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Chaiwattanarungruengpaisan S, Thongdee M, Arya N, Paungpin W, Sirimanapong W, Sariya L. Diversity and genetic characterization of Chlamydia isolated from Siamese crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis). Acta Trop 2024; 253:107183. [PMID: 38479468 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Chlamydiosis, an infection caused by several Chlamydia species, has been reported in Nile, saltwater, and Siamese crocodiles. Despite its widespread reports in various countries, including Thailand, genetic information on Chlamydia species remains limited. This study presents a whole-genome-based characterization of Siamese crocodile-isolated Chlamydia. The results showed that Siamese crocodile Chlamydia contained a single circular chromosome with a size of 1.22-1.23 Mbp and a plasmid with a size of 7.7-8.0 kbp. A plasmid containing eight coding sequences (CDSs) was grouped in a β lineage. A chromosome sequence had approximately 1,018-1,031 CDSs. Chlamydial factors involving virulence were documented in terms of the presence of cytotoxins and several virulence factors in the chromosomes of Siamese crocodile Chlamydia. The analysis of antimicrobial resistance genes in the Chlamydia genome revealed that the most common resistance genes were associated with aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, tetracyclines, and cephalosporins, with loose matching (identities between 21.12 % and 74.65 %). Phylogenetic analyses, encompassing the assessments of both whole proteome and nine taxonomic markers, revealed that Siamese crocodile Chlamydia was separated into three lineages (lineages I-III) with high bootstrapping statistic support. Interestingly, isolate 12-01 differed genetically from the others, suggesting that it is a new member of Chlamydia. The study findings indicate that Siamese crocodiles are susceptible hosts to Chlamydia, involving more than one species. This study is the first employing the highest number of whole-genome data on Siamese crocodile Chlamydia and provides better insights into pathogen genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somjit Chaiwattanarungruengpaisan
- Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Metawee Thongdee
- Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Nlin Arya
- Department of Preclinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Weena Paungpin
- Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Wanna Sirimanapong
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Ladawan Sariya
- Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
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Yang J, Chen S, Quan M, Li L, Shang L, Fan Z, Hu S. Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Chlamydia Infection in Pigs in Hunan Province, Southern China, 2017-2018. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2024; 24:214-218. [PMID: 38422215 PMCID: PMC11035838 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2023.0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Chlamydia is a Gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium that is pathogenic for humans and a large variety of veterinary animal species. However, there is no continuous monitoring of chlamydia infection data in pigs in Hunan province, southern China. Therefore, in order to evaluate the seroprevalence and identify risk factors associated with Chlamydia infection in pigs within this region, a comprehensive study was conducted. Methods: A total of 3848 serum samples were collected from pigs (from farmers and companies) between May 2017 and August 2018. The presence of specific antibodies against Chlamydia was determined through the employment of the indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA). Results: The overall seroprevalence of Chlamydia was determined to be 26.90% (1038/3848, 95% confidence interval: 25.60-28.40). By employing statistical analysis using SPSS software (p < 0.05), factors such as altitude, sampling regions, and rearing systems of pigs were identified as potential risk factors for Chlamydia infection. Conclusion: These findings elucidate a substantial prevalence of Chlamydia in pigs within the mountainous region of Hunan province, southern China, thereby highlighting a potential risk to human health. These results underscore the need for proactive measures and targeted interventions to mitigate the transmission of Chlamydia in porcine populations, safeguarding both animal welfare and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junkun Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, PR China
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, PR China
| | - Shilin Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, PR China
- Wanning Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center of Hainan Province, Wanning, PR China
| | - Minxiu Quan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Leqin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Ling Shang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Zhongxin Fan
- Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, PR China
| | - Shifeng Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, PR China
