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Major R, Grajoszek A, Byrski A, Szawiraacz K, Barski JJ, Major Ł, Gawlikowski M, Kopernik M, Kot M, Dyner A, Lackner JM. Evaluation of In Vivo Biocompatibility in Preclinical Studies of a Finger Implant Medical Device Correlated with Mechanical Properties and Microstructure. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:376-388. [PMID: 38131318 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the experiment was to evaluate the biocompatibility of four 3D-printed biomaterials planned for use in the surgical treatment of finger amputees: Ti-6Al-4 V (Ti64), ZrO2-Al2O3 ceramic material (ATZ20), and osteoconductive (anodized Ti64) and antibacterial (Hydroxyapatite, HAp) coatings that adhere well to materials dedicated to finger bone implants. The work concerns the correlation of mechanical, microstructural, and biological properties of dedicated materials. Biological tests consisted of determining the overall cytotoxicity of the organism on the basis of in vivo tests carried out in accordance with the ISO 10993-6 and ISO 10993-11 standards. Clinical observations followed by diagnostic examinations, histopathological evaluation, and biochemical characterization showed no significant differences between control and tested groups of animals. The wound healed without complication, and no pathological effects were found. The wear test showed the fragility of the hydroxyapatite thin layer and the mechanical stability of the zirconia-based ceramic substrate. Electron microscopy observations revealed the layered structure of tested substrates and coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Major
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 25 Reymonta St., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Aniela Grajoszek
- Department for Experimental Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, 4 Medykow St., 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Adam Byrski
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 25 Reymonta St., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Szawiraacz
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 25 Reymonta St., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Jerzy Barski
- Department for Experimental Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, 4 Medykow St., 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Łukasz Major
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 25 Reymonta St., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Maciej Gawlikowski
- Foundation of Cardiac Surgery Development, 345A Wolnosci St., 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | | | - Marcin Kot
- AGH University of Krakow, 30 Mickiewicza St., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Aneta Dyner
- Manufacturer of Surgical Instruments CHIRMED, 8A Mstowska St., 42-240 Rudniki, Poland
| | - Juergen M Lackner
- Joanneum Research Forschungsges. m.b.H., Institute of Surface Technologies and Photonics, Functional Surfaces, 94 Leobner Straße St., A-8712 Niklasdorf, Austria
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Jacobs CAM, Cramer EEA, Dias AA, Smelt H, Hofmann S, Ito K. Surface modifications to promote the osteoconductivity of ultra-high-molecular-weight-polyethylene fabrics for a novel biomimetic artificial disc prosthesis: An in vitro study. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2023; 111:442-452. [PMID: 36111647 PMCID: PMC10087191 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A novel biomimetic artificial intervertebral disc (bioAID) for the cervical spine was developed, containing a hydrogel core representing the nucleus pulposus, an UHMWPE fiber jacket as annulus fibrosis, and titanium endplates with pins for mechanical fixation. Osseointegration of the UHMWPE fibers to adjacent bone structures is required to achieve proper biomimetic behavior and to provide long-term stability. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the osteoconductivity of several surface modifications of UHMWPE fabrics, 2D weft-knitted, using non-treated UHMWPE fibers (N), plasma treated UHMWPE fibers (PT), 10% hydroxy apatite (HA) loaded UHMWPE fibers (10%HA), plasma treated 10%HA UHMWPE fibers (PT-10%HA), 15%HA loaded UHMWPE fibers (15%HA) and plasma treated 15%HA UHMWPE fibers (PT-15%HA). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used for surface characterization. Biological effects were assessed by evaluating initial cell attachment (SEM, DNA content), metabolic activity (PrestoBlue assay), proliferation, differentiation (alkaline phosphatase activity) and mineralization (energy dispersive x-ray, EDX analysis) using human bone marrow stromal cells. Plasma treated samples showed increased initial cell attachment, indicating the importance of hydrophilicity for cell attachment. However, incorporation only of HA or plasma treatment alone was not sufficient to result in upregulated alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) activity. Combining HA loaded fibers with plasma treatment showed a combined effect, leading to increased cell attachment and upregulated ALP activity. Based on these results, combination of HA loaded UHMWPE fibers and plasma treatment provided the most promising fabric surface for facilitating bone ingrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celien A M Jacobs
