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Zheng C, Dai P, You H, Xian Z, Su W, Wu S, Xing D, Sun C. A compact microfluidic laser-induced fluorescence immunoassay system using avalanche photodiode for rapid detection of alpha-fetoprotein. ANAL SCI 2024; 40:1239-1248. [PMID: 38598051 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-024-00553-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), commonly employed for early diagnosis of liver cancer, serves as a biomarker for cancer screening and diagnosis. Combining the high sensitivity and specificity of fluorescence immunoassay (FIA), developing a low-cost and efficient immunoassay system for AFP detection holds significant importance in disease diagnosis. In this work, we developed a miniaturized oblique laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) immunoassay system, coupled with a microfluidic PMMA/paper hybrid chip, for rapid detection of AFP. The system employed an avalanche photodiode (APD) as the detector, and implemented multi-level filtering in the excitation light channel using the dichroic mirror and optical trap. At first, we employed the Savitzky-Golay filter and baseline off-set elimination methods to denoise and normalize the original data. Then the cutoff frequency of the low-pass filter and the reverse voltage of the APD were optimized to enhance the detection sensitivity of the system. Furthermore, the effect of laser power on the fluorescence excitation efficiency was investigated, and the sampling time during the scanning process was optimized. Finally, a four-parameter logistic (4PL) model was utilized to establish the concentration-response equation for AFP. The system was capable of detecting concentrations of AFP standard solution within the range of 1-500 ng/mL, with a detection limit of 0.8 ng/mL. The entire immunoassay process could be completed within 15 min. It has an excellent potential for applications in low-cost portable diagnostic instruments for the rapid detection of biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaowen Zheng
- College of Mechanics, Guangxi University, 100 East University Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Peng Dai
- College of Mechanics, Guangxi University, 100 East University Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Hui You
- College of Mechanics, Guangxi University, 100 East University Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhaokun Xian
- College of Mechanics, Guangxi University, 100 East University Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Wenyun Su
- College of Medical, Guangxi University, 100 East University Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Shixiong Wu
- College of Mechanics, Guangxi University, 100 East University Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Dong Xing
- College of Mechanics, Guangxi University, 100 East University Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Cuimin Sun
- College of Computer and Electronic Information, Guangxi University, 100 East University Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China.
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2
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Liu X, Liang W, Zeng H, Jiang Y, Li Y, Zhang M. 3D printed cartridge for high-speed capillary electrophoresis with sheath liquid thermostatting and contactless conductivity detection. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1264:341235. [PMID: 37230716 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The high-speed capillary electrophoresis (HSCE) method is a technique that utilizes a high electric field strength applied through a short capillary to reduce the time required for sample separation. However, the increased electric field strength may result in pronounced Joule heating effects. To address this, we describe a 3D-printed cartridge with integrated contactless conductivity detection (C4D) head and a sheath liquid channel. The C4D electrodes and Faraday shield layers are fabricated by casting Wood's metal in chambers inside the cartridge. Effective thermostatting of the short capillary is achieved by flowing Fluorinert liquid, which provides better heat dissipation compared to airflow. A HSCE device is created by using the cartridge and a modified slotted-vial array sample-introduction approach. Analytes are introduced through electrokinetic injection. With the help of sheath liquid thermostatting, background electrolyte concentration can be increased to several hundred mM, resulting in improved sample stacking and peak resolutions. Additionally, the baseline signal is flattened. Typical cations such as NH4+, K+, Na+, Mg2+, Li+, and Ca2+ can be separated within 22 s with an applied field strength of 1200 V/cm. The limit of detection ranges from 2.5 to 4.6 μM with a relative standard deviation of migration times of 1.1-1.2% (n = 17). The method has been applied to detect cations in drinking water and black tea leaching for drink safety testing, and to identify explosive anions in paper swabs. Samples can be directly injected without the need for dilution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China
| | - Wenshan Liang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China
| | - Hui Zeng
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China.
| | - Yiyu Jiang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China.
