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Tsai YC, Luo PQ, Sung CL, Li Y, Hu FY, Wang CL, Chen YN, Hsu JH, Liao CE, Chang SR, Chuang WP. Evaluating local plant species for effective fall armyworm management strategies in Taiwan. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2024; 65:18. [PMID: 38992189 PMCID: PMC11239643 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-024-00424-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence of Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm; FAW) in the world has raised concerns regarding its impact on crop production, particularly on corn and sorghum. While chemical control and Bt crops have been effective in managing FAW damage, the development of pesticide-resistant and Bt-resistant strains necessitates alternative control methods. The push-pull farming system has gained attention, but direct utilization of African plant species in Taiwan faces challenges due to invasive potential and climatic disparities. Therefore, identifying and evaluating suitable local plant species, such as Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum), Desmodium species, and signal grass (Brachiaria brizantha), is crucial for implementing effective FAW management strategies in Taiwan. RESULTS In screening fifty Napier grass germplasms, all demonstrated an antibiotic effect, reducing leaf consumption compared to corn. Notably, thirty-five germplasms exhibited robust antibiotic traits, decreasing FAW consumption and increasing mortality rates. Three Napier grass germplasms also attracted more female moths for oviposition. Further evaluation of selected Napier grass germplasms and signal grass demonstrated efficacy in reducing FAW larval weight and survival duration. Additionally, Desmodium species, particularly D. uncinatum, showed promising toxicity against FAW larvae. CONCLUSION Our findings support the effectiveness of selected Napier grass germplasms and signal grass as pull plants, and highlight the potential of D. uncinatum as a push plant in FAW management strategies in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Ching Tsai
- Department of Agronomy, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Qi Luo
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Lin Sung
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Yu Hu
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Lu Wang
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ning Chen
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Hsin Hsu
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chien-En Liao
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shyh-Rong Chang
- Division of Forage Crops, Livestock Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Po Chuang
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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Lu Z, Lu K, Li Y, Xiao T, Zhou Z, Chen Y, Liu J, Sun Z, Gui F. Screening and functional validation of the core detoxification genes conferring broad-spectrum response to insecticides in Spodoptera frugiperda. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:3491-3503. [PMID: 38426637 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, a formidable agricultural pest, has developed resistance to various synthetic insecticides. However, how S. frugiperda utilizes its limited energy and resources to deal with various insecticides remains largely unexplored. RESULTS We utilized transcriptome sequencing to decipher the broad-spectrum adaptation mechanism of S. frugiperda to eight insecticides with distinct modes-of-action. Analysis of the Venn diagram revealed that 1014 upregulated genes and 778 downregulated genes were present in S. frugiperda treated with at least five different insecticides, compared to the control group. Exposure to various insecticides led to the significant upregulation of eight cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s), four UDP glucosyltransferases (UGTs), two glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) and two ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABCs). Among them, the sfCYP340AD3 and sfCYP4G74 genes were demonstrated to respond to stress from six different insecticides in S. frugiperda, as evidenced by RNA interference and toxicity bioassays. Furthermore, homology modeling and molecular docking analyses showed that sfCYP340AD3 and sfCYP4G74 possess strong binding affinities to a variety of insecticides. CONCLUSION Collectively, these findings showed that S. frugiperda utilizes a battery of core detoxification genes to cope with the exposure of synthetic insecticides. This study also sheds light on the identification of efficient insecticidal targets gene and the development of resistance management strategies in S. frugiperda, thereby facilitating the sustainable control of this serious pest. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources of Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Kai Lu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yahong Li
- Yunnan Plant Protection and Quarantine Station, Kunming, China
| | - Tianxiang Xiao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhonglin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources of Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yaping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources of Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Jianhui Liu
- Yuxi Plant Protection and Quarantine Station in Yunnan, Yuxi, China
| | - Zhongxiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources of Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Furong Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources of Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
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Durand K, An H, Nam K. Invasive fall armyworms are corn strain. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5696. [PMID: 38459145 PMCID: PMC10923878 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56301-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) is one of the major pest insects in diverse crop plants, including maize, rice, and cotton. While the fall armyworm is native to North and South America, its invasion was first reported in West Africa in 2016. Since then, this species has rapidly spread across Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and Oceania, as well as Egypt and Cyprus. The fall armyworm is composed of two sympatric strains, the corn and rice strains, designated to their preferred host plants, in native areas. It remains surprisingly unclear whether invasive fall armyworms belong to the corn strain, rice strain, or hybrids of the two, despite a large number of population genetics studies. In this study, we performed population genomics analyses using globally collected 116 samples to identify the strains of invasive fall armyworms. We observed that invasive fall armyworms are genomically most similar to the corn strain. The reconstructed phylogenetic tree supports the hypothesis that invasive fall armyworms originated from the corn strain. All genomic loci of invasive populations exhibit higher genetic similarity to the corn strains compared to the rice strains. Furthermore, we found no evidence of gene flow from rice strains to invasive populations at any genomic locus. These results demonstrate that invasive fall armyworms belong to the corn strain. These results suggest that invasive fall armyworms likely have very limited potential to infest rice. Therefore, the management plan should primarily focus on crops preferred by the corn strain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hyerin An
- DGIMI, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Kiwoong Nam
- DGIMI, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France.
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4
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Akinbuluma MD, van Schaijk RAH, Roessingh P, Groot AT. Region-Specific Variation in the Electrophysiological Responses of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Synthetic Sex Pheromone Compounds. J Chem Ecol 2024:10.1007/s10886-024-01479-w. [PMID: 38421546 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-024-01479-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), is a global pest that feeds on > 350 plant species and causes major yield loses. Variation in the responses of S. frugiperda males to female sex pheromone compounds affects the detection, monitoring and management of the pest. We determined geographic variation in the responses of S. frugiperda males to four different doses of synthetic sex pheromone compounds using a gas chromatography-electroantennogram detector (GC-EAD). Furthermore, we disentangled regional populations into C- and R- mitotypes via molecular analysis of the cytochrome oxidase I gene, and measured their responses to the compounds. When comparing responses of males from Florida, Benin, Nigeria and Kenya, we found some regional differences in the responses of S. frugiperda males to the major compound, Z9-14:OAc and minor component Z9-12:OAc. However, we found no differences in male responses between the different African countries. All males showed significantly higher antennal responses to Z7-12:OAc than to E7-12:OAc. When comparing the mitotypes, we found that Florida R-type males showed higher responses to Z9-14:OAc, Z7-12:OAc and Z9-12:OAc than Benin R-type males, while C-type males from both regions responded equally to Z7-12:OAc. In addition, Florida R-type males showed higher responses to E7-12:OAc than Florida C-type males. Our study thus shows some differential physiological responses of S. frugiperda males towards the known sex pheromone compounds, including E7-12:OAc, but mostly in the different mitotypes. How these differences translate to field trap catches remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mobolade D Akinbuluma
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Renée A H van Schaijk
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Roessingh
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid T Groot
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Liang XY, Zhang L, Li HR, Niu XP, Xiao YT. Genetic variation in the triosephosphate isomerase gene of the fall armyworm and its distribution across China. INSECT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 38414321 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, has colonized and caused consistent damage in the Eastern hemisphere. The identification of various FAW strains is essential for developing precise prevention and control measures. The triosephosphate isomerase (Tpi) gene is recognized as an effective marker closely linked to FAW subpopulations. However, most current studies primarily focus on the comparison of variations in specific gene sites of this gene. In this study, we conducted full-length sequencing of the Tpi genes from 5 representative FAW groups. Our findings revealed that the Tpi genes varied in length from 1220 to 1420 bp, with the primary variation occurring within 4 introns. Notably, the exon lengths remained consistent, at 747 bp, with 37 observed base variations; however, no amino acid variations were detected. Through sequence alignment, we identified 8 stable variation sites that can be used to distinguish FAW strains in the Eastern hemisphere. Additionally, we performed strain identification on 1569 FAW samples collected from 19 provinces in China between 2020 and 2021. The extensive analysis indicated the absence of the rice strain in the samples. Instead, we only detected the presence of the corn strain and the Zambia strain, with the Zambia strain being distributed in a very low proportion (3.44%). Furthermore, the corn strain could be further categorized into 2 subgroups. This comprehensive study provides a valuable reference for enhancing our understanding of FAW population differentiation and for improving monitoring and early warning efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yue Liang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Technologies (Hainan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Technologies (Hainan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong-Ran Li
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Technologies (Hainan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Niu
- Xingping Plant Protection and Plant Quarantine Station, Xian, China
| | - Yu-Tao Xiao
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Technologies (Hainan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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6
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Rodriguez-Chalarca J, Valencia SJ, Rivas-Cano A, Santos-González F, Romero DP. Impact of Bt corn expressing Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner insecticidal proteins on the growth and survival of Spodoptera frugiperda larvae in Colombia. FRONTIERS IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 4:1268092. [PMID: 38469336 PMCID: PMC10926427 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2024.1268092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Bioassays were conducted under controlled conditions to determine the response of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) larvae fed with corn materials expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal endotoxins: (1) VT Double Pro® (VT2P) expressing Cry1A.105-Cry2Ab2 proteins and (2) VT Triple Pro® (VT3P) expressing Cry1A.105-Cry2Ab2-Cry3Bb1 proteins. The parameters assessed were: (i) mortality rate, and (ii) growth inhibition (GI) with respect to the control. To conduct this study, larvae were collected from commercial non-Bt corn fields, in four agricultural sub-regions in Colombia, between 2018 and 2020. Fifty-two populations were assessed from the field and neonate larvae from each of the populations were used for the bioassays. The study found that mortality rates in the regions for larvae fed with VT2P corn ranged from 95.1 to 100.0%, with a growth inhibition (%GI) higher than 76.0%. Similarly, mortality rate for larvae fed with VT3P corn were between 91.4 and 100.0%, with a %GI above 74.0%. The population collected in Agua Blanca (Espinal, Tolima; Colombia) in 2020, showed the lowest mortality rate of 53.2% and a %GI of 73.5%, with respect to the control. The population that exhibited the lowest %GI was collected in 2018 in Agua Blanca (Espinal, Tolima, Colombia) with a 30.2%, growth inhibition, with respect to the control. In recent years, the use of plant tissue to monitor susceptibility to fall armyworm has proven to be useful in the resistance management program for corn in Colombia determining that the FAW populations are still susceptible to Bt proteins contained in VT2P and VT3P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairo Rodriguez-Chalarca
- Crops for Nutrition and Health, The Alliance of Bioversity International and Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (International Center for Tropical Agriculture), Palmira, Colombia
| | - Sandra J. Valencia
- Crops for Nutrition and Health, The Alliance of Bioversity International and Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (International Center for Tropical Agriculture), Palmira, Colombia
| | - Alejandra Rivas-Cano
- Crops for Nutrition and Health, The Alliance of Bioversity International and Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (International Center for Tropical Agriculture), Palmira, Colombia
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Palmira, Palmira, Colombia
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7
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Sisay B, Tamiru A, Subramanian S, Weldon CW, Khamis F, Green KK, Anderson P, Torto B. Pheromonal variation and mating between two mitotypes of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in Africa. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3848. [PMID: 38360933 PMCID: PMC10869808 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53053-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
In the Americas, the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) exists in two genetically distinct strains, the corn (C) and rice (R) strains. Despite their names, these strains are not associated with host plant preferences but have been shown to vary in pheromone composition and male responses. Recently, S. frugiperda was detected in Africa as an invasive species, but knowledge about variation in strain types, pheromone composition and inter-strain mating of populations of the pest in the continent has not been fully examined. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate variations, if any in the pheromone composition of female moths, male moth responses, and mating between C and R mitotypes of S. frugiperda populations in Kenya, as well as their geographic distribution. Strains (mitotypes) of S. frugiperda were identified using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers, and their pheromonal composition determined by coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis. Male moth responses to these compounds were evaluated using GC-electroantennographic detection (EAD), electroantennogram (EAG), and wind tunnel assays. Oviposition assays were used to determine whether R and C mitotype moths could mate and produce eggs. The results showed that both the R and C mitotypes were present, and there were no statistically significant differences in their distribution across all sampled locations. Five pheromone compounds including (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7-12:OAc), (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate (Z7-14:OAc), (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14:OAc), (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11-14:OAc) and (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16:OAc), were detected in the pheromone glands of female moths of both mitotypes, with Z9-14:OAc being the most abundant. The relative percentage composition of Z9-14:OAc was similar in both mitotypes. However, the R mitotype had a 2.7 times higher relative percentage composition of Z7-12:OAc compared to the C mitotype moth, while the C mitotype moth had a 2.4 times higher relative percentage composition of Z11-16:OAc than the R mitotype moth. Male moths of both mitotypes exhibited similar responses to the pheromone compounds, showing the strongest responses to Z9-14:OAc and Z7-12:OAc in electrophysiological and behavioural assays. There was mating between R and C mitotypes with egg production comparable to mating within the same mitotype. Our results revealed that differences between the two S. frugiperda mitotypes are characterized by female moth pheromone composition rather than male moth responses to the pheromones, and that this does not prevent hybridisation between the mitotypes, which may have implications for their management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birhanu Sisay
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (Icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Forestry and Agriculture Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa.
