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Gao L, Ma JB, Huang Y, Muhammad M, Lian HT, Shurigin V, Egamberdieva D, Li WJ, Li L. Insight into endophytic microbial diversity in two halophytes and plant beneficial attributes of Bacillus swezeyi. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1447755. [PMID: 39268535 PMCID: PMC11391308 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1447755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
This study utilized high-throughput sequencing to investigate endophytic bacteria diversity in halophytic plants Anabasis truncate (AT) and Anabasis eriopoda (AE) from the Aral Sea region. Following sequence processing, 356 Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs) were discovered. The abundance and variety of endophytic bacteria were higher in AT. Bacillota, Pseudomonadota, Actinomycetota, and Bacteroidota constituted the dominant in AE, whereas Pseudomonadota, Actinomycetota, Bacteroidota, and Chloroflexota constituted the dominant in AT. Biomarkers were identified through LEFSe analysis, showing host-specific patterns. PCoA indicated distinct bacterial community structures. Phylogenetic analysis revealed diverse endophytic bacteria, including potential novel taxa. PICRUSt2 predicted diverse functions for endophytic bacteria in halophytes, indicating recruitment of beneficial bacterial taxa to adapt to extreme hypersaline conditions, including plant growth-promoting, biocontrol, and halophilic/tolerant bacteria. Moreover, the evolutionary relationship, metabolic capabilities, and plant beneficial potentials of the Bacillus swezeyi strains, previously isolated from the above two halophytes, were analyzed using comparative genomic and physiological analysis. The B. swezeyi strains displayed versatile environmental adaptability, as shown by their ability to use a wide range of carbon sources and their salt tolerances. B. swezeyi possessed a wide range of enzymatic capabilities, including but not limited to proteases, cellulases, and chitinases. Comparative genomic analysis revealed that despite some variations, they shared genetic similarities and metabolic capabilities among the B. swezeyi strains. B. swezeyi strains also displayed outstanding plant-growth-promoting and antagonistic potentials, offering potential solutions to the global food crisis. This study enhances our understanding of microbial diversity in halophytes on saline-alkali land in the West Aral Sea, shedding light on the halophyte microbiome and its collaboration with hosts in highly hypersaline environments. This study also provides a scientific basis for developing high-quality microbial fertilizers and implementing sustainable agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Biao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation and Application in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Yin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Murad Muhammad
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Ting Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Vyacheslav Shurigin
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation and Application in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Dilfuza Egamberdieva
- Faculty of Biology, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
- Institute of Fundamental and Applied Research, National Research University TIIAME, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Wen-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation and Application in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
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Tan J, Wei N, Turcotte MM. Trophic interactions in microbiomes influence plant host population size and ecosystem function. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20240612. [PMID: 38772419 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2024.0612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant microbiomes that comprise diverse microorganisms, including prokaryotes, eukaryotes and viruses, are the key determinants of plant population dynamics and ecosystem function. Despite their importance, little is known about how species interactions (especially trophic interactions) between microbes from different domains modify the importance of microbiomes for plant hosts and ecosystems. Using the common duckweed Lemna minor, we experimentally examined the effects of predation (by bacterivorous protists) and parasitism (by bacteriophages) within microbiomes on plant population size and ecosystem phosphorus removal. Our results revealed that the addition of predators increased plant population size and phosphorus removal, whereas the addition of parasites showed the opposite pattern. The structural equation modelling further pointed out that predation and parasitism affected plant population size and ecosystem function via distinct mechanisms that were both mediated by microbiomes. Our results highlight the importance of understanding microbial trophic interactions for predicting the outcomes and ecosystem impacts of plant-microbiome symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisianan State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Na Wei
- The Holden Arboretum, Kirtland, OH 44094, USA
| | - Martin M Turcotte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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Rering CC, Rudolph AB, Li QB, Read QD, Muñoz PR, Ternest JJ, Hunter CT. A quantitative survey of the blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) culturable nectar microbiome: variation between cultivars, locations, and farm management approaches. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2024; 100:fiae020. [PMID: 38366934 PMCID: PMC10903978 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiae020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbes in floral nectar can impact both their host plants and floral visitors, yet little is known about the nectar microbiome of most pollinator-dependent crops. In this study, we examined the abundance and composition of the fungi and bacteria inhabiting Vaccinium spp. nectar, as well as nectar volume and sugar concentrations. We compared wild V. myrsinites with two field-grown V. corymbosum cultivars collected from two organic and two conventional farms. Differences in nectar traits and microbiomes were identified between V. corymbosum cultivars but not Vaccinium species. The microbiome of cultivated plants also varied greatly between farms, whereas management regime had only subtle effects, with higher fungal populations detected under organic management. Nectars were hexose-dominant, and high cell densities were correlated with reduced nectar sugar concentrations. Bacteria were more common than fungi in blueberry nectar, although both were frequently detected and co-occurred more often than would be predicted by chance. "Cosmopolitan" blueberry nectar microbes that were isolated in all plants, including Rosenbergiella sp. and Symmetrospora symmetrica, were identified. This study provides the first systematic report of the blueberry nectar microbiome, which may have important implications for pollinator and crop health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin C Rering
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States
| | - Arthur B Rudolph
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States
| | - Qin-Bao Li
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States
| | - Quentin D Read
- Agricultural Research Service, Southeast Area, United States Department of Agriculture, 840 Oval Drive, Raleigh, NC 27606, United States
| | - Patricio R Muñoz
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, 2550 Hull Rd, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - John J Ternest
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, 1881 Natural Area Dr, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Charles T Hunter
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States
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Luo X, Sun K, Li HR, Zhang XY, Pan YT, Luo DL, Wu YB, Jiang HJ, Wu XH, Ma CY, Dai CC, Zhang W. Depletion of protective microbiota promotes the incidence of fruit disease. THE ISME JOURNAL 2024; 18:wrae071. [PMID: 38691444 DOI: 10.1093/ismejo/wrae071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Plant-associated microbiomes play important roles in plant health and productivity. However, despite fruits being directly linked to plant productivity, little is known about the microbiomes of fruits and their potential association with fruit health. Here, by integrating 16S rRNA gene, ITS high-throughput sequencing data, and microbiological culturable approaches, we reported that roots and fruits (pods) of peanut, a typical plant that bears fruits underground, recruit different bacterial and fungal communities independently of cropping conditions and that the incidence of pod disease under monocropping conditions is attributed to the depletion of Bacillus genus and enrichment of Aspergillus genus in geocarposphere. On this basis, we constructed a synthetic community (SynCom) consisting of three Bacillus strains from geocarposphere soil under rotation conditions with high culturable abundance. Comparative transcriptome, microbiome profiling, and plant phytohormone signaling analysis reveal that the SynCom exhibited more effective Aspergillus growth inhibition and pod disease control than individual strain, which was underpinned by a combination of molecular mechanisms related to fungal cell proliferation interference, mycotoxins biosynthesis impairment, and jasmonic acid-mediated plant immunity activation. Overall, our results reveal the filter effect of plant organs on the microbiome and that depletion of key protective microbial community promotes the fruit disease incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Kai Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Hao-Ran Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Yi-Tong Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - De-Lin Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Yi-Bo Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Hui-Jun Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Xiao-Han Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Chen-Yu Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Chuan-Chao Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
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Thompson MEH, Shrestha A, Rinne J, Limay-Rios V, Reid L, Raizada MN. The Cultured Microbiome of Pollinated Maize Silks Shifts after Infection with Fusarium graminearum and Varies by Distance from the Site of Pathogen Inoculation. Pathogens 2023; 12:1322. [PMID: 38003787 PMCID: PMC10675081 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Styles transmit pollen-derived sperm nuclei from pollen to ovules, but also transmit environmental pathogens. The microbiomes of styles are likely important for reproduction/disease, yet few studies exist. Whether style microbiome compositions are spatially responsive to pathogens is unknown. The maize pathogen Fusarium graminearum enters developing grain through the style (silk). We hypothesized that F. graminearum treatment shifts the cultured transmitting silk microbiome (TSM) compared to healthy silks in a distance-dependent manner. Another objective of the study was to culture microbes for future application. Bacteria were cultured from husk-covered silks of 14 F. graminearum-treated diverse maize genotypes, proximal (tip) and distal (base) to the F. graminearum inoculation site. Long-read 16S sequences from 398 isolates spanned 35 genera, 71 species, and 238 OTUs. More bacteria were cultured from F. graminearum-inoculated tips (271 isolates) versus base (127 isolates); healthy silks were balanced. F. graminearum caused a collapse in diversity of ~20-25% across multiple taxonomic levels. Some species were cultured exclusively or, more often, from F. graminearum-treated silks (e.g., Delftia acidovorans, Klebsiella aerogenes, K. grimontii, Pantoea ananatis, Stenotrophomonas pavanii). Overall, the results suggest that F. graminearum alters the TSM in a distance-dependent manner. Many isolates matched taxa that were previously identified using V4-MiSeq (core and F. graminearum-induced), but long-read sequencing clarified the taxonomy and uncovered greater diversity than was initially predicted (e.g., within Pantoea). These isolates represent the first comprehensive cultured collection from pathogen-treated maize silks to facilitate biocontrol efforts and microbial marker-assisted breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E. H. Thompson
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (M.E.H.T.)