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Esther E A Cramer
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Sandra Hofmann
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Keita Ito
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Wahed SB, Dunstan CR, Boughton PA, Ruys AJ, Faisal SN, Wahed TB, Salahuddin B, Cheng X, Zhou Y, Wang CH, Islam MS, Aziz S. Functional Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Composites for Ligament Reconstructions and Their Targeted Applications in the Restoration of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112189. [PMID: 35683861 PMCID: PMC9182730 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The selection of biomaterials as biomedical implants is a significant challenge. Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and composites of such kind have been extensively used in medical implants, notably in the bearings of the hip, knee, and other joint prostheses, owing to its biocompatibility and high wear resistance. For the Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) graft, synthetic UHMWPE is an ideal candidate due to its biocompatibility and extremely high tensile strength. However, significant problems are observed in UHMWPE based implants, such as wear debris and oxidative degradation. To resolve the issue of wear and to enhance the life of UHMWPE as an implant, in recent years, this field has witnessed numerous innovative methodologies such as biofunctionalization or high temperature melting of UHMWPE to enhance its toughness and strength. The surface functionalization/modification/treatment of UHMWPE is very challenging as it requires optimizing many variables, such as surface tension and wettability, active functional groups on the surface, irradiation, and protein immobilization to successfully improve the mechanical properties of UHMWPE and reduce or eliminate the wear or osteolysis of the UHMWPE implant. Despite these difficulties, several surface roughening, functionalization, and irradiation processing technologies have been developed and applied in the recent past. The basic research and direct industrial applications of such material improvement technology are very significant, as evidenced by the significant number of published papers and patents. However, the available literature on research methodology and techniques related to material property enhancement and protection from wear of UHMWPE is disseminated, and there is a lack of a comprehensive source for the research community to access information on the subject matter. Here we provide an overview of recent developments and core challenges in the surface modification/functionalization/irradiation of UHMWPE and apply these findings to the case study of UHMWPE for ACL repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia B. Wahed
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (C.R.D.); (P.A.B.); (A.J.R.); (X.C.)
- Correspondence: (S.B.W.); (S.A.)
| | - Colin R. Dunstan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (C.R.D.); (P.A.B.); (A.J.R.); (X.C.)
| | - Philip A. Boughton
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (C.R.D.); (P.A.B.); (A.J.R.); (X.C.)
| | - Andrew J. Ruys
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (C.R.D.); (P.A.B.); (A.J.R.); (X.C.)
| | - Shaikh N. Faisal
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science & Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia;
| | - Tania B. Wahed
- Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar 1342, Bangladesh;
| | - Bidita Salahuddin
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Xinying Cheng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (C.R.D.); (P.A.B.); (A.J.R.); (X.C.)
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (Y.Z.); (C.H.W.); (M.S.I.)
| | - Yang Zhou
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (Y.Z.); (C.H.W.); (M.S.I.)
| | - Chun H. Wang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (Y.Z.); (C.H.W.); (M.S.I.)
| | - Mohammad S. Islam
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (Y.Z.); (C.H.W.); (M.S.I.)
| | - Shazed Aziz
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
- Correspondence: (S.B.W.); (S.A.)
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Application of Nitrogen Piezoelectric Direct Discharge for Increase in Surface Free Energy of Polymers. PLASMA 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/plasma5010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The subject of this study is the application of the piezoelectric direct discharge (PDD) operated with nitrogen to control the surface free energy (SFE) of polymers. The activation area, defined as the area of the zone reaching the SFE of 58 mN/m for high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), is characterized. For HDPE, the activation area was characterized as a function of the distance from 1 to 16 mm, the nitrogen flow from 5 to 20 SLM, and the treatment time from 1 to 32 s. For larger distances, where SFE does not exceed 58 mN/m, the water contact angle is evaluated. The activation area for nitrogen PDD is typically a factor of 3 higher than for air with all other conditions the same. A maximum static activation area of 15 cm2 is reached. The plasma treatment of lens panels made of PMMA is presented as application example.