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3
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Airs PM, Ventura-Cordero J, Mvula W, Takahashi T, Van Wyk J, Nalivata P, Safalaoh A, Morgan ER. Low-cost molecular methods to characterise gastrointestinal nematode co-infections of goats in Africa. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:216. [PMID: 37386642 PMCID: PMC10311829 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05816-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Veterinary diagnostics aid intervention strategies, track zoonoses, and direct selective breeding programs in livestock. In ruminants, gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) parasites are a major cause of production losses, but morphologically similar species limit our understanding of how specific GIN co-infections impact health in resource-limited settings. To estimate the presence and relative abundance of GINs and other helminths at the species level, we sought to develop a low-cost and low-resource molecular toolkit applied to goats from rural Malawi smallholdings. METHODS Goats were subjected to health scoring and faecal sampling on smallholdings in Lilongwe district, Malawi. Infection intensities were estimated by faecal nematode egg counts with a faecal subsample desiccated for DNA analysis. Two DNA extraction methods were tested (low-resource magbead kit vs high-resource spin-column kit), with resulting DNA screened by endpoint polymerase chain reaction (PCR), semi-quantitative PCR, quantitative PCR (qPCR), high-resolution melt curve analysis (HRMC), and 'nemabiome' internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS-2) amplicon sequencing. RESULTS Both DNA isolation methods yielded comparable results despite poorer DNA purity and faecal contaminant carryover from the low-resource magbead method. GINs were detected in 100% of samples regardless of infection intensity. Co-infections with GINs and coccidia (Eimeria spp.) were present in most goats, with GIN populations dominated by Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Trichostrongylus axei, and Oesophagostomum columbianum. Both multiplex PCR and qPCR were highly predictive of GIN species proportions obtained using nemabiome amplicon sequencing; however, HRMC was less reliable than PCR in predicting the presence of particular species. CONCLUSIONS These data represent the first 'nemabiome' sequencing of GINs from naturally infected smallholder goats in Africa and show the variable nature of GIN co-infections between individual animals. A similar level of granularity was detected by semi-quantitative PCR methods, which provided an accurate summary of species composition. Assessing GIN co-infections is therefore possible using cost-efficient low-resource DNA extraction and PCR approaches that can increase the capacity of molecular resources in areas where sequencing platforms are not available; and also open the door to affordable molecular GIN diagnostics. Given the diverse nature of infections in livestock and wildlife, these approaches have potential for disease surveillance in other areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Airs
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Antrim, UK
| | | | - Winchester Mvula
- Animal Science Department, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (LUANAR), Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Taro Takahashi
- Net Zero and Resilient Farming Directorate, Rothamsted Research, Okehampton, Devon, UK
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, Somerset, UK
| | - Jan Van Wyk
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Patson Nalivata
- Animal Science Department, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (LUANAR), Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Andrews Safalaoh
- Animal Science Department, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (LUANAR), Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Eric R Morgan
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Antrim, UK.
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Lin TT, Wang JW, Shi QN, Wang HF, Pan JZ, Fang Q. An automated, fully-integrated nucleic acid analyzer based on microfluidic liquid handling robot technique. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1239:340698. [PMID: 36628766 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
On-site nucleic acid testing (NAT) plays an important role for disease monitoring and pathogen diagnosis. In this work, we developed an automated and fully-integrated nucleic acid analyzer by combining the automated liquid handling robot technique with the microfluidic droplet-based real-time PCR assay technique. The present analyzer could achieve multiple operations including sample introduction, nucleic acid extraction based on magnetic solid-phase extraction, reverse transcription and, sample droplet generation, PCR amplification, real-time and dual fluorescence detection of droplet array. A strategy of constructing an integrated compact and low-cost system was adopted to minimize the analyzer size to 50 × 45 × 45 cm (length × width × height), and reduce the instrument cost to ca. $900 with a single analysis cost less than $5. A simple chip was also designed to pre-load reagents and carry oil-covered PCR reaction droplets. We applied the analyzer to identify eight types of influenza pathogens in human throat swabs, and the results were consistent with the colloidal gold method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Tong Lin
- Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jian-Wei Wang
- Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qian-Nuan Shi
- Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hui-Feng Wang
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311200, China
| | - Jian-Zhang Pan
- Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311200, China.
| | - Qun Fang
- Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311200, China; Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310007, China; College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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5
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Novel developments in capillary electrophoresis miniaturization, sampling, detection and portability: An overview of the last decade. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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6
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Pan JZ, Fan C, Zuo ZQ, Yuan YX, Wang HF, Dong Z, Fang Q. Lab at home: a promising prospect for on-site chemical and biological analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:17-25. [PMID: 36334114 PMCID: PMC9638225 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04392-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The continuing pursuit for a healthy life has led to the urgent need for on-site analysis. In response to the urgent needs of on-site analysis, we propose a novel concept, called lab at home (LAH), for building automated and integrated total analysis systems to perform chemical and biological testing at home. It represents an emerging research area with broad prospects that has not yet attracted sufficient attention. In this paper, we discuss the urgent need, challenges, and future prospects of this area, and the possible roadmap for achieving the goal of LAH has also been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Zhang Pan
- Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311200, China.
| | - Chen Fan
- Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Zuo
- Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ying-Xin Yuan
- Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hui-Feng Wang
- Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311200, China
| | - Zhi Dong
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311200, China
| | - Qun Fang
- Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311200, China.
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310007, China.
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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7
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Kaljurand M, Mazina-Šinkar J. Portable capillary electrophoresis as a green analytical technology. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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8
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Understanding quantitative polymerase chain reaction bioanalysis issues before validation planning: Japan Bioanalysis Forum discussion group. Bioanalysis 2022; 14:1391-1405. [PMID: 36621859 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2022-0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigating the biodistribution of cell and gene therapy products may play an important role in evaluating their safety and pharmacology. As quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is often used for these analyses, it is essential to improve the reliability of bioanalysis performed using qPCR. In this report, the authors discuss the use of qPCR in nonclinical studies, as it can be used to detect target DNA/RNA and it is quantitative and applicable for long-term analysis. The authors also discuss points to consider during bioanalysis using qPCR and present appropriate validation items and their criteria. The authors anticipate the discussion provided herein to contribute to the development of validation and sample analysis for pharmaceuticals analyzed using qPCR.