| | - Anuja Shrestha
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (M.E.H.T.)
| | - Jeffrey Rinne
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (M.E.H.T.)
| | - Victor Limay-Rios
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph Ridgetown Campus, 120 Main Street E, Ridgetown, ON N0P 2C0, Canada
| | - Lana Reid
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Central Experimental Farm, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Manish N. Raizada
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (M.E.H.T.)
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Wei N, Tan J. Environment and Host Genetics Influence the Biogeography of Plant Microbiome Structure. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2023; 86:2858-2868. [PMID: 37610498 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-023-02288-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
To understand how microbiota influence plant populations in nature, it is important to examine the biogeographic distribution of plant-associated microbiomes and the underlying mechanisms. However, we currently lack a fundamental understanding of the biogeography of plant microbiomes across populations and the environmental and host genetic factors that shape their distribution. Leveraging the broad distribution and extensive genetic variation in duckweeds (the Lemna species complex), we identified key factors that governed plant microbiome diversity and compositional variation geographically. In line with the microbial biogeography of free-living microbiomes, we observed higher bacterial richness in temperate regions relative to lower latitudes in duckweed microbiomes (with 10% higher in temperate populations). Our analyses revealed that higher temperature and sodium concentration in aquatic environments showed a negative impact on duckweed bacterial richness, whereas temperature, precipitation, pH, and concentrations of phosphorus and calcium, along with duckweed genetic variation, influenced the biogeographic variation of duckweed bacterial community composition. Analyses of plant microbiome assembly processes further revealed that niche-based selection played an important role (26%) in driving the biogeographic variation of duckweed bacterial communities, alongside the contributions of dispersal limitation (33%) and drift (39%). These findings add significantly to our understanding of host-associated microbial biogeography and provide important insights for predicting plant microbiome vulnerability and resilience under changing climates and intensifying anthropogenic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wei
- The Holden Arboretum, Kirtland, OH, 44094, USA.
| | - Jiaqi Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisianan State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
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Do TT, Smyth C, Crispie F, Burgess C, Brennan F, Walsh F. Comparison of soil and grass microbiomes and resistomes reveals grass as a greater antimicrobial resistance reservoir than soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159179. [PMID: 36191722 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Grasslands cover a large proportion of global agricultural landmass used to feed herbivores and ruminants and link the environment to the food chain via animals onto humans. However, most scientific studies of antimicrobial resistance and microbiomes at the environmental - animal nexus have focused on soil or vegetables rather than grasslands. Based on previous microbiome phyllosphere-soil studies we hypothesised that the microbiome and resistomes across soil and grass would have a core of shared taxa and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), but that in addition each would also have a minority of unique signatures. Our data indicated grass contained a wider variety and higher relative abundance of ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) than soil with or without slurry amendments. The microbiomes of soil and grass were similar in content but varied in the composition proportionality. While there were commonalities across many of the ARGs present in soil and on grass their correlations with MGEs and bacteria differed, suggesting a source other than soil is also relevant for the resistome of grass. The variations in the relative abundances of ARGs in soil and on grass also indicated that either the MGEs or the bacteria carrying the ARGs comprised a higher relative abundance on grass than in soil. We conclude that while soil may be a source of some of these genes it cannot be the source for all ARGs and MGEs. Our data identifies grass as a more diverse and abundant reservoir of ARGs and MGEs in the environment than soil, which is significant to human and animal health when viewed in the context of grazing food animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Thuy Do
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare W23 F2H6, Ireland
| | - Cian Smyth
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare W23 F2H6, Ireland
| | - Fiona Crispie
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork P61 C996, Ireland
| | | | - Fiona Brennan
- Teagasc, Crops, Environment and Land-Use Programme, Johnstown Castle, Co. Wexford Y35 Y521, Ireland
| | - Fiona Walsh
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare W23 F2H6, Ireland; Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
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Hietaranta E, Juottonen H, Kytöviita MM. Honeybees affect floral microbiome composition in a central food source for wild pollinators in boreal ecosystems. Oecologia 2023; 201:59-72. [PMID: 36434466 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05285-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Basic knowledge on dispersal of microbes in pollinator networks is essential for plant, insect, and microbial ecology. Thorough understanding of the ecological consequences of honeybee farming on these complex plant-pollinator-microbe interactions is a prerequisite for sustainable honeybee keeping. Most research on plant-pollinator-microbe interactions have focused on temperate agricultural systems. Therefore, information on a wild plant that is a seasonal bottleneck for pollinators in cold climate such as Salix phylicifolia is of specific importance. We investigated how floral visitation by insects influences the community structure of bacteria and fungi in Salix phylicifolia inflorescences under natural conditions. Insect visitors were experimentally excluded with net bags. We analyzed the microbiome and measured pollen removal in open and bagged inflorescences in sites where honeybees were foraging and in sites without honeybees. Site and plant individual explained most of the variation in floral microbial communities. Insect visitation and honeybees had a smaller but significant effect on the community composition of microbes. Honeybees had a specific effect on the inflorescence microbiome and, e.g., increased the relative abundance of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) from the bacterial order Lactobacillales. Site had a significant effect on the amount of pollen removed from inflorescences but this was not due to honeybees. Insect visitors increased bacterial and especially fungal OTU richness in the inflorescences. Pollinator visits explained 38% variation in fungal richness, but only 10% in bacterial richness. Our work shows that honeybee farming affects the floral microbiome in a wild plant in rural boreal ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsi Hietaranta
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Heli Juottonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Minna-Maarit Kytöviita
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Yang J, Masoudi A, Li H, Gu Y, Wang C, Wang M, Yu Z, Liu J. Microbial community structure and niche differentiation under different health statuses of Pinus bungeana in the Xiong'an New Area in China. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:913349. [PMID: 36118200 PMCID: PMC9481298 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.913349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pinus bungeana is a native but endangered plant species in China, with high ornamental value and adaptability to drought and cold. The relationship between the soil community structure and endophytic microbes in the tissues of P. bungeana under different health statuses is poorly understood. In this study, the endophytic bacterial and fungal communities of P. bungeana under different health statuses were compared and analyzed in the Xiong'an New Area. Using high-throughput deep sequencing [16S and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rRNA] techniques, the effect of the health status of P. bungeana on the microbial communities in bulk soil, rhizospheric soil, roots, stems, and leaves was determined in this study. We observed that the diversity of the bacterial and fungal communities of the aboveground parts (stems and leaves) of healthy P. bungeana plants was much higher than that of the unhealthy plants. However, the diversity of bacterial and fungal communities in the belowground parts (bulk soil, rhizospheric soil, and roots) showed almost no difference in microbial community richness, indicating that the possible cause of illness was transmitted in a "top-down" manner. Furthermore, there were significant differences in the microbial diversity and community structure in different ecological niches of P. bungeana (P < 0.01). Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were the dominant bacterial phyla, while Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Mortierellomycota were the predominant fungal phyla. Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that soil organic matter (SOM), total phosphorous (TP), total potassium (TK), total nitrogen (TN), water content (WC), power of hydrogen (pH), total carbon (TC), and the ratio of carbon to nitrogen (C/N) were significantly correlated with the composition of the microbial communities. Altogether, these results provide a scientific basis for further studies on the mechanism underlying the "aboveground-underground" microbial interactions in plantation forests, which can aid in promoting the healthy and sustainable development of the Millennium Xiulin forest in the Xiong'an New Area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Abolfazl Masoudi