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Melkassa Agricultural Research Centre, P.O. Box 436, Adama, Ethiopia.
| | - Amanuel Tamiru
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (Icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Sevgan Subramanian
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (Icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Christopher W Weldon
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Forestry and Agriculture Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Fathiya Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (Icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kristina Karlsson Green
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Box 190, 23422, Lomma, Sweden
| | - Peter Anderson
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Box 190, 23422, Lomma, Sweden.
| | - Baldwyn Torto
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (Icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
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Yactayo-Chang JP, Broadhead GT, Housler RJ, Resende MFR, Verma K, Louis J, Basset GJ, Beck JJ, Block AK. Maize terpene synthase 1 impacts insect behavior via the production of monoterpene volatiles β-myrcene and linalool. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2024; 218:113957. [PMID: 38154731 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Plant-derived volatiles are important mediators of plant-insect interactions as they can provide cues for host location and quality, or act as direct or indirect defense molecules. The volatiles produced by Zea mays (maize) include a range of terpenes, likely produced by several of the terpene synthases (TPS) present in maize. Determining the roles of specific terpene volatiles and individual TPSs in maize-insect interactions is challenging due to the promiscuous nature of TPSs in vitro and their potential for functional redundancy. In this study, we used metabolite GWAS of a sweetcorn diversity panel infested with Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) to identify genetic correlations between TPSs and individual volatiles. This analysis revealed a correlation between maize terpene synthase 1 (ZmTPS1) and emission of the monoterpene volatiles linalool and β-myrcene. Electroantennogram assays showed gravid S. frugiperda could detect both linalool and β-myrcene. Quantification of headspace volatiles in a maize tps1 loss-of-function mutant confirmed that ZmTPS1 is an important contributor to linalool and β-myrcene emission in maize. Furthermore, pairwise choice assays between tps1 mutant and wild-type plants showed that ZmTPS1, and by extension its volatile products, aid host location in the chewing insect S. frugiperda, yet repel the sap-sucking pest, Rhopalosiphum maidis (corn leaf aphid). On the other hand, ZmTPS1 had no impact on indirect defense via the recruitment of the parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris. ZmTPS1 is therefore an important mediator of the interactions between maize and its insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica P Yactayo-Chang
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Geoffrey T Broadhead
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Robert J Housler
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL, USA; Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Marcio F R Resende
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kashish Verma
- Department of Entomology and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Joe Louis
- Department of Entomology and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Gilles J Basset
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - John J Beck
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Anna K Block
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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9
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Gouda MNR, Jeevan H, Shashank HG. CRISPR/Cas9: a cutting-edge solution for combatting the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 51:13. [PMID: 38085335 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08986-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of CRISPR/Cas9 in Spodoptera frugiperda, commonly known as fall armyworm, presents a groundbreaking avenue for pest management. With its ability to precisely modify the insect's genome, CRISPR/Cas9 offers innovative strategies to combat this destructive pest. The application of CRISPR/Cas9 in S. frugiperda holds immense potential. It enables the identification and functional analysis of key genes associated with its behavior, development, and insecticide resistance. This knowledge can unveil novel target sites for more effective and specific insecticides. Additionally, CRISPR/Cas9 can facilitate the development of population control methods by disrupting vital genes essential for survival. However, challenges such as off-target effects and the efficient delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 components remain. Addressing these obstacles is vital to ensure accurate and reliable results. Furthermore, ethical considerations, biosafety protocols, and regulatory frameworks must be integral to the adoption of this technology. Looking forward, CRISPR/Cas9-based gene drive systems hold the potential to promulgate desirable genetic traits within S. frugiperda populations, offering a sustainable and eco-friendly approach. This could curtail their reproductive capabilities or make them more susceptible to certain interventions. In conclusion, CRISPR/Cas9 presents a transformative platform for precise and targeted pest management in S. frugiperda. By deciphering the insect's genetic makeup and developing innovative strategies, we can mitigate the devastating impact of fall armyworm on agriculture while ensuring environmental sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Rudra Gouda
- Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.
| | - H Jeevan
- Division of Nematology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - H G Shashank
- Division of Plant Genetic Resources, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
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Chipabika G, Sohati PH, Khamis FM, Chikoti PC, Copeland R, Ombura L, Kachapulula PW, Tonga TK, Niassy S, Sevgan S. Abundance, diversity and richness of natural enemies of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in Zambia. FRONTIERS IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 3:1091084. [PMID: 38469517 PMCID: PMC10926438 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2023.1091084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, an invasive pest originating from the Americas is a serious pest threatening cereal production and food security in Zambia. We studied the prevalence and abundance of natural enemies of FAW in three Agroecological regions (AERs I, II, and III) to identify those that could potentially serve as bio-control agents. Sampling of FAW parasitoids and predators was done along trunk roads at intervals of 10 km. Molecular sequence analysis and morphological characterization were used to identify natural enemies. Over 11 species of FAW natural enemies, including egg, egg-larval, and larval parasitoids, and predators, were identified in Zambia. The mean number of natural enemies and species richness was higher in AER I and IIa. Consequently, egg parasitism was highest in those two regions, at 24.5% and 12.2%, respectively. Larvae parasitism was highest in AER I (4.8%) and AER III (1.9), although no significant differences were observed. The most abundant and widely distributed parasitoid was Drino sp. (Diptera: Tachinidae), while Rhynocoris segmentarius (Germar) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) and Belanogaster sp. (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) were the most prevalent predators. Our study reveals the presence of two natural enemies belonging to the genus Tiphia and Micromeriella, uncommon to FAW. Significant differences in the number of parasitoids were observed in polycropping, with the highest recovery of 12 ± 10% from maize + cowpeas + pumpkin and watermelon mixed cropping. The higher the rainfall, the lower the number of natural enemies recorded. Variations in rainfall patterns which affect FAW availability, cropping systems and the three AERs may explain natural enemies' species diversity in Zambia. The information provided in this study can aid the development of a national biological control programme for sustainable management of fall armyworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilson Chipabika
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Science, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Philemon H. Sohati
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Science, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Fathiya Mbarak Khamis
- Department of Plant health, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Patrick C. Chikoti
- Plant Protection Division, Zambia Agriculture Research Institute, Mount Makulu Research Station, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Robert Copeland
- Department of Plant health, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Levi Ombura
- Department of Plant health, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Paul W. Kachapulula
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Science, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Tamara K. Tonga
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Science, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Saliou Niassy
- Department of Plant health, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Subramanian Sevgan
- Department of Plant health, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
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11
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Jiang JZ, Huang BY, Wu Q, Li SY, Gu J, Huang LH. Identification of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its two host strains in China by PCR-RFLP. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 116:983-992. [PMID: 37120154 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toad073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda was first found in China in 2018. In other countries, FAW has evolved corn and rice strain biotypes. It is not possible to identify these strains based on morphology. In addition, FAW is very similar in appearance to several other common pests. These situations bring great challenges to the population management of FAW. In this study, we developed a rapid identification method based on PCR-RFLP to distinguish the two FAW strains and the FAW from other lepidopteran pests. A 697 bp mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) was cloned and sequenced from FAW, Spodoptera litura, Spodoptera exigua, and Mythimna separata. The COI fragments of these species revealed unique digestion patterns created by three enzymes (Tail, AlWN I, and BstY II). Thus, these four species can be distinguished from each other. The enzyme Ban I recognized a unique SNP site on a 638 bp triosephosphate isomerase (Tpi) fragment of the corn strain FAW. The Tpi fragment of the corn strain was cut into two bands. However, the rice strain could not be digested. Using this method, all 28 FAW samples collected from different host plants and locations in China were identified as the corn strain. This suggests that the rice strain has not yet invaded China. This method allows discrimination of FAW from other Lepidopteran pests and distinguishes the two FAW host strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Zhao Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Bo-Yu Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Shi-Yu Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Jun Gu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Li-Hua Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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12
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Feng D, Wu S, Jiang B, He S, Luo Y, Li F, Song B, Song R. Discovery of Novel Isoxazoline Derivatives Containing Diaryl Ether against Fall Armyworms. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:6859-6870. [PMID: 37126004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
With the continuous evolution of insect resistance, it is a tremendous challenge to control the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) with traditional insecticides. To solve this pending issue, a series of novel isoxazoline derivatives containing diaryl ether structures were designed and synthesized, and most of the target compounds exhibited excellent insecticidal activity. Based on the three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) model analysis, we further optimized the molecular structure with compound L35 obtained and tested for its activity. Compound L35 (LC50 = 1.69 mg/L) exhibited excellent insecticidal activity against S. frugiperda, which was better than those of commercial fipronil (LC50 = 70.78 mg/L) and indoxacarb (LC50 = 5.37 mg/L). The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that L35 could upregulate the levels of GABA in insects. In addition, molecular docking and transcriptomic results also indicated that compound L35 may affect the nervous system of S. frugiperda by acting on GABA receptors. Notably, through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), we were able to obtain the two enantiomers of compound L35, and the insecticidal activity test revealed that S-(+)-L35 was 44 times more active than R-(-)-L35 against S. frugiperda. This study established the chemistry basis and mechanistic foundations for the future development of pesticide candidates against fall armyworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Feng
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P.R. China
| | - Shang Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P.R. China
| | - Biaobiao Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P.R. China
| | - Siqi He
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P.R. China
| | - Yuqin Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P.R. China
| | - Fangyi Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P.R. China
| | - Baoan Song
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P.R. China
| | - Runjiang Song
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P.R. China
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Jiang B, Li F, Feng D, Wei W, Luo Y, He S, Dong Y, Hu D. Discovery of Novel Isoxazoline Compounds that Incorporate a para-Diamide Moiety as Potential Insecticidal Agents against Fall Armyworm ( Spodoptera frugiperda). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:5516-5524. [PMID: 37000156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Spodoptera frugiperda is a major migratory agricultural pest, which seriously impedes agricultural production around the world. To discover potent compounds against S. frugiperda, a number of novel isoxazoline derivatives were designed and synthesized and created on account of the identified lead compound F32 (4-(5-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4,5-dihydroisoxazol-3-yl)-2-methyl-N-(3-propionamidophenyl)benzamide). Based on the three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship of those compounds, the compound G22 (N-(4-acetamidophenyl)-4-(5-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4,5-dihydroisoxazol-3-yl)-2-methylbenzamide) was developed. A bioassay showed that G22 is highly lethal to S. frugiperda (LC50 = 1.57 mg/L), a more effective control than insecticides fipronil (LC50 = 78.8 mg/L) and chlorantraniliprole (LC50 = 1.60 mg/L). Field trials were also implemented to identify candidate agents. Furthermore, from the insect γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, it is obvious that G22 could up-regulate the expression of GABA of insects, which showed a similar result to fipronil. The analysis of molecular docking exhibited that the hydrophobic effect and hydrogen bonds play key roles in the combination between G22 with GABA receptors. This study provides a potent isoxazoline candidate compound for the S. frugiperda control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biaobiao Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Fangyi Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Di Feng