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9
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Mukunda DC, Rodrigues J, Joshi VK, Raghushaker CR, Mahato KK. A comprehensive review on LED-induced fluorescence in diagnostic pathology. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 209:114230. [PMID: 35421670 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Sensitivity, specificity, mobility, and affordability are important criteria to consider for developing diagnostic instruments in common use. Fluorescence spectroscopy has been demonstrating substantial potential in the clinical diagnosis of diseases and evaluating the underlying causes of pathogenesis. A higher degree of device integration with appropriate sensitivity and reasonable cost would further boost the value of the fluorescence techniques in clinical diagnosis and aid in the reduction of healthcare expenses, which is a key economic concern in emerging markets. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which are inexpensive and smaller are attractive alternatives to conventional excitation sources in fluorescence spectroscopy, are gaining a lot of momentum in the development of affordable, compact analytical instruments of clinical relevance. The commercial availability of a broad range of LED wavelengths (255-4600 nm) has opened up new avenues for targeting a wide range of clinically significant molecules (both endogenous and exogenous), thereby diagnosing a range of clinical illnesses. As a result, we have specifically examined the uses of LED-induced fluorescence (LED-IF) in preclinical and clinical evaluations of pathological conditions, considering the present advancements in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jackson Rodrigues
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka-576104, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Joshi
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka-576104, India
| | - Chandavalli Ramappa Raghushaker
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka-576104, India
| | - Krishna Kishore Mahato
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka-576104, India.
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10
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Zhang MT, Peng YM, Pan JZ, Fang XX, Li HY, Zhang XY, Liao YC, Yao JK, Wu ML, Yao YY, Fang Q. LIFGO: A modular laser-induced fluorescence detection system based on plug-in blocks. Talanta 2021; 239:123063. [PMID: 34890938 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection system built in a modular assembling mode was developed based on commercial LEGO blocks and 3D printed blocks. We designed and fabricated a variety of 3D printed building blocks fixed with optical components, including laser light source, filters, lens, dichroic mirror, photodiode detector, and control circuits. Utilizing the relatively high positioning precision of the plug-in blocks, a modular construction strategy was adopted using the flexible plug-in combination of the blocks to build a highly sensitive laser-induced fluorescence detection system, LIFGO. The LIFGO system has a simple structure which could be constructed by inexperienced users within 3 h. We optimized the structure and tested the performance of the LIFGO system, and its detection limits for sodium fluorescein solution in 100 μm i.d. and 250 μm i.d. capillaries were 7 nM and 0.9 nM, respectively. Based on the LIFGO system, we also built a simple capillary electrophoresis (CE) system and applied it to the analysis of DNA fragments to demonstrate its application possibility in biochemical analysis. The separation of 7 fragments in DL500 DNA markers were completed in 600 s. Because of the features of low cost (less than $100) and easy-to-build construction, we introduced the LIFGO system to the experimental teaching of instrumental analysis for undergraduate students. The modular construction form of the LIF detection system greatly reduces the threshold of instrument construction, which is conducive to the popularization of the LIF detection technique in routine laboratories as well as the reform of experimental teaching mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ting Zhang
- Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ya-Mei Peng
- Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jian-Zhang Pan
- Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Hangzhou Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311200, China.
| | - Xiao-Xia Fang
- Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Han-Yang Li
- Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Yang Zhang
- Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Liao
- Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jia-Kang Yao
- Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ming-Lin Wu
- Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuan-Yang Yao
- Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qun Fang
- Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Hangzhou Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311200, China; Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310007, China; College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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11
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Guzman NA, Guzman DE. Immunoaffinity Capillary Electrophoresis in the Era of Proteoforms, Liquid Biopsy and Preventive Medicine: A Potential Impact in the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Disease Progression. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1443. [PMID: 34680076 PMCID: PMC8533156 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the years, multiple biomarkers have been used to aid in disease screening, diagnosis, prognosis, and response to therapy. As of late, protein biomarkers are gaining strength in their role for early disease diagnosis and prognosis in part due to the advancements in identification and characterization of a distinct functional pool of proteins known as proteoforms. Proteoforms are defined as all of the different molecular forms of a protein derived from a single gene caused by genetic variations, alternative spliced RNA transcripts and post-translational modifications. Monitoring the structural changes of each proteoform of a particular protein is essential to elucidate the complex molecular mechanisms that guide the course of disease. Clinical proteomics therefore holds the potential to offer further insight into disease pathology, progression, and prevention. Nevertheless, more technologically advanced diagnostic methods are needed to improve the reliability and clinical applicability of proteomics in preventive medicine. In this manuscript, we review the use of immunoaffinity capillary electrophoresis (IACE) as an emerging powerful diagnostic tool to isolate, separate, detect and characterize proteoform biomarkers obtained from liquid biopsy. IACE is an affinity capture-separation technology capable of isolating, concentrating and analyzing a wide range of biomarkers present in biological fluids. Isolation and concentration of target analytes is accomplished through binding to one or more biorecognition affinity ligands immobilized to a solid support, while separation and analysis are achieved by high-resolution capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled to one or more detectors. IACE has the potential to generate rapid results with significant accuracy, leading to reliability and reproducibility in diagnosing and monitoring disease. Additionally, IACE has the capability of monitoring the efficacy of therapeutic agents by quantifying companion and complementary protein biomarkers. With advancements in telemedicine and artificial intelligence, the implementation of proteoform biomarker detection and analysis may significantly improve our capacity to identify medical conditions early and intervene in ways that improve health outcomes for individuals and populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel E. Guzman