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hao Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yifan Gu
- School of Geographic Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Can Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Min Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhijun Yu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jingze Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
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10
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Burgess EC, Schaeffer RN. The Floral Microbiome and Its Management in Agroecosystems: A Perspective. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:9819-9825. [PMID: 35917340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Disease management is critical to ensuring healthy crop yields and is often targeted at flowers because of their susceptibility to pathogens and direct link to reproduction. Many disease management strategies are unsustainable however because of the potential for pathogens to evolve resistance, or nontarget effects on beneficial insects. Manipulating the floral microbiome holds some promise as a sustainable alternative to chemical means of disease control. In this perspective, we discuss the current state of research concerning floral microbiome assembly and management in agroecosystems as well as future directions aimed at improving the sustainability of disease control and insect-mediated ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Burgess
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Robert N Schaeffer
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
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11
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Jiménez Elvira N, Ushio M, Sakai S. Are microbes growing on flowers evil? Effects of old flower microbes on fruit set in a wild ginger with one-day flowers, Alpinia japonica (Zingiberaceae). METABARCODING AND METAGENOMICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/mbmg.6.84331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Flowers are colonized and inhabited by diverse microbes. Flowers have various mechanisms to suppress microbial growth, such as flower volatiles, reactive oxygen and secondary compounds. Besides, plants rapidly replace flowers that have a short lifespan, and old flowers senesce. They may contribute to avoiding adverse effects of the microbes. In this study, we investigate if the flower microbial community on old flowers impedes fruit and seed production in a wild ginger with one-day flowers. We focus on microbes on old flowers because they may be composed of microbes that would grow during flowering if the flowers did not have mechanisms to suppress microbial growth. We inoculated newly opened flowers with old flower microbes, and monitored the effects on fruit and seed set. We also assessed prokaryotic communities on the flowers using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. We found six bacterial amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) whose proportions were increased on the inoculated flowers. These ASVs were also found on flower buds and flowers that were bagged by net or paper during anthesis, suggesting that they had been present in small numbers prior to flowering. Fruit set was negatively associated with the proportions of these ASVs, while seed set was not. The results suggest that old flowers harbor microbial communities different from those at anthesis, and that the microbes abundant on old flowers negatively affect plant reproduction. Although it has received little attention, antagonistic microbes that rapidly proliferate on the flowers may have affected the evolution of various flower characteristics such as flower volatiles and life span.
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12
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Doniger T, Kerfahi D, Wachtel C, Marais E, Maggs-Kölling G, Sherman C, Adams JM, Steinberger Y. Plant Gender Affects Soil Fungal Microbiota Associated with Welwitschia mirabilis, an Unusual Desert Gymnosperm. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022:10.1007/s00248-022-02039-z. [PMID: 35648154 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-022-02039-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In a recent study, we found a distinct soil bacterial community associated with male and female plants of the desert gymnosperm Welwitschia mirabilis. In this subsequent study, we also found that the soil fungal community associated with Welwitschia differs between male and female plants, and between unvegetated areas and the soil under plants. Site location, pH, and soil moisture also had an important influence on the composition of the fungal community. A number of Ascomycota and Chytrid species were found to be distinct indicators of male and female plants, respectively, but there was no overall difference at the phylum level or in terms of diversity. The unvegetated areas between plants also differed in terms of several Ascomycota OTUs. Network connectivity of the fungal communities was found to be higher under both male and female Welwitschia plants than in unvegetated control areas. As with the bacterial community, it is unclear what processes produce the gender-distinct fungal community, and also the more general plant-associated community, and also what the effects on the biology of the plants are. One possibility behind the gender-related difference in fungal community is that there are differences in the production of pollen or nectar between the two plant genders, affecting the below-ground soil community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirza Doniger
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences Bar-Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Dorsaf Kerfahi
- School of Natural Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Eugene Marais
- Gobabeb Research and Training Centre, Gobabeb, Namibia
| | | | - Chen Sherman
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences Bar-Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Jonathan M Adams
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Yosef Steinberger
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences Bar-Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
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13
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Olimi E, Kusstatscher P, Wicaksono WA, Abdelfattah A, Cernava T, Berg G. Insights into the microbiome assembly during different growth stages and storage of strawberry plants. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOME 2022; 17:21. [PMID: 35484554 PMCID: PMC9052558 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-022-00415-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbiome assembly was identified as an important factor for plant growth and health, but this process is largely unknown, especially for the fruit microbiome. Therefore, we analyzed strawberry plants of two cultivars by focusing on microbiome tracking during the different growth stages and storage using amplicon sequencing, qPCR, and microscopic approaches. RESULTS Strawberry plants carried a highly diverse microbiome, therein the bacterial families Sphingomonadaceae (25%), Pseudomonadaceae (17%), and Burkholderiaceae (11%); and the fungal family Mycosphaerella (45%) were most abundant. All compartments were colonized by high number of bacteria and fungi (107-1010 marker gene copies per g fresh weight), and were characterized by high microbial diversity (6049 and 1501 ASVs); both were higher for the belowground samples than in the phyllosphere. Compartment type was the main driver of microbial diversity, structure, and abundance (bacterial: 45%; fungal: 61%) when compared to the cultivar (1.6%; 2.2%). Microbiome assembly was strongly divided for belowground habitats and the phyllosphere; only a low proportion of the microbiome was transferred from soil via the rhizosphere to the phyllosphere. During fruit development, we observed the highest rates of microbial transfer from leaves and flowers to ripe fruits, where most of the bacteria occured inside the pulp. In postharvest fruits, microbial diversity decreased while the overall abundance increased. Developing postharvest decay caused by Botrytis cinerea decreased the diversity as well, and induced a reduction of potentially beneficial taxa. CONCLUSION Our findings provide insights into microbiome assembly in strawberry plants and highlight the importance of microbe transfer during fruit development and storage with potential implications for food health and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Expedito Olimi