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Wenchao Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Yuqin Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Siqi He
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Yawen Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Deyu Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
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Koffi D, Agboka K, Fening KO, Adjevi MKA, Badziklou JEA, Tchegueni M, Tchao M, Meagher RL. Spodoptera frugiperda in Togo 5 years on: early impact of the invasion and future developments. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2023; 113:21-28. [PMID: 36254667 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485322000207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The infestation of the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Africa since 2016 has been a major threat to maize production. Previous studies in Togo and Ghana from 2016 to 2018 did not correlate FAW infestation to yield losses. Thus, the aim of this study which assesses the impact of FAW infestation by inspecting 150 maize farms throughout the five Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZs) of Togo for FAW plant damage, and third instar larvae were used to infest 10-day-old maize plants in netted plots under controlled conditions at an experiment station (Station d'Expérimentations Agronomiques de Lomé) in 2019 and 2020. As control plots at the experiment station, plots were both netted and treated with emamectin benzoate, simply netted, or open to natural infestation. The number of larvae, egg masses, percent damaged plants, and damage proportions of leaves and ears were scored until harvest. Infestations and damages on maize plant throughout Togo were similar between the two years but were higher in the southern part of the county (AEZ5). At the experiment station, the yield losses were significantly considerable and increased from 25% infestation. The losses were 0.37 t ha-1 for 25% infestation, 0.34 t ha-1 for 30%, 0.59 t ha-1 for the open plots, 0.70 t ha-1 for simple netted and 50% infestation, 1.03 t ha-1 for 75%, and 1.27 t ha-1 for 100% infestation. This current study suggested thorough inspection on maize farms to set off management practices from 25% of infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djima Koffi
- West African Center for Applied Researches and Innovations, S/C 01 BP 1515, Lomé, Togo
- Ecole Supérieure d'Agronomie, Université de Lomé, 01 BP 1515, Lomé, Togo
| | - Komi Agboka
- Ecole Supérieure d'Agronomie, Université de Lomé, 01 BP 1515, Lomé, Togo
| | - Ken Okwae Fening
- African Regional Postgraduate Programme in Insect Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana, LG 59, Accra, Ghana
- Soil and Irrigation Research Centre, University of Ghana, Kpong, Ghana
| | | | | | | | - Manguilibè Tchao
- Ecole Supérieure d'Agronomie, Université de Lomé, 01 BP 1515, Lomé, Togo
| | - Robert L Meagher
- USDA-ARS CMAVE, Insect Behavior and Biocontrol Research Unit, Gainesville, Florida, 32608, USA
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15
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Zhang XY, Huang L, Liu J, Zhang HB, Qiu K, Lu F, Hu G. Migration Dynamics of Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) in the Yangtze River Delta. INSECTS 2023; 14:127. [PMID: 36835696 PMCID: PMC9961294 DOI: 10.3390/insects14020127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Yangtze River Delta, located in East China, is an important passage on the eastern pathway of the northward migration of fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) in China, connecting China's year-round breeding area and the Huang-Huai-Hai summer maize area. Clarifying the migration dynamics of S. frugiperda in the Yangtze River Delta is of great significance for the scientific control and prevention of S. frugiperda in the Yangtze River Delta, even in the Huang-Huai-Hai region and Northeast China. This study is based on the pest investigation data of S. frugiperda in the Yangtze River Delta from 2019 to 2021, combining it with the migration trajectory simulation approach and the synoptic weather analysis. The result showed that S. frugiperda migrated to the Yangtze River Delta in March or April at the earliest, and mainly migrated to the south of the Yangtze River in May, which can be migrated from Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan and other places. In May and June, S. frugiperda migrated further into the Jiang-Huai region, and its source areas were mainly distributed in Jiangxi, Hunan, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui and Hubei provinces. In July, it mainly migrated to the north of Huai River, and the source areas of the insects were mainly distributed in Jiangsu, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei and Henan. From the south of the Yangtze River to the north of the Huai River, the source areas of S. frugiperda were constantly moving north. After breeding locally, S. frugiperda can not only migrate to other regions of the Yangtze River Delta, but also to its surrounding provinces of Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Henan, Shandong and Hebei, and even cross the Shandong Peninsula into Northeast China such as Liaoning and Jilin provinces. Trajectory simulation showed that the emigrants of S. frugiperda from the Yangtze River Delta moved northward, westward and eastward as wind direction was quite diverse in June-August. This paper analyzes the migration dynamics of S. frugiperda in the Yangtze River Delta, which has important guiding significance for the monitoring, early warning and the development of scientific prevention and control strategies for whole country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Yan Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Le Huang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jie Liu
- China National Agro-Tech Extension and Service Center, Beijing 100125, China
| | - Hai-Bo Zhang
- Plant Protection and Plant Quarantine Station of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Kun Qiu
- Plant Protection Station of Anhui Province, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Fang Lu
- Shanghai Agricultural Technology Extension and Service Center, Shanghai 201103, China
| | - Gao Hu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Jiang B, Feng D, Li F, Luo Y, He S, Dong Y, Hu D. Design, Synthesis, and Insecticidal Activity of Novel Isoxazoline Compounds That Contain Meta-diamides against Fall Armyworm ( Spodoptera frugiperda). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:1091-1099. [PMID: 36599080 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) is a major migratory pest around the entire world that causes severe damage to agriculture. We designed and synthesized a series of novel isoxazoline derivatives based on the previously discovered active compound H13 to find new and effective candidates against S. frugiperda. Most of them showed excellent insecticidal activity. In addition, a three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship model was established, and compound F32 was designed and synthesized based on the results. The bioassay result showed that compound F32 exhibited excellent activity against S. frugiperda (LC50 = 3.46 mg/L), which was substantially better than that of the positive control fipronil (LC50 = 78.8 mg/L). Furthermore, an insect γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay indicated that F32 can upregulate the content of GABA in insects in a manner similar to that of fipronil. Molecular docking showed that the hydrophobic effect and hydrogen-bond interactions are vital factors between the binding of F32 and receptors. All of these results suggest that compound F32 could be employed as a novel isoxazoline lead compound to control S. frugiperda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biaobiao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou550025, P. R. China
| | - Di Feng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou550025, P. R. China
| | - Fangyi Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou550025, P. R. China
| | - Yuqin Luo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou550025, P. R. China
| | - Siqi He
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou550025, P. R. China
| | - Yawen Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou550025, P. R. China
| | - Deyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou550025, P. R. China
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Omuut G, Mollel HG, Kanyesigye D, Akohoue F, Adumo Aropet S, Wagaba H, Otim MH. Genetic analyses and detection of point mutations in the acetylcholinesterase-1 gene associated with organophosphate insecticide resistance in fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) populations from Uganda. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:22. [PMID: 36646998 PMCID: PMC9841645 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-09093-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda; J.E. Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is now an economically important pest that causes huge losses to maize productivity in sub-Saharan Africa. Variations in sub-population genetics and the processes of rapid adaptation underpinning the invasion remain unclear. For this, the genetic identity and diversity of FAW populations in Uganda were revealed by sequencing 87 samples (collected across the country). Based on the partial mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene polymorphisms, we further examined the mitochondrial haplotype configuration and compared the FAW in Uganda with sequences from other parts of the world. The molecular target for organophosphate and carbamate resistance, acetylcholinesterase, was also investigated. RESULTS Analysis of the partial COI gene sequences showed the presence of both rice (predominant) and corn strain haplotypes, with a haplotype diversity of 0.382. Based on the COI marker, pairwise difference distribution analyses, and neutrality tests, showed that the FAW populations in Uganda and the rest of Africa are evolving neutrally, but those in America and Asia are undergoing expansion. Our findings support observations that invasive FAW populations throughout the rest of Africa and Asia share a common origin. Sequencing of the S. frugiperda ace-1 gene revealed four amino acid substitutions, two of which (A201S and F290V) were previously shown to confer organophosphate resistance in both S. frugiperda and several other insect species. The other two previously reported new variations in positions g-396 and g-768, are presumed to be related to the development of insecticide resistance. CONCLUSIONS This research has increased our knowledge of the genetics of FAW in Uganda, which is critical for pest surveillance and the detection of resistance. However, due to the low gene polymorphism of COI, more evolutionary studies incorporating the Spodoptera frugiperda whole-genome sequence are required to precisely understand the FAW population dynamics, introduction paths, origin, and subsequent spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geresemu Omuut
- grid.463519.c0000 0000 9021 5435National Agricultural Research Organization, National Crops Resources Research Institute, P. O Box, 7084 Kampala, Uganda
| | - Happyness G. Mollel
- Tanzania Agricultural Research Institute-Mikocheni, P. O. Box, 6226 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Dalton Kanyesigye
- grid.463519.c0000 0000 9021 5435National Agricultural Research Organization, National Crops Resources Research Institute, P. O Box, 7084 Kampala, Uganda
| | - Félicien Akohoue
- grid.412037.30000 0001 0382 0205Laboratory of Genetics, Biotechnology and Seed Science (GBioS), Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin ,grid.9464.f0000 0001 2290 1502State Plant Breeding Institute, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stella Adumo Aropet
- grid.463387.d0000 0001 2229 1011National Agricultural Research Organization, National Agricultural Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 7065, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Henry Wagaba
- grid.463519.c0000 0000 9021 5435National Agricultural Research Organization, National Crops Resources Research Institute, P. O Box, 7084 Kampala, Uganda
| | - Michael H. Otim
- grid.463519.c0000 0000 9021 5435National Agricultural Research Organization, National Crops Resources Research Institute, P. O Box, 7084 Kampala, Uganda
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Rane R, Walsh TK, Lenancker P, Gock A, Dao TH, Nguyen VL, Khin TN, Amalin D, Chittarath K, Faheem M, Annamalai S, Thanarajoo SS, Trisyono YA, Khay S, Kim J, Kuniata L, Powell K, Kalyebi A, Otim MH, Nam K, d’Alençon E, Gordon KHJ, Tay WT. Complex multiple introductions drive fall armyworm invasions into Asia and Australia. Sci Rep 2023; 13:660. [PMID: 36635481 PMCID: PMC9837037 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27501-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda is thought to have undergone a rapid 'west-to-east' spread since 2016 when it was first identified in western Africa. Between 2018 and 2020, it was recorded from South Asia (SA), Southeast Asia (SEA), East Asia (EA), and Pacific/Australia (PA). Population genomic analyses enabled the understanding of pathways, population sources, and gene flow in this notorious agricultural pest species. Using neutral single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) DNA markers, we detected genome introgression that suggested most populations in this study were overwhelmingly C- and R-strain hybrids (n = 252/262). SNP and mitochondrial DNA markers identified multiple introductions that were most parsimoniously explained by anthropogenic-assisted spread, i.e., associated with international trade of live/fresh plants and plant products, and involved 'bridgehead populations' in countries to enable successful pest establishment in neighbouring countries. Distinct population genomic signatures between Myanmar and China do not support the 'African origin spread' nor the 'Myanmar source population to China' hypotheses. Significant genetic differentiation between populations from different Australian states supported multiple pathways involving distinct SEA populations. Our study identified Asia as a biosecurity hotspot and a FAW genetic melting pot, and demonstrated the use of genome analysis to disentangle preventable human-assisted pest introductions from unpreventable natural pest spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Rane
- grid.1016.60000 0001 2173 2719CSIRO, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052 Australia ,grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Thomas K. Walsh
- grid.1016.60000 0001 2173 2719CSIRO, Black Mountain Laboratories, Clunies Ross Street, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia ,grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Pauline Lenancker
- grid.467576.1Sugar Research Australia, 71378 Bruce Highway, Gordonvale, QLD 4865 Australia
| | - Andrew Gock
- grid.1016.60000 0001 2173 2719CSIRO, Black Mountain Laboratories, Clunies Ross Street, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Thi Hang Dao
