F Delgadillo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Graham A Marsh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Richard E Waugh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Spontaneous shrinking of soft nanoparticles boosts their diffusion in confined media. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4294. [PMID: 31541104 PMCID: PMC6754464 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12246-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving nanoparticles (NPs) transport across biological barriers is a significant challenge that could be addressed through understanding NPs diffusion in dense and confined media. Here, we report the ability of soft NPs to shrink in confined environments, therefore boosting their diffusion compared to hard, non-deformable particles. We demonstrate this behavior by embedding microgel NPs in agarose gels. The origin of the shrinking appears to be related to the overlap of the electrostatic double layers (EDL) surrounding the NPs and the agarose fibres. Indeed, it is shown that screening the EDL interactions, by increasing the ionic strength of the medium, prevents the soft particle shrinkage. The shrunken NPs diffuse up to 2 orders of magnitude faster in agarose gel than their hard NP counterparts. These findings provide valuable insights on the role of long range interactions on soft NPs dynamics in crowded environments, and help rationalize the design of more efficient NP-based transport systems.
Collapse
|
21
|
Winklbauer R. Dynamic cell–cell adhesion mediated by pericellular matrix interaction – a hypothesis. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:132/16/jcs231597. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.231597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Cell–cell adhesion strength, measured as tissue surface tension, spans an enormous 1000-fold range when different cell types are compared. However, the examination of basic mechanical principles of cell adhesion indicates that cadherin-based and related mechanisms are not able to promote the high-strength adhesion experimentally observed in many late embryonic or malignant tissues. Therefore, the hypothesis is explored that the interaction of the pericellular matrices of cells generates strong adhesion by a mechanism akin to the self-adhesion/self-healing of dynamically cross-linked hydrogels. Quantitative data from biofilm matrices support this model. The mechanism links tissue surface tension to pericellular matrix stiffness. Moreover, it explains the wide, matrix-filled spaces around cells in liquid-like, yet highly cohesive, tissues, and it rehabilitates aspects of the original interpretation of classical cell sorting experiments, as expressed in Steinberg's differential adhesion hypothesis: that quantitative differences in adhesion energies between cells are sufficient to drive sorting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Winklbauer
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sáez P, Gallo D, Morbiducci U. Mechanotransmission of haemodynamic forces by the endothelial glycocalyx in a full-scale arterial model. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190607. [PMID: 31312506 PMCID: PMC6599767 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The glycocalyx has been identified as a key mechano-sensor of the shear forces exerted by streaming blood onto the vascular endothelial lining. Although the biochemical reaction to the blood flow has been extensively studied, the mechanism of transmission of the haemodynamic shear forces to the endothelial transmembrane anchoring structures and, consequently, to the subcellular elements in the cytoskeleton, is still not fully understood. Here we apply a multiscale approach to elucidate how haemodynamic shear forces are transmitted to the transmembrane anchors of endothelial cells. Wall shear stress time histories, as obtained from image-based computational haemodynamics models of a carotid bifurcation, are used as a load and a continuum model is applied to obtain the mechanical response of the glycocalyx all along the cardiac cycle. The main findings of this in silico study are that: (1) the forces transmitted to the transmembrane anchors are in the range of 1-10 pN, which is in the order of magnitude reported for the different conformational states of transmembrane mechanotranductors; (2) locally, the forces transmitted to the anchors of the glycocalyx structure can be markedly different from the near-wall haemodynamic shear forces both in amplitude and frequency content. The findings of this in silico approach warrant future studies focusing on the actual forces transmitted to the transmembrane mechanotransductors, which might outperform haemodynamic descriptors of disturbed shear as localizing factors of vascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P. Sáez
- Laboratori de Càlcul Numèric (LàCaN), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Graduate School of Mathematics (BGSMath), Barcelona, Spain
| | - D. Gallo
- PoliTo Med Lab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - U. Morbiducci
- PoliTo Med Lab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|