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Kusstatscher
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Wisnu Adi Wicaksono
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Ahmed Abdelfattah
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tomislav Cernava
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Gabriele Berg
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Potsdam, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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14
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Sangiorgio D, Cellini A, Donati I, Ferrari E, Tanunchai B, Fareed Mohamed Wahdan S, Sadubsarn D, Farneti B, Checcucci A, Buscot F, Spinelli F, Purahong W. Taxonomical and functional composition of strawberry microbiome is genotype-dependent. J Adv Res 2022; 42:189-204. [PMID: 36513413 PMCID: PMC9788945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Specific microbial communities are associated to host plants, influencing their phenotype and fitness.Despite the rising interest in plant microbiome, the role of microbial communities associated with perennial fruit plants remains overlooked. OBJECTIVES This work provides the first comprehensive descriptionof the taxonomical and functional bacterial and fungal microbiota of below- and above-ground organsof three commercially important strawberry genotypes under cultural conditions. METHODS Strawberry-associatedfungal and bacterial microbiomes were characterised by Next-Generation Sequencing and the potential functions expressed by the bacterial microbiome were analysed by both in silico and in vitro characterisation of plant growth-promoting abilities of native bacteria. Additionally, the association between the strawberry microbiome, plant disease tolerance, plant mineral nutrient content, and fruit quality was investigated. RESULTS Results showed that thestrawberry core microbiome included 24 bacteria and 15 fungal operational taxonomicunits (OTUs).However, plant organ and genotype had a significant role in determining the taxonomical and functional composition of microbial communities. Interestingly, the cultivar with the highesttolerance against powdery mildew and leaf spot and the highest fruit productivity was the only one able to ubiquitously recruit the beneficial bacterium, Pseudomonasfluorescens, and to establish a mutualistic symbiosis with the arbuscular mycorrhizaRhizophagus irregularis. CONCLUSION This work sheds light on the interaction of cultivated strawberry genotypes with a variety of microbes and highlights the importance of their applications to increase the sustainability of fruit crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Sangiorgio
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, viale Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Cellini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, viale Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Erika Ferrari
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Benjawan Tanunchai
- UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Soil Ecology, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sara Fareed Mohamed Wahdan
- UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Soil Ecology, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany,Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, 41522 Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Dolaya Sadubsarn
- UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Soil Ecology, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Brian Farneti
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Centre, Via E. Mach 1, 38010, S. Michele all’Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Alice Checcucci
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, viale Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - François Buscot
- UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Soil Ecology, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Francesco Spinelli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, viale Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy,Corresponding authors.
| | - Witoon Purahong
- UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Soil Ecology, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany,Corresponding authors.
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15
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Liu HR, Khan G, Gao Q, Zhang F, Liu W, Wang Y, Fang J, Chen S, Afridi SG. Dispersal into the Qinghai-Tibet plateau: evidence from the genetic structure and demography of the alpine plant Triosteum pinnatifidum. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12754. [PMID: 35178292 PMCID: PMC8815373 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Triosteum pinnatifidum Maxim., an alpine plant, is traditionally used for several medicinal purposes. Here, both chloroplast DNA sequences and nuclear low copy sequence markers were used to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of T. pinnatifidum. Materials were collected from thirteen localities in the northeast Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) and adjacent highlands and advanced analytical toolkits were used to access their origin and range shifts. The results revealed a higher level of population differentiation based on chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) concatenated sequences compared with the nuclear DNA sequences (F ST = 0.654 for cpDNA, F ST = 0.398 for AT103), indicating that pollen flow was still extensive in T. pinnatifidum. A decline in haplotype variation was observed from the plateau edge and adjoining highlands toward the platform of the QTP. The hypothesis "dispersal into the QTP," proposing that T. pinnatifidum experienced migration from the plateau edge and adjacent highlands to the platform, was supported. These results were in line with the hypothesis that multiple refugia exist on the plateau edge and adjacent highlands rather than on the plateau platform. Our unimodal mismatch distribution, star-like network supported a recent expansion in T. pinnatifidum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai Province, China,College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai Province, China,Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Gulzar Khan
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Qingbo Gao
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Faqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Wenhui Liu
- Department of Geological Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Yingfang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Jie Fang
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Shilong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Sahib Gul Afridi
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Marden, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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16
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Alterations of endophytic microbial community function in Spartina alterniflora as a result of crude oil exposure. Biodegradation 2022; 33:87-98. [PMID: 35039995 PMCID: PMC10405147 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-021-09968-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The 2010 Deepwater Horizon disaster remains one of the largest oil spills in history. This event caused significant damage to coastal ecosystems, the full extent of which has yet to be fully determined. Crude oil contains toxic heavy metals and substances such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that are detrimental to some microbial species and may be used as food and energy resources by others. As a result, oil spills have the potential to cause significant shifts in microbial communities. This study assessed the impact of oil contamination on the function of endophytic microbial communities associated with saltmarsh cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora). Soil samples were collected from two locations in coastal Louisiana, USA: one severely affected by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill and one relatively unaffected location. Spartina alterniflora seedlings were grown in both soil samples in greenhouses, and GeoChip 5.0 was used to evaluate the endophytic microbial metatranscriptome shifts in response to host plant oil exposure. Oil exposure was associated with significant shifts in microbial gene expression in functional categories related to carbon cycling, virulence, metal homeostasis, organic remediation, and phosphorus utilization. Notably, significant increases in expression were observed in genes related to metal detoxification with the exception of chromium, and both significant increases and decreases in expression were observed in functional gene subcategories related to hydrocarbon metabolism. These findings show that host oil exposure elicits multiple changes in gene expression from their endophytic microbial communities, producing effects that may potentially impact host plant fitness.