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Divina Amalin
- grid.411987.20000 0001 2153 4317Department of Biology, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines
| | | | - Muhammad Faheem
- CAB International Southeast Asia, Serdang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Y. Andi Trisyono
- grid.8570.a0000 0001 2152 4506Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Sathya Khay
- grid.473388.3Plant Protection Division of CARDI, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Juil Kim
- grid.412010.60000 0001 0707 9039College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Lastus Kuniata
- grid.473451.0New Britain Palm Oil, Ramu Agri Industry Ltd., Lae, Papua New Guinea
| | - Kevin Powell
- grid.467576.1Sugar Research Australia, 71378 Bruce Highway, Gordonvale, QLD 4865 Australia
| | | | - Michael H. Otim
- grid.463519.c0000 0000 9021 5435National Crops Resources Research Institute, Namulonge, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Kiwoong Nam
- grid.503158.aDGIMI, Université Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Karl H. J. Gordon
- grid.1016.60000 0001 2173 2719CSIRO, Black Mountain Laboratories, Clunies Ross Street, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Wee Tek Tay
- CSIRO, Black Mountain Laboratories, Clunies Ross Street, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia. .,Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Wang J, Huang Y, Huang L, Dong Y, Huang W, Ma H, Zhang H, Zhang X, Chen X, Xu Y. Migration risk of fall armyworm ( Spodoptera frugiperda) from North Africa to Southern Europe. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1141470. [PMID: 37077648 PMCID: PMC10106561 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1141470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
With the development of globalization and agriculture trade, as well as its own strong migratory capacity, fall armyworm (FAW) (Spodoptera frugiperda) (J.E. Smith) has invaded more than 70 countries, posing a serious threat to the production of major crops in these areas. FAW has now also been detected in Egypt in North Africa, putting Europe, which is separated from it only by the Mediterranean Sea, at high risk of invasion. Therefore, this study integrated multiple factors of insect source, host plant, and environment to provide a risk analysis of the potential trajectories and time periods of migration of FAW into Europe in 2016~2022. First, the CLIMEX model was used to predict the annual and seasonal suitable distribution of FAW. The HYSPLIT numerical trajectory model was then used to simulate the possibility of the FAW invasion of Europe through wind-driven dispersal. The results showed that the risk of FAW invasion between years was highly consistent (P<0.001). Coastal areas were most suitable for the expansion of the FAW, and Spain and Italy had the highest risk of invasion, with 39.08% and 32.20% of effective landing points respectively. Dynamic migration prediction based on spatio-temporal data can enable early warning of FAW, which is important for joint multinational pest management and crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Agro-Ecological Big Data Analysis and Application, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Yanru Huang
- Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linsheng Huang
- National Engineering Research Center for Agro-Ecological Big Data Analysis and Application, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Linsheng Huang, ; Yingying Dong,
| | - Yingying Dong
- Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Linsheng Huang, ; Yingying Dong,
| | - Wenjiang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huiqin Ma
- School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hansu Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Agro-Ecological Big Data Analysis and Application, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Xueyan Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyu Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Agro-Ecological Big Data Analysis and Application, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Yunlei Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Agro-Ecological Big Data Analysis and Application, Anhui University, Hefei, China
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Dong JF, Yang HB, Li DX, Yu HQ, Tian CH. Identification and expression analysis of chemosensory receptors in the tarsi of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). Front Physiol 2023; 14:1177297. [PMID: 37101698 PMCID: PMC10123274 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1177297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemosensation of tarsi provides moths with the ability to detect chemical signals which are important for food recognition. However, molecular mechanisms underlying the chemosensory roles of tarsi are still unknown. The fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda is a serious moth pest that can damage many plants worldwide. In the current study, we conducted transcriptome sequencing with total RNA extracted from S. frugiperda tarsi. Through sequence assembly and gene annotation, 23 odorant receptors 10 gustatory receptors and 10 inotropic receptors (IRs) were identified. Further phylogenetic analysis with these genes and homologs from other insect species indicated specific genes, including ORco, carbon dioxide receptors, fructose receptor, IR co-receptors, and sugar receptors were expressed in the tarsi of S. frugiperda. Expression profiling with RT-qPCR in different tissues of adult S. frugiperda showed that most annotated SfruORs and SfruIRs were mainly expressed in the antennae, and most SfruGRs were mainly expressed in the proboscises. However, SfruOR30, SfruGR9, SfruIR60a, SfruIR64a, SfruIR75d, and SfruIR76b were also highly enriched in the tarsi of S. frugiperda. Especially SfruGR9, the putative fructose receptor, was predominantly expressed in the tarsi, and with its levels significantly higher in the female tarsi than in the male ones. Moreover, SfruIR60a was also found to be expressed with higher levels in the tarsi than in other tissues. This study not only improves our insight into the tarsal chemoreception systems of S. frugiperda but also provides useful information for further functional studies of chemosensory receptors in S. frugiperda tarsi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Feng Dong
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan Province, China
| | - Hai-Bo Yang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan Province, China
| | - Ding-Xu Li
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan Province, China
| | - Hong-Qi Yu
- Information Center of Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Hong-Qi Yu, ; Cai-Hong Tian,
| | - Cai-Hong Tian
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- *Correspondence: Hong-Qi Yu, ; Cai-Hong Tian,
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21
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Van den Berg J, du Plessis H. Chemical Control and Insecticide Resistance in Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 115:1761-1771. [PMID: 36515104 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Insecticides and genetically modified Bt crops are the main tools for control of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith). Since its invasion of Africa, the Far East, and Australia where Bt crops are largely absent, insecticide use has increased and reduced susceptibility to several insecticides used for decades in its native distribution area have been reported. Poor efficacy at field-level is sometimes incorrectly ascribed to pest resistance, while numerous other factors influence efficacy at field-level. In this paper, we review the history of insecticide resistance in S. frugiperda and discuss the influence that life history traits, migration ecology, and chemical control practices may have on control efficacy and resistance evolution. The indirect role that poor national policies have on pesticide use practices, and indirectly on control efficacy and selection pressure is discussed. Evidence shows that local selection for resistance drives resistance evolution. Integrated pest management, rather than reliance on a single tactic, is the best way to suppress S. frugiperda numbers and the over-use of insecticides which selects for resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnnie Van den Berg
- IPM program, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Hannalene du Plessis
- IPM program, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
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22
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Tay WT, Rane RV, James W, Gordon KHJ, Downes S, Kim J, Kuniata L, Walsh TK. Resistance Bioassays and Allele Characterization Inform Analysis of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Introduction Pathways in Asia and Australia. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 115:1790-1805. [PMID: 36515109 PMCID: PMC9748595 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith; Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is present in over 70 countries in Africa, Asia, and Oceania. Its rapid dispersal since 2016 when it was first reported in western Africa, and associated devastation to agricultural productivity, highlight the challenges posed by this pest. Currently, its management largely relies on insecticide sprays and transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis toxins, therefore understanding their responses to these agents and characteristics of any resistance genes enables adaptive strategies. In Australia, S. frugiperda was reported at the end of January 2020 in northern Queensland and by March 2020, also in northern Western Australia. As an urgent first response we undertook bioassays on two Australian populations, one each from these initial points of establishment. To assist with preliminary sensitivity assessment, two endemic noctuid pest species, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner; Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) and Spodoptera litura (Fabricius; Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), were concurrently screened to obtain larval LC50 estimates against various insecticides. We characterized known resistance alleles from the VGSC, ACE-1, RyR, and ABCC2 genes to compare with published allele frequencies and bioassay responses from native and invasive S. frugiperda populations. An approximately 10× LC50 difference for indoxacarb was detected between Australian populations, which was approximately 28× higher than that reported from an Indian population. Characterization of ACE-1 and VGSC alleles provided further evidence of multiple introductions in Asia, and multiple pathways involving genetically distinct individuals in Australia. The preliminary bioassay results and resistance allele patterns from invasive S. frugiperda populations suggest multiple introductions have contributed to the pest's spread and challenge the axiom of its rapid 'west-to-east' spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- W T Tay
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
| | - R V Rane
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2100, Australia
- CSIRO, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - W James
- CSIRO Black Mountain Laboratories, Clunies Ross Street, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - K H J Gordon
- CSIRO Black Mountain Laboratories, Clunies Ross Street, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - S Downes
- CSIRO McMaster Laboratories, New England Highway, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia
| | - J Kim
- College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kangwon National University, Republic of Korea
| | | | - T K Walsh
- CSIRO Black Mountain Laboratories, Clunies Ross Street, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2100, Australia
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23
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Van den Berg J, Brewer MJ, Reisig DD. A Special Collection: Spodoptera frugiperda (Fall Armyworm): Ecology and Management of its World-Scale Invasion Outside of the Americas. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 115:1725-1728. [PMID: 36515103 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The Special Collection 'Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm): Ecology and Management of its World-scale Invasion Outside of the Americas' presents reviews and research that address topics of overarching interest and contributes to a better understanding of this pest and its management, now that it has spread outside the Americas. The collection is a combination of invited articles presenting new information published for the first time, invited review papers, and a selection of relevant high-quality articles previously published in Journal of Economic Entomology (JEE). Articles in the Collection, as well as selected citations of articles in other publications, reflect the increase in research on S. frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), which became the most important pest of maize in the world during recent years. This Special Collection addresses a wide range of topics, including pest behavior, host strains, insecticide and Bt protein resistance, biological control, host plant resistance, and yield loss estimates. Topics are presented in context of research primarily conducted in regions outside of the Americas where S. frugiperda has invaded and disrupted crop production to varying degrees. In recognition of further spread, the threat of a S. frugiperda invasion into Europe and potential management options are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnnie Van den Berg
- IPM Program, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Michael J Brewer
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Department of Entomology, Corpus Christi, TX 78406, USA
| | - Dominic D Reisig
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Vernon G. James Research and Extension Center, 207 Research Station Road, Plymouth, NC 27962, USA
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Fiteni E, Durand K, Gimenez S, Meagher RL, Legeai F, Kergoat GJ, Nègre N, d’Alençon E, Nam K. Host-plant adaptation as a driver of incipient speciation in the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda). BMC Ecol Evol 2022; 22:133. [DOI: 10.1186/s12862-022-02090-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Divergent selection on host-plants is one of the main evolutionary forces driving ecological speciation in phytophagous insects. The ecological speciation might be challenging in the presence of gene flow and assortative mating because the direction of divergence is not necessarily the same between ecological selection (through host-plant adaptation) and assortative mating. The fall armyworm (FAW), a major lepidopteran pest species, is composed of two sympatric strains, corn and rice strains, named after two of their preferred host-plants. These two strains have been hypothesized to undergo incipient speciation, based on (i) several lines of evidence encompassing both pre- and post-zygotic reproductive isolation, and (ii) the presence of a substantial level of genetic differentiation. Even though the status of these two strains has been established a long time ago, it is still yet to be found whether these two strains indeed exhibit a marked level of genetic differentiation from a large number of genomic loci. Here, we analyzed whole genome sequences from 56 FAW individuals either collected from pasture grasses (a part of the favored host range of the rice strain) or corn to assess the role of host-plant adaptation in incipient speciation.