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Egghe T, Ghobeira R, Esbah Tabaei PS, Morent R, Hoogenboom R, De Geyter N. Silanization of Plasma-Activated Hexamethyldisiloxane-Based Plasma Polymers for Substrate-Independent Deposition of Coatings with Controlled Surface Chemistry. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:4620-4636. [PMID: 35014795 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c18223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plasma polymerization has emerged as an appealing technique for surface modification because of its advantages over a variety of conventional techniques, including ease-of-use and the possibility to modify nearly any substrate. One of the main challenges of plasma polymer-based surface modification, however, is having control over the coating chemistry, as plasma deposition generates a diversity of chemical structures. Therefore, this study presents an alternative plasma-based method for the fabrication of coatings that contain selective functionalities. In a first step, hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) plasma polymerization is performed in a medium-pressure dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) to deposit polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-like coatings. In a second step, this coating is exposed to an air plasma in a similar DBD setup to introduce silanol groups on the surface. These groups are used in a third and final step as anchoring points for grafting of (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) and (3-bromopropyl)trichlorosilane (BrPTCS) to selectively introduce amino or bromo groups, respectively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and water contact angle (WCA) measurements indicated that the first two steps were successful. Moreover, the coating could be synthesized on three different surfaces, namely, glass, ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene, and polytetrafluoroethylene, indicating the wide applicability of the developed procedure. Afterward, XPS also proved that the APTES and BrPTCS grafting resulted in the formation of a coating containing primary amines and alkyl bromides, respectively, in combination with an organosilicon matrix containing silanol groups as remaining reactive groups, proving the successful synthesis of selective functional plasma-based coatings. The intermediate air-plasma-activation step was demonstrated to be necessary for successful and stable grafting of the final layer. In conclusion, this study established a general procedure for the development of coatings with selective functionality that can be applied on a wide variety of substrates for, e.g., biosensor applications, biomolecule, or polymer immobilization or for the synthesis of antibacterial coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Egghe
- Research Unit Plasma Technology (RUPT), Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 B4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rouba Ghobeira
- Research Unit Plasma Technology (RUPT), Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 B4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Parinaz Saadat Esbah Tabaei
- Research Unit Plasma Technology (RUPT), Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 B4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rino Morent
- Research Unit Plasma Technology (RUPT), Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 B4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nathalie De Geyter
- Research Unit Plasma Technology (RUPT), Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 B4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Liu X, Zhang M, Meng XI, Bai Y, Dong X. Effect of Plasma-Activated Water on Shewanella putrefaciens Population Growth and Quality of Yellow River Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Fillets. J Food Prot 2021; 84:1722-1728. [PMID: 34047785 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Plasma-activated water (PAW) is a new sanitizer that has received considerable attention for application in food industries. This research aimed to evaluate the effect of PAW on the inactivation of Shewanella putrefaciens and quality attributes of Yellow River carp (Cyprinus carpio) fillets. The carp fillet samples were immersed in sterile deionized water (SDW) or SDW activated by plasma discharge for 120 s (PAW120) for 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, or 6.0 min. After being treated by PAW120 for 6 min, the population of S. putrefaciens on carp fillets was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased by 1.03 log CFU/g. Compared with SDW-treated samples, the L* value of PAW120-treated carp fillets was increased and the a* value was decreased after PAW120 treatment, whereas there was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in the b* value. Compared with SDW, PAW120 caused no significant (P > 0.05) changes in sensory properties and texture attributes of carp fillets including hardness, springiness, gumminess, and cohesiveness. However, 6-min PAW120 treatment caused a significant increase in the lipid oxidation level and a decrease in the pH value of the carp fillets. This work provides a basis for the potential application of PAW in the preservation of aquatic products. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Food Quality and Safety Control, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingli Zhang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Food Quality and Safety Control, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - X I Meng
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Food Quality and Safety Control, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhong Bai