- Princeton Biochemicals, Inc., Princeton, NJ 08543, USA;
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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12
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Handheld laser-induced fluorescence detection systems with different optical configurations. Talanta 2021; 230:122329. [PMID: 33934786 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing urgent requirement for miniaturized laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection systems in many research fields. In this work, miniaturized LIF detectors with three different optical configurations of orthogonal, confocal, and oblique were developed, using a laser diode as the excitation source and a photodiode as the photodetector. The computer simulation and experimental methods were used to investigate the distributions of laser scattered light and fluorescent light near the detection window. Other conditions including the solution preparation, sample flow rate, alignment method and filter model were also optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the detection limits of sodium fluorescein for orthogonal and confocal LIF detectors were 40 pM and 50 pM, respectively, while the limit of detection (LOD) for oblique LIF detector were 1 nM (45°) and 7 nM (67.5°). We further built a fully integrated handheld orthogonal LIF detector with a total size of 50 × 20 × 46 mm3, a cost of $380, and a detection limit of 10 pM for sodium fluorescein. It is expected that such a LIF detector could be applied in field analysis as a portable instrument or in other analysis systems as a detection module.
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13
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Tobolkina E, Rudaz S. Capillary Electrophoresis Instruments for Medical Applications and Falsified Drug Analysis/Quality Control in Developing Countries. Anal Chem 2021; 93:8107-8115. [PMID: 34061489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The implementation of integrated analytical techniques to meet stringent requirements in the life sciences requires a well-developed analytical capacity. New technology in analytical equipment for the analysis of large and small molecules is continuously being developed. However, developing countries frequently struggle to keep pace with technological advancements. Hence, it is of utmost importance to better invest in optimizing existing and proven methodologies to tackle life-saving challenges in developing countries. In this regard, capillary electrophoresis is a promising candidate for solving multiple analytical problems compared to its chromatographic and spectroscopic counterparts due to its fast analytical response time and notable cost efficiency. In the following, we summarize various issues and opportunities for capillary electrophoresis to be the technique of choice for the unresolved bottlenecks in analytical equipment in developing countries for drug quality control. This perspective demonstrates that the ongoing quest for the design of new, impactful analytical techniques is a dynamic and rapidly developing research area and mentions some directions and opportunities that have arisen during the recent pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tobolkina
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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14
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Yang L, Pan G, Zhang P, Liu Q, Liu X, Li Y, Liang Y, Zhang M. 3D printed two-in-one on-capillary detector: Combining contactless conductometric and photometric detection for capillary electrophoresis. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1159:338427. [PMID: 33867034 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, for the first time, a 3D printed two-in-one on-capillary detector, combining contactless conductometric detection (C4D) and photometric detection (PD), is fabricated for capillary electrophoresis (CE). The C4D Faraday shield (FS) is printed using electrically conductive composite polylactic acid (PLA) to minimize the stray capacitance. Non-conductive PLA is also used to print the insulator of FS to prevent the electrical conduction with two stainless steel electrodes. A novel collimator, consisting of two partially aligned pinholes, is printed by conductive material to collimate the light-emitting diode beam. The C4D detection has a signal-to-noise ratio of 1092 ± 2 for 200 μM potassium on a 25 μm id capillary. The PD detection shows excellent linearity with stray light down to 8% and an effective path length at 73% of a 75 μm id capillary. The analytical performance is demonstrated by CE separation and detection of cations. PD shows limits of detection (LODs) of 1.3, 0.9, and 1.7 μM for cobalt, copper and zinc, which are complexed with 4-(2-Pyridylazo) resorcinol, while C4D shows LODs of 1.2, 1.4, 21 and 2.6 μM for potassium, sodium, cobalt and zinc, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liye Yang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Automatic Detecting Technology and Instruments, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China
| | - Guangchao Pan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Automatic Detecting Technology and Instruments, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China
| | - Piwang Zhang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Automatic Detecting Technology and Instruments, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Automatic Detecting Technology and Instruments, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China
| | - Xing Liu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Automatic Detecting Technology and Instruments, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Automatic Detecting Technology and Instruments, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China
| | - Ying Liang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Automatic Detecting Technology and Instruments, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China.
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Automatic Detecting Technology and Instruments, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China.