Results
Principal component analysis of whole genome data shows that the pattern of divergence in the fall armyworm is predominantly explained by the genetic differentiation associated with host-plants. The level of genetic differentiation between corn and rice strains is particularly marked in the Z chromosome. We identified one autosomal locus and two Z chromosome loci targeted by selective sweeps specific to rice strain and corn strain, respectively. The autosomal locus has both increased DXY and FST while the Z chromosome loci had decreased DXY and increased FST.
Conclusion
These results show that the FAW population structure is dominated by the genetic differentiation between corn and rice strains. This differentiation involves divergent selection targeting at least three loci, which include a locus potentially causing reproductive isolation. Taken together, these results suggest the evolutionary scenario that host-plant speciation is a driver of incipient speciation in the fall armyworm.
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Kebede M, Fite T. RNA interference (RNAi) applications to the management of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Its current trends and future prospects. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:944774. [PMID: 36158573 PMCID: PMC9490220 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.944774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is among the invasive insect pests that damages maize and sorghum, the high-priority crops in newly colonized agro-ecologies, including African contexts. Owing to the increasing infestation of the pest and the limitations of current conventional methods for its management, there is a call for discovering advanced pest management approaches. RNA interference (RNAi) is an emerging molecular tool showing flexible potential for the management of S. frugiperda. We conducted a search of the recent application of RNAi literature using Google Scholar and Mendeley to find advanced papers on S. frugiperda management using RNAi molecular tools that led to growth inhibition, developmental aberrations, reduced fecundity, and mortality, mainly by disruption of normal biological processes of the pest. Although efforts have been made to accelerate the utility of RNAi, many factors limit the efficiency of RNAi to achieve successful control over S. frugiperda. Owing to RNAi’s potential bioactivity and economic and ecological acceptability, continued research efforts should focus on improving its broad applicability, including field conditions. Screening and identification of key target genes should be a priority task to achieve effective and sustainable management of this insect via RNAi. In addition, a clear understanding of the present status of RNAi utilization in S. frugiperda management is of paramount importance to improve its efficiency. Therefore, in this review, we highlight the biology of S. frugiperda and the RNAi mechanism as a foundation for the molecular management of the pest. Then, we discuss the current knowledge of the RNAi approach in S. frugiperda management and the factors affecting the efficiency of RNAi application. Finally, the prospects for RNAi-based insect pest management are highlighted for future research to achieve effective management of S. frugiperda.
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Bae M, Lewis A, Liu S, Arcot Y, Lin YT, Bernal JS, Cisneros-Zevallos L, Akbulut M. Novel Biopesticides Based on Nanoencapsulation of Azadirachtin with Whey Protein to Control Fall Armyworm. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:7900-7910. [PMID: 35727694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biopesticides have become a global trend in order to minimize the hazards derived from synthetic chemical pesticides and improve the safety, efficacy, and environmental friendliness of agricultural pest management. Herein, we report a novel biopesticide composite encapsulating azadirachtin with the size of 260.9 ± 6.8 nm and its effects on the insect pest Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm). The nanocomposite biopesticide was produced via nano emulsification and freeze-drying process using whey protein isolate as a nanocarrier matrix to encapsulate azadirachtin, a natural insect-killing compound obtained from neem seed. We found that the nanocomposite biopesticide acted quicker and with greater efficacy than bulk azadirachtin treatment with corresponding LC50 values within 11 days of S. frugiperda larvae survival. Through confocal microscopy, we found the enhanced biodistribution of the nanocomposite to all parts of the insect body. Photodegradation assays revealed an enhanced UV stability facilitated by light-scattering stemming from the intrinsic nanostructure and UV scavenging vitamin-E component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bae
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Amanda Lewis
- Department of Horticultural Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Shuhao Liu
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Yashwanth Arcot
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Yu-Ting Lin
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Julio S Bernal
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Luis Cisneros-Zevallos
- Department of Horticultural Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Mustafa Akbulut
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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27
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Zhao H, Zhu Z, Xing G, Li Y, Zhou X, Wang J, Li G, Cao H, Huang Y. Deformed Mediated Larval Incisor Lobe Development Causes Differing Feeding Behavior between Oriental Armyworm and Fall Armyworm. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13070594. [PMID: 35886770 PMCID: PMC9320430 DOI: 10.3390/insects13070594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Mandibular incisor lobes are important for insect feeding behavior, living habits and niche. However, the molecular regulation of insect incisor lobe development remains unknown. In this study, we found that two maize pests, oriental armyworm Mythimna separata and fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda, have different feeding patterns in maize, which are closely associated with the different development patterns of their incisor lobes. Different from first to sixth instar S. frugiperda, which feed on leaf tissues and whorls with sharp incisor lobes, older instars of M. separata feed from leaf margins with no incisor lobes. Hox gene Deformed (Dfd) is important for head appendages, but its function in incisor lobe development is not clear. Here, Dfds were identified from two armyworm species, and both were expressed highly in heads and eggs. Interestingly, the expression levels of MsDfd were relatively high in larval mandibles and decreased dramatically from fourth-instar mandibles in M. separata. Knockdown of MsDfd resulted in malformed mandibles with no incisor lobe in M. separata, making the larvae unable to perform window-feeding. However, RNAi of SfDfd did not affect the mandibles and window-feeding pattern of S. frugiperda, indicating the different roles of Dfd in these two species. Moreover, the mortality of new first instar M. separata increased after feeding dsMsDfd but did not for S. frugiperda feeding dsSfDfd. These findings revealed that Dfd mediated the larval mandibular incisor lobe morphology, affecting its feeding pattern in M. separata, broadening the knowledge of Dfd functions in insect mandibles and feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Zhao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (H.Z.); (Z.Z.); (G.X.); (X.Z.); (G.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Zeng Zhu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (H.Z.); (Z.Z.); (G.X.); (X.Z.); (G.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Gaoliang Xing
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (H.Z.); (Z.Z.); (G.X.); (X.Z.); (G.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Yiyu Li
- Institute of New Rural Development, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China;
| | - Xue Zhou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (H.Z.); (Z.Z.); (G.X.); (X.Z.); (G.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Plant Protection Station of Anhui Province, Hefei 230061, China;
| | - Guiting Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (H.Z.); (Z.Z.); (G.X.); (X.Z.); (G.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Haiqun Cao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (H.Z.); (Z.Z.); (G.X.); (X.Z.); (G.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Yong Huang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (H.Z.); (Z.Z.); (G.X.); (X.Z.); (G.L.); (H.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Jiang NJ, Mo BT, Guo H, Yang J, Tang R, Wang CZ. Revisiting the sex pheromone of the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda, a new invasive pest in South China. INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 29:865-878. [PMID: 34297483 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda is a worldwide serious agricultural pest, and recently invaded South China. Sex pheromone can be employed to monitor its population dynamics accurately in the field. However, the pheromone components previously reported by testing different geographic populations and strains are not consistent. On the basis of confirming that the S. frugiperda population from Yunnan Province belonged to the corn strain, we analyzed the potential sex pheromone components in the pheromone gland extracts of females using gas chromatography coupled with electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD), gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and electroantennography (EAG). The results show that (Z)-9-tetradecenal acetate (Z9-14:Ac), (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16:Ac), (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7-12:Ac) or (E)-7-dodecenyl acetate (E7-12:Ac) with a ratio of 100 : 15.8 : 3.9 induced EAD responses to varying degrees: Z9-14:Ac elicited a strong EAD response, Z7-12:Ac or E7-12:Ac elicited a small but clear EAD response, while Z11-16:Ac elicited a weak EAD response. Further single sensillum recording (SSR) showed that Z9-14:Ac and Z7-12:Ac induced dose-dependent activities in two types (A and B) of sensilla in male antennae, respectively, while the sensilla in response to E7-12:Ac and Z11-16:Ac was not recorded. Finally, wind tunnel tests reveal that Z9-14:Ac and Z7-12:Ac are two principal sex pheromone components of the tested population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Ji Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bao-Tong Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Rui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chen-Zhu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Mulema J, Day R, Nunda W, Akutse KS, Bruce AY, Gachamba S, Haukeland S, Kahuthia-Gathu R, Kibet S, Koech A, Kosiom T, Miano DW, Momanyi G, Murungi LK, Muthomi JW, Mwangi J, Mwangi M, Mwendo N, Nderitu JH, Nyasani J, Otipa M, Wambugu S, Were E, Makale F, Doughty L, Edgington S, Rwomushana I, Kenis M. Prioritization of invasive alien species with the potential to threaten agriculture and biodiversity in Kenya through horizon scanning. Biol Invasions 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-022-02824-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractInvasive alien species (IAS) rank among the most significant drivers of species extinction and ecosystem degradation resulting in significant impacts on socio-economic development. The recent exponential spread of IAS in most of Africa is attributed to poor border biosecurity due to porous borders that have failed to prevent initial introductions. In addition, countries lack adequate information about potential invasions and have limited capacity to reduce the risk of invasions. Horizon scanning is an approach that prioritises the risks of potential IAS through rapid assessments. A group of 28 subject matter experts used an adapted methodology to assess 1700 potential IAS on a 5-point scale for the likelihood of entry and establishment, potential socio-economic impact, and impact on biodiversity. The individual scores were combined to rank the species according to their overall potential risk for the country. Confidence in individual and overall scores was recorded on a 3-point scale. This resulted in a priority list of 120 potential IAS (70 arthropods, 9 nematodes, 15 bacteria, 19 fungi/chromist, 1 viroid, and 6 viruses). Options for risk mitigation such as full pest risk analysis and detection surveys were suggested for prioritised species while species for which no immediate action was suggested, were added to the plant health risk register and a recommendation was made to regularly monitor the change in risk. By prioritising risks, horizon scanning guides resource allocation to interventions that are most likely to reduce risk and is very useful to National Plant Protection Organisations and other relevant stakeholders.
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Li H, Wu K. Bidirectional Predation Between Larvae of the Hoverfly Episyrphus balteatus (Diptera: Syrphidae) and the Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 115:545-555. [PMID: 35078216 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), a newly invasive pest, has natural insect enemies that hold promise as biological control agents. Here we analyzed predation rates between natural enemy insect, the syrphid Episyrphus balteatus (De Geer) and S. frugiperda in all paired combinations of all immature stages for each insect in petri dishes. The 2nd and 3rd instars E. balteatus larvae consumed 1st and 2nd instars S. frugiperda larvae, and 3rd and higher larval instars of S. frugiperda preyed on all instar larvae of E. balteatus. The 2nd and 3rd instars larvae of E. balteatus preyed on 1st and 2nd larval instars of S. frugiperda, consistent with the Holling type III response in petri dishes, with a theoretical maximum predation of 77 and 71 individuals in 24 h. The 5th and 6th instars S. frugiperda larvae consumed E. balteatus larvae, also with the Holling type III response, with a theoretical maximum predation on 1st instar E. balteatus larvae were 29 and 36 individuals, respectively. In a plant cage trial study, predation results were similar to those in petri dishes but with a lower predation number. None of the S. frugiperda larvae that fed on E. balteatus larvae developed to adulthood, and only about 20% of E. balteatus larvae that fed on S. frugiperda larvae became adults which had a significantly shorter lifespan than those who consume aphids. This two-way predation study revealed the complexity of S. frugiperda invasion and provided new insights into relationship between pests and natural enemies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Kongming Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
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31
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Global population genomic signature of Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) supports complex introduction events across the Old World. Commun Biol 2022; 5:297. [PMID: 35393491 PMCID: PMC8989990 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03230-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Native to the Americas, the invasive Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm; FAW) was reported in West Africa in 2016, followed by its chronological detection across the Old World and the hypothesis of an eastward Asia expansion. We explored population genomic signatures of American and Old World FAW and identified 12 maternal mitochondrial DNA genome lineages across the invasive range. 870 high-quality nuclear single nucleotide polymorphic DNA markers identified five distinct New World population clusters, broadly reflecting FAW native geographical ranges and the absence of host-plant preferences. We identified unique admixed Old World populations, and admixed and non-admixed Asian FAW individuals, all of which suggested multiple introductions underpinning the pest’s global spread. Directional gene flow from the East into eastern Africa was also detected, in contrast to the west-to-east spread hypothesis. Our study demonstrated the potential of population genomic approaches via international partnership to address global emerging pest threats and biosecurity challenges. This population genomics study identifies the complex multiple introduction history of Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) from the Americas, into Africa and Asia. This provides new insight into the ‘east-to-west’ directionality of gene flow, and suggests ample genomic exchange at the nuclear level.
