1
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Adamczuk K, Ngo TH, Czapiński J, Rivero-Müller A. Glycoprotein-glycoprotein Receptor Binding Detection Using Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer. Endocrinology 2024; 165:bqae052. [PMID: 38679471 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqae052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The glycoprotein receptors, members of the large G protein-coupled receptor family, are characterized by a large extracellular domains responsible for binding their glycoprotein hormones. Hormone-receptor interactions are traditionally analyzed by ligand-binding assays, most often using radiolabeling but also by thermal shift assays. Despite their high sensitivity, these assays require appropriate laboratory conditions and, often, purified plasma cell membranes, which do not provide information on receptor localization or activity because the assays typically focus on measuring binding only. Here, we apply bioluminescence resonance energy transfer in living cells to determine hormone-receptor interactions between a Gaussia luciferase (Gluc)-luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin receptor (LHCGR) fusion and its ligands (human chorionic gonadotropin or LH) fused to the enhanced green fluorescent protein. The Gluc-LHCGR, as well as other Gluc-G protein-coupled receptors such as the somatostatin and the C-X-C motif chemokine receptors, is expressed on the plasma membrane, where luminescence activity is equal to membrane receptor expression, and is fully functional. The chimeric enhanced green fluorescent protein-ligands are properly secreted from cells and able to bind and activate the wild-type LHCGR as well as the Gluc-LHCGR. Finally, bioluminescence resonance energy transfer was used to determine the interactions between clinically relevant mutations of the hormones and the LHCGR that show that this bioassay provides a fast and effective, safe, and cost-efficient tool to assist the molecular characterization of mutations in either the receptor or ligand and that it is compatible with downstream cellular assays to determine receptor activation/function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Adamczuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Thu Ha Ngo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jakub Czapiński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Adolfo Rivero-Müller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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2
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Stampelou M, Ladds G, Kolocouris A. Computational Workflow for Refining AlphaFold Models in Drug Design Using Kinetic and Thermodynamic Binding Calculations: A Case Study for the Unresolved Inactive Human Adenosine A 3 Receptor. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:914-936. [PMID: 38236582 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c05986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
A structure-based drug design pipeline that considers both thermodynamic and kinetic binding data of ligands against a receptor will enable the computational design of improved drug molecules. For unresolved GPCR-ligand complexes, a workflow that can apply both thermodynamic and kinetic binding data in combination with alpha-fold (AF)-derived or other homology models and experimentally resolved binding modes of relevant ligands in GPCR-homologs needs to be tested. Here, as test case, we studied a congeneric set of ligands that bind to a structurally unresolved G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), the inactive human adenosine A3 receptor (hA3R). We tested three available homology models from which two have been generated from experimental structures of hA1R or hA2AR and one model was a multistate alphafold 2 (AF2)-derived model. We applied alchemical calculations with thermodynamic integration coupled with molecular dynamics (TI/MD) simulations to calculate the experimental relative binding free energies and residence time (τ)-random accelerated MD (τ-RAMD) simulations to calculate the relative residence times (RTs) for antagonists. While the TI/MD calculations produced, for the three homology models, good Pearson correlation coefficients, correspondingly, r = 0.74, 0.62, and 0.67 and mean unsigned error (mue) values of 0.94, 1.31, and 0.81 kcal mol-1, the τ-RAMD method showed r = 0.92 and 0.52 for the first two models but failed to produce accurate results for the multistate AF2-derived model. With subsequent optimization of the AF2-derived model by reorientation of the side chain of R1735.34 located in the extracellular loop 2 (EL2) that blocked ligand's unbinding, the computational model showed r = 0.84 for kinetic data and improved performance for thermodynamic data (r = 0.81, mue = 0.56 kcal mol-1). Overall, after refining the multistate AF2 model with physics-based tools, we were able to show a strong correlation between predicted and experimental ligand relative residence times and affinities, achieving a level of accuracy comparable to an experimental structure. The computational workflow used can be applied to other receptors, helping to rank candidate drugs in a congeneric series and enabling the prioritization of leads with stronger binding affinities and longer residence times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Stampelou
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Graham Ladds
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, U.K
| | - Antonios Kolocouris
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
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3
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McNaught-Flores DA, Kooistra AJ, Chen YC, Arias-Montano JA, Panula P, Leurs R. Pharmacological Characterization of the Zebrafish (Danio Rerio) Histamine H 1 Receptor Reveals the Involvement of the Second Extracellular Loop in the Binding of Histamine. Mol Pharmacol 2024; 105:84-96. [PMID: 37977823 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.123.000741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) histamine H1 receptor gene (zfH1R) was cloned in 2007 and reported to be involved in fish locomotion. Yet, no detailed characterization of its pharmacology and signaling properties have so far been reported. In this study, we pharmacologically characterized the zfH1R expressed in HEK-293T cells by means of [3H]-mepyramine binding and G protein-signaling assays. The zfH1R [dissociation constant (KD), 0.7 nM] displayed similar affinity for the antagonist [3H]-mepyramine as the human histamine H1 receptor (hH1R) (KD, 1.5 nM), whereas the affinity for histamine is 100-fold higher than for the human H1R. The zfH1R couples to Gαq/11 proteins and activates several reporter genes, i.e., NFAT, NFϰB, CRE, VEGF, COX-2, SRE, and AP-1, and zfH1R-mediated signaling is prevented by the Gαq/11 inhibitor YM-254890 and the antagonist mepyramine. Molecular modeling of the zfH1R and human H1R shows that the binding pockets are identical, implying that variations along the ligand binding pathway could underly the differences in histamine affinity instead. Targeting differentially charged residues in extracellular loop 2 (ECL2) using site-directed mutagenesis revealed that Arg21045x55 is most likely involved in the binding process of histamine in zfH1R. This study aids the understanding of the pharmacological differences between H1R orthologs and the role of ECL2 in histamine binding and provides fundamental information for the understanding of the histaminergic system in the zebrafish. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The use of the zebrafish as in vivo models in neuroscience is growing exponentially, which asks for detailed characterization of the aminergic neurotransmitter systems in this model. This study is the first to pharmacologically characterize the zebrafish histamine H1 receptor after expression in HEK-293T cells. The results show a high pharmacological and functional resemblance with the human ortholog but also reveal interesting structural differences and unveils an important role of the second extracellular loop in histamine binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A McNaught-Flores
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines, and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (D.A.M.-F., A.J.K., R.L.); Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.J.K.); Department of Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (Y.-C.C., P.P.); and Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de México, México (J.-A.A.-M.)
| | - Albert J Kooistra
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines, and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (D.A.M.-F., A.J.K., R.L.); Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.J.K.); Department of Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (Y.-C.C., P.P.); and Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de México, México (J.-A.A.-M.)
| | - Yu-Chia Chen
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines, and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (D.A.M.-F., A.J.K., R.L.); Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.J.K.); Department of Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (Y.-C.C., P.P.); and Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de México, México (J.-A.A.-M.)
| | - Jose-Antonio Arias-Montano
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines, and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (D.A.M.-F., A.J.K., R.L.); Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.J.K.); Department of Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (Y.-C.C., P.P.); and Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de México, México (J.-A.A.-M.)
| | - Pertti Panula
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines, and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (D.A.M.-F., A.J.K., R.L.); Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.J.K.); Department of Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (Y.-C.C., P.P.); and Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de México, México (J.-A.A.-M.)
| | - Rob Leurs
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines, and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (D.A.M.-F., A.J.K., R.L.); Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.J.K.); Department of Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (Y.-C.C., P.P.); and Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de México, México (J.-A.A.-M.)