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Szymańska-Czerwińska M, Zaręba-Marchewka K, Niemczuk K. New insight on chlamydiae. J Vet Res 2023; 67:559-565. [PMID: 38130448 PMCID: PMC10730554 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the current knowledge on chlamydiae, which are intracellular bacteria belonging to the Chlamydiaceae family. Whole-genome sequencing leads to great increases in the available data about Chlamydia spp. Recently, novel chlamydial taxons in various hosts living in different environments have been recognised. New species and taxons with Candidatus status have been recorded mainly in birds and reptiles. Chlamydia gallinacea is an emerging infectious agent in poultry with indirectly confirmed zoonotic potential. Recently, a new group of avian C. abortus strains with worldwide distribution in various wild bird families has been described. The definition of C. abortus species became outdated with the discovery of these strains and has been amended. It now includes two subgroups, mammalian and avian, the latter including all isolates hitherto referred to as atypical C. psittaci or C. psittaci/C. abortus intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Szymańska-Czerwińska
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, Puławy, Poland
- Laboratory of Serological Diagnosis, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof Niemczuk
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, Puławy, Poland
- Laboratory of Serological Diagnosis, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
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Rovero A, Kebbi-Beghdadi C, Greub G. Spontaneous Aberrant Bodies Formation in Human Pneumocytes Infected with Estrella lausannensis. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2368. [PMID: 37894026 PMCID: PMC10609161 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrella lausannensis, a Chlamydia-related bacterium isolated from a Spanish river, is considered as a possible emerging human pathogen. Indeed, it was recently demonstrated to multiply in human macrophages, resisting oxidative burst and causing a strong cytopathic effect. In addition, a preliminary study highlighted a correlation between antibody response to E. lausannensis and pneumonia in children. To clarify the pathogenic potential of these bacteria, we infected a human pneumocyte cell line with E. lausannensis and assessed its replication and cytopathic effect using quantitative real-time PCR and immunofluorescence, as well as confocal and electron microscopy. Our results demonstrated that E. lausannensis enters and replicates rapidly in human pneumocytes, and that it causes a prompt lysis of the host cells. Furthermore, we reported the spontaneous formation of aberrant bodies, a form associated with persistence in Chlamydiae, suggesting that E. lausannensis infection could cause chronic disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelien Rovero
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (A.R.); (C.K.-B.)
| | - Carole Kebbi-Beghdadi
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (A.R.); (C.K.-B.)
| | - Gilbert Greub
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (A.R.); (C.K.-B.)
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Zaręba-Marchewka K, Bomba A, Scharf S, Niemczuk K, Schnee C, Szymańska-Czerwińska M. Whole Genome Sequencing and Comparative Genomic Analysis of Chlamydia gallinacea Field Strains Isolated from Poultry in Poland. Pathogens 2023; 12:891. [PMID: 37513738 PMCID: PMC10384503 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia gallinacea is an intracellular bacterium belonging to the Chlamydiaceae family. Poultry is considered to be the major reservoir of this agent, which has worldwide distribution and a particularly consistent worldwide occurrence in chicken flocks. The bacterium has been linked to respiratory disease in humans but without definitive confirmation; nevertheless, while it has not been proved to be the cause of human respiratory disease, a recent report from Italy verified its bird-to-human transmission. This aspect being significant for public health, more research is needed to gain insight into the infection biology of C. gallinacea. In this study, the genomes of eleven novel C. gallinacea field strains from different regions of Poland were analyzed comparatively. It was confirmed that C. gallinacea strains are closely related, with at least 99.46% sequence identity. They possess a conservative genome structure involving the plasticity zone with a complete cytotoxin, the type three secretion system, inclusion membrane proteins, polymorphic membrane proteins, hctA and hctB histone-like proteins, and the chlamydial protease-like activating factor exoenzyme, as well as plasmids. Genetic diversity seems to be restricted. However, some genetic loci, such as ompA and multi-locus sequence typing target genes, are diverse enough to enable high-resolution genotyping and epidemiological tracing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Zaręba-Marchewka
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Bomba
- Department of Omics Analyses, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Sabine Scharf
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Naumburger Str. 96 a, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Niemczuk
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
- Laboratory of Serological Diagnosis, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Christiane Schnee
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Naumburger Str. 96 a, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Monika Szymańska-Czerwińska
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