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15
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Graf HG, Rudisch BM, Manegold J, Huhn C. Advancements in capacitance-to-digital converter-based C 4 D technology for detection in capillary electrophoresis using amplified excitation voltages and comparison to classical and open-source C 4 Ds. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1306-1316. [PMID: 33710630 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This work introduces new hardware configurations for a capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detector (C4 D) based on capacitance-to-digital conversion (CDC) technology for CE. The aim was to improve sensitivity, handling, price, and portability of CDC-based C4 D detectors (CDCD) to reach LODs similar to classic C4 Ds with more sophisticated electric circuits. To achieve this, a systematic study on the CDCDs was carried out including a direct comparison to already established C4 D setups. Instrumental setups differing in electrode lengths, measurement modes, and amplification of excitation voltages were investigated to achieve LODs for alkali metal ions of 4 to 12 μM, similar to LODs obtained by classic C4 D setups. Lowest LODs were achieved for a setup with two 10 mm electrodes at a distance of 0.2 mm and an excitation voltage of 24 V. The detection head was exceptionally lightweight with only 2.6 g and covered only 20 mm of the capillary on total. This allowed the use of multiple detectors along the separation path to enable spatial tracking of analytes during separation. The entirely battery-powered detector assembly weighs less than 200 g, and the data are transmitted wirelessly for possible portable applications. The freely accessible hardware and software were optimized for fully automated measurements with real time data plotting and allowed handling multidetector setups. The new developments were applied to quantify the potassium salt of glyphosate in its herbicide formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Georg Graf
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Johanna Manegold
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carolin Huhn
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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16
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Chi Z, Zhao S, Feng Y, Yang L. High-throughput monitoring of biomass conversion reaction with automatic time-resolved analysis. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1646:462145. [PMID: 33887542 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of biomass conversions are of great importance in fine chemistry for substantial development. While numerous studies have been performed to search for functional materials to catalyze biomass conversions, a robust and high-throughput analytical method is rather limited, which may hamper further integration and automation of the reactions. Here we propose an automatic and sequential method for the investigation of glucose conversion. By combining sequential sample injection and high-speed capillary electrophoresis (HSCE) techniques, we can monitor the glucose conversion from the beginning toward the end with a good temporal resolution. The HSCE assays are performed using short capillaries (effective length of 10 cm, i.d./o.d. of 50 μm/365 μm), and the analytes are separated at an electric field of 467 V/cm and are detected by UV-absorption at 200 nm with mixed 0.2 mM CTAB, 10 mM borate, 20 mM sorbic acid (pH 12.2) as the background electrolyte. All compounds involved in the reaction, including all products (fructose, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, formic acid and levulinic acid) and the remaining substrate glucose, are efficiently separated and simultaneously detected from just one analysis with a temporal resolution of one minute. The method exhibits high-resolution separation, a wide linear range with limit-of-detection down to μg/mL-level, as well as excellent repeatability in sequential analysis. It is indicated that the proposed method is of great value in the analysis of complicated biomass conversion and could be potentially applied in various catalytic chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongmei Chi
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, China
| | - Siqi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, China
| | - Yunxiang Feng
- Jingke-Oude Science and Education Instruments Co. Ltd., Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, China
| | - Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, China.
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17
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Davis JJ, Foster SW, Grinias JP. Low-cost and open-source strategies for chemical separations. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1638:461820. [PMID: 33453654 PMCID: PMC7870555 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, a trend toward utilizing open access resources for laboratory research has begun. Open-source design strategies for scientific hardware rely upon the use of widely available parts, especially those that can be directly printed using additive manufacturing techniques and electronic components that can be connected to low-cost microcontrollers. Open-source software eliminates the need for expensive commercial licenses and provides the opportunity to design programs for specific needs. In this review, the impact of the "open-source movement" within the field of chemical separations is described, primarily through a comprehensive look at research in this area over the past five years. Topics that are covered include general laboratory equipment, sample preparation techniques, separations-based analysis, detection strategies, electronic system control, and software for data processing. Remaining hurdles and possible opportunities for further adoption of open-source approaches in the context of these separations-related topics are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Davis
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States
| | - Samuel W Foster
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States
| | - James P Grinias
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States.