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Food Quality and Safety Control, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuping Dong
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, People's Republic of China
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Eggers B, Marciniak J, Memmert S, Wagner G, Deschner J, Kramer FJ, Nokhbehsaim M. Influences of cold atmospheric plasma on apoptosis related molecules in osteoblast-like cells in vitro. Head Face Med 2021; 17:37. [PMID: 34479596 PMCID: PMC8414668 DOI: 10.1186/s13005-021-00287-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) has recently been identified as a novel therapeutic strategy for supporting processes of wound healing. Since CAP is additionally known to kill malignant cells, our study intends to determine the influence of CAP on crucial molecules involved in the molecular mechanism of apoptosis in osteoblast-like cells. Methods Human osteoblast-like cells were CAP-treated for 30 and 60 s. CAP effects on critical factors related to apoptosis were studied at transcriptional and protein level using real time-PCR, immunofluorescence staining and western blot. Phalloidin / DAPI staining was used for analyzing the cell morphology. In addition, apoptotic outcomes of CAP were displayed using flow cytometry analysis. For studying intracellular signaling pathways, MAP kinase MEK 1/2 and PI3K were blocked. Finally, the effects of CAP on caspase-3 activity were examined using a caspase-3 assay. Results CAP treatment resulted in a significant downregulation of p53 and apoptotic protease activating factor (APAF)-1, caspase (CASP)9, CASP3, BCL2 Antagonist/Killer (BAK)1, and B-Cell Lymphoma (BCL)2 mRNA expression at 1 d. An inhibitory effect of CAP on apoptotic genes was also shown under inflammatory and apoptotic conditions. Nuclear translocation of p53 was determined in CAP treated cells at the early and late stage, after 15 min, 30 min, and 1 h. p53 and APAF-1 protein levels were reduced at 1 d, visualized by immunofluorescence and western blot, respectively. Moreover, a morphological cytoskeleton modification was observed after CAP treatment at 1 d. Further, both CAP-treated and untreated (control) cells remained equally vital as detected by flow cytometry analysis. Interestingly, CAP-associated downregulation of CASP9 and CASP3 mRNA gene expression was also visible after blocking MAP kinase and PI3K. Finally, CAP led to a decrease in CASP3 activity in osteoblast-like cells under normal and apoptotic conditions. Conclusions Our in vitro-study demonstrated, that CAP decreases apoptosis related molecules in osteoblast-like cells, underlining a beneficial effect on hard-tissue cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Eggers
- Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Welschnonnenstr. 17, 53111, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Jana Marciniak
- Section of Experimental Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Welschnonnenstr. 17, 53111, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Orthodontics, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Welschnonnenstr. 17, 53111, Bonn, Germany
| | - Svenja Memmert
- Section of Experimental Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Welschnonnenstr. 17, 53111, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Orthodontics, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Welschnonnenstr. 17, 53111, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gunar Wagner
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Welschnonnenstr. 17, 53111, Bonn, Germany
| | - James Deschner
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Franz-Josef Kramer
- Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Welschnonnenstr. 17, 53111, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marjan Nokhbehsaim
- Section of Experimental Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Welschnonnenstr. 17, 53111, Bonn, Germany
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Korzec D, Andres T, Brandes E, Nettesheim S. Visualization of Activated Area on Polymers for Evaluation of Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jets. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162711. [PMID: 34451254 PMCID: PMC8401304 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of a polymer surface using an atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) causes a local increase of the surface free energy (SFE). The plasma-treated zone can be visualized with the use of a test ink and quantitatively evaluated. However, the inked area is shrinking with time. The shrinkage characteristics are collected using activation image recording (AIR). The recording is conducted by a digital camera. The physical mechanisms of activation area shrinkage are discussed. The error sources are analyzed and methods of error reduction are proposed. The standard deviation of the activation area is less than 3%. Three polymers, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and polyoxymethylene (POM), are examined as a test substrate material. Due to a wide variation range of SFE and a small hydrophobic recovery, HDPE is chosen. Since the chemical mixtures tend to temporal changes of the stoichiometry, the pure formamide test ink with 58 mN/m is selected. The method is tested for the characterization of five different types of discharge: (i) pulsed arc APPJ with the power of about 700 W; (ii) piezoelectric direct discharge APPJ; (iii) piezoelectric driven needle corona in ambient air; (iv) piezoelectric driven plasma needle in argon; and (v) piezoelectric driven dielectric barrier discharge (DBD). For piezoelectrically driven discharges, the power was either 4.5 W or 8 W. It is shown how the AIR method can be used to solve different engineering problems.