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4
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The chronological evolution of fluorescent GPCR probes for bioimaging. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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5
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Baljinnyam B, Ronzetti M, Simeonov A. Advances in luminescence-based technologies for drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2023; 18:25-35. [PMID: 36562206 PMCID: PMC9892298 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2160441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Luminescence-based technologies, specifically bioluminescence and chemiluminescence, are powerful tools with extensive use in drug discovery. Production of light during chemiluminescence and bioluminescence, unlike fluorescence, doesn't require an excitation light source, resulting in high signal-to-noise ratio, less background interference, and no issues from phototoxicity and photobleaching. These characteristics of luminescence technologies offer unique advantages for experimental designs, allowing for greater flexibility to target a wide range of proteins and biological processes for drug discovery at different stages. AREAS COVERED This review provides a basic overview of luciferase-based technologies and details recent advances and use cases of luciferase and luciferin variations and their applicability in the drug discovery toolset. The authors expand upon specific applications of luciferase technologies, including chemiluminescent and bioluminescent-based microscopy. Finally, the authors lay out forward-looking statements on the field of luminescence and how it may shape the translational scientists' work moving forward. EXPERT OPINION The demand for improved luciferase and luciferin pairs correlates strongly with efforts to improve the sensitivity and robustness of high-throughput assays. As luminescent reporter systems improve, so will the expansion of use cases for luminescence-based technologies in early-stage drug discovery. With the synthesis of novel, non-enzymatic chemiluminescence-based probes, which previously were restrained to only basic research applications, they may now be readily implemented in drug discovery campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolormaa Baljinnyam
- Staff Scientist, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Michael Ronzetti
- Predoctoral IRTA Fellow, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Anton Simeonov
- Group Leader, Scientific Director, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
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6
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Yu Z, Cary BP, Kim TW, Nguyen KD, Gardella TJ, Gellman SH. Kinetic and Thermodynamic Insights into Agonist Interactions with the Parathyroid Hormone Receptor-1 from a New NanoBRET Assay. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:3148-3158. [PMID: 36282520 PMCID: PMC9747329 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Polypeptides that activate the parathyroid hormone receptor-1 (PTHR1) are important in human physiology and medicine. Most previous studies of peptide binding to this receptor have involved the displacement of a radiolabeled ligand. We report a new assay format based on bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET). Fusion of a NanoLuc luciferase (nLuc) unit to the N-terminus of the PTHR1 allows the direct detection of binding by an agonist peptide bearing a tetramethylrhodamine (TMR) unit. Affinity measurements from the BRET assay align well with results previously obtained via radioligand displacement. The BRET assay offers substantial operational benefits relative to affinity measurements involving radioactive compounds. The convenience of the new assay allowed us to explore several questions raised by earlier reports. For example, we show that although the first two residues of PTH(1-34) (the drug teriparatide) are critical for PTHR1 activation, these two residues contribute little or nothing to affinity. Comparisons among the well-studied agonists PTH(1-34), PTHrP(1-34), and "long-acting PTH" (LA-PTH) reveal that the high affinity of LA-PTH arises largely from a diminished rate constant for dissociation relative to the other two. A D-peptide recently reported to be comparable to PTH(1-34) as an agonist of the PTHR1 was found not to bind detectably to the receptor and to be a very weak agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Brian P. Cary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Tae Wook Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Kevin D. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Thomas J. Gardella
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Samuel H. Gellman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
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7
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Kok ZY, Stoddart LA, Mistry SJ, Mocking TAM, Vischer HF, Leurs R, Hill SJ, Mistry SN, Kellam B. Optimization of Peptide Linker-Based Fluorescent Ligands for the Histamine H 1 Receptor. J Med Chem 2022; 65:8258-8288. [PMID: 35734860 PMCID: PMC9234962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The histamine H1 receptor (H1R) has recently been implicated in mediating cell proliferation and cancer progression; therefore, high-affinity H1R-selective fluorescent ligands are desirable tools for further investigation of this behavior in vitro and in vivo. We previously reported a H1R fluorescent ligand, bearing a peptide-linker, based on antagonist VUF13816 and sought to further explore structure-activity relationships (SARs) around the linker, orthostere, and fluorescent moieties. Here, we report a series of high-affinity H1R fluorescent ligands varying in peptide linker composition, orthosteric targeting moiety, and fluorophore. Incorporation of a boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) 630/650-based fluorophore conferred high binding affinity to our H1R fluorescent ligands, remarkably overriding the linker SAR observed in corresponding unlabeled congeners. Compound 31a, both potent and subtype-selective, enabled H1R visualization using confocal microscopy at a concentration of 10 nM. Molecular docking of 31a with the human H1R predicts that the optimized peptide linker makes interactions with key residues in the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yuan Kok
- Division of Biomolecular Science and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, the Midlands, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K
| | - Leigh A Stoddart
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Medical School, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, the Midlands, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K
| | - Sarah J Mistry
- Division of Biomolecular Science and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, the Midlands, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K
| | - Tamara A M Mocking
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelean 1083, 1083 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henry F Vischer
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelean 1083, 1083 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Leurs
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelean 1083, 1083 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Medical School, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, the Midlands, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K
| | - Shailesh N Mistry
- Division of Biomolecular Science and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Barrie Kellam
- Division of Biomolecular Science and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, the Midlands, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K
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8
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Zheng Y, Wágner G, Hauwert N, Ma X, Vischer HF, Leurs R. New Chemical Biology Tools for the Histamine Receptor Family. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 59:3-28. [PMID: 35851442 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The histamine research community has in the last decade been very active and generated a number of exciting new chemical biology tools for the study of histamine receptors, their ligands, and their pharmacology. In this paper we describe the development of histamine receptor structural biology, the use of receptor conformational biosensors, and the development of new ligands for covalent or fluorescent labeling or for photopharmacological approaches (photocaging and photoswitching). These new tools allow new approaches to study histamine receptors and hopefully will lead to better insights in the molecular aspects of histamine receptors and their ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gábor Wágner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Niels Hauwert
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaoyuan Ma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henry F Vischer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Leurs
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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9
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Suchankova A, Harris M, Ladds G. Measuring the rapid kinetics of receptor-ligand interactions in live cells using NanoBRET. Methods Cell Biol 2021; 166:1-14. [PMID: 34752328 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2021.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The importance of receptor-ligand binding kinetics has often been overlooked during drug development, however, over the past decade it has become increasingly clear that a better understanding of the kinetic parameters is crucial for fully evaluating pharmacological effects of a drug. One technique enabling us to measure the real-time kinetics of receptor-ligand interactions in live cells is NanoBRET, which is a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET)-based assay that uses Nano luciferase. The assay described here allows the measurement of kinetic parameters of a fluorescent ligand and an unlabeled ligand binding to the same place at the receptor, as well as monitoring the effects of another compound like an allosteric modulator on the ligand binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Suchankova
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Harris
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Ladds
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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10
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Yang L, Zhu X, Finlay DB, Glass M, Duffull SB. Exploring group size for statistical analysis of real-time signalling experiments. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:3997-4004. [PMID: 34031869 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Classical pharmacological bioassays generally use observed effects from a concentration series, at a single equilibrium time point to construct a concentration-effect curve, representing one experiment. However, if the full kinetic profile of the effect data for each concentration was evaluated simultaneously, then the analysis would be more powerful. In this work, we explore if more precise parameters can be achieved by using the full kinetic method. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We used a simulation estimation study to explore the influence of kinetic analysis on the precision of the Emax model parameter estimates (Emax and C50 ). We compared a full kinetic approach in which all effect versus time data from a theoretical real-time signalling experiment were analysed simultaneously with a 'reference' approach. The theoretical real-time signalling experiment was based on a previously published CB2 receptor-binding experiment. KEY RESULTS The reference method with a group size (n) of 5 provided highly precise parameter estimates (coefficient of variation [CV] 3.4% for Emax and 0.72% for C50 ). A full kinetic method provided more precise estimates than the reference with equal or smaller group sizes. Note that group size 'n' here refers to the number of technical replicates rather than the number of biological replicates. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS A full kinetic method can yield more precise parameter estimates than the equilibrium method. Such an approach may be more useful for researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yang