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17
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Wei N, Whyle RL, Ashman TL, Jamieson MA. Genotypic variation in floral volatiles influences floral microbiome more strongly than interactions with herbivores and mycorrhizae in strawberriesd. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhab005. [PMID: 35141759 PMCID: PMC8795819 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The floral microbiome is of significant relevance to plant reproduction and crop productivity. While plant genotype is key to floral microbiome assembly, whether and how genotypic variation in floral traits and plant-level mutualistic and antagonistic interactions at the rhizosphere and phyllosphere influence the microbiome in the anthosphere remain little known. Using a factorial field experiment that manipulated biotic interactions belowground (mycorrhizae treatments) and aboveground (herbivory treatments) in three strawberry genotypes, we assessed how genotypic variation in flower abundance and size and plant-level biotic interactions influence the bidirectional relationships between floral volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the floral microbiome using structural equation modeling. We found that plant genotype played a stronger role, overall, in shaping the floral microbiome than biotic interactions with mycorrhizae and herbivores. Genotypic variation in flower abundance and size influenced the emission of floral VOCs, especially terpenes (e.g. α- and β-pinene, ocimene isomers) and benzenoids (e.g. p-anisaldehyde, benzaldehyde), which in turn affected floral bacterial and fungal communities. While the effects of biotic interactions on floral traits including VOCs were weak, mycorrhizae treatments (mycorrhizae and herbivory + mycorrhizae) affected the fungal community composition in flowers. These findings improve our understanding of the mechanisms by which plant genotype influences floral microbiome assembly and provide the first evidence that biotic interactions in the rhizosphere and phyllosphere can influence the floral microbiome, and offer important insights into agricultural microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wei
- The Holden Arboretum, Kirtland, OH 44094, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburg, Pittsburg, PA 15260, USA
| | - Robert L Whyle
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
| | - Tia-Lynn Ashman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburg, Pittsburg, PA 15260, USA
| | - Mary A Jamieson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
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18
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Heminger AR, Belden LK, Barney JN, Badgley BD, Haak DC. Horsenettle ( Solanum carolinense) fruit bacterial communities are not variable across fine spatial scales. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12359. [PMID: 34820171 PMCID: PMC8582302 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruit house microbial communities that are unique from the rest of the plant. While symbiotic microbial communities complete important functions for their hosts, the fruit microbiome is often understudied compared to other plant organs. Fruits are reproductive tissues that house, protect, and facilitate the dispersal of seeds, and thus they are directly tied to plant fitness. Fruit microbial communities may, therefore, also impact plant fitness. In this study, we assessed how bacterial communities associated with fruit of Solanum carolinense, a native herbaceous perennial weed, vary at fine spatial scales (<0.5 km). A majority of the studies conducted on plant microbial communities have been done at large spatial scales and have observed microbial community variation across these large spatial scales. However, both the environment and pollinators play a role in shaping plant microbial communities and likely have impacts on the plant microbiome at fine scales. We collected fruit samples from eight sampling locations, ranging from 2 to 450 m apart, and assessed the fruit bacterial communities using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Overall, we found no differences in observed richness or microbial community composition among sampling locations. Bacterial community structure of fruits collected near one another were not more different than those that were farther apart at the scales we examined. These fine spatial scales are important to obligate out-crossing plant species such as S. carolinense because they are ecologically relevant to pollinators. Thus, our results could imply that pollinators serve to homogenize fruit bacterial communities across these smaller scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel R Heminger
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, United States of America.,Global Change Center, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Lisa K Belden
- Global Change Center, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, United States of America.,Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Jacob N Barney
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, United States of America.,Global Change Center, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Brian D Badgley
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, United States of America.,Global Change Center, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - David C Haak
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, United States of America.,Global Change Center, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
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19
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Wei G, Ning K, Zhang G, Yu H, Yang S, Dai F, Dong L, Chen S. Compartment Niche Shapes the Assembly and Network of Cannabis sativa-Associated Microbiome. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:714993. [PMID: 34675893 PMCID: PMC8524047 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.714993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between plants and microbes may promote the growth of plants and regulate the production of secondary metabolites. Hemp (Cannabis sativa) is an annual herb and an important commercial crop. However, the assembly and network of hemp-associated microbiomes inhabiting in soil and plant compartments have not been comprehensively understood. This work investigated the assembly and network of bacterial and fungal communities living in soils (bulk and rhizosphere) and plant compartments (root, stem, leaf, and flower) of four hemp ecotypes cultivated in the same habitat. Microbiome assembly was predominantly shaped by compartment niche. Microbial alpha diversity was the highest in soil, continually decreased from root to flower. Core bacterial genera Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Rhizobium, Planococcus, and Sphingomonas were mostly enriched in aerial endosphere niches; Clitopilus, Plectosphaerella, and Mortierella were enriched in belowground endosphere. Microbial network complexity and connectivity decreased from root to flower. According to source tracking analysis, hemp microbiota primarily originated from soil and were subsequently filtered in different plant compartments. This work provides details on hemp-associated microbiome along the soil-plant continuum and a comprehensive understanding of the origin and transmission mode of endophytes in hemp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangfei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Ning
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guozhuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haibin Yu
- Yunnan Industrial Investment Group, Yunnan Hemp Seed Industry Co., Ltd., Kunming, China
| | - Shuming Yang
- Yunnan Industrial Investment Group, Yunnan Hemp Seed Industry Co., Ltd., Kunming, China
| | - Fei Dai
- Yunnan Industrial Investment Group, Yunnan Hemp Seed Industry Co., Ltd., Kunming, China
| | - Linlin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shilin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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20
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Capacity of soil bacteria to reach the phyllosphere and convergence of floral communities despite soil microbiota variation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2100150118. [PMID: 34620708 PMCID: PMC8521660 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2100150118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of flowers as environmental filters for bacterial communities and the provenance of bacteria in the phyllosphere are currently poorly understood. We experimentally tested the effect of induced variation in soil communities on the microbiota of plant organs. We identified soil-derived bacteria in the phyllosphere and show a strong convergence of floral communities with an enrichment of members of the Burkholderiaceae family. This finding highlights a potential role of the flower in shaping the interaction between plants and a bacterial family known to harbor both plant pathogens and growth-promoting strains. Because the flower involves host–symbiont feedback, the selection of specific bacteria by the reproductive organs of angiosperms could be relevant for the modulation of fruit and seed production. Leaves and flowers are colonized by diverse bacteria that impact plant fitness and evolution. Although the structure of these microbial communities is becoming well-characterized, various aspects of their environmental origin and selection by plants remain uncertain, such as the relative proportion of soilborne bacteria in phyllosphere communities. Here, to address this issue and to provide experimental support for bacteria being filtered by flowers, we conducted common-garden experiments outside and under gnotobiotic conditions. We grew Arabidopsis thaliana in a soil substitute and added two microbial communities from natural soils. We estimated that at least 25% of the phyllosphere bacteria collected from the plants grown in the open environment were also detected in the controlled conditions, in which bacteria could reach leaves and flowers only from the soil. These taxa represented more than 40% of the communities based on amplicon sequencing. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering approaches supported the convergence of all floral microbiota, and 24 of the 28 bacteria responsible for this pattern belonged to the Burkholderiaceae family, which includes known plant pathogens and plant growth-promoting members. We anticipate that our study will foster future investigations regarding the routes used by soil microbes to reach leaves and flowers, the ubiquity of the environmental filtering of Burkholderiaceae across plant species and environments, and the potential functional effects of the accumulation of these bacteria in the reproductive organs of flowering plants.