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Hossain MM, Lokasani VR. IMPROVING THE HYDROPHOBICITY OF POLYMERS THROUGH SURFACE TEXTURING. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS. SOCIETY OF PLASTICS ENGINEERS. TECHNICAL CONFERENCE 2021; 2021:268-274. [PMID: 35529586 PMCID: PMC9075775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Introduction of surface textures has long been used to improve the hydrophobicity of solid materials. This study focusses on understanding the effects of various micro-texture geometries on the hydrophobicity of textured polymer surfaces. Square pillar, cylindrical, hemispherical and conical surface features, both protrusion and cavity, are considered in this study for two polymers. Employing the well-known models, the study shows that introducing textures on polymer surfaces generally increases the contact angle and, therefore, improves the hydrophobicity of polymers. The effect of surface texture on hydrophobicity significantly varies with texture geometry and dimension. The study provides useful guidelines for improving hydrophobicity of polymers by introducing textures on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Motaher Hossain
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Vinay Reddy Lokasani
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
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10
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Tan F, Fang Y, Zhu L, Al-Rubeai M. Cold atmospheric plasma as an interface biotechnology for enhancing surgical implants. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 41:425-440. [PMID: 33622112 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1853671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) has been intensively researched for direct treatment of living cells and tissues. Significant attention is now being given to its indirect applications in plasma medicine. Surgical implant is an exemplary conveyor to deliver the therapeutic effects of plasma to patients. There is a constant drive to enhance the clinical performance of surgical implants, targeting at the implant-tissue interface. As a versatile and potent tool, CAP is capable of ameliorating surgical implants using various strategies of interface biotechnology, such as surface modification, coating deposition, and drug delivery. Understanding the chemical, physical, mechanical, electrical, and pharmacological processes occurring at the implant-tissue interface is crucial to effective application of CAP as an interface biotechnology. This preclinical review focuses on the recent advances in CAP-assisted implant-based therapy for major surgical specialties. The ultimate goal here is to elicit unique opportunities and challenges for translating implant science to plasma medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tan
- Department of ORL-HNS, Affiliated East Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,School of Medicine and Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,The Royal College of Surgeons of England, London, UK
| | - Yin Fang
- School of Medicine and Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liwei Zhu
- Department of ORL-HNS, Affiliated East Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mohamed Al-Rubeai
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, and Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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11
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Esbah Tabaei PS, Asadian M, Ghobeira R, Cools P, Thukkaram M, Derakhshandeh PG, Abednatanzi S, Van Der Voort P, Verbeken K, Vercruysse C, Declercq H, Morent R, De Geyter N. Combinatorial effects of coral addition and plasma treatment on the properties of chitosan/polyethylene oxide nanofibers intended for bone tissue engineering. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 253:117211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Dayyoub T, Maksimkin A, Senatov F, Kaloshkin S, Anisimova N, Kiselevskiy M. A New Approach Based on Glued Multi-Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Forms to Fabricate Bone Replacement Products. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2545. [PMID: 33143255 PMCID: PMC7693819 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three types of glue based on thiol-ene reaction, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/cellulose, and phenol formaldehyde were prepared and applied on modified ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) samples grafted by cellulose. In comparison with unmodified UHMWPE samples, T-peel tests on the modified and grafted UHMWPE films showed an increase in the peel strength values for the glues based on thiol-ene reaction, PVA/cellulose, and phenol formaldehyde by 40, 29, and 41 times, respectively. The maximum peel strength value of 0.62 Kg/cm was obtained for the glue based on phenol formaldehyde. Mechanical tests for the cylindrical multi-UHMWPE forms samples, made of porous UHMWPE as a trabecular layer and an armored layer (cortical layer) that consists of bulk and UHMWPE films, indicated an improvement in the mechanical properties of these samples for all glue types, as a result of the UHMWPE films existence and the increase in the number of their layers. The maximum compressive yield strength and compressive modulus values for the armored layer (bulk and six layers of the UHMWPE films using the glue based on thiol-ene reaction) were 44.1 MPa (an increase of 17%) and 1130 MPa (an increase of 36%), respectively, in comparison with one armored layer of bulk UHMWPE. A hemocompatibility test carried out on these glues clarified that the modified UHMWPE grafted by cellulose with glues based on PVA/cellulose and thiol-ene reaction were classified as biocompatible materials. These multi-UHMWPE forms composites can be considered a promising development for joint reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Dayyoub
- Center for Composite Materials, National University of Science and Technology “MISIS”, 119049 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (F.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Aleksey Maksimkin
- Center for Composite Materials, National University of Science and Technology “MISIS”, 119049 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (F.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Fedor Senatov
- Center for Composite Materials, National University of Science and Technology “MISIS”, 119049 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (F.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Sergey Kaloshkin
- Center for Composite Materials, National University of Science and Technology “MISIS”, 119049 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (F.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Natalia Anisimova
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (N.N. Blokhin NMRC of Oncology), 115478 Moscow, Russia; (N.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Mikhail Kiselevskiy
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (N.N. Blokhin NMRC of Oncology), 115478 Moscow, Russia; (N.A.); (M.K.)