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18
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Furter JS, Boillat MA, Hauser PC. Low-cost automated capillary electrophoresis instrument assembled from commercially available parts. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:2075-2082. [PMID: 32895993 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A CE instrument that can be assembled from commercially available components with minimal construction effort is described. Except for the electronic control circuitry no specially made parts are required. It is based on a flexible design of microfluidic, electropneumatic, and electronic sections and different configurations can easily be implemented. Automated injection into the capillary is performed hydrodynamically by the application of a pressure for a controlled length of time. The performance of the device was tested with a contactless conductivity detector by separating different metal ions. In addition, nine metal cations related to the quality of honey were separated in 2.3 min and four honey samples were analysed quantitatively to demonstrate the applicability of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine S Furter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Peter C Hauser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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19
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Highly sensitive detection of dopamine based on hierarchical nanoporous NiCoO2/Ni composite. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Bosma R, Devasagayam J, Eswar R, Albuquerque IDF, Collier CM. Voltage control for microchip capillary electrophoresis analyses. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:1961-1968. [PMID: 32840905 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents an inexpensive and easy-to-implement voltage sequencer instrument for use in microchip capillary electrophoresis (MCE) actuation. The voltage sequencer instrument takes a 0-5 V input signal from a microcontroller and produces a reciprocally proportional voltage signal with the capability to achieve the voltages required for MCE actuation. The unit developed in this work features four independent voltage channels, measures 105 × 143 × 45 mm (width × length × height), and the cost to assemble is under 60 USD. The system is controlled by a peripheral interface controller and commands are given via universal serial bus connection to a personal computer running a command line graphical user interface. The performance of the voltage sequencer is demonstrated by its integration with a fluorescence spectroscopy MCE sensor using pinched sample injection and electrophoretic separation to detect ciprofloxacin in samples of milk. This application is chosen as it is particularly important for the dairy industry, where fines and health concerns are associated with the shipping of antibiotic-contaminated milk. The voltage sequencer instrument presented represents an effective low-cost instrumentation method for conducting MCE, thereby making these experiments accessible and affordable for use in industries such as the dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick Bosma
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jasen Devasagayam
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Rahul Eswar
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Iasmin de França Albuquerque
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Electrical Engineering, Federal Institute of ParaÍba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Christopher M Collier
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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21
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Guzman NA, Guzman DE. A Two-Dimensional Affinity Capture and Separation Mini-Platform for the Isolation, Enrichment, and Quantification of Biomarkers and Its Potential Use for Liquid Biopsy. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8080255. [PMID: 32751506 PMCID: PMC7459796 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8080255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomarker detection for disease diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic response is becoming increasingly reliable and accessible. Particularly, the identification of circulating cell-free chemical and biochemical substances, cellular and subcellular entities, and extracellular vesicles has demonstrated promising applications in understanding the physiologic and pathologic conditions of an individual. Traditionally, tissue biopsy has been the gold standard for the diagnosis of many diseases, especially cancer. More recently, liquid biopsy for biomarker detection has emerged as a non-invasive or minimally invasive and less costly method for diagnosis of both cancerous and non-cancerous diseases, while also offering information on the progression or improvement of disease. Unfortunately, the standardization of analytical methods to isolate and quantify circulating cells and extracellular vesicles, as well as their extracted biochemical constituents, is still cumbersome, time-consuming, and expensive. To address these limitations, we have developed a prototype of a portable, miniaturized instrument that uses immunoaffinity capillary electrophoresis (IACE) to isolate, concentrate, and analyze cell-free biomarkers and/or tissue or cell extracts present in biological fluids. Isolation and concentration of analytes is accomplished through binding to one or more biorecognition affinity ligands immobilized to a solid support, while separation and analysis are achieved by high-resolution capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled to one or more detectors. When compared to other existing methods, the process of this affinity capture, enrichment, release, and separation of one or a panel of biomarkers can be carried out on-line with the advantages of being rapid, automated, and cost-effective. Additionally, it has the potential to demonstrate high analytical sensitivity, specificity, and selectivity. As the potential of liquid biopsy grows, so too does the demand for technical advances. In this review, we therefore discuss applications and limitations of liquid biopsy and hope to introduce the idea that our affinity capture-separation device could be used as a form of point-of-care (POC) diagnostic technology to isolate, concentrate, and analyze circulating cells, extracellular vesicles, and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norberto A. Guzman
- Princeton Biochemicals, Inc., Princeton, NJ 08816, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-908-510-5258
| | - Daniel E. Guzman
- Princeton Biochemicals, Inc., Princeton, NJ 08816, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; or
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22