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Wu M, Qi G, Chen H, Ma J, Liu J, Jiang Y, Lee G, Otuka A, Hu G. Overseas immigration of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), invading Korea and Japan in 2019. INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 29:505-520. [PMID: 34050604 PMCID: PMC9292357 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), spread rapidly in Africa and Asia recently, causing huge economic losses in crop production. Fall armyworm caterpillars were first detected in South Korea and Japan in June 2019. Here, the migration timing and path for FAW into the countries were estimated by a trajectory simulation approach implementing the insect's flight behavior. The result showed that FAWs found in both South Korea and Japan were estimated to have come from eastern China by crossing the Yellow Sea or the East China Sea in 10-36 h in three series of migrations. In the first series, FAW moths that arrived on Jeju Island during 22-24 May were estimated to be from Zhejiang, Anhui and Fujian Provinces after 1-2 nights' flights. In the second series, it was estimated that FAW moths landed in southern Korea and Kyushu region of Japan simultaneously or successively during 5-9 June, and these moths mostly came from Guangdong and Fujian Provinces. The FAW moths in the third series were estimated to have immigrated from Taiwan Province onto Okinawa Islands during 19-24 June. During these migrations, southwesterly low-level jets extending from eastern China to southern Korea and/or Japan were observed in the northwestern periphery of the western Pacific Subtropical High. These results, for the first time, suggested that the overseas FAW immigrants invading Korea and Japan came from eastern and southern China. This study is helpful for future monitoring, early warning and the source control of this pest in the two countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming‐Fei Wu
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210095China
| | - Guo‐Jun Qi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection/Plant Protection Research InstituteGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhou510640China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210095China
| | - Jian Ma
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210095China
| | - Jie Liu
- Division of Pest ForecastingChina National Agro‐Tech Extension and Service CenterBeijing100026China
| | - Yu‐Ying Jiang
- Division of Pest ForecastingChina National Agro‐Tech Extension and Service CenterBeijing100026China
| | - Gwan‐Seok Lee
- Department of Agro‐food Safety and Crop ProtectionNational Institute of Agricultural SciencesWanju55365Korea
| | - Akira Otuka
- Institute of Agricultural MachineryNational Agriculture and Food Research OrganizationTsukuba3058517Japan
| | - Gao Hu
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210095China
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Kenis M, Agboyi LK, Adu-Acheampong R, Ansong M, Arthur S, Attipoe PT, Baba ASM, Beseh P, Clottey VA, Combey R, Dzomeku I, Eddy-Doh MA, Fening KO, Frimpong-Anin K, Hevi W, Lekete-Lawson E, Nboyine JA, Ohene-Mensah G, Oppong-Mensah B, Nuamah HSA, van der Puije G, Mulema J. Horizon scanning for prioritising invasive alien species with potential to threaten agriculture and biodiversity in Ghana. NEOBIOTA 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.71.72577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Invasive alien species (IAS) continue to shape the global landscape through their effects on biological diversity and agricultural productivity. The effects are particularly pronounced in Sub-Saharan Africa, which has seen the arrival of many IAS in recent years. This has been attributed to porous borders, weak cross border biosecurity, and inadequate capacity to limit or stop invasions. Prediction and early detection of IAS, as well as mechanisms of containment and eradication, are needed in the fight against this global threat. Horizon scanning is an approach that enables gathering of information on risk and impact that can support IAS management. A study was conducted in Ghana to establish two ranked lists of potential invasive alien plant pest species that could be harmful to agriculture, forestry, and the environment, and to rank them according to their potential threat. The ultimate objective was to enable prioritization of actions including pest risk analysis, prevention, surveillance and contingency plans. Prioritisation was carried out using an adapted version of horizon scanning and consensus methods developed for ranking IAS worldwide. Following a horizon scan of invasive alien species not yet officially present in Ghana, a total of 110 arthropod and 64 pathogenic species were assessed through a simplified pest risk assessment. Sixteen species, of which 14 were arthropods and two pathogens, had not been recorded on the African continent at the time of assessment. The species recorded in Africa included 19 arthropod and 46 pathogenic species which were already recorded in the neighbouring countries of Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, and Togo. The majority of arthropod species were likely to arrive as contaminants on commodities, followed by a sizable number which were likely to arrive as stowaways, while some species were capable of long distance dispersal unaided. The main actions suggested for species that scored highly included full pest risk analyses and, for species recorded in neighbouring countries, surveys to determine their presence in Ghana were recommended.
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Genetic studies of fall armyworm indicate a new introduction into Africa and identify limits to its migratory behavior. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1941. [PMID: 35121788 PMCID: PMC8816908 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05781-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) is native to the Americas and a major pest of corn and several other crops of economic importance. The species has characteristics that make it of particular concern as an invasive pest, including broad host range, long-distance migration behavior, and a propensity for field-evolved pesticide resistance. The discovery of fall armyworm in western Africa in 2016 was followed by what was apparently a remarkably rapid spread throughout sub-Saharan Africa by 2018, causing economic damage estimated in the tens of billions USD and threatening the food security of the continent. Understanding the history of the fall armyworm invasion of Africa and the genetic composition of the African populations is critical to assessing the risk posed to different crop types, the development of effective mitigation strategies, and to make Africa less vulnerable to future invasions of migratory moth pests. This paper tested and expanded on previous studies by combining data from 22 sub-Saharan nations during the period from 2016 to 2019. The results support initial descriptions of the fall armyworm invasion, including the near absence of the strain that prefers rice, millet, and pasture grasses, while providing additional evidence that the magnitude and extent of FAW natural migration on the continent is more limited than expected. The results also show that a second entry of fall armyworm likely occurred in western Africa from a source different than that of the original introduction. These findings indicate that western Africa continues to be at high risk of future introductions of FAW, which could complicate mitigation efforts.
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35
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Osabutey AF, Seo BY, Kim AY, Ha TAT, Jung J, Goergen G, Owusu EO, Lee GS, Koh YH. Identification of a fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda)-specific gene and development of a rapid and sensitive loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay. Sci Rep 2022; 12:874. [PMID: 35042914 PMCID: PMC8766445 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-04871-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The fall armyworm [FAW, Spodoptera frugiperda (J E Smith)], a moth native to America, has spread throughout the world since it was first discovered in Africa in 2016. The FAW is a polyphagous migratory pest that can travel over long distances using seasonal winds or typhoons because of its excellent flying ability, causing serious damage to many crops. For effective FAW control, accurate species identification is essential at the beginning of the invasion. In this study, the FAW-specific gene Sf00067 was discovered by performing bioinformatics to develop a fast and accurate tool for the species-specific diagnosis of this pest. An Sf00067 loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed, and optimal conditions were established. The Sf00067 6 primer LAMP (Sf6p-LAMP) assay established in this study was able to diagnose various genotype-based strains of FAW captured in Korea and FAWs collected from Benin, Africa. Our FAW diagnostic protocol can be completed within 30 min, from the process of extracting genomic DNA from an egg or a 1st instar larva to species determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina F Osabutey
- Department of Biomedical Gerontology, Hallym University Graduate School, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do, Republic of Korea
- Ilsong Institute of Life Sciences, Hallym University, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Yoon Seo
- Crop Protection Division, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - A-Young Kim
- Department of Biomedical Gerontology, Hallym University Graduate School, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do, Republic of Korea
- Ilsong Institute of Life Sciences, Hallym University, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Thu Anh Thi Ha
- Department of Biomedical Gerontology, Hallym University Graduate School, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do, Republic of Korea
- Ilsong Institute of Life Sciences, Hallym University, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - JinKyo Jung
- Crop Cultivation and Environment Research Division, National Institute of Crop Science, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Georg Goergen
- IITA Biological Control, Center for Africa, Tri Postal, 08BP 0932, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Ebenezer Oduro Owusu
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana
| | - Gwan-Seok Lee
- Crop Protection Division, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Koh
- Department of Biomedical Gerontology, Hallym University Graduate School, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do, Republic of Korea.
- Ilsong Institute of Life Sciences, Hallym University, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Amezian D, Mehlhorn S, Vacher-Chicane C, Nauen R, Le Goff G. Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 cells as a model system to investigate the role of detoxification gene expression in response to xenobiotics. CURRENT RESEARCH IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 2:100037. [PMID: 36003261 PMCID: PMC9387494 DOI: 10.1016/j.cris.2022.100037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) is a highly destructive invasive pest that feeds on numerous crops including maize and rice. It has developed sophisticated mechanisms to detoxify xenobiotics such as secondary plant metabolites as well as manmade insecticides. The aim of the study was to explore the detoxification response to plant secondary metabolites and insecticides employing a S. frugiperda Sf9 cell model exposed to indole 3-carbinol (I3C) and methoprene. The cell Inhibitory Concentration 50 (IC50) for these molecules was determined and IC10, IC20 and IC30 doses were used to monitor the induction profiles of detoxification genes. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) of the CYP9A subfamily were the most inducible genes of the seven examined. Our results also showed the induction of the transcription factor Cap'n'collar isoform C (CncC). Transient transformation of Sf9 cells overexpressing CncC and its partner muscle aponeurosis fibromatosis (Maf) induces overexpression of CYP4M14, CYP4M15, CYP321A9 and GSTE1 while CYP9As were not induced. Next, we determined the capacity of recombinantly expressed CYP9A30, CYP9A31 and CYP9A32 to interact with methoprene and I3C. Fluorescence-based biochemical assays revealed an interaction of methoprene with functionally expressed CYP9A30, CYP9A31 and CYP9A32 whereas almost no interaction was detected for I3C, suggesting the ability of CYP9As to metabolize methoprene. Our results showed that Sf9 cells could be a useful model to decipher detoxification pathways of S. frugiperda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dries Amezian
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, F-06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Sonja Mehlhorn
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, R&D, Alfred Nobel-Strasse 50, 40789 Monheim, Germany
| | | | - Ralf Nauen
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, R&D, Alfred Nobel-Strasse 50, 40789 Monheim, Germany
| | - Gaëlle Le Goff
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, F-06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
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Xu L, Meng XL, Bangash SH, Zhang F, Zeng DQ, Tang WW. Effects of itol A on the larval growth and development of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:134-142. [PMID: 34453868 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Itol A, extracted from Itoa orientalis Hemsl. (Flacourtiaceae), possesses bioactivity on Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). Our previous study showed that the effects on Spodoptera frugiperda, a destructive pest found worldwide, were similar to those of fenoxycarb (FC), a juvenile hormone analog. Thus, we speculate that itol A could have growth-regulating effects. The current work explored juvenile hormone (JH) levels and mRNA levels of crucial JH signaling pathway enzyme genes in S. frugiperda larvae treated with itol A and FC. RESULTS Itol A caused severe growth obstacles in S. frugiperda, extended the larval duration and reduced the mean worm weight and body length rates. Three and 7 days after exposure to a sublethal concentration of itol A (500 mg L-1 ), the JH level of the larvae significantly decreased by 36.59% and 22.70%, respectively. qPCR inferred that the mRNA expression levels of crucial JH metabolism enzymes (SfJHE and SfJHEH) significantly increased by 6.58-fold and 2.12-fold, respectively, relative to the control group 3 days after treatment. CONCLUSIONS Itol A adversely affects the development of S. frugiperda. We propose that this effect was caused by decreasing JH levels and disrupting the JH signaling pathway via mediating its synthetic and metabolic crucial enzymes. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-Product Safety, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Long Meng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-Product Safety, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Saqib Hussain Bangash
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-Product Safety, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-Product Safety, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Qiang Zeng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-Product Safety, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Wei Tang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-Product Safety, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
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38
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Yin X, Yang GF, Niu DB, Chen J, Liao M, Cao HQ, Sheng CW. Identification and pharmacological characterization of histamine-gated chloride channels in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 140:103698. [PMID: 34848284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Histamine-gated chloride channels (HACls) mediate fast inhibitory neurotransmission in invertebrate nervous systems and have important roles in light reception, color processing, temperature preference and light-dark cycle. The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda is a main destructive pest of grain and row crops. However, the pharmacological characterization of HACls in S. frugiperda remain unknown. In this study, we identified two cDNAs encoding SfHACl1 and SfHACl2 in S. frugiperda. They had similar expression patterns and were most abundantly expressed in the head of larvae and at the egg stage. Electrophysiological analysis with the two-electrode voltage clamp method showed that histamine (HA) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) activated inward currents when SfHACls were singly or collectively expressed with different ratios in Xenopus laevis oocytes. These channels were ≥2000-fold more sensitive to HA than to GABA. They were anion-selective channels, which were highly dependent on changes in external chloride concentrations, but insensitive to changes in external sodium concentrations. The insecticides abamectin (ABM) and emamectin benzoate (EB) also activated these channels with the EC50 to SfHACl1 lower than that to SfHACl2. And the EC50s of ABM and EB to the co-expressed channels gradually increased with increase in the injection ratio of SfHACl2 cRNA. Homology models and docking simulations revealed that HA bound to the large amino-terminal extracellular domain of SfHACl1 and SfHACl2 by forming 4 and 2 hydrogen bonds, respectively. The docking simulations of ABM and EB had similar binding sites in the transmembrane regions. Overall, these findings indicated that HACls act as targets for macrolide, and this study provides theoretical guidance for further derivatization of abamectin insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yin
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China
| | - Guo-Feng Yang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China
| | - Duo-Bang Niu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China
| | - Jiao Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, PR China
| | - Min Liao
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China
| | - Hai-Qun Cao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China; Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China.