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13
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Yabutsuka T, Takai S. Impartation of hydroxyapatite formation ability to ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene by deposition of apatite nuclei. IET Nanobiotechnol 2020; 14:673-679. [PMID: 33108323 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2020.0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors aimed to impart hydroxyapatite formation ability to ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) by deposition of apatite nuclei (ApN) by the following two methods. The first method was electrophoretic deposition (EPD). A porous UHMWPE was placed between electrodes in the ApN-dispersed ethanol and constant voltage was applied. By this treatment, the ApN were migrated from anode-side surface to the cathode one through the pores by an electric field in the pores of the UHMWPE and deposited inside the pores. The second method was direct precipitation (DP) of the ApN. A porous UHMWPE was soaked in a simulated body fluid (1.0SBF) with higher pH than the physiological one and subsequently, its temperature was raised. By this treatment, the ApN were precipitated in the pores of the UHMWPE directly in the reaction solution. For both methods, the ApN-deposited UHMWPE showed HAp formation ability not only on the top surface but also inside the pores near the surface of the porous UHMWPE in 1.0SBF although the adhesion strength of thus-formed HAp layer was higher in the case of the EPD in comparison with the DP, oxygen plasma treatment before the DP enabled to achieve a similar level of the HAp layer adhesion to the EPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yabutsuka
- Department of Fundamental Energy Science, Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Shigeomi Takai
- Department of Fundamental Energy Science, Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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14
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Nečas D, Sadecká K, Vrbka M, Galandáková A, Wimmer MA, Gallo J, Hartl M. The effect of albumin and γ-globulin on synovial fluid lubrication: Implication for knee joint replacements. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 113:104117. [PMID: 33065468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Total knee arthroplasty has become a routine procedure for patients suffering from joint diseases. Although the number of operations continuously increases, a limited service-life of implants represents a persisting challenge for scientists. Understanding of lubrication may help to suitably explain tribological processes on the way to replacements that become durable well into the third decade of service. The aim of the present study is to assess the formation of protein lubricating film in the knee implant. A developed knee simulator was used to observe the contact of real femoral and transparent polymer tibial component using fluorescent microscopy. The contact was lubricated by various protein solutions with attention to the behaviour of albumin and γ-globulin. In order to suitably mimic a human synovial fluid, hyaluronic acid and phospholipids were subsequently added to the solutions. Further, the change in shape and the migration of the contact zone were studied. The results showed considerable appearance differences of the contact over the swing phase of the simplified gait cycle. Regarding film formation, a strong interaction of the various molecules of synovial fluid was observed. It was found that the thickness of the lubricating layer stabilizes within around 50 s. Throughout the contact zone, protein agglomerations were present and could be clearly visualised using the applied optical technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Nečas
- Dept of Tribology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic.