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21
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Lu S, He R, Zhao D, Zeng J, Huang X, Li K, Yu Z, Wu QL. Effects of shading levels on the composition and co-occurrence patterns of bacterioplankton and epibiotic bacterial communities of Cabomba caroliniana. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 785:147286. [PMID: 33932676 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Epibiotic bacterial community colonized on the plant leaf plays important roles in promoting plant growth and nutrient absorption, but is sensitive to environmental changes. As one of the most important environmental factors affecting the growth of plants and photosynthetic microorganisms, light may affect the diversity, composition, and interactions of the epibiotic bacterial community. Submerged plants in the aquatic ecosystem may be more sensitive to light intensity variations compared to the terrestrial plants since they usually receive less light. However, the effects of light on the interactions between the submerged plants and their epibiotic microbial communities remain uncertain. Here we used the 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing to investigate the diversity and composition of the bacterioplankton and epibiotic bacterial communities of the Cabomba caroliniana under four different shading levels. A total of 24 water and leaf samples were collected from the experimental microcosms near Lake Taihu. We found the epibiotic bacterial community possessed a higher diversity than that of the bacterioplankton community, although the alpha diversity of the bacterioplankton community was more susceptible to different levels of shading. SourceTracker analysis revealed that with the increase of shading, the colonization of bacterioplankton to epibiotic bacteria decreased. Network analysis showed that the bacterial community network at 50% shading level had the lowest modularity and highest clustering coefficient compared to the bacterial community networks of other shading levels. Our findings provided new understandings of the effects of different light intensities on the epibiotic bacterial communities of submerged macrophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Lu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Global Change and Water Cycle, State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Rujia He
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Global Change and Water Cycle, State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, East Beijing Road 73, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Dayong Zhao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Global Change and Water Cycle, State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Jin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, East Beijing Road 73, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Xiaolong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, East Beijing Road 73, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Kuanyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, East Beijing Road 73, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhongbo Yu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Global Change and Water Cycle, State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Qinglong L Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, East Beijing Road 73, Nanjing 210008, China; Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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22
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Sauer S, Dlugosch L, Kammerer DR, Stintzing FC, Simon M. The Microbiome of the Medicinal Plants Achillea millefolium L. and Hamamelis virginiana L. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:696398. [PMID: 34354692 PMCID: PMC8329415 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.696398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In the recent past many studies investigated the microbiome of plants including several medicinal plants (MP). Microbial communities of the associated soil, rhizosphere and the above-ground organs were included, but there is still limited information on their seasonal development, and in particular simultaneous investigations of different plant organs are lacking. Many studies predominantly addressed either the prokaryotic or fungal microbiome. A distinction of epi- and endophytic communities of above-ground plant organs has rarely been made. Therefore, we conducted a comprehensive investigation of the bacterial and fungal microbiome of the MP Achillea millefolium and studied the epi- and endophytic microbial communities of leaves, flower buds and flowers between spring and summer together with the microbiome of the associated soil at one location. Further, we assessed the core microbiome of Achillea from four different locations at distances up to 250 km in southern Germany and Switzerland. In addition, the bacterial and fungal epi- and endophytic leaf microbiome of the arborescent shrub Hamamelis virginiana and the associated soil was investigated at one location. The results show a generally decreasing diversity of both microbial communities from soil to flower of Achillea. The diversity of the bacterial and fungal endophytic leaf communities of Achillea increased from April to July, whereas that of the epiphytic leaf communities decreased. In contrast, the diversity of the fungal communities of both leaf compartments and that of epiphytic bacteria of Hamamelis increased over time indicating plant-specific differences in the temporal development of microbial communities. Both MPs exhibited distinct microbial communities with plant-specific but also common taxa. The core taxa of Achillea constituted a lower fraction of the total number of taxa than of the total abundance of taxa. The results of our study provide a basis to link interactions of the microbiome with their host plant in relation to the production of bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Sauer
- WALA Heilmittel GmbH, Bad Boll, Germany
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Leon Dlugosch
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Meinhard Simon
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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23
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Wei N, Russell AL, Jarrett AR, Ashman TL. Pollinators mediate floral microbial diversity and microbial network under agrochemical disturbance. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:2235-2247. [PMID: 33738885 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
How pollinators mediate microbiome assembly in the anthosphere is a major unresolved question of theoretical and applied importance in the face of anthropogenic disturbance. We addressed this question by linking visitation of diverse pollinator functional groups (bees, wasps, flies, butterflies, beetles, true bugs and other taxa) to the key properties of the floral microbiome (microbial α- and β-diversity and microbial network) under agrochemical disturbance, using a field experiment of bactericide and fungicide treatments on cultivated strawberries that differ in flower abundance. Structural equation modelling was used to link agrochemical disturbance and flower abundance to pollinator visitation to floral microbiome properties. Our results revealed that (i) pollinator visitation influenced the α- and β-diversity and network centrality of the floral microbiome, with different pollinator functional groups affecting different microbiome properties; (ii) flower abundance influenced the floral microbiome both directly by governing the source pool of microbes and indirectly by enhancing pollinator visitation; and (iii) agrochemical disturbance affected the floral microbiome primarily directly by fungicide, and less so indirectly via pollinator visitation. These findings improve the mechanistic understanding of floral microbiome assembly, and may be generalizable to many other plants that are visited by diverse insect pollinators in natural and managed ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wei
- The Holden Arboretum, Kirtland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Avery L Russell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Biology, Missouri State University, Springfield, Missouri, USA
| | - Abigail R Jarrett
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tia-Lynn Ashman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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24
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Hayes RA, Rebolleda‐Gómez M, Butela K, Cabo LF, Cullen N, Kaufmann N, O'Neill S, Ashman T. Spatially explicit depiction of a floral epiphytic bacterial community reveals role for environmental filtering within petals. Microbiologyopen 2021; 10:e1158. [PMID: 33650801 PMCID: PMC7859501 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbiome of flowers (anthosphere) is an understudied compartment of the plant microbiome. Within the flower, petals represent a heterogeneous environment for microbes in terms of resources and environmental stress. Yet, little is known of drivers of structure and function of the epiphytic microbial community at the within-petal scale. We characterized the petal microbiome in two co-flowering plants that differ in the pattern of ultraviolet (UV) absorption along their petals. Bacterial communities were similar between plant hosts, with only rare phylogenetically distant species contributing to differences. The epiphyte community was highly culturable (75% of families) lending confidence in the spatially explicit isolation and characterization of bacteria. In one host, petals were heterogeneous in UV absorption along their length, and in these, there was a negative relationship between growth rate and position on the petal, as well as lower UV tolerance in strains isolated from the UV-absorbing base than from UV reflecting tip. A similar pattern was not seen in microbes isolated from a second host whose petals had uniform patterning along their length. Across strains, the variation in carbon usage and chemical tolerance followed common phylogenetic patterns. This work highlights the value of petals for spatially explicit explorations of bacteria of the anthosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Hayes
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Maria Rebolleda‐Gómez
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Kristen Butela
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Leah F. Cabo
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Nevin Cullen
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Nancy Kaufmann
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Steffani O'Neill
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Tia‐Lynn Ashman
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
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25
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Vannette RL. The Floral Microbiome: Plant, Pollinator, and Microbial Perspectives. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-011720-013401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Flowers at times host abundant and specialized communities of bacteria and fungi that influence floral phenotypes and interactions with pollinators. Ecological processes drive variation in microbial abundance and composition at multiple scales, including among plant species, among flower tissues, and among flowers on the same plant. Variation in microbial effects on floral phenotype suggests that microbial metabolites could cue the presence or quality of rewards for pollinators, but most plants are unlikely to rely on microbes for pollinator attraction or reproduction. From a microbial perspective, flowers offer opportunities to disperse between habitats, but microbial species differ in requirements for and benefits received from such dispersal. The extent to which floral microbes shape the evolution of floral traits, influence fitness of floral visitors, and respond to anthropogenic change is unclear. A deeper understanding of these phenomena could illuminate the ecological and evolutionary importance of floral microbiomes and their role in the conservation of plant–pollinator interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L. Vannette
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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26
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Doniger T, Adams JM, Marais E, Maggs-Kölling G, Sherman C, Kerfahi D, Yang Y, Steinberger Y. The 'fertile island effect' of Welwitschia plants on soil microbiota is influenced by plant gender. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2020; 96:fiaa186. [PMID: 32966571 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Desert and semi-desert plants are often associated with a distinct soil biota under the plants and close to the root system. We aimed to understand if similar effects could be found in the taxonomically isolated desert gymnosperm Welwitschia mirabilis in the Namib Desert, and whether this island effect varied with climate and with gender of plants. We took soil cores adjacent to the plants in environments ranging from extreme desert to arid shrubland, and in nearby control sites between the plants. Soil chemistry was analysed, and deoxyribonucleic acid was extracted and sequenced for the bacterial 16s region. Soil under the plants was richer in organic C, N and moisture. Despite the range of climates, the soil around Welwitschia plants was consistently associated with a particular bacterial community composition that was distinct from samples further away. Compared to unvegetated control patches, bacterial diversity close to the plants was reduced. In the plant-associated soil community, there was a clear gender effect across all sites with a distinct community composition and greater diversity under male plants. It is unclear what differences in the soil environment might be producing these gender-associated differences, which provide an additional dimension to the fertile island effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirza Doniger