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Kim J, Park JY, Park YJ, Park SY, Lee MS, Koo C. A portable and high-sensitivity optical sensing system for detecting fluorescently labeled enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli Shiga toxin 2B-subunit. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236043. [PMID: 32673369 PMCID: PMC7365435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a stand-alone, real-time optical detection device capable of reading fluorescence intensities from cell samples with high sensitivity and precision, for use as a portable fluorescent sensor for sensing fluorescently labeled enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) Shiga toxins (Stxs). In general, the signal intensity from the fluorescently labeled Stxs was weak due to the small number of molecules bound to each cell. To address this technical challenge, we used a highly sensitive light detector (photomultiplier tube: PMT) to measure fluorescence, and designed a portable optical housing to align optical parts precisely; the housing itself was fabricated on a 3D printer. In addition, an electric circuit that amplified PMT output was designed and integrated into the system. The system shows the toxin concentration in the sample on a liquid crystal display (LCD), and a microcontroller circuit is used to read PMT output, process data, and display results. In contrast to other portable fluorescent detectors, the system works alone, without any peripheral computer or additional apparatus; its total size is about 17 × 13 × 9 cm3, and it weighs about 770 g. The detection limit was 0.01 ppm of Alexa Fluor 488 in PBS, which is ten thousand times lower than those of other smartphone-based systems and sufficiently sensitive for use with a portable optical detector. We used the portable real-time optical sensing system to detect Alexa Fluor 488–tagged Stx2B-subunits bound to monocytic THP-1 cells expressing the toxin receptor globotriaosylceramide (Gb3). The device did not detect a signal from Gb3-negative PD36 cells, indicating that it was capable of specifically detecting Stxs bound to cells expressing the toxin receptor. Following the development of a rapid and autonomous method for fluorescently tagging cells in food samples, the optical detection system described here could be used for direct detection of Shiga toxins in food in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongtae Kim
- Department of Electronics and Control Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Young Park
- Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jun Park
- Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Young Park
- Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Seung Lee
- Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (MSL); (CK)
| | - Chiwan Koo
- Department of Electronics and Control Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (MSL); (CK)
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23
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Dada OO. Laser-induced fluorescence detector with a fiber-coupled micro GRIN lens for capillary electrophoresis. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:4849-4855. [PMID: 32543481 DOI: 10.1364/ao.391661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis coupled with sheath-flow laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection has been shown to offer outstanding sensitivity for chemical and biochemical analysis. However, a major drawback remains with the complexity of the optical configuration traditionally employed. Here we present a simplified confocal optics based on fiber optics and micro gradient-index (GRIN) lenses for modular optical design in capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence. We demonstrate the use of the optical system with a sheath-flow cuvette as the laser-induced fluorescence detector for capillary electrophoresis. The system's performance was established with concentration detection limits of 8±2pM and mass detection limits of 57 zeptomole for a standard sodium fluorescein sample.
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24
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Dunn RC. High-Speed Capillary Electrophoresis Using a Thin-Wall Fused-Silica Capillary Combined with Backscatter Interferometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:7540-7546. [PMID: 32352792 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
High-speed capillary electrophoresis (HSCE) is implemented using a 10 cm total length fused-silica capillary (50 μm i.d., 80 μm o.d.) combined with refractive index (RI) detection using backscatter interferometry (BSI). The short capillary length reduces analysis time while the ultrathin wall (15 μm) efficiently dissipates heat from the separation channel, mitigating the deleterious effects of Joule heating. The separation capillary is mounted on a temperature-controlled heat sink that stabilizes the temperature to ±0.004 °C. This temperature stabilization improves separation efficiency and enhances RI detection. Ohm's Law plots confirm the superior heat dissipation of the HSCE capillary compared to a similarly prepared conventional CE capillary (50 μm i.d., 363 μm o.d.). The speed and efficiency of HSCE combined with universal RI detection is illustrated through the separation of K+, Ba2+, Mg2+, Na+, Li+, and Tris+ in approximately 30 s, with efficiencies greater than 500 000 plates/m. Run-to-run repeatability is explored using nine consecutive electrokinetic injections of a K+, Na+, and Li+ mixture. The average migration times and %RSD for K+, Na+, and Li+ were measured to be 22.04 s (1.59%), 26.81 s (1.38%), and 29.80 s (2.21%), respectively. Finally, we show that the BSI signal is sensitive to the separation voltage through the Kerr mechanism. This leads to peaks in the electropherogram from the injection process that are useful for precisely defining the start of each separation and quantifying the amount of sample injected onto the capillary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Dunn
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
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25
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Arter WE, Levin A, Krainer G, Knowles TPJ. Microfluidic approaches for the analysis of protein-protein interactions in solution. Biophys Rev 2020; 12:575-585. [PMID: 32266673 PMCID: PMC7242286 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-020-00679-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploration and characterisation of the human proteome is a key objective enabling a heightened understanding of biological function, malfunction and pharmaceutical design. Since proteins typically exhibit their behaviour by binding to other proteins, the challenge of probing protein-protein interactions has been the focus of new and improved experimental approaches. Here, we review recently developed microfluidic techniques for the study and quantification of protein-protein interactions. We focus on methodologies that utilise the inherent strength of microfluidics for the control of mass transport on the micron scale, to facilitate surface and membrane-free interrogation and quantification of interacting proteins. Thus, the microfluidic tools described here provide the capability to yield insights on protein-protein interactions under physiological conditions. We first discuss the defining principles of microfluidics, and methods for the analysis of protein-protein interactions that utilise the diffusion-controlled mixing characteristic of fluids at the microscale. We then describe techniques that employ electrophoretic forces to manipulate and fractionate interacting protein systems for their biophysical characterisation, before discussing strategies that use microdroplet compartmentalisation for the analysis of protein interactions. We conclude by highlighting future directions for the field, such as the integration of microfluidic experiments into high-throughput workflows for the investigation of protein interaction networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Arter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Aviad Levin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Georg Krainer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Tuomas P J Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK.