| | - K Sadecká
- Dept of Tribology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
| | - M Vrbka
- Dept of Tribology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
| | - A Galandáková
- Dept of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - M A Wimmer
- Dept of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J Gallo
- Dept of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, University Hospital Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - M Hartl
- Dept of Tribology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
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15
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Guo Z, Xu R, Xue P. Study on Preparation of Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene Pipe of Good Thermal-Mechanical Properties Modified with Organo-Montmorillonite by Screw Extrusion. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13153342. [PMID: 32727121 PMCID: PMC7435758 DOI: 10.3390/ma13153342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The study of processing characteristic and property optimization of ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) pipe is increasingly performed, mainly focusing on difficulties in the melting process and poor thermal-mechanical properties after forming, which have limited the wider engineering application of UHMWPE pipe. In this study, organo-montmorillonite (OMMT)-modified UHMWPE pipe with good thermal-mechanical properties was prepared by screw extrusion molding. First, high-density polyethylene was subjected to fluidity modification so that the screw extrusion molding of UHMWPE pipe was feasible. Then, OMMT-modified UHMWPE pipes under different addition amounts of OMMT were innovatively prepared by extrusion. Furthermore, the effects of the addition amounts of the compatibilizer HDPE-g-MAH and the silane coupling agent γ-(2,3-epoxy propoxy) propyl trimethoxy silane (KH560) on the thermal properties of OMMT-modified UHMWPE pipe were investigated for the first time. Compared with those of pure UHMWPE pipe, the Vicat softening temperature (from 128 to 135.2 °C), thermal deformation temperature (from 84.4 to 133.1 °C), bending strength (from 27.3 to 39.8 MPa), and tensile strength (from 20.8 to 25.1 MPa) of OMMT-modified UHMWPE pipe were greatly increased. OMMT-modified UHMWPE pipe with good thermal-mechanical properties was able to be prepared by extrusion for the first time. The compatibilizer method of HDPE-g-MAH was slightly more effective than the coupling agent method of KH560.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouchao Guo
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Rui Xu
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ping Xue
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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16
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Direct Exposure of Dry Enzymes to Atmospheric Pressure Non-Equilibrium Plasmas: The Case of Tyrosinase. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13092181. [PMID: 32397486 PMCID: PMC7254212 DOI: 10.3390/ma13092181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The direct interaction of atmospheric pressure non-equilibrium plasmas with tyrosinase (Tyr) was investigated under typical conditions used in surface processing. Specifically, Tyr dry deposits were exposed to dielectric barrier discharges (DBDs) fed with helium, helium/oxygen, and helium/ethylene mixtures, and effects on enzyme functionality were evaluated. First of all, results show that DBDs have a measurable impact on Tyr only when experiments were carried out using very low enzyme amounts. An appreciable decrease in Tyr activity was observed upon exposure to oxygen-containing DBD. Nevertheless, the combined use of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and white-light vertical scanning interferometry revealed that, in this reactive environment, Tyr deposits displayed remarkable etching resistance, reasonably conferred by plasma-induced changes in their surface chemical composition as well as by their coffee-ring structure. Ethylene-containing DBDs were used to coat tyrosinase with a hydrocarbon polymer film, in order to obtain its immobilization. In particular, it was found that Tyr activity can be fully retained by properly adjusting thin film deposition conditions. All these findings enlighten a high stability of dry enzymes in various plasma environments and open new opportunities for the use of atmospheric pressure non-equilibrium plasmas in enzyme immobilization strategies.
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Esbah Tabaei PS, Ghobeira R, Cools P, Rezaei F, Nikiforov A, Morent R, De Geyter N. Comparative study between in-plasma and post-plasma chemical processes occurring at the surface of UHMWPE subjected to medium pressure Ar and N2 plasma activation. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Optical and spectroscopic study of a supersonic flowing helium plasma: energy transport in the afterglow. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5087. [PMID: 32198449 PMCID: PMC7083830 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61988-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Flowing plasma jets are increasingly investigated and used for surface treatments, including biological matter, and as soft ionization sources for mass spectrometry. They have the characteristic capability to transport energy from the plasma excitation region to the flowing afterglow, and therefore to a distant application surface, in a controlled manner. The ability to transport and deposit energy into a specimen is related to the actual energy transport mechanism. In case of a flowing helium plasma, the energy in the flowing afterglow may be carried by metastable helium atoms and long-lived helium dimer ions. In this work a systematic investigation of the optical and spectroscopic characteristics of a supersonic flowing helium plasma in vacuum and its afterglow as function of the helium gas density is presented. The experimental data are compared with numerical modeling of the plasma excitation and helium dimer ion formation supported by a Computational Fluid Dynamic simulation of the helium jet. The results indicate that the plasma afterglow is effectively due to helium dimer ions recombination via a three-body reaction.