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Jonathan M Adams
- School of Geography and Oceanography, Nanjing University, Xianlin, Nanjing, 210023, P.R. China
| | - Eugene Marais
- Gobabeb Namib Research and Training Center PO Box 953, Walvis Bay 13103, Namibia
| | | | - Chen Sherman
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Dorsaf Kerfahi
- School of Natural Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Ying Yang
- School of Geography and Oceanography, Nanjing University, Xianlin, Nanjing, 210023, P.R. China
| | - Yosef Steinberger
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
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27
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Floral fungal-bacterial community structure and co-occurrence patterns in four sympatric island plant species. Fungal Biol 2020; 125:49-61. [PMID: 33317776 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Flowers' fungal and bacterial communities can exert great impacts on host plant wellness and reproductive success-both directly and indirectly through species interactions. However, information about community structure and co-occurrence patterns in floral microbiome remains scarce. Here, using culture-independent methods, we investigated fungal and bacterial communities associated with stamens and pistils of four plant species (Scaevola taccada, Ipomoea cairica, Ipomoea pes-caprae, and Mussaenda kwangtungensis) growing together under the same environment conditions in an island located in South China. Plant species identity significantly influenced community composition of floral fungi but not bacteria. Stamen and pistil microbiomes did not differ in community composition, but differed in co-occurrence network topological features. Compared with the stamen network, pistil counterpart had fewer links between bacteria and fungi and showed more modular but less concentrated and connected structure. In addition, degree distribution of microbial network in each host species and each microhabitat (stamen or pistil) followed a significant power-law pattern. These results enhance our understanding in the assembly principles and ecological interactions of floral microbial communities.
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28
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Lin M, Xiong H, Xiang X, Zhou Z, Liang L, Mei Z. The Effect of Plant Geographical Location and Developmental Stage on Root-Associated Microbiomes of Gymnadenia conopsea. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1257. [PMID: 32625183 PMCID: PMC7314937 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gymnadenia conopsea (L.) R. Br. is an important perennial terrestrial photosynthetic orchid species whose microbiomes are considered to play an important role in helping its germination and growth. However, the assemblage of G. conopsea root-associated microbial communities is poorly understood. The compositions of fungal and bacterial communities from the roots and corresponding soil samples in G. conopsea across distinct biogeographical regions from two significantly different altitudes were characterized at the vegetative and reproductive growth stages. The geographical location, developmental stage and compartment were factors contributing to microbiome variation in G. conopsea. Predominant fungal taxa include Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Mortierellomycota and Chytridiomycota, whereas Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Chloroflexi, TM7 and Planctomycetes were predominant bacterial taxa. Using G. conopsea as a model, the structural and functional composition in G. conopsea root-associated microbiomes were comprehensive analyzed. Contrary to previous studies, biogeography was the main factor influencing the microbial community in this study. Besides, compartment and developmental stage should also be considered to analyze the variation of microbiota composition. Although the microbial composition varied greatly by location, the symbiotic microorganisms of G. conopsea still have certain specificity. This study gives an abundant information of G. conopsea root-associated microbiomes and provides new clues to better understanding the factors affecting the composition and diversity of fungal/bacterial communities associated with orchids. Our results also laying a foundation for harnessing the microbiome for sustainable G. conopsea cultivation. Moreover, these results might be generally applicable to other orchidaceae plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Xiong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuechuan Xiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Zelin Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Lifeng Liang
- Institute of Ethnomedicine, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhinan Mei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
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29
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Tsuji K, Fukami T. Sexual Dimorphism and Species Diversity: from Clades to Sites. Trends Ecol Evol 2020; 35:105-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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30
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Massoni J, Bortfeld-Miller M, Jardillier L, Salazar G, Sunagawa S, Vorholt JA. Consistent host and organ occupancy of phyllosphere bacteria in a community of wild herbaceous plant species. THE ISME JOURNAL 2020; 14:245-258. [PMID: 31624344 PMCID: PMC6908658 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-019-0531-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria colonizing the aerial parts of plants (phyllosphere) are linked to the biology of their host. They impact plant-pathogen interactions and may influence plant reproduction. Past studies have shown differences in composition and structure of the leaf, flower, and host microbiota, but an investigation of the impact of individual taxa on these variations remains to be tested. Such information will help to evaluate disparities and to better understand the biology and evolution of the plant-microbe associations. In the present study, we investigated the community structure, occupancy of host and organ, and the prevalence of phyllosphere bacteria from three host species collected at the same location. Almost all (98%) of bacterial taxa detected in the phyllosphere were not only shared across leaves and flowers, or different plant species but also had a conserved prevalence across sub-environments of the phyllosphere. We also found nonrandom associations of the phylogenetic diversity of phyllosphere bacteria. These results suggest that the phyllosphere microbiota is more conserved than previously acknowledged, and dominated by generalist bacteria adapted to environmental heterogeneity through evolutionary conserved traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Massoni
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Center for Adaptation to a Changing Environment, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Miriam Bortfeld-Miller
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ludwig Jardillier
- Unité d'Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, CNRS UMR 8079, Université Paris-Sud, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Guillem Salazar
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Shinichi Sunagawa
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julia A Vorholt
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
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31
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Zheng Y, Gong X. Niche differentiation rather than biogeography shapes the diversity and composition of microbiome of Cycas panzhihuaensis. MICROBIOME 2019; 7:152. [PMID: 31791400 PMCID: PMC6888988 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-019-0770-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given their adaptation to nutrient-poor and drought environments, cycads are vital models for plant-microbiome interaction research because they are likely to host an important reservoir of beneficial microbes that may support cycad survival. However, a comprehensive understanding of the diversity and community composition of microbiome associated with different plant compartments as well as bulk soils of cycad species remains elusive. METHOD An extensive investigation of species diversity and community composition of bacterial and fungal microbiome in roots, seeds, unfertilized seeds, ovules, pollens, and soils of Cycas panzhihuaensis L. Zhou & S. Y. Yang has been conducted by high-through sequencing technology. Moreover, principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and heatmap analysis were applied to test the niche-specific effect and biogeography factor among different sample types of this cycad species. RESULTS Highly diverse microbiota and significant variation of community structure were found among different compartments of C. panzhihuaensis. Soils exhibited a remarkable differentiation of bacterial community composition compared to the other five plant organs as revealed by PCA, HCA, and heatmap analyses. Different compartments possessed unique core microbial taxa with Pseudomonadaceae and Nectriaceae shared among them. According to the indicator species analysis, there was almost no differentiation of dominant microbiomes with regard to the geography of the host cycad. Two main transmission models existed in the C. panzhihuaensis. CONCLUSIONS Each sample type represented a unique niche and hosted a niche-specific core microbial taxa. Contrary to previous surveys, biogeography hardly exerted impact on microbial community variation in this study. The majority of the cycad-associated microbes were horizontally derived from soils and/or air environments with the rest vertically inherited from maternal plants via seeds. This study offers a robust knowledge of plant-microbiome interaction across various plant compartments and soils and lends guidelines to the investigation of adaptation mechanism of cycads in arid and nutrient-poor environments as well as their evolutionary conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan China
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xun Gong
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan China
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan China
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32
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Rebolleda Gómez M, Ashman T. Floral organs act as environmental filters and interact with pollinators to structure the yellow monkeyflower (
Mimulus guttatus
) floral microbiome. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:5155-5171. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tia‐Lynn Ashman
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA
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33
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Kim DR, Cho G, Jeon CW, Weller DM, Thomashow LS, Paulitz TC, Kwak YS. A mutualistic interaction between Streptomyces bacteria, strawberry plants and pollinating bees. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4802. [PMID: 31641114 PMCID: PMC6805876 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12785-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbes can establish mutualistic interactions with plants and insects. Here we track the movement of an endophytic strain of Streptomyces bacteria throughout a managed strawberry ecosystem. We show that a Streptomyces isolate found in the rhizosphere and on flowers protects both the plant and pollinating honeybees from pathogens (phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea and pathogenic bacteria, respectively). The pollinators can transfer the Streptomyces bacteria among flowers and plants, and Streptomyces can move into the plant vascular bundle from the flowers and from the rhizosphere. Our results present a tripartite mutualism between Streptomyces, plant and pollinator partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Ran Kim
- Department of Plant Medicine and Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeongjun Cho
- Division of Applied Life Science and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Wook Jeon
- Division of Applied Life Science and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - David M Weller
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, Pullman, WA, 99164-6430, USA
| | - Linda S Thomashow
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, Pullman, WA, 99164-6430, USA
| | - Timothy C Paulitz
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, Pullman, WA, 99164-6430, USA
| | - Youn-Sig Kwak
- Department of Plant Medicine and Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Applied Life Science and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.