| | - Cheng-Wang Sheng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China; Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China.
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Qi GJ, Ma J, Wan J, Ren YL, McKirdy S, Hu G, Zhang ZF. Source Regions of the First Immigration of Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Invading Australia. INSECTS 2021; 12:1104. [PMID: 34940192 PMCID: PMC8704567 DOI: 10.3390/insects12121104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Fall armyworm is recognized as one of most highly destructive global agricultural pests. In January 2020, it had first invaded Australia, posing a significant risk to its biosecurity, food security, and agricultural productivity. In this study, the migration paths and wind systems for the case of fall armyworm invading Australia were analyzed using a three-dimensional trajectory simulation approach, combined with its flight behavior and NCEP meteorological reanalysis data. The analysis showed that fall armyworm in Torres Strait most likely came from surrounding islands of central Indonesia on two occasions via wind migration. Specifically, fall armyworm moths detected on Saibai and Erub Islands might have arrived from southern Sulawesi Island, Indonesia, between January 15 and 16. The fall armyworm in Bamaga most likely arrived from the islands around Arafura Sea and Sulawesi Island of Indonesia, between January 26 and 27. The high risk period for the invasion of fall armyworm is only likely to have occurred in January-February due to monsoon winds, which were conducive to flight across the Timor Sea towards Australia. This case study is the first to confirm the immigration paths and timing of fall armyworm from Indonesia to Australia via its surrounding islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Jun Qi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Science, Guangzhou 510640, China;
| | - Jian Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
| | - Jing Wan
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia; (J.W.); (Y.-L.R.); (S.M.)
| | - Yong-Lin Ren
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia; (J.W.); (Y.-L.R.); (S.M.)
| | - Simon McKirdy
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia; (J.W.); (Y.-L.R.); (S.M.)
| | - Gao Hu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
| | - Zhen-Fei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Science, Guangzhou 510640, China;
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Hussain AG, Wennmann JT, Goergen G, Bryon A, Ros VI. Viruses of the Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda: A Review with Prospects for Biological Control. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112220. [PMID: 34835026 PMCID: PMC8625175 DOI: 10.3390/v13112220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is a native pest species in the Western hemisphere. Since it was first reported in Africa in 2016, FAW has spread throughout the African continent and is now also present in several countries in Asia as well as Australia. The invasion of FAW in these areas has led to a high yield reduction in crops, leading to huge economic losses. FAW management options in the newly invaded areas are limited and mainly rely on the use of synthetic pesticides. Since there is a risk of resistance development against pesticides in addition to the negative environmental and human health impacts, other effective, sustainable, and cost-efficient control alternatives are desired. Insect pathogenic viruses fulfil these criteria as they are usually effective and highly host-specific with no significant harmful effect on beneficial insects and non-target organisms. In this review, we discuss all viruses known from FAW and their potential to be used for biological control. We specifically focus on baculoviruses and describe the recent advancements in the use of baculoviruses for biological control in the native geographic origin of FAW, and their potential use in the newly invaded areas. Finally, we identify current knowledge gaps and suggest new avenues for productive research on the use of viruses as a biopesticide against FAW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed G. Hussain
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (A.G.H.); (A.B.)
| | - Jörg T. Wennmann
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI)—Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, Heinrichstr. 243, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany;
| | - Georg Goergen
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Biological Control Centre for Africa, Cotonou 08 BP 0932, Benin;
| | - Astrid Bryon
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (A.G.H.); (A.B.)
| | - Vera I.D. Ros
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (A.G.H.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence:
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Microsatellites reveal that genetic mixing commonly occurs between invasive fall armyworm populations in Africa. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20757. [PMID: 34675253 PMCID: PMC8531319 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00298-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the population structure and movements of the invasive fall armyworm (FAW, Spodoptera frugiperda) is important as it can help mitigate crop damage, and highlight areas at risk of outbreaks or evolving insecticide resistance. Determining population structure in invasive FAW has been a challenge due to genetic mutations affecting the markers traditionally used for strain and haplotype identification; mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COIB) and the Z-chromosome-linked Triosephosphate isomerase (Tpi). Here, we compare the results from COIB and Tpi markers with highly variable repeat regions (microsatellites) to improve our understanding of FAW population structure in Africa. There was very limited genetic diversity using the COIB marker, whereas using the TpiI4 marker there was greater diversity that showed very little evidence of genetic structuring between FAW populations across Africa. There was greater genetic diversity identified using microsatellites, and this revealed a largely panmictic population of FAW alongside some evidence of genetic structuring between countries. It is hypothesised here that FAW are using long-distance flight and prevailing winds to frequently move throughout Africa leading to population mixing. These approaches combined provide important evidence that genetic mixing between invasive FAW populations may be more common than previously reported.
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Caniço A, Mexia A, Santos L. Farmers’ knowledge, perception and management practices of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda Smith) in Manica province, Mozambique. NEOBIOTA 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.68.62844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to gather information about farmers’ knowledge, perception and management practices of the newly introduced insect pest, the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Manica province, Mozambique. A total of 200 smallholder farmers with experience in maize cultivation were surveyed using a semi-structured questionnaire. The survey was conducted between May and August 2019 in four districts: Macate, Manica, Sussundenga and Vanduzi. Most farmers were unable to morphologically identify fall armyworm (FAW) (from 93.9% in Vanduzi to 98.0% in Manica). Most farmers have experienced FAW damage in their farms (from 92% in Macate to 98.0% in Manica). Maize is mostly planted in October and November (from 44.0% in Sussundenga to 60.0% of farmers in Manica), but the highest infestation period is believed to be between November and February. With the exception of Vanduzi where 65.3% of farmers apply insecticides, most farmers in other districts do not use any method to control FAW (from 60.8% in Macate to 88.0% in Manica and Sussundenga respectively). Among those applying insecticides, from 65.0% in Manica to 75.0% in Vanduzi have confidence in the efficiency of the insecticides being used against FAW. Most farmers reported an increase in the spread of FAW. The lack of financial resources is reported as the main constraint in the fight against FAW. This study is the first of its nature in the province of Manica and provides valuable information that may support extension services and researchers when designing FAW management options for local smallholder farmers.
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Ingber DA, McDonald JH, Mason CE, Flexner L. Oviposition preferences, Bt susceptibilities, and tissue feeding of fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) host strains. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:4091-4099. [PMID: 33908159 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith), is a pest of many economically essential crops across several continents. Documentation of resistance to Bt toxins has caused growing concern in agricultural communities regarding the ability to keep fall armyworm populations below economic thresholds. The existence of two host strains referred to as the 'rice' and 'corn' strains is a complicating and under-researched factor of fall armyworm biology and management. It is essential to characterize the differences between the host strains, as well as their rice/corn hybrid offspring, to elucidate their contributions to field-evolved resistance. RESULTS Corn was a preferred oviposition host for both rice and corn strain fall armyworm, and a suitable larval host plant for each of the four populations tested. Corn strain females displayed a significant preference towards oviposition on plants that lacked mechanical damage. The rice strain population was generally less tolerant to Cry1F corn tissue than the corn strain and hybrid populations, which performed in a similar way to one another. CONCLUSION The preference for corn as an ovipositional host may have an impact on resistance management when coupled with differential host strain Bt tolerances, though more studies are needed. Hybrid tolerance to Bt toxins could possibly contribute to the evolution of Bt resistance. This is the first study to compare the larval fitness and survival of rice/corn hybrid fall armyworm to that of pure host strains using a tissue-based approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Ingber
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - John H McDonald
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Charles E Mason
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
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Kulye M, Mehlhorn S, Boaventura D, Godley N, Venkatesh SK, Rudrappa T, Charan T, Rathi D, Nauen R. Baseline Susceptibility of Spodoptera frugiperda Populations Collected in India towards Different Chemical Classes of Insecticides. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12080758. [PMID: 34442324 PMCID: PMC8397139 DOI: 10.3390/insects12080758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Fall armyworm (FAW) is a highly destructive moth pest and its larvae feed on many different host plants, including major crops such as maize. This pest is native to the Americas but invaded the Eastern hemisphere in 2016. It is highly migratory and was first detected in India in 2018, where it rapidly became a major threat to maize production across India. FAW control mostly relies on the application of chemical insecticides and transgenic crop plants expressing insecticidal proteins of bacterial origin. FAW has developed resistance against insecticides, and for management purposes, it is important to assess its sensitivity status against different chemical classes of insecticides, particularly in invaded regions. In this study, we conducted more than 400 bioassays with nine different insecticides from seven mode-of-action groups on 47 FAW populations collected in 2019 and 2020 across different geographical areas in India. The baseline susceptibility determined for all these insecticides will help to set-up appropriate resistance management strategies to keep FAW infestations in India below economic damage thresholds. Abstract Fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is a major pest of maize in the Americas and recently invaded the Eastern hemisphere. It was first detected in India in 2018 and is considered a major threat to maize production. FAW control largely relies on the application of chemical insecticides and transgenic crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal proteins. Assessing FAW resistance and insecticide susceptibility is a cornerstone to develop sustainable resistance management strategies. In this study, we conducted more than 400 bioassays to assess the efficacy of nine insecticides from seven mode-of-action classes against 47 FAW populations collected in 2019 and 2020 across various geographical areas in India. The resistance status of the field-collected populations was compared to an Indian population sampled in 2018, and an insecticide susceptible reference population collected in 2005 in Brazil. Low to moderate resistance levels were observed for thiodicarb, chlorpyriphos, deltamethrin, chlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide in several populations (including the reference population collected in 2018). The highest resistance ratios were observed for deltamethrin which likely compromises recommended label rates for pyrethroid insecticides in general. Our data provide a useful baseline for future FAW resistance monitoring initiatives and highlight the need to implement insecticide resistance management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Kulye
- Crop Science Division, Bayer AG, Bangalore 560045, India; (M.K.); (S.K.V.); (T.R.)
| | - Sonja Mehlhorn
- Crop Science Division, R&D, Bayer AG, 40789 Monheim, Germany; (S.M.); (D.B.); (N.G.)
| | - Debora Boaventura
- Crop Science Division, R&D, Bayer AG, 40789 Monheim, Germany; (S.M.); (D.B.); (N.G.)
| | - Nigel Godley
- Crop Science Division, R&D, Bayer AG, 40789 Monheim, Germany; (S.M.); (D.B.); (N.G.)
| | | | - Thimmaraju Rudrappa
- Crop Science Division, Bayer AG, Bangalore 560045, India; (M.K.); (S.K.V.); (T.R.)
| | - Tara Charan
- CoWrks India Private, Bayer AG, New Delhi 110037, India; (T.C.); (D.R.)
| | - Dinesh Rathi
- CoWrks India Private, Bayer AG, New Delhi 110037, India; (T.C.); (D.R.)
| | - Ralf Nauen
- Crop Science Division, R&D, Bayer AG, 40789 Monheim, Germany; (S.M.); (D.B.); (N.G.)