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Rodrigues MM, Fontoura CP, Garcia CSC, Martins ST, Henriques JAP, Figueroa CA, Roesch-Ely M, Aguzzoli C. Investigation of plasma treatment on UHMWPE surfaces: Impact on physicochemical properties, sterilization and fibroblastic adhesion. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 102:264-275. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Celebi Efe G, Altinsoy I, Türk S, Bindal C, Ucisik AH. Effect of particle size on microstructural and mechanical properties of UHMWPE-TiO 2composites produced by gelation and crystallization method. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gozde Celebi Efe
- Engineering Faculty, Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering; Sakarya University; Esentepe Campus, 54187 Sakarya Turkey
- Biomedical, Magnetic and Semiconductor Materials Research Center (BIMAS-RC); Sakarya University; Esentepe Campus, 54187 Sakarya Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Altinsoy
- Engineering Faculty, Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering; Sakarya University; Esentepe Campus, 54187 Sakarya Turkey
| | - Serbülent Türk
- Biomedical, Magnetic and Semiconductor Materials Research Center (BIMAS-RC); Sakarya University; Esentepe Campus, 54187 Sakarya Turkey
| | - Cuma Bindal
- Engineering Faculty, Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering; Sakarya University; Esentepe Campus, 54187 Sakarya Turkey
- Biomedical, Magnetic and Semiconductor Materials Research Center (BIMAS-RC); Sakarya University; Esentepe Campus, 54187 Sakarya Turkey
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Park CS, Jung EY, Jang HJ, Bae GT, Shin BJ, Tae HS. Synthesis and Properties of Plasma-Polymerized Methyl Methacrylate via the Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Polymerization Technique. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E396. [PMID: 30960380 PMCID: PMC6473653 DOI: 10.3390/polym11030396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Pinhole free layers are needed in order to prevent oxygen and water from damaging flexible electrical and bio-devices. Although polymerized methyl methacrylate (polymethyl methacrylate, PMMA) for the pinhole free layer has been studied extensively in the past, little work has been done on synthesizing films of this material using atmospheric pressure plasma-assisted electro-polymerization. Herein, we report the synthesis and properties of plasma-PMMA (pPMMA) synthesized using the atmospheric pressure plasma-assisted electro-polymerization technique at room temperature. According to the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and time of flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) results, the characteristic peaks from the pPMMA polymer chain were shown to have been detected. The results indicate that the percentage of hydrophobic groups (C⁻C and C⁻H) is greater than that of hydrophilic groups (C⁻O and O⁻C=O). The field emission-scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and thickness measurement results show that the surface morphology is quite homogenous and amorphous in nature, and the newly proposed pPMMA film at a thickness of 1.5 µm has high transmittance (about 93%) characteristics. In addition, the results of water contact angle tests show that pPMMA thin films can improve the hydrophobicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon-Sang Park
- School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Eun Young Jung
- School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Hyo Jun Jang
- School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Gyu Tae Bae
- School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Bhum Jae Shin
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea.
| | - Heung-Sik Tae
- School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
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Surface Functionalization of Polyethylene Granules by Treatment with Low-Pressure Air Plasma. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11060885. [PMID: 29799443 PMCID: PMC6025483 DOI: 10.3390/ma11060885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polyethylene granules of diameter 2 mm were treated with a low-pressure weakly ionized air plasma created in a metallic chamber by a pulsed microwave discharge of pulse duration 180 μs and duty cycle 70%. Optical emission spectroscopy showed rich bands of neutral nitrogen molecules and weak O-atom transitions, but the emission from N atoms was below the detection limit. The density of O atoms in the plasma above the samples was measured with a cobalt catalytic probe and exhibited a broad peak at the pressure of 80 Pa, where it was about 2.3 × 1021 m−3. The samples were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Survey spectra showed oxygen on the surface, while the nitrogen concentration remained below the detection limit for all conditions. The high-resolution C1s peaks revealed formation of various functional groups rather independently from treatment parameters. The results were explained by extensive dissociation of oxygen molecules in the gaseous plasma and negligible flux of N atoms on the polymer surface.
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