- Laboratory of Serological Diagnosis, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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Borel N, Greub G. International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes (ICSP) Subcommittee on the taxonomy of Chlamydiae: Minutes of the closed meeting, 25 August 2022, ESCCAR Meeting Lausanne, Switzerland. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73. [PMID: 36748609 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Borel
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gilbert Greub
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Bugnon 48, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Benamri I, Azzouzi M, Moussa A, Radouani F. An in silico analysis of rpoB mutations to affect Chlamydia trachomatis sensitivity to rifamycin. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2022; 20:146. [DOI: 10.1186/s43141-022-00428-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular gram-negative pathogen, responsible for diverse affections, mainly trachoma and sexually transmitted diseases. Antibiotics are the commonly used drugs to tackle chlamydiae infections. However, when overused or wrongly used this may lead to strains’ resistance to antibiotics, this phenomenon represents a real health problem worldwide. Numerous studies showed the association of Chlamydia trachomatis resistance with mutations in different genes; these mutations could have a deleterious or neutral impacts on the encoded proteins. The aim of this study is to perform an in silico analysis of C. trachomatis rpoB-encoded proteins using numerous bioinformatics tools and to identify the functional and structural-related effects of the mutations and consequently their impact on the bacteria sensitivity to antibiotics.
Results
The analysis revealed that the prediction of the damaging impact related to the mutations in rpoB-encoded proteins showed eight mutations: V136F, Q458K, V466A, A467T, H471N, H471Y, H471L, and I517M with big deleterious effects. Among them, six mutations, V136F, Q458K, V466A, A467T, H471N, and I517M, are located in a highly conserved regions decreasing the protein’s stability. Furthermore, the structures analysis showed that the mutations A467T, H471N, I517M, and V136F models had a high deviation compared to the wild type. Moreover, the prediction of protein-protein network indicated that rpoB wild type interacts strongly with 10 proteins of C. trachomatis, which are playing different roles at different levels.
Conclusion
As conclusion, the present study revealed that the changes observed in the encoded proteins can affect their functions and structures, in addition to their interactions with other proteins which impact the bacteria sensitivity to antibiotics. Consequently, the information revealed through this in silico analysis would be useful for deeper exploration to understand the mechanisms of C. trachomatis resistance and enable managing the infection to avoid its complications. We recommend further investigations and perform deeper experimental analysis with collaboration between bioinformaticians, physicians, biologists, pharmacists, and chemistry and biochemistry scientists.
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Kuratli J, Leonard CA, Frohns A, Schoborg R, Piazena H, Borel N. Refinement of water-filtered infrared A (wIRA) irradiations of in vitro acute and persistent chlamydial infections. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2022; 234:112533. [PMID: 35914465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Water-filtered infrared A (wIRA) alone or in combination with visible light (VIS) exerts anti-chlamydial effects in vitro and in vivo in acute infection models. However, it has remained unclear whether reduced irradiation duration and irradiance would still maintain anti-chlamydial efficacy. Furthermore, efficacy of this non-chemical treatment option against persistent (chronic) chlamydial infections has not been investigated to date. To address this knowledge gap, we evaluated 1) irradiation durations of 5, 15 or 30 min in genital and ocular Chlamydia trachomatis acute infection models, 2) irradiances of 100, 150 or 200 mW/cm2 in the acute genital infection model and 3) anti-chlamydial activity of wIRA and VIS against C. trachomatis serovar B and E with amoxicillin (AMX)- or interferon γ (IFN-γ)-induced persistence. Reduction of irradiation duration reduced anti-chlamydial efficacy. Irradiances of 150 to 200 mW/cm2, but not 100 mW/cm2, induced anti-chlamydial effects. For persistent infections, wIRA and VIS irradiation showed robust anti-chlamydial activity independent of the infection status (persistent or recovering), persistence inducer (AMX or IFN-γ) or chlamydial strain (serovar B or E). This study clarifies the requirement of 30 min irradiation duration and 150 mW/cm2 irradiance to induce significant anti-chlamydial effects in vitro, supports the use of irradiation in the wIRA and VIS spectrum as a promising non-chemical treatment for chlamydial infections and provides important information for follow-up in vivo studies. Notably, wIRA and VIS exert anti-chlamydial effects on persistent chlamydiae which are known to be refractory to antibiotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Kuratli
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology (IVPZ) and Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine (CABMM), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Cory Ann Leonard