- Otago Pharmacometrics Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Xiao Zhu
- Otago Pharmacometrics Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - David B Finlay
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michelle Glass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Stephen B Duffull
- Otago Pharmacometrics Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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11
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Borgarelli C, Klingl YE, Escamilla-Ayala A, Munck S, Van Den Bosch L, De Borggraeve WM, Ismalaj E. Lighting Up the Plasma Membrane: Development and Applications of Fluorescent Ligands for Transmembrane Proteins. Chemistry 2021; 27:8605-8641. [PMID: 33733502 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that transmembrane proteins represent the main therapeutic targets for decades, complete and in-depth knowledge about their biochemical and pharmacological profiling is not fully available. In this regard, target-tailored small-molecule fluorescent ligands are a viable approach to fill in the missing pieces of the puzzle. Such tools, coupled with the ability of high-precision optical techniques to image with an unprecedented resolution at a single-molecule level, helped unraveling many of the conundrums related to plasma proteins' life-cycle and druggability. Herein, we review the recent progress made during the last two decades in fluorescent ligand design and potential applications in fluorescence microscopy of voltage-gated ion channels, ligand-gated ion channels and G-coupled protein receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Borgarelli
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Design and Synthesis, KU Leuven Campus Arenberg Celestijnenlaan 200F -, box 2404, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yvonne E Klingl
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg O&N5 -, box 602 Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Neurobiology, VIB, Center for Brain &, Disease Research, VIB-KU Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg O&N5 -, box 602 Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Abril Escamilla-Ayala
- Center for Brain & Disease Research, & VIB BioImaging Core, VIB-KU Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg O&N5 -, box 602 Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N5 - box 602 Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sebastian Munck
- Center for Brain & Disease Research, & VIB BioImaging Core, VIB-KU Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg O&N5 -, box 602 Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N5 - box 602 Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ludo Van Den Bosch
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg O&N5 -, box 602 Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Neurobiology, VIB, Center for Brain &, Disease Research, VIB-KU Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg O&N5 -, box 602 Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim M De Borggraeve
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Design and Synthesis, KU Leuven Campus Arenberg Celestijnenlaan 200F -, box 2404, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ermal Ismalaj
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Design and Synthesis, KU Leuven Campus Arenberg Celestijnenlaan 200F -, box 2404, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
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12
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Goulding J, Mistry SJ, Soave M, Woolard J, Briddon SJ, White CW, Kellam B, Hill SJ. Subtype selective fluorescent ligands based on ICI 118,551 to study the human β2-adrenoceptor in CRISPR/Cas9 genome-edited HEK293T cells at low expression levels. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00779. [PMID: 34003582 PMCID: PMC8130569 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent ligand technologies have proved to be powerful tools to improve our understanding of ligand‐receptor interactions. Here we have characterized a small focused library of nine fluorescent ligands based on the highly selective β2‐adrenoceptor (β2AR) antagonist ICI 118,551. The majority of fluorescent ICI 118,551 analogs had good affinity for the β2AR (pKD >7.0) with good selectivity over the β1AR (pKD <6.0). The most potent and selective ligands being 8c (ICI 118,551‐Gly‐Ala‐BODIPY‐FL‐X; β2AR pKD 7.48), 9c (ICI 118,551‐βAla‐βAla‐BODIPY‐FL‐X; β2AR pKD 7.48), 12a (ICI 118,551‐PEG‐BODIPY‐X‐630/650; β2AR pKD 7.56), and 12b (ICI 118,551‐PEG‐BODIPY‐FL; β2AR pKD 7.42). 9a (ICI 118,551‐βAla‐βAla‐BODIPY‐X‐630/650) had the highest affinity at recombinant β2ARs (pKD 7.57), but also exhibited significant binding affinity to the β1AR (pKD 6.69). Nevertheless, among the red fluorescent ligands, 9a had the best imaging characteristics in recombinant HEK293 T cells and labeling was mostly confined to the cell surface. In contrast, 12a showed the highest propensity to label intracellular β2ARs in HEK293 T cell expressing exogenous β2ARs. This suggests that a combination of the polyethylene glycol (PEG) linker and the BODIPY‐X‐630/650 makes this ICI 118,551 derivative particularly susceptible to crossing the cell membrane to access the intracellular β2ARs. We have also used these ligands in combination with CRISPR/Cas9 genome‐edited HEK293 T cells to undertake for the first time real‐time ligand binding to native HEK293 T β2ARs at low native receptor expression levels. These studies provided quantitative data on ligand‐binding characteristics but also allowed real‐time visualization of the ligand‐binding interactions in genome‐edited cells using NanoBRET luminescence imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle Goulding
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Sarah J Mistry
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK.,School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mark Soave
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Jeanette Woolard
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Stephen J Briddon
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Carl W White
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK.,Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Australia
| | - Barrie Kellam
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK.,School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
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13
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Ma X, Segura MA, Zarzycka B, Vischer HF, Leurs R. Analysis of Missense Variants in the Human Histamine Receptor Family Reveals Increased Constitutive Activity of E410 6.30×30K Variant in the Histamine H 1 Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073702. [PMID: 33918180 PMCID: PMC8038156 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Exome Aggregation Consortium has collected the protein-encoding DNA sequences of almost 61,000 unrelated humans. Analysis of this dataset for G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) proteins (available at GPCRdb) revealed a total of 463 naturally occurring genetic missense variations in the histamine receptor family. In this research, we have analyzed the distribution of these missense variations in the four histamine receptor subtypes concerning structural segments and sites important for GPCR function. Four missense variants R1273.52×52H, R13934.57×57H, R4096.29×29H, and E4106.30×30K, were selected for the histamine H1 receptor (H1R) that were hypothesized to affect receptor activity by interfering with the interaction pattern of the highly conserved D(E)RY motif, the so-called ionic lock. The E4106.30×30K missense variant displays higher constitutive activity in G protein signaling as compared to wild-type H1R, whereas the opposite was observed for R1273.52×52H, R13934.57×57H, and R4096.29×29H. The E4106.30×30K missense variant displays a higher affinity for the endogenous agonist histamine than wild-type H1R, whereas antagonist affinity was not affected. These data support the hypothesis that the E4106.30×30K mutation shifts the equilibrium towards active conformations. The study of these selected missense variants gives additional insight into the structural basis of H1R activation and, moreover, highlights that missense variants can result in pharmacologically different behavior as compared to wild-type receptors and should consequently be considered in the drug discovery process.
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14
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Soave M, Stoddart LA, White CW, Kilpatrick LE, Goulding J, Briddon SJ, Hill SJ. Detection of genome-edited and endogenously expressed G protein-coupled receptors. FEBS J 2021; 288:2585-2601. [PMID: 33506623 PMCID: PMC8647918 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of membrane receptors and major targets for FDA-approved drugs. The ability to quantify GPCR expression and ligand binding characteristics in different cell types and tissues is therefore important for drug discovery. The advent of genome editing along with developments in fluorescent ligand design offers exciting new possibilities to probe GPCRs in their native environment. This review provides an overview of the recent technical advances employed to study the localisation and ligand binding characteristics of genome-edited and endogenously expressed GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Soave
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of NottinghamUK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE)University of Birmingham and University of NottinghamThe MidlandsUK
| | - Leigh A. Stoddart
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of NottinghamUK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE)University of Birmingham and University of NottinghamThe MidlandsUK
| | - Carl W. White
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE)University of Birmingham and University of NottinghamThe MidlandsUK
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical ResearchQEII Medical CentreThe University of Western AustraliaNedlandsAustralia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics TechnologiesAustralia
| | - Laura E. Kilpatrick
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE)University of Birmingham and University of NottinghamThe MidlandsUK
- Division of Biomolecular Science and Medicinal ChemistrySchool of Pharmacy, Biodiscovery InstituteUniversity of NottinghamUK
| | - Joëlle Goulding
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of NottinghamUK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE)University of Birmingham and University of NottinghamThe MidlandsUK
| | - Stephen J. Briddon
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of NottinghamUK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE)University of Birmingham and University of NottinghamThe MidlandsUK
| | - Stephen J. Hill
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of NottinghamUK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE)University of Birmingham and University of NottinghamThe MidlandsUK
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15
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Mehta P, Miszta P, Filipek S. Molecular Modeling of Histamine Receptors-Recent Advances in Drug Discovery. Molecules 2021; 26:1778. [PMID: 33810008 PMCID: PMC8004658 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent developments of fast reliable docking, virtual screening and other algorithms gave rise to discovery of many novel ligands of histamine receptors that could be used for treatment of allergic inflammatory disorders, central nervous system pathologies, pain, cancer and obesity. Furthermore, the pharmacological profiles of ligands clearly indicate that these receptors may be considered as targets not only for selective but also for multi-target drugs that could be used for treatment of complex disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, analysis of protein-ligand recognition in the binding site of histamine receptors and also other molecular targets has become a valuable tool in drug design toolkit. This review covers the period 2014-2020 in the field of theoretical investigations of histamine receptors mostly based on molecular modeling as well as the experimental characterization of novel ligands of these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sławomir Filipek
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland or (P.M.); (P.M.)