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34
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Russell AL, Rebolleda‐Gómez M, Shaible TM, Ashman T. Movers and shakers: Bumble bee foraging behavior shapes the dispersal of microbes among and within flowers. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Avery L. Russell
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260 USA
| | - María Rebolleda‐Gómez
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260 USA
| | - Tierney Marie Shaible
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260 USA
- Entomology and Insect Science Graduate Interdisciplinary Program University of Arizona Tucson Arizona 85721 USA
| | - Tia‐Lynn Ashman
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260 USA
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Suárez-Moo PDJ, Vovides AP, Griffith MP, Barona-Gómez F, Cibrián-Jaramillo A. Unlocking a high bacterial diversity in the coralloid root microbiome from the cycad genus Dioon. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211271. [PMID: 30726265 PMCID: PMC6364921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cycads are among the few plants that have developed specialized roots to host nitrogen-fixing bacteria. We describe the bacterial diversity of the coralloid roots from seven Dioon species and their surrounding rhizosphere and soil. Using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, we found that all coralloid roots are inhabited by a broad diversity of bacterial groups, including cyanobacteria and Rhizobiales among the most abundant groups. The diversity and composition of the endophytes are similar in the six Mexican species of Dioon that we evaluated, suggesting a recent divergence of Dioon populations and/or similar plant-driven restrictions in maintaining the coralloid root microbiome. Botanical garden samples and natural populations have a similar taxonomic composition, although the beta diversity differed between these populations. The rhizosphere surrounding the coralloid root serves as a reservoir and source of mostly diazotroph and plant growth-promoting groups that colonize the coralloid endosphere. In the case of cyanobacteria, the endosphere is enriched with Nostoc spp and Calothrix spp that are closely related to previously reported symbiont genera in cycads and other early divergent plants. The data reported here provide an in-depth taxonomic characterization of the bacterial community associated with coralloid root microbiome. The functional aspects of the endophytes, their biological interactions, and their evolutionary history are the next research step in this recently discovered diversity within the cycad coralloid root microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo de Jesús Suárez-Moo
- Ecological and Evolutionary Genomics Laboratory, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (Langebio), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Andrew P. Vovides
- Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Red de Ecología Evolutiva, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - M. Patrick Griffith
- Montgomery Botanical Center, Coral Gables, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Francisco Barona-Gómez
- Evolution of Metabolic Diversity Laboratory, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (Langebio), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Angélica Cibrián-Jaramillo
- Ecological and Evolutionary Genomics Laboratory, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (Langebio), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
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Russell AL, Ashman TL. Associative learning of flowers by generalist bumble bees can be mediated by microbes on the petals. Behav Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arz011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Communication is often vital to the maintenance of mutualisms. In plant-pollinator mutualisms, plants signal pollinators via floral displays, composed of olfactory, visual, and other plant-derived cues. While plants are understood to be associated with microbes, only recently has the role of microbial (yeast and bacteria) inhabitants of flowers as intermediaries of plant-pollinator communication been recognized. Animals frequently use microbial cues to find resources, yet no study has examined whether microbes directly mediate learned and innate pollinator responses. Here, we asked whether microbes on the flower surface, independent of their modification of floral rewards, can mediate these key components of pollinator preference. In the field, we characterized flower and bumble bee microbial abundance, and in laboratory assays we tested whether bumble bees (Bombus impatiens) discriminated flowers on the basis of an experimental floral microbial community on the petals and whether microbe-derived chemicals were effective cues. Learning of microbial community cues was associative and reward context-dependent and mediated by microbial chemicals. Deconstructing the experimental microbial community showed bees innately avoided flowers with bacteria, but were undeterred by yeast. Microbial cues thus potentially facilitate dynamic communication between plants and pollinators such as bumble bees, especially as pollinator visitation can change flower microbiota. We suggest that the study of communication in mutualism generally would benefit by considering not only the multicellular eukaryote partners, but their microbial associates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery L Russell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tia-Lynn Ashman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Tsuji K, Fukami T. Community‐wide consequences of sexual dimorphism: evidence from nectar microbes in dioecious plants. Ecology 2018; 99:2476-2484. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Tsuji
- Center for Ecological Research Kyoto University 2‐Hirano Otsu Shiga 520‐2113 Japan
- Department of Biology Stanford University Stanford California 94305 USA
| | - Tadashi Fukami
- Department of Biology Stanford University Stanford California 94305 USA
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Knight TM, Ashman T, Bennett J, Burns JH, Passonneau S, Steets JA. Reflections on, and visions for, the changing field of pollination ecology. Ecol Lett 2018; 21:1282-1295. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T. M. Knight
- Institute of Biology Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Am Kirchtor 1 06108 Halle Germany
- Department Community Ecology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Theodor‐Lieser‐Straße 4 06120 Halle Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - T.‐L. Ashman
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA15260 USA
| | - J. M. Bennett
- Institute of Biology Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Am Kirchtor 1 06108 Halle Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - J. H. Burns
- Department of Biology Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH44106‐7080 USA
| | - S. Passonneau
- Institute of Biology Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Am Kirchtor 1 06108 Halle Germany
- Department Community Ecology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Theodor‐Lieser‐Straße 4 06120 Halle Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - J. A. Steets
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology, and Evolution Oklahoma State University Stillwater OK74078 USA
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