- Correspondence:
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Sotelo-Cardona P, Chuang WP, Lin MY, Chiang MY, Ramasamy S. Oviposition preference not necessarily predicts offspring performance in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on vegetable crops. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15885. [PMID: 34354173 PMCID: PMC8342515 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95399-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the new spread and potential damage of the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Asia, it has become imperative to understand the development biology of this invasive species on selected vegetable crops in newer geographical regions. In this study, we investigated the ovipositional preference of FAW females on different host plants, under choice- and non-choice tests. In addition, using the age-stage, two-sex life table theory, we assessed the performance of immature FAW individuals fed and reared on selected vegetable crops to get information related to development time, survival, reproduction and longevity. Fall armyworm females had an oviposition preference on maize compared to other vegetable crops, including cabbage and soybean, and reluctance for tomato, which was confirmed during the choice and non-choice tests. In contrast to the oviposition preference, our results also suggest that despite low preference for cabbage, soybean, and tomato, these crops seemed to provide a high benefit for an appropriate offspring performance, exceeding in some cases the benefits from a maize-based diet. Information from this study was discussed in terms of FAW ecology and how female’s decision affects their reproductive fitness, and the survival and performance of its offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wen-Po Chuang
- National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Mei-Ying Lin
- World Vegetable Center, 60 Yi-Min Liao, Shanhua, Tainan, 74151, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Yao Chiang
- Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, No.189, Zhongzheng Rd., Wufeng Dist., Taichung City, 413008, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Srinivasan Ramasamy
- World Vegetable Center, 60 Yi-Min Liao, Shanhua, Tainan, 74151, Taiwan, ROC.
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Zea mays Volatiles that Influence Oviposition and Feeding Behaviors of Spodoptera frugiperda. J Chem Ecol 2021; 47:799-809. [PMID: 34347233 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01302-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) is a major global pest of many crops, including maize (Zea mays). This insect is known to use host plant-derived volatile organic compounds to locate suitable hosts during both its adult and larval stages, yet the function of individual compounds remains mostly enigmatic. In this study, we use a combination of volatile profiling, electrophysiological assays, pair-wise choice behavioral assays, and chemical supplementation treatments to identify and assess specific compounds from maize that influence S. frugiperda host location. Our findings reveal that methyl salicylate and (E)-alpha-bergamotene are oviposition attractants for adult moths but do not impact larval behavior. While geranyl acetate can act as an oviposition attractant or repellent depending on the host volatile context and (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT) is an oviposition deterrent. These compounds can also be attractive to the larvae when applied to specific maize inbreds. These data show that S. frugiperda uses different plant volatile cues for host location in its adult and larval stage and that the background volatile context that specific volatiles are perceived in, alters their impact as behavioral cues.
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Horikoshi RJ, Vertuan H, de Castro AA, Morrell K, Griffith C, Evans A, Tan J, Asiimwe P, Anderson H, José MOMA, Dourado PM, Berger G, Martinelli S, Head G. A new generation of Bt maize for control of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:3727-3736. [PMID: 33624355 PMCID: PMC8360028 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pyramided genetically modified maize (Zea mays [L.]) event MON 95379, expressing the Cry1B.868 and Cry1Da_7 proteins, was designed to protect against larval feeding damage by the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (FAW). Here, we conducted laboratory, greenhouse, and field studies to assess the dose and field efficacy of MON 95379 against FAW and inform the development of insect resistance management plans. RESULTS The Cry1B.868 and Cry1Da_7 proteins were active against susceptible FAW neonates in diet-incorporation bioassays: median lethal concentration [LC50 ] (95% CI) = 62.8 (42.6-87.6) μg/ml diet for Cry1B.868 and 9.4 (5.3-18.6) μg/ml diet for Cry1Da_7. In laboratory leaf disc bioassays, MON 95379 maize and experimental maize lines expressing the individual components were effective in controlling susceptible FAW. In whole-plant assays, MON 95379 controlled FAW resistant to the Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 proteins. Likewise, under field conditions, MON 95379 maize expressing Cry1B.868 and Cry1Da_7 was highly effective at protecting plants against the larval feeding of FAW. CONCLUSIONS The expression of Cry1B.868 and Cry1Da_7 in MON 95379 consistently protected maize plants against larval feeding by FAW and represents an alternative to manage trait resistance issues in South America. © 2021 Bayer Crop Science-US. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Cara Griffith
- Plant Biotechnology, Bayer Crop Science USChesterfieldMOUSA
| | - Adam Evans
- Plant Biotechnology, Bayer Crop Science USChesterfieldMOUSA
| | - Jianguo Tan
- Regulatory Science, Bayer Crop Science USChesterfieldMOUSA
| | - Peter Asiimwe
- Regulatory Science, Bayer Crop Science USChesterfieldMOUSA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Graham Head
- Regulatory Science, Bayer Crop Science USChesterfieldMOUSA
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Nagoshi RN, Koffi D, Agboka K, Adjevi AKM, Meagher RL, Goergen G. The fall armyworm strain associated with most rice, millet, and pasture infestations in the Western Hemisphere is rare or absent in Ghana and Togo. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253528. [PMID: 34153077 PMCID: PMC8216543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The moth pest fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is now present throughout much of the Eastern Hemisphere where it poses a significant economic threat to a number of crops. Native to the Western Hemisphere, fall armyworm is one of the primary pests of corn in the Americas and periodically causes significant economic damage to sorghum, millet, cotton, rice, and forage grasses. This broad host range is in part the result of two populations historically designated as host strains (C-strain and R-strain) that differ in their host plant preferences. Reports of infestations in Africa have to date mostly been limited to the C-strain preferred crops of corn and sorghum, with little evidence of an R-strain presence. However, this could reflect a bias in monitoring intensity, with the R-strain perhaps being more prevalent in other crop systems that have not been as routinely examined for the pest. Because knowledge of whether and to what extent both strains are present is critical to assessments of crops at immediate risk, we analyzed specimens obtained from a systematic survey of pasture grass and rice fields, habitats typically preferred by the R-strain, done contemporaneously with collections from corn fields in Ghana and Togo. Substantial larval infestations were only observed in corn, while pheromone trap capture numbers were high only in corn and rice habitats. Little to no fall armyworm were found in the pasture setting. Comparisons with a meta-analysis of studies from South America identified differences in the pattern of strain-specific markers typically found in fall armyworm collected from rice habitats between the two hemispheres. Genetic tests of specimens from rice and corn area traps failed to show evidence of differential mating between strains. These results are consistent with the R-strain being rare or even absent in Africa and, at least for the Ghana-Togo area, this R-strain lack does not appear to be due to limitations in pest monitoring. The implications of these results to the crops at risk in Africa and the accuracy of existing molecular markers of strain identity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney N. Nagoshi
- Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Djima Koffi
- African Regional Postgraduate Programme in Insect Science, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Ecole Supérieure d’Agronomie, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Komi Agboka
- Ecole Supérieure d’Agronomie, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | | | - Robert L. Meagher
- Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Georg Goergen
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou, Benin
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Koffi D, Agboka K, Adjevi AKM, Assogba K, Fening KO, Osae M, Aboagye E, Meagher RL, Nagoshi RN. Trapping Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Moths in Different Crop Habitats in Togo and Ghana. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:1138-1144. [PMID: 33822089 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The economic impact of the invasion of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) into Africa has so far been limited to maize agriculture but could potentially impact many other crops. Trapping based on pheromone lures provides a cost-effective method for detecting this important pest (commonly known as fall armyworm) and will be essential for large-scale monitoring of populations to determine its geographical distribution and migration behavior as the species equilibrates to its new environment. However, the effective use of pheromone trapping requires optimization for a given location. An earlier report demonstrated that two commercial lures (one 3-component and the other 4-component) that were effective for trapping S. frugiperda in maize fields in Togo, Africa. The current study extends these findings to agricultural areas that differ in plant host composition (maize, pasture grasses, rice, and sorghum) in multiple locations in Ghana and Togo. In two seasons, significantly higher numbers of moths were found in maize, and in one season, higher numbers were found in rice than in sorghum and pasture grass systems. The results confirm the effectiveness of pheromone trapping and identify pheromone lures and trapping methods best suited for the different agroecosystems common to West Africa and that are at risk of infestation by S. frugiperda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djima Koffi
- African Regional Postgraduate Program in Insect Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Komi Agboka
- Ecole Supérieure d'Agronomie, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | | | - Kodjo Assogba
- Ecole Supérieure d'Agronomie, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Ken Okwae Fening
- African Regional Postgraduate Program in Insect Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Soil and Irrigation Research Center, Kpong, Ghana
| | - Michael Osae
- Biotechnology and Nuclear Agriculture Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ebenezer Aboagye
- Plant Protection and Regulatory Service Directorate, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Accra, Ghana
| | - Robert L Meagher
- USDA-ARS CMAVE, Insect Behavior and Biocontrol Research Unit, Gainesville, FL
| | - Rodney N Nagoshi
- USDA-ARS CMAVE, Insect Behavior and Biocontrol Research Unit, Gainesville, FL
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Yang P, Wang D, Guo W, Kang L. FAWMine: An integrated database and analysis platform for fall armyworm genomics. INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:590-601. [PMID: 33511767 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), a native insect species in the Americas, is rapidly becoming a major agricultural pest worldwide and is causing great damage to corn, rice, soybeans, and other crops. To control this pest, scientists have accumulated a great deal of high-throughput data of fall armyworm, and nine versions of its genomes and transcriptomes have been published. However, easily accessing and performing integrated analysis of these omics data sets is challenging. Here, we developed the Fall Armyworm Genome Database (FAWMine, http://159.226.67.243:8080/fawmine/) to maintain genome sequences, structural and functional annotations, transcriptomes, co-expression, protein interactions, homologs, pathways, and single-nucleotide variations. FAWMine provides a powerful framework that helps users to perform flexible and customized searching, present integrated data sets using diverse visualization methods, output results tables in a range of file formats, analyze candidate gene lists using multiple widgets, and query data available in other InterMine systems. Additionally, stand-alone JBrowse and BLAST services are also established, allowing the users to visualize RNA-Seq data and search genome and annotated gene sequences. Altogether, FAWMine is a useful tool for querying, visualizing, and analyzing compiled data sets rapidly and efficiently. FAWMine will be continually updated to function as a community resource for fall armyworm genomics and pest control research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Yang
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Depin Wang
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Wei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Le Kang
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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