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16
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Comeo E, Trinh P, Nguyen AT, Nowell CJ, Kindon ND, Soave M, Stoddart LA, White JM, Hill SJ, Kellam B, Halls ML, May LT, Scammells PJ. Development and Application of Subtype-Selective Fluorescent Antagonists for the Study of the Human Adenosine A 1 Receptor in Living Cells. J Med Chem 2021; 64:6670-6695. [PMID: 33724031 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The adenosine A1 receptor (A1AR) is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that provides important therapeutic opportunities for a number of conditions including congestive heart failure, tachycardia, and neuropathic pain. The development of A1AR-selective fluorescent ligands will enhance our understanding of the subcellular mechanisms underlying A1AR pharmacology facilitating the development of more efficacious and selective therapies. Herein, we report the design, synthesis, and application of a novel series of A1AR-selective fluorescent probes based on 8-functionalized bicyclo[2.2.2]octylxanthine and 3-functionalized 8-(adamant-1-yl) xanthine scaffolds. These fluorescent conjugates allowed quantification of kinetic and equilibrium ligand binding parameters using NanoBRET and visualization of specific receptor distribution patterns in living cells by confocal imaging and total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. As such, the novel A1AR-selective fluorescent antagonists described herein can be applied in conjunction with a series of fluorescence-based techniques to foster understanding of A1AR molecular pharmacology and signaling in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Comeo
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Division of Biomolecular Sciences and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, B15 2TT and University of Nottingham, Birmingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Phuc Trinh
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Anh T Nguyen
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Cameron J Nowell
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Nicholas D Kindon
- Division of Biomolecular Sciences and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, B15 2TT and University of Nottingham, Birmingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Soave
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, B15 2TT and University of Nottingham, Birmingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Leigh A Stoddart
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, B15 2TT and University of Nottingham, Birmingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M White
- School of Chemistry and the Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, B15 2TT and University of Nottingham, Birmingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Barrie Kellam
- Division of Biomolecular Sciences and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, B15 2TT and University of Nottingham, Birmingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle L Halls
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Lauren T May
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Peter J Scammells
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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17
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Molecular Determinants of the Kinetic Binding Properties of Antihistamines at the Histamine H 1 Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052400. [PMID: 33673686 PMCID: PMC7957501 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The binding affinity of ligands for their receptors is determined by their kinetic and thermodynamic binding properties. Kinetic analyses of the rate constants of association and dissociation (kon and koff, respectively) of antihistamines have suggested that second-generation antihistamines have a long duration of action owing to the long residence time (1/koff) at the H1 receptors. In this study, we examined the relationship between the kinetic and thermodynamic binding properties of antihistamines, followed by an evaluation of the structural determinants responsible for their kinetic binding properties using quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analyses. We found that whereas the binding enthalpy and entropy might contribute to the increase and decrease, respectively, in the koff values, there was no significant relationship with the kon values. QSAR analyses indicated that kon and koff values could be determined by the descriptors FASA_H (water-accessible surface area of all hydrophobic atoms divided by total water-accessible surface area) and vsurf_CW2 (a 3D molecular field descriptor weighted by capacity factor 2, the ratio of the hydrophilic surface to the total molecular surface), respectively. These findings provide further insight into the mechanisms by which the kinetic binding properties of antihistamines are regulated by their thermodynamic binding forces and physicochemical properties.
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18
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Weihs F, Anderson A, Trowell S, Caron K. Resonance Energy Transfer-Based Biosensors for Point-of-Need Diagnosis-Progress and Perspectives. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:660. [PMID: 33477883 PMCID: PMC7833371 DOI: 10.3390/s21020660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The demand for point-of-need (PON) diagnostics for clinical and other applications is continuing to grow. Much of this demand is currently serviced by biosensors, which combine a bioanalytical sensing element with a transducing device that reports results to the user. Ideally, such devices are easy to use and do not require special skills of the end user. Application-dependent, PON devices may need to be capable of measuring low levels of analytes very rapidly, and it is often helpful if they are also portable. To date, only two transduction modalities, colorimetric lateral flow immunoassays (LFIs) and electrochemical assays, fully meet these requirements and have been widely adopted at the point-of-need. These modalities are either non-quantitative (LFIs) or highly analyte-specific (electrochemical glucose meters), therefore requiring considerable modification if they are to be co-opted for measuring other biomarkers. Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (RET)-based biosensors incorporate a quantitative and highly versatile transduction modality that has been extensively used in biomedical research laboratories. RET-biosensors have not yet been applied at the point-of-need despite its advantages over other established techniques. In this review, we explore and discuss recent developments in the translation of RET-biosensors for PON diagnoses, including their potential benefits and drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Weihs
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Parkville, 343 Royal Parade, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia;
| | - Alisha Anderson
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Black Mountain, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia;
| | - Stephen Trowell
- PPB Technology Pty Ltd., Centre for Entrepreneurial Agri-Technology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;
| | - Karine Caron
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Black Mountain, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia;
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19
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New small molecule fluorescent probes for G protein-coupled receptors: valuable tools for drug discovery. Future Med Chem 2020; 13:63-90. [PMID: 33319586 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2019-0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are essential signaling proteins and tractable therapeutic targets. To develop new drug candidates, GPCR drug discovery programs require versatile, sensitive pharmacological tools for ligand binding and compound screening. With the availability of new imaging modalities and proximity-based ligand binding technologies, fluorescent ligands offer many advantages and are increasingly being used, yet labeling small molecules remains considerably more challenging relative to peptides. Focusing on recent fluorescent small molecule studies for family A GPCRs, this review addresses some of the key challenges, synthesis approaches and structure-activity relationship considerations, and discusses advantages of using high-resolution GPCR structures to inform conjugation strategies. While no single approach guarantees successful labeling without loss of affinity or selectivity, the choice of fluorophore, linker type and site of attachment have proved to be critical factors that can significantly affect their utility in drug discovery programs, and as discussed, can sometimes lead to very unexpected results.