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26
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Chen J, Wang F, Ni Y, Dou X. Simultaneous Analysis for the Multiple Periodontal Pathogens by High-Speed Capillary Electrophoresis. ANAL LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2019.1655029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chen
- College of Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengchao Wang
- College of Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Ni
- Institute of Photonics and Bio-Medicine, Graduate School of Science, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoming Dou
- Institute of Photonics and Bio-Medicine, Graduate School of Science, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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27
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Chi Z, Azhar I, Khan H, Yang L, Feng Y. Automatic Dissolution Testing with High-Temporal Resolution for Both Immediate-Release and Fixed-Combination Drug Tablets. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17114. [PMID: 31745201 PMCID: PMC6863837 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53750-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dissolution testing plays many important roles throughout the pharmaceutical industry, from the research and development of drug products to the control and evaluation of drug quality. However, it is a challenging task to perform both high-efficient separation and high-temporal detection to achieve accurate dissolution profile of each active ingredient dissolved from a drug tablet. In our study, we report a novel non-manual-operation method for performing the automatic dissolution testing of drug tablets, by combining a program-controlled sequential analysis and high-speed capillary electrophoresis for efficient separation of active ingredients. The feasibility of the method for dissolution testing of real drug tablets as well as the performance of the proposed system has been demonstrated. The accuracy of drug dissolution testing is ensured by the excellent repeatability of the sequential analysis, as well as the similarity of the evaluation of dissolution testing. Our study show that the proposed method is capable to achieve simultaneous dissolution testing of multiple ingredients, and the matrix interferences can be avoided. Therefore it is of potential valuable applications in various fields of pharmaceutical research and drug regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongmei Chi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, P.R. China
| | - Irfan Azhar
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, P.R. China
| | - Habib Khan
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, P.R. China
| | - Li Yang
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, P.R. China.
| | - Yunxiang Feng
- Jingke-Oude Science and Education Instruments Co., Ltd., Changchun, Jilin, 130024, P.R. China
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28
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Shi M, Geng X, Wang C, Guan Y. Quantification of Low Copy Number Proteins in Single Cells. Anal Chem 2019; 91:11493-11496. [PMID: 31476854 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We have developed an ultrasensitive and highly selective method to quantify low copy number intracellular proteins in a single cell using a low-cost laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detector and a BV605 fluorescent probe. Active caspase3 proteins in cells were labeled by corresponding antibody-BV605 fluorescent binding, and a cell was injected into a 20 cm × 50 μm i.d. capillary column, followed by in situ lysis and capillary electrophoresis (CE)-LIF analysis. About seven active caspase3 protein molecules in a detection volume of 91 pL could be detected. In our method, cross-bounding proteins other than active caspase3 could be separated and distinguished by differences of retention time. By using Si photodiode assembly as a fluorescent detector instead of PMT, the dynamic range of the LIF is over 4 orders of magnitude. In this experiment, we found that the number of active caspase3 molecules in 98 single Jurkat cells were from 629 to 12171, reflecting significant heterogeneity among the cells although they were from the same batch. For extended application, it could also be applied to quantify other types of low copy number proteins in a single cell as long as the corresponding antibodies are provided. This high-sensitive method could also be a promising tool for earlier cancer diagnosis and related disease pathway research which is relevant to low copy number proteins. In addition, this low-cost system could also be easily expanded to an array system for high-throughput quantitation of low copy proteins in single cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Shi
- Department of Instrumentation & Analytical Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 457 Zhongshan Road , Dalian 116023 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P.R. China
| | - Xuhui Geng
- Department of Instrumentation & Analytical Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 457 Zhongshan Road , Dalian 116023 , China
| | - Chengye Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery , The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University , No. 467, Zhongshan Road , Dalian , Liaoning 116023 , China
| | - Yafeng Guan
- Department of Instrumentation & Analytical Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 457 Zhongshan Road , Dalian 116023 , China
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WEI YY, SUN ZQ, REN HH, LI L. Advances in Microdroplet Generation Methods. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(19)61162-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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An electrochemical biosensor for sensitive detection of nicotine-induced dopamine secreted by PC12 cells. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kubáň P, Foret F, Erny G. Open source capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2018; 40:65-78. [PMID: 30229967 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Open source paradigm is becoming widely accepted in scientific communities and open source hardware is finding its steady place in chemistry research. In this review article, we provide the reader with the most up-to-date information on open source hardware and software resources enabling the construction and utilization of an "open source capillary electrophoresis instrument". While CE is still underused as a separation technique, it offers unique flexibility, low-cost, and high efficiency and is particularly suitable for open source instrumental development. We overview the major parts of CE instruments, such as high voltage power supplies, detectors, data acquisition systems, and CE software resources with emphasis on availability of the open source information on the web and in the scientific literature. This review is the first of its kind, revealing accessible blueprints of most parts from which a fully functional open source CE system can be built. By collecting the extensive information on open source capillary electrophoresis in this review article, the authors aim at facilitating the dissemination of knowledge on CE within and outside the scientific community, fosters innovation and inspire other researchers to improve the shared CE blueprints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Kubáň
- Department of Bioanalytical Instrumentation, CEITEC Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Bioanalytical Instrumentation, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - František Foret
- Department of Bioanalytical Instrumentation, CEITEC Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Bioanalytical Instrumentation, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Guillaume Erny
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering - University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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