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology (IVPZ) and Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine (CABMM), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Antonia Frohns
- Plant membrane biophysics, Technical University of Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 3, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Robert Schoborg
- Department of Medical Education and Center for Infectious Disease, Inflammation and Immunity, Quillen College in Medicine, East Tennessee State University, PO Box 70582, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
| | - Helmut Piazena
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporative Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Nicole Borel
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology (IVPZ) and Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine (CABMM), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Turin L, Surini S, Wheelhouse N, Rocchi MS. Recent advances and public health implications for environmental exposure to Chlamydia abortus: from enzootic to zoonotic disease. Vet Res 2022; 53:37. [PMID: 35642008 PMCID: PMC9152823 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01052-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental transmission of Chlamydia abortus as a result of enzootic disease or disease outbreaks and the threats posed by this pathogen has been previously reported, however a state-of-the-science review of these reports and the identification of future research priorities in this area is still lacking. This study provides an overview of the current knowledge of host–pathogen–environment interactions, addressing public health risks and identifying critical questions and research gaps. We performed a systematic PubMed and Web of Science search for publications related to Chlamydia abortus in the past four decades, and we reviewed and combined the evidence critically discussing and commenting the results. A total of 182 studies, 5 chapters of specific books and the “OIE terrestrial manual” were included in this review. There were substantial variations between the studies in topic addressed and experimental design. Overall, the literature largely supports the crucial role played by environmental exposure on the acquisition of zoonotic disease caused by Chlamydia abortus. We also identify the paucity of information related to interspecies transmission and pathogen adaptation in relation to environmental dissemination and zoonotic risk. This analysis further highlights the need for additional research given that environmental transmission represents a serious risk not only to susceptible patients (pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals), but also for other species including wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauretta Turin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Sara Surini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Nick Wheelhouse
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Court, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, UK
| | - Mara Silvia Rocchi
- Moredun Research Institute, Bush Loan, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, Scotland, UK
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Aaziz R, Laroucau K, Gobbo F, Salvatore D, Schnee C, Terregino C, Lupini C, Di Francesco A. Occurrence of Chlamydiae in Corvids in Northeast Italy. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12101226. [PMID: 35625072 PMCID: PMC9137748 DOI: 10.3390/ani12101226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The continuous improvement of next-generation sequencing techniques has led to an expansion of the number of Chlamydia species, as well as their host range. Recent studies performed on wild birds have detected Chlamydia strains with characteristics intermediate between Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia abortus. In this study, 12/108 corvids tested positive for Chlamydia by real-time PCR. Molecular characterisation at the species level was possible for eight samples, with one positive for C. psittaci and seven for C. abortus. Considering the well-known zoonotic role of C. psittaci and that a potential zoonotic role of avian C. abortus strains cannot be excluded, people who may have professional or other contact with wild birds should take appropriate preventive measures. Abstract Chlamydiaceae occurrence has been largely evaluated in wildlife, showing that wild birds are efficient reservoirs for avian chlamydiosis. In this study, DNA extracted from cloacal swabs of 108 corvids from Northeast Italy was screened for Chlamydiaceae by 23S real-time (rt)PCR. The positive samples were characterised by specific rtPCRs for Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia abortus, Chlamydia gallinacea, Chlamydia avium, Chlamydia pecorum and Chlamydia suis. Cloacal shedding of Chlamydiaceae was detected in 12 out of 108 (11.1%, 5.9%–18.6% 95% CI) corvids sampled. Molecular characterisation at the species level was possible in 8/12 samples, showing C. psittaci positivity in only one sample from a hooded crow and C. abortus positivity in seven samples, two from Eurasian magpies and five from hooded crows. Genotyping of the C. psittaci-positive sample was undertaken via PCR/high-resolution melting, clustering it in group III_pigeon, corresponding to the B genotype based on former ompA analysis. For C. abortus genotyping, multilocus sequence typing was successfully performed on the two samples with high DNA load from Eurasian magpies, highlighting 100% identity with the recently reported Polish avian C. abortus genotype 1V strain 15-58d44. To confirm the intermediate characteristics between C. psittaci and C. abortus, both samples, as well as two samples from hooded crows, showed the chlamydial plasmid inherent in most C. psittaci and avian C. abortus, but not in ruminant C. abortus strains. The plasmid sequences were highly similar (≥99%) to those of the Polish avian C. abortus genotype 1V strain 15-58d44. To our knowledge, this is the first report of avian C. abortus strains in Italy, specifically genotype 1V, confirming that they are actively circulating in corvids in the Italian region tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachid Aaziz
- Bacterial Zoonoses Unit, Animal Health Laboratory, Anses, University Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (R.A.); (K.L.)
| | - Karine Laroucau
- Bacterial Zoonoses Unit, Animal Health Laboratory, Anses, University Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (R.A.); (K.L.)
| | - Federica Gobbo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy; (F.G.); (C.T.)
| | - Daniela Salvatore
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, BO, Italy; (D.S.); (C.L.)
| | - Christiane Schnee
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), D-07743 Jena, Germany;
| | - Calogero Terregino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy; (F.G.); (C.T.)
| | - Caterina Lupini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, BO, Italy; (D.S.); (C.L.)
| | - Antonietta Di Francesco
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, BO, Italy; (D.S.); (C.L.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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Carossino M, Nevarez JG, Sakaguchi K, Paulsen DB, Langohr IM, Strother K, Ferracone J, Roy A, Crossland NA, Del Piero F. An outbreak of systemic chlamydiosis in farmed American alligators ( Alligator mississippiensis). Vet Pathol 2022; 59:860-868. [PMID: 35502797 DOI: 10.1177/03009858221095269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia spp are reported to causes systemic disease in a variety of hosts worldwide including few reports in crocodilians. Disease presentations vary from asymptomatic to fulminant disease, some of which are zoonotic. The aim of this study was to describe the pathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular findings associated with the occurrence of a previously unreported Chlamydia sp infection causing a major mortality event in farmed American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis). The outbreak presented with sudden death in juvenile alligators mainly associated with necrotizing hepatitis and myocarditis, followed by the occurrence of conjunctivitis after the initial high mortality event. The widespread inflammatory lesions in multiple organs correlated with intralesional chlamydial organisms identified via immunohistochemistry and confirmed by 23S rRNA-specific real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for Chlamydiaceae bacteria. By sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the OmpA gene, this uncultured Chlamydia sp grouped closely with Chlamydia poikilothermis recently described in snakes. This study highlights the significance of such outbreaks in farmed populations. Enhanced epidemiological monitoring is needed to gain further insight into the biology of Chlamydia sp in alligators, disease dynamics, risk factors, and role of carrier animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Carossino
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory & Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veteterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Javier G Nevarez
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital & Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | | | - Daniel B Paulsen
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory & Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veteterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Ingeborg M Langohr
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory & Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veteterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Keith Strother
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory & Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veteterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | | | - Alma Roy
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory & Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veteterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Nicholas A Crossland
- Department of Pathology & National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Fabio Del Piero
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory & Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veteterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
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12
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Huang H, Song D, Zhang W, Fang S, Zhou Q, Zhang H, Liang Z, Li Y. Choline Oxidase-Integrated Copper Metal-Organic Frameworks as Cascade Nanozymes for One-Step Colorimetric Choline Detection. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:5228-5236. [PMID: 35411770 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Choline is an important factor for regulating human health and is widely present in various foods. In this work, a sensor strategy based on a choline oxidase-integrated copper(II) metal-organic framework with peroxidase-like activity is constructed for one-step cascade detection of choline. The one-step cascade strategy can avoid intermediate product transferring in general multi-step reactions, and the multi-enzyme activities can be well exerted under one condition, thus exhibiting excellent catalytic activity and enhanced stability. In the integrated system, choline is catalyzed by ChOx to produce betaine and H2O2, which eventually got converted to hydroxyl radicals by the peroxidase nanozyme, oxidized the chromogenic substrate ABTS, and produced an observable absorption peak at 420 nm. A new choline detection method was thus established and showed a satisfactory linear relationship at 6-300 μM, which has been used for the choline analysis in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Huang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China
| | - Donghui Song
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China
| | - Shuaizhen Fang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China
| | - Qianxi Zhou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China
| | - Haoyu Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China
| | - Zheng Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China
| | - Yongxin Li
- Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Lab of Water Resources and Aquatic Environment of Jilin Province, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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13
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Bellinati L, Pesaro S, Marcer F, Danesi P, Natale A, Ceglie L. Detection of a Novel Chlamydia Species in Invasive Turtles. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12060784. [PMID: 35327181 PMCID: PMC8944456 DOI: 10.3390/ani12060784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The pond slider (Trachemys scripta) is a turtle species native to Central America. Pond sliders have been commercialized as pets since the 1950s, but often ended up being released or escaping into an environment to which they are allochthonous. Trachemys scripta is presently classified as an invasive alien species in Europe and other countries. The introduction of pond sliders in foreign ecosystems has had a deep environmental and ecological impact. Moreover, freed or escaped captive turtles could be carriers of pathogens, such as Chlamydiaceae. In this study, we report the identification of a Chlamydia spp. in two pond sliders found dead after the hibernation period. Further molecular characterization revealed that this Chlamydia is identical to a strain reported in Poland in 2017, found in both captive and free-living freshwater turtles, and has a close phylogenetic relationship to Chlamydia pneumoniae, a species infectious to humans, and to chlamydial strains found in other reptiles. This first finding evidences the presence of this novel Chlamydia in Italian turtles, but further studies will be necessary to evaluate the prevalence in the local turtles’ population and the strain pathogenicity. Abstract Trachemys scripta is a turtle species native to Central America. Since the 1950s, pond sliders have been imported worldwide as companion animals, but have often ended up in foreign ecosystems with great ecological consequences. Moreover, both autochthonous and invasive species of turtles can be carriers of pathogens, including Chlamydiaceae. In the present study, pulmonary tissues collected from four Trachemys scripta were tested with a 23S-targeting real-time PCR (rPCR) specific for the Chlamydiaceae family. The turtles were hosted in a rescue center for wild exotic animals located in northeastern Italy, and were found dead after the hibernation period. Two out of four individuals resulted positive in rPCR for the presence of Chlamydiaceae. Further characterization of this positivity was performed by phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA and outer membrane protein A genes. The phylogenetic tree showed that these chlamydial strains are identical to a novel Chlamydia reported in 2017 in Polish freshwater turtles, and closely related to Chlamydia pneumoniae and to other chlamydial strains found in reptiles. This first finding evidences the presence of this Chlamydia strain in Italian turtles, but further studies will be necessary to confirm the presence and the strain pathogenicity and to evaluate its prevalence in the local turtles’ population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bellinati
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (P.D.); (A.N.); (L.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Stefano Pesaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agro-Alimentari, Ambientali e Animali Sezione di Patologia Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Udine, Via Sondrio, 33100 Udine, Italy;
| | - Federica Marcer
- Dipartimento di Medicina Animale, Produzioni e Salute, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy;
| | - Patrizia Danesi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (P.D.); (A.N.); (L.C.)
| | - Alda Natale
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (P.D.); (A.N.); (L.C.)
| | - Letizia Ceglie
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (P.D.); (A.N.); (L.C.)
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14
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Marchino M, Rizzo F, Barzanti P, Sparasci OA, Bottino P, Vicari N, Rigamonti S, Braghin S, Aaziz R, Vorimore F, Ru G, Laroucau K, Mandola ML. Chlamydia Species and Related Risk Factors in Poultry in North-Western Italy: Possible Bird-to-Human Transmission for C. gallinacea. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19042174. [PMID: 35206361 PMCID: PMC8872282 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19042174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydiaceae are obligatory intracellular bacteria causing acute and chronic diseases in animals and humans worldwide, with recently discovered species with a still unclear pathogenic potential (i.e., C. gallinacea). In Italy, Chlamydiaceae infections are underestimated both in animals and humans. To estimate the prevalence of Chlamydiaceae species in poultry and occupationally exposed workers on farm, a cross-sectional study was carried out in north-western Italy. A total of 2063 samples from 83 commercial and 31 backyard poultry farms were analysed using real-time PCRs for Chlamydiaceae screening and species typing. Chlamydiaceae were detected in 23 farms, with a herd prevalence of 20.2% (95%CI: 13.2-28.7), higher in backyard farms (38.7%; 95%CI: 21.8-57.8) compared to commercial ones (13.3%; 95%CI: 6.8-22.5). C. gallinacea was found in 18 chicken farms, both commercial and backyard, and C. psittaci only in 3 backyard farms. Exposure to wild birds and factors related to biosecurity resulted the main risk factors associated with Chlamydia positivity. Out of the 113 sputum samples collected from farmers, 16 tested positive to Chlamydiaceae, with a prevalence of 14.2% (95%CI: 8, 3-22). To the best of our knowledge, for the first time at international level, C. gallinacea was detected in humans with farmer positivity associated with farm infectious status, suggesting a bird-to-human transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Marchino
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Piedmont, Liguria and Aosta Valley (IZSPLV), Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy; (F.R.); (P.B.); (O.A.S.); (G.R.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Francesca Rizzo
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Piedmont, Liguria and Aosta Valley (IZSPLV), Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy; (F.R.); (P.B.); (O.A.S.); (G.R.)
| | - Paola Barzanti
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Piedmont, Liguria and Aosta Valley (IZSPLV), Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy; (F.R.); (P.B.); (O.A.S.); (G.R.)
| | - Oriana Anna Sparasci
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Piedmont, Liguria and Aosta Valley (IZSPLV), Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy; (F.R.); (P.B.); (O.A.S.); (G.R.)
| | - Paolo Bottino
- S.C. Microbiology and Virology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria “Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino”, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Nadia Vicari
- National Reference Laboratory for Chlamydioses, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardia and Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 27100 Pavia, Italy; (N.V.); (S.R.)
| | - Sara Rigamonti
- National Reference Laboratory for Chlamydioses, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardia and Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 27100 Pavia, Italy; (N.V.); (S.R.)
| | - Silvia Braghin
- S.C. Sanità Animale, Dipartimento Di Prevenzione, ASL CN1, Via Carlo Boggio 12, 12100 Cuneo, Italy;
| | - Rachid Aaziz
- Laboratory for Animal Health, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, ANSES Maisons-Alfort, Paris-Est University, 94706 Paris, France; (R.A.); (F.V.); (K.L.)
| | - Fabien Vorimore
- Laboratory for Animal Health, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, ANSES Maisons-Alfort, Paris-Est University, 94706 Paris, France; (R.A.); (F.V.); (K.L.)
| | - Giuseppe Ru
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Piedmont, Liguria and Aosta Valley (IZSPLV), Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy; (F.R.); (P.B.); (O.A.S.); (G.R.)
| | - Karine Laroucau
- Laboratory for Animal Health, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, ANSES Maisons-Alfort, Paris-Est University, 94706 Paris, France; (R.A.); (F.V.); (K.L.)
| | - Maria Lucia Mandola
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Piedmont, Liguria and Aosta Valley (IZSPLV), Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy; (F.R.); (P.B.); (O.A.S.); (G.R.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (M.L.M.)
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15
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DETECTION OF MYCOPLASMA AND CHLAMYDIA IN PYTHONS WITH AND WITHOUT SERPENTOVIRUS INFECTION. J Zoo Wildl Med 2022; 52:1167-1174. [PMID: 34998286 DOI: 10.1638/2021-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Serpentoviruses (order Nidovirales) are an important cause of respiratory disease in snakes. Although transmission studies have shown that serpentoviruses can cause respiratory disease in pythons, the possible role of additional potential pathogens is not yet understood. Very little information is available on the role of mycoplasma and chlamydia infections in disease in pythons. Diagnostic samples from 271 pythons of different genera submitted to a laboratory for detection of serpentoviruses were also screened for mycoplasma and chlamydia infections by PCR. Most of the samples were oral swabs. Almost 30% of the samples were positive for serpentoviruses, and mycoplasmas were detected in more than 60% of the pythons. The occurrence of these two pathogens correlated significantly (P < 0.001). Additionally, about 3% of the snakes tested positive for Chlamydia. This study found a high prevalence of mycoplasmas in the tested pythons and a correlation between infections with these bacteria and serpentoviruses in python samples submitted for diagnostic testing. Because the role mycoplasmas play in respiratory diseases of snakes is still largely unknown, further investigations are necessary to evaluate the role of mixed infections in disease.
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16
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Zaręba-Marchewka K, Szymańska-Czerwińska M, Livingstone M, Longbottom D, Niemczuk K. Whole Genome Sequencing and Comparative Genome Analyses of Chlamydia abortus Strains of Avian Origin Suggests That Chlamydia abortus Species Should Be Expanded to Include Avian and Mammalian Subgroups. Pathogens 2021; 10:1405. [PMID: 34832561 PMCID: PMC8623937 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of Chlamydia species belonging to the Chlamydiaceae family have been reported in birds. Until recently, C. psittaci was considered to be the most common avian species, although found in both birds and mammals, while C. abortus has only been found in mammals. Recently, a new group of avian C. abortus strains with worldwide distribution in various wild bird families has been described. In this study, whole genome sequencing (WGS) of three of these strains (15-70d24, 15-49d3 and 15-58d44, representing genotypes G1, G2 and 1V, respectively) that were isolated from wild birds were analysed. Genome assemblies based on both short-read Illumina and long-read Nanopore data indicate that these avian C. abortus strains show features characteristic of both C. abortus and C. psittaci species, although phylogenetic analyses demonstrate a closer relationship with classical C. abortus strains. Currently, species classification established by the ICSP Subcommittee on the taxonomy of Chlamydiae, determines that these avian C. abortus strains 15-70d24, 15-49d3 and 15-58d44 should be classified as C. abortus. However, the authors of this study conclude that the current taxonomic definition of C. abortus is outdated and should be amended to include two subgroups, mammalian and avian, the latter of which would include all isolates so far referred to as atypical C. psittaci or C. psittaci/C. abortus intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Zaręba-Marchewka
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; (M.S.-C.); (K.N.)
| | - Monika Szymańska-Czerwińska
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; (M.S.-C.); (K.N.)
- Laboratory of Serological Diagnosis, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Morag Livingstone
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK; (M.L.); (D.L.)
| | - David Longbottom
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK; (M.L.); (D.L.)
| | - Krzysztof Niemczuk
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; (M.S.-C.); (K.N.)
- Laboratory of