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20
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Allikalt A, Purkayastha N, Flad K, Schmidt MF, Tabor A, Gmeiner P, Hübner H, Weikert D. Fluorescent ligands for dopamine D 2/D 3 receptors. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21842. [PMID: 33318558 PMCID: PMC7736868 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78827-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent ligands are versatile tools for the study of G protein-coupled receptors. Depending on the fluorophore, they can be used for a range of different applications, including fluorescence microscopy and bioluminescence or fluorescence resonance energy transfer (BRET or FRET) assays. Starting from phenylpiperazines and indanylamines, privileged scaffolds for dopamine D2-like receptors, we developed dansyl-labeled fluorescent ligands that are well accommodated in the binding pockets of D2 and D3 receptors. These receptors are the target proteins for the therapy for several neurologic and psychiatric disorders, including Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia. The dansyl-labeled ligands exhibit binding affinities up to 0.44 nM and 0.29 nM at D2R and D3R, respectively. When the dansyl label was exchanged for sterically more demanding xanthene or cyanine dyes, fluorescent ligands 10a-c retained excellent binding properties and, as expected from their indanylamine pharmacophore, acted as agonists at D2R. While the Cy3B-labeled ligand 10b was used to visualize D2R and D3R on the surface of living cells by total internal reflection microscopy, ligand 10a comprising a rhodamine label showed excellent properties in a NanoBRET binding assay at D3R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Allikalt
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nirupam Purkayastha
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Khajidmaa Flad
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilian F Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alina Tabor
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Hübner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dorothee Weikert
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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21
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Krasitskaya VV, Bashmakova EE, Frank LA. Coelenterazine-Dependent Luciferases as a Powerful Analytical Tool for Research and Biomedical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7465. [PMID: 33050422 PMCID: PMC7590018 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
: The functioning of bioluminescent systems in most of the known marine organisms is based on the oxidation reaction of the same substrate-coelenterazine (CTZ), catalyzed by luciferase. Despite the diversity in structures and the functioning mechanisms, these enzymes can be united into a common group called CTZ-dependent luciferases. Among these, there are two sharply different types of the system organization-Ca2+-regulated photoproteins and luciferases themselves that function in accordance with the classical enzyme-substrate kinetics. Along with deep and comprehensive fundamental research on these systems, approaches and methods of their practical use as highly sensitive reporters in analytics have been developed. The research aiming at the creation of artificial luciferases and synthetic CTZ analogues with new unique properties has led to the development of new experimental analytical methods based on them. The commercial availability of many ready-to-use assay systems based on CTZ-dependent luciferases is also important when choosing them by first-time-users. The development of analytical methods based on these bioluminescent systems is currently booming. The bioluminescent systems under consideration were successfully applied in various biological research areas, which confirms them to be a powerful analytical tool. In this review, we consider the main directions, results, and achievements in research involving these luciferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilisa V. Krasitskaya
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS”, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (V.V.K.); (E.E.B.)
| | - Eugenia E. Bashmakova
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS”, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (V.V.K.); (E.E.B.)
| | - Ludmila A. Frank
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS”, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (V.V.K.); (E.E.B.)
- School of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal University, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
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22
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Grätz L, Tropmann K, Bresinsky M, Müller C, Bernhardt G, Pockes S. NanoBRET binding assay for histamine H 2 receptor ligands using live recombinant HEK293T cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13288. [PMID: 32764682 PMCID: PMC7414126 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70332-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence/luminescence-based techniques play an increasingly important role in the development of test systems for the characterization of future drug candidates, especially in terms of receptor binding in the field of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). In this article, we present the establishment of a homogeneous live cell-based BRET binding assay for the histamine H2 receptor with different fluorescently labeled squaramide-type compounds synthesized in the course of this study. Py-1-labeled ligand 8 (UR-KAT478) was found to be most suitable in BRET saturation binding experiments with respect to receptor affinity (pKd = 7.35) and signal intensity. Real-time kinetic experiments showed a full association of 8 within approximately 30 min and a slow dissociation of the ligand from the receptor. Investigation of reference compounds in BRET-based competition binding with 8 yielded pKi values in agreement with radioligand binding data. This study shows that the BRET binding assay is a versatile test system for the characterization of putative new ligands at the histamine H2 receptor and represents a valuable fluorescence-based alternative to canonical binding assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Grätz
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Tropmann
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Merlin Bresinsky
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Müller
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Günther Bernhardt
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Pockes
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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23
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Soave M, Briddon SJ, Hill SJ, Stoddart LA. Fluorescent ligands: Bringing light to emerging GPCR paradigms. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:978-991. [PMID: 31877233 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, several novel aspects of GPCR pharmacology have been described, which are thought to play a role in determining the in vivo efficacy of a compound. Fluorescent ligands have been used to study many of these, which have also required the development of new experimental approaches. Fluorescent ligands offer the potential to use the same fluorescent probe to perform a broad range of experiments, from single-molecule microscopy to in vivo BRET. This review provides an overview of the in vitro use of fluorescent ligands in further understanding emerging pharmacological paradigms within the GPCR field, including ligand-binding kinetics, allosterism and intracellular signalling, along with the use of fluorescent ligands to study physiologically relevant therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Soave
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Stephen J Briddon
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Leigh A Stoddart
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
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24
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Comeo E, Kindon ND, Soave M, Stoddart LA, Kilpatrick LE, Scammells PJ, Hill SJ, Kellam B. Subtype-Selective Fluorescent Ligands as Pharmacological Research Tools for the Human Adenosine A 2A Receptor. J Med Chem 2020; 63:2656-2672. [PMID: 31887252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Among class A G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), the human adenosine A2A receptor (hA2AAR) remains an attractive drug target. However, translation of A2AAR ligands into the clinic has proved challenging and an improved understanding of A2AAR pharmacology could promote development of more efficacious therapies. Subtype-selective fluorescent probes would allow detailed real-time pharmacological investigations both in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, two families of fluorescent probes were designed around the known hA2AAR selective antagonist preladenant (SCH 420814). Both families of fluorescent antagonists retained affinity at the hA2AAR, selectivity over all other adenosine receptor subtypes and allowed clear visualization of specific receptor localization through confocal imaging. Furthermore, the Alexa Fluor 647-labeled conjugate allowed measurement of ligand binding affinities of unlabeled hA2AAR antagonists using a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (NanoBRET) assay. The fluorescent ligands developed here can therefore be applied to a range of fluorescence-based techniques to further interrogate hA2AAR pharmacology and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Comeo
- Division of Biomolecular Sciences and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands NG7 2UH, U.K.,Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Nicholas D Kindon
- Division of Biomolecular Sciences and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands NG7 2UH, U.K
| | - Mark Soave
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands NG7 2UH, U.K
| | - Leigh A Stoddart
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands NG7 2UH, U.K
| | - Laura E Kilpatrick
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands NG7 2UH, U.K
| | - Peter J Scammells
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands NG7 2UH, U.K
| | - Barrie Kellam
- Division of Biomolecular Sciences and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands NG7 2UH, U.K
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25
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Georgi V, Dubrovskiy A, Steigele S, Fernández-Montalván AE. Considerations for improved performance of competition association assays analysed with the Motulsky-Mahan's "kinetics of competitive binding" model. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:4731-4744. [PMID: 31444916 PMCID: PMC7029771 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Target engagement dynamics can influence drugs' pharmacological effects. Kinetic parameters for drug:target interactions are often quantified by evaluating competition association experiments—measuring simultaneous protein binding of labelled tracers and unlabelled test compounds over time—with Motulsky–Mahan's “kinetics of competitive binding” model. Despite recent technical improvements, the current assay formats impose practical limitations to this approach. This study aims at the characterisation, understanding and prevention of these experimental constraints, and associated analytical challenges. Experimental Approach Monte Carlo simulations were used to run virtual kinetic and equilibrium tracer binding and competition experiments in both normal and perturbed assay conditions. Data were fitted to standard equations derived from the mass action law (including Motulsky–Mahan's) and to extended versions aiming to cope with frequently observed deviations of the canonical traces. Results were compared to assess the precision and accuracy of these models and identify experimental factors influencing their performance. Key Results Key factors influencing the precision and accuracy of the Motulsky–Mahan model are the interplay between compound dissociation rates, measurement time and interval frequency, tracer concentration and binding kinetics and the relative abundance of equilibrium complexes in vehicle controls. Experimental results produced recommendations for better design of tracer characterisation experiments and new strategies to deal with systematic signal decay. Conclusions and Implications Our data advances our comprehension of the Motulsky–Mahan kinetics of competitive binding models and provides experimental design recommendations, data analysis tools, and general guidelines for its practical application to in vitro pharmacology and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexey Dubrovskiy
- Research and Development, Genedata AG, Basel, Switzerland.,Software Engineering, Google Inc., Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Amaury E Fernández-Montalván
- Drug Discovery, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany.,Compound Screening, Institut de Recherches Servier, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
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26
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Kozielewicz P, Bowin CF, Turku A, Schulte G. A NanoBRET-Based Binding Assay for Smoothened Allows Real-time Analysis of Ligand Binding and Distinction of Two Binding Sites for BODIPY-cyclopamine. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 97:23-34. [PMID: 31707356 DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.118158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoothened (SMO) is a GPCR that mediates hedgehog signaling. Hedgehog binds the transmembrane protein Patched, which in turn regulates SMO activation. Overactive SMO signaling is oncogenic and is therefore a clinically established drug target. Here we establish a nanoluciferase bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (NanoBRET)-based ligand binding assay for SMO providing a sensitive and high throughput-compatible addition to the toolbox of GPCR pharmacologists. In the NanoBRET-based binding assay, SMO is N terminally tagged with nanoluciferase (Nluc) and binding of BODIPY-cyclopamine is assessed by quantifying resonance energy transfer between receptor and ligand. The assay allowed kinetic analysis of ligand-receptor binding in living HEK293 cells, competition binding experiments using commercially available SMO ligands (SANT-1, cyclopamine-KAAD, SAG1.3 and purmorphamine), and pharmacological dissection of two BODIPY-cyclopamine binding sites. This high throughput-compatible assay is superior to commonly used SMO ligand binding assays in the separation of specific from non-specific ligand binding and, provides a suitable complement to chemical biology strategies for the discovery of novel SMO-targeting drugs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: We established a NanoBRET-based binding assay for SMO with superior sensitivity compared to fluorescence-based assays. This assay allows distinction of two separate binding sites for BODIPY-cyclopamine on the SMO transmembrane core in live cells in real time. The assay is a valuable complement for drug discovery efforts and will support a better understanding of Class F GPCR pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Kozielewicz
- Section of Receptor Biology and Signaling, Department Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carl-Fredrik Bowin
- Section of Receptor Biology and Signaling, Department Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ainoleena Turku
- Section of Receptor Biology and Signaling, Department Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Schulte
- Section of Receptor Biology and Signaling, Department Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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27
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Soave M, Kellam B, Woolard J, Briddon SJ, Hill SJ. NanoBiT Complementation to Monitor Agonist-Induced Adenosine A 1 Receptor Internalization. SLAS DISCOVERY 2019; 25:186-194. [PMID: 31583945 PMCID: PMC6974774 DOI: 10.1177/2472555219880475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Receptor internalization in response to prolonged agonist treatment is an
important regulator of G protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) function. The adenosine
A1 receptor (A1AR) is one of the adenosine receptor
family of GPCRs, and evidence for its agonist-induced internalization is
equivocal. The recently developed NanoBiT technology uses split NanoLuc
Luciferase to monitor changes in protein interactions. We have modified the
human A1AR on the N-terminus with the small high-affinity HiBiT tag.
In the presence of the large NanoLuc subunit (LgBiT), complementation occurs,
reconstituting a full-length functional NanoLuc Luciferase. Here, we have used
complemented luminescence to monitor the internalization of the A1AR
in living HEK293 cells. Agonist treatment resulted in a robust decrease in
cell-surface luminescence, indicating an increase in A1AR
internalization. These responses were inhibited by the A1AR-selective
antagonist 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine (DPCPX), with an antagonist
affinity that closely matched that measured using ligand binding with a
fluorescent A1 receptor antagonist (CA200645). The agonist potencies
for inducing A1AR internalization were very similar to the affinities
previously determined by ligand binding, suggesting little or no amplification
of the internalization response. By complementing the HiBiT tag to exogenous
purified LgBiT, it was also possible to perform NanoBRET ligand-binding
experiments using HiBiT–A1AR. This study demonstrates the use of
NanoBiT technology to monitor internalization of the A1AR and offers
the potential to combine these experiments with NanoBRET ligand-binding
assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Soave
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
| | - Barrie Kellam
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK.,School of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jeanette Woolard
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
| | - Stephen J Briddon
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
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28
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Mocking TAM, Buzink MCML, Leurs R, Vischer HF. Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer Based G Protein-Activation Assay to Probe Duration of Antagonism at the Histamine H 3 Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153724. [PMID: 31366084 PMCID: PMC6695674 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Duration of receptor antagonism, measured as the recovery of agonist responsiveness, is gaining attention as a method to evaluate the 'effective' target-residence for antagonists. These functional assays might be a good alternative for kinetic binding assays in competition with radiolabeled or fluorescent ligands, as they are performed on intact cells and better reflect consequences of dynamic cellular processes on duration of receptor antagonism. Here, we used a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET)-based assay that monitors heterotrimeric G protein activation via scavenging of released Venus-Gβ1γ2 by NanoLuc (Nluc)-tagged membrane-associated-C-terminal fragment of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 3 (masGRK3ct-Nluc) as a tool to probe duration of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) antagonism. The Gαi-coupled histamine H3 receptor (H3R) was used in this study as prolonged antagonism is associated with adverse events (e.g., insomnia) and consequently, short-residence time ligands might be preferred. Due to its fast and prolonged response, this assay can be used to determine the duration of functional antagonism by measuring the recovery of agonist responsiveness upon washout of pre-bound antagonist, and to assess antagonist re-equilibration time via Schild-plot analysis. Re-equilibration of pre-incubated antagonist with agonist and receptor could be followed in time to monitor the transition from insurmountable to surmountable antagonism. The BRET-based G protein activation assay can detect differences in the recovery of H3R responsiveness and re-equilibration of pre-bound antagonists between the tested H3R antagonists. Fast dissociation kinetics were observed for marketed drug pitolisant (Wakix®) in this assay, which suggests that short residence time might be beneficial for therapeutic targeting of the H3R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara A M Mocking
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maurice C M L Buzink
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Leurs
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henry F Vischer
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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29
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Sykes DA, Jain P, Charlton SJ. Investigating the Influence of Tracer Kinetics on Competition-Kinetic Association Binding Assays: Identifying the Optimal Conditions for Assessing the Kinetics of Low-Affinity Compounds. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 96:378-392. [PMID: 31436538 DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.116764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An increased appreciation of the importance of optimizing drug-binding kinetics has lead to the development of various techniques for measuring the kinetics of unlabeled compounds. One approach is the competition-association kinetic binding method first described in the 1980s. The kinetic characteristics of the tracer employed greatly affects the reliability of estimated kinetic parameters, a barrier to successfully introducing these kinetic assays earlier in the drug discovery process. Using a modeling and Monte Carlo simulation approach, we identify the optimal tracer characteristics for determining the kinetics of the range of unlabeled ligands typically encountered during the different stages of a drug discovery program (i.e., rapidly dissociating, e.g., k off = 10 minute-1 low-affinity "hits" through to slowly dissociating e.g., k off = 0.01 minute-1 high-affinity "candidates"). For more rapidly dissociating ligands (e.g., k off = 10 minute-1), the key to obtaining accurate kinetic parameters was to employ a tracer with a relatively fast off-rate (e.g., k off = 1 minute-1) or, alternatively, to increase the tracer concentration. Reductions in assay start-time ≤1second and read frequency ≤5 seconds significantly improved the reliability of curve fitting. Timing constraints are largely dictated by the method of detection, its inherent sensitivity (e.g., TR-FRET versus radiometric detection), and the ability to inject samples online. Furthermore, we include data from TR-FRET experiments that validate this simulation approach, confirming its practical utility. These insights into the optimal experimental parameters for development of competition-association assays provide a framework for identifying and testing novel tracers necessary for profiling unlabeled competitors, particularly rapidly dissociating low-affinity competitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Sykes
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (D.A.S., P.J., S.J.C.); Centre of Membrane and Protein and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom (D.A.S., P.J., S.J.C.); and Excellerate Bioscience Ltd, Discovery Building, BioCity, Nottingham, United Kingdom (S.J.C.)
| | - Palash Jain
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (D.A.S., P.J., S.J.C.); Centre of Membrane and Protein and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom (D.A.S., P.J., S.J.C.); and Excellerate Bioscience Ltd, Discovery Building, BioCity, Nottingham, United Kingdom (S.J.C.)
| | - Steven J Charlton
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (D.A.S., P.J., S.J.C.); Centre of Membrane and Protein and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom (D.A.S., P.J., S.J.C.); and Excellerate Bioscience Ltd, Discovery Building, BioCity, Nottingham, United Kingdom (S.J.C.)
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30
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Red-shifted bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer: Improved tools and materials for analytical in vivo approaches. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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31
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Advances in the strategies for designing receptor-targeted molecular imaging probes for cancer research. J Control Release 2019; 305:1-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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32
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Probe dependency in the determination of ligand binding kinetics at a prototypical G protein-coupled receptor. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7906. [PMID: 31133718 PMCID: PMC6536503 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44025-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-target binding kinetics are suggested to be important parameters for the prediction of in vivo drug-efficacy. For G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the binding kinetics of ligands are typically determined using association binding experiments in competition with radiolabelled probes, followed by analysis with the widely used competitive binding kinetics theory developed by Motulsky and Mahan. Despite this, the influence of the radioligand binding kinetics on the kinetic parameters derived for the ligands tested is often overlooked. To address this, binding rate constants for a series of histamine H1 receptor (H1R) antagonists were determined using radioligands with either slow (low koff) or fast (high koff) dissociation characteristics. A correlation was observed between the probe-specific datasets for the kinetic binding affinities, association rate constants and dissociation rate constants. However, the magnitude and accuracy of the binding rate constant-values was highly dependent on the used radioligand probe. Further analysis using recently developed fluorescent binding methods corroborates the finding that the Motulsky-Mahan methodology is limited by the employed assay conditions. The presented data suggest that kinetic parameters of GPCR ligands depend largely on the characteristics of the probe used and results should therefore be viewed within the experimental context and limitations of the applied methodology.
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33
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Sakyiamah MM, Nomura W, Kobayakawa T, Tamamura H. Development of a NanoBRET-Based Sensitive Screening Method for CXCR4 Ligands. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:1442-1450. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell M. Sakyiamah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugada, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
- Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Wataru Nomura
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugada, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Takuya Kobayakawa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugada, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tamamura
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugada, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
- Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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34
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Sykes DA, Stoddart LA, Kilpatrick LE, Hill SJ. Binding kinetics of ligands acting at GPCRs. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 485:9-19. [PMID: 30738950 PMCID: PMC6406023 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The influence of drug-receptor binding kinetics has often been overlooked during the development of new therapeutics that target G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Over the last decade there has been a growing understanding that an in-depth knowledge of binding kinetics at GPCRs is required to successfully target this class of proteins. Ligand binding to a GPCR is often not a simple single step process with ligand freely diffusing in solution. This review will discuss the experiments and equations that are commonly used to measure binding kinetics and how factors such as allosteric regulation, rebinding and ligand interaction with the plasma membrane may influence these measurements. We will then consider the molecular characteristics of a ligand and if these can be linked to association and dissociation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Sykes
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Leigh A Stoddart
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Laura E Kilpatrick
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK.
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35
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Peach CJ, Kilpatrick LE, Woolard J, Hill SJ. Quantifying binding of VEGF‐A isoforms at VEGFR2 in membranes. FASEB J 2019. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.679.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chloe J Peach
- Cell Signalling Research GroupUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUnited Kingdom
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and ReceptorsThe MidlandsUnited Kingdom
| | - Laura E Kilpatrick
- Cell Signalling Research GroupUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUnited Kingdom
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and ReceptorsThe MidlandsUnited Kingdom
| | - Jeanette Woolard
- Cell Signalling Research GroupUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUnited Kingdom
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and ReceptorsThe MidlandsUnited Kingdom
| | - Steve J Hill
- Cell Signalling Research GroupUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUnited Kingdom
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and ReceptorsThe MidlandsUnited Kingdom
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36
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Reiner D, Stark H. Ligand binding kinetics at histamine H3 receptors by fluorescence-polarization with real-time monitoring. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 848:112-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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37
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A live cell NanoBRET binding assay allows the study of ligand-binding kinetics to the adenosine A 3 receptor. Purinergic Signal 2019; 15:139-153. [PMID: 30919204 PMCID: PMC6635573 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-019-09650-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing interest in understanding the binding kinetics of compounds that bind to G protein-coupled receptors prior to progressing a lead compound into clinical trials. The widely expressed adenosine A3 receptor (A3AR) has been implicated in a range of diseases including immune conditions, and compounds that aim to selectively target this receptor are currently under development for arthritis. Kinetic studies at the A3AR have been performed using a radiolabelled antagonist, but due to the kinetics of this probe, they have been carried out at 10 °C in membrane preparations. In this study, we have developed a live cell NanoBRET ligand binding assay using fluorescent A3AR antagonists to measure kinetic parameters of labelled and unlabelled compounds at the A3AR at physiological temperatures. The kinetic profiles of four fluorescent antagonists were determined in kinetic association assays, and it was found that XAC-ser-tyr-X-BY630 had the longest residence time (RT = 288 ± 62 min) at the A3AR. The association and dissociation rate constants of three antagonists PSB-11, compound 5, and LUF7565 were also determined using two fluorescent ligands (XAC-ser-tyr-X-BY630 or AV039, RT = 6.8 ± 0.8 min) as the labelled probe and compared to those obtained using a radiolabelled antagonist ([3H]PSB-11, RT = 44.6 ± 3.9 min). There was close agreement in the kinetic parameters measured with AV039 and [3H]PSB-11 but significant differences to those obtained using XAC-S-ser-S-tyr-X-BY630. These data indicate that selecting a probe with the appropriate kinetics is important to accurately determine the kinetics of unlabelled ligands with markedly different kinetic profiles.
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Dale NC, Johnstone EKM, White CW, Pfleger KDG. NanoBRET: The Bright Future of Proximity-Based Assays. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:56. [PMID: 30972335 PMCID: PMC6443706 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) is a biophysical technique used to monitor proximity within live cells. BRET exploits the naturally occurring phenomenon of dipole-dipole energy transfer from a donor enzyme (luciferase) to an acceptor fluorophore following enzyme-mediated oxidation of a substrate. This results in production of a quantifiable signal that denotes proximity between proteins and/or molecules tagged with complementary luciferase and fluorophore partners. BRET assays have been used to observe an array of biological functions including ligand binding, intracellular signaling, receptor-receptor proximity, and receptor trafficking, however, BRET assays can theoretically be used to monitor the proximity of any protein or molecule for which appropriate fusion constructs and/or fluorophore conjugates can be produced. Over the years, new luciferases and approaches have been developed that have increased the potential applications for BRET assays. In particular, the development of the small, bright and stable Nanoluciferase (NanoLuc; Nluc) and its use in NanoBRET has vastly broadened the potential applications of BRET assays. These advances have exciting potential to produce new experimental methods to monitor protein-protein interactions (PPIs), protein-ligand interactions, and/or molecular proximity. In addition to NanoBRET, Nluc has also been exploited to produce NanoBiT technology, which further broadens the scope of BRET to monitor biological function when NanoBiT is combined with an acceptor. BRET has proved to be a powerful tool for monitoring proximity and interaction, and these recent advances further strengthen its utility for a range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha C Dale
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics TechnologiesAustralia
| | - Elizabeth K M Johnstone
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics TechnologiesAustralia
| | - Carl W White
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics TechnologiesAustralia
| | - Kevin D G Pfleger
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics TechnologiesAustralia.,Dimerix Limited, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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Kobayashi H, Picard LP, Schönegge AM, Bouvier M. Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer-based imaging of protein-protein interactions in living cells. Nat Protoc 2019; 14:1084-1107. [PMID: 30911173 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0129-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) is a transfer of energy between a luminescence donor and a fluorescence acceptor. Because BRET occurs when the distance between the donor and acceptor is <10 nm, and its efficiency is inversely proportional to the sixth power of distance, it has gained popularity as a proximity-based assay to monitor protein-protein interactions and conformational rearrangements in live cells. In such assays, one protein of interest is fused to a bioluminescent energy donor (luciferases from Renilla reniformis or Oplophorus gracilirostris), and the other protein is fused to a fluorescent energy acceptor (such as GFP or YFP). Because the BRET donor does not require an external light source, it does not lead to phototoxicity or autofluorescence. It therefore represents an interesting alternative to fluorescence-based imaging such as FRET. However, the low signal output of BRET energy donors has limited the spatiotemporal resolution of BRET imaging. Here, we describe how recent improvements in detection devices and BRET probes can be used to markedly improve the resolution of BRET imaging, thus widening the field of BRET imaging applications. The protocol described herein involves three main stages. First, cell preparation and transfection require 3 d, including cell culture time. Second, image acquisition takes 10-120 min per sample, after an initial 60 min for microscope setup. Finally, image analysis typically takes 1-2 h. The choices of energy donor, acceptor, luminescent substrates, cameras and microscope setup, as well as acquisition modes to be used for different applications, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kobayashi
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Louis-Philippe Picard
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Schönegge
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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El Khamlichi C, Reverchon-Assadi F, Hervouet-Coste N, Blot L, Reiter E, Morisset-Lopez S. Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer as a Method to Study Protein-Protein Interactions: Application to G Protein Coupled Receptor Biology. Molecules 2019; 24:E537. [PMID: 30717191 PMCID: PMC6384791 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) approach involves resonance energy transfer between a light-emitting enzyme and fluorescent acceptors. The major advantage of this technique over biochemical methods is that protein-protein interactions (PPI) can be monitored without disrupting the natural environment, frequently altered by detergents and membrane preparations. Thus, it is considered as one of the most versatile technique for studying molecular interactions in living cells at "physiological" expression levels. BRET analysis has been applied to study many transmembrane receptor classes including G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR). It is well established that these receptors may function as dimeric/oligomeric forms and interact with multiple effectors to transduce the signal. Therefore, they are considered as attractive targets to identify PPI modulators. In this review, we present an overview of the different BRET systems developed up to now and their relevance to identify inhibitors/modulators of protein⁻protein interaction. Then, we introduce the different classes of agents that have been recently developed to target PPI, and provide some examples illustrating the use of BRET-based assays to identify and characterize innovative PPI modulators in the field of GPCRs biology. Finally, we discuss the main advantages and the limits of BRET approach to characterize PPI modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayma El Khamlichi
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS, UPR 4301, University of Orléans and INSERM, 45071 Orléans, France.
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, Université François Rabelais-Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | - Flora Reverchon-Assadi
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS, UPR 4301, University of Orléans and INSERM, 45071 Orléans, France.
| | - Nadège Hervouet-Coste
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS, UPR 4301, University of Orléans and INSERM, 45071 Orléans, France.
| | - Lauren Blot
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS, UPR 4301, University of Orléans and INSERM, 45071 Orléans, France.
| | - Eric Reiter
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, Université François Rabelais-Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | - Séverine Morisset-Lopez
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS, UPR 4301, University of Orléans and INSERM, 45071 Orléans, France.
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White CW, Johnstone EKM, See HB, Pfleger KDG. NanoBRET ligand binding at a GPCR under endogenous promotion facilitated by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. Cell Signal 2018; 54:27-34. [PMID: 30471466 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) is a versatile tool used to investigate membrane receptor signalling and function. We have recently developed a homogenous NanoBRET ligand binding assay to monitor interactions between G protein-coupled receptors and fluorescent ligands. However, this assay requires the exogenous expression of a receptor fused to the nanoluciferase (Nluc) and is thus not applicable to natively-expressed receptors. To overcome this limitation in HEK293 cells, we have utilised CRISPR/Cas9 genome engineering to insert Nluc in-frame with the endogenous ADORA2B locus this resulted in HEK293 cells expressing adenosine A2B receptors under endogenous promotion tagged on their N-terminus with Nluc. As expected, we found relatively low levels of endogenous (gene-edited) Nluc/A2B receptor expression compared to cells transiently transfected with expression vectors coding for Nluc/A2B. However, in cells expressing gene-edited Nluc/A2B receptors we observed clear saturable ligand binding of a non-specific fluorescent adenosine receptor antagonist XAC-X-BY630 (Kd = 21.4 nM). Additionally, at gene-edited Nluc/A2B receptors we derived pharmacological parameters of ligand binding; Kd as well as Kon and Koff for binding of XAC-X-BY630 by NanoBRET association kinetic binding assays. Lastly, cells expressing gene-edited Nluc/A2B were used to determine the pKi of unlabelled adenosine receptor ligands in competition ligand binding assays. Utilising CRISPR/Cas9 genome engineering here we show that NanoBRET ligand binding assays can be performed at gene-edited receptors under endogenous promotion in live cells, therefore overcoming a fundamental limitation of NanoBRET ligand assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl W White
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Australia.
| | - Elizabeth K M Johnstone
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Australia
| | - Heng B See
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Australia
| | - Kevin D G Pfleger
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Australia; Dimerix Limited, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
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Adlere I, Sun S, Zarca A, Roumen L, Gozelle M, Viciano CP, Caspar B, Arimont M, Bebelman JP, Briddon SJ, Hoffmann C, Hill SJ, Smit MJ, Vischer HF, Wijtmans M, de Graaf C, de Esch IJP, Leurs R. Structure-based exploration and pharmacological evaluation of N-substituted piperidin-4-yl-methanamine CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonists. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 162:631-649. [PMID: 30476826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Using the available structural information of the chemokine receptor CXCR4, we present hit finding and hit exploration studies that make use of virtual fragment screening, design, synthesis and structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies. Fragment 2 was identified as virtual screening hit and used as a starting point for the exploration of 31 N-substituted piperidin-4-yl-methanamine derivatives to investigate and improve the interactions with the CXCR4 binding site. Additionally, subtle structural ligand changes lead to distinct interactions with CXCR4 resulting in a full to partial displacement of CXCL12 binding and competitive and/or non-competitive antagonism. Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) and binding model studies were used to identify important hydrophobic interactions that determine binding affinity and indicate key ligand-receptor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Adlere
- Griffin Discoveries BV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S Sun
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A Zarca
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - L Roumen
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Gozelle
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06560, Ankara, Turkey
| | - C Perpiñá Viciano
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, CMB-Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - B Caspar
- Division of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - M Arimont
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J P Bebelman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S J Briddon
- Division of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - C Hoffmann
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, CMB-Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - S J Hill
- Division of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - M J Smit
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - H F Vischer
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Wijtmans
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C de Graaf
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - I J P de Esch
- Griffin Discoveries BV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R Leurs
- Griffin Discoveries BV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Mocking TAM, Verweij EWE, Vischer HF, Leurs R. Homogeneous, Real-Time NanoBRET Binding Assays for the Histamine H 3 and H 4 Receptors on Living Cells. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 94:1371-1381. [PMID: 30249614 DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.113373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor-binding affinity and ligand-receptor residence time are key parameters for the selection of drug candidates and are routinely determined using radioligand competition-binding assays. Recently, a novel bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) method utilizing a NanoLuc-fused receptor was introduced to detect fluorescent ligand binding. Moreover, this NanoBRET method gives the opportunity to follow fluorescent ligand binding on intact cells in real time, and therefore, results might better reflect in vivo conditions as compared with the routinely used cell homogenates or purified membrane fractions. In this study, a real-time NanoBRET-based binding assay was established and validated to detect binding of unlabeled ligands to the histamine H3 receptor (H3R) and histamine H4 receptor on intact cells. Obtained residence times of clinically tested H3R antagonists were reflected by their duration of H3R antagonism in a functional receptor recovery assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara A M Mocking
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eléonore W E Verweij
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henry F Vischer
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Leurs
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Iliopoulos-Tsoutsouvas C, Kulkarni RN, Makriyannis A, Nikas SP. Fluorescent probes for G-protein-coupled receptor drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2018; 13:933-947. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1518975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rohit N. Kulkarni
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center. Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- Center for Drug Discovery and Departments of Chemistry & Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Spyros P. Nikas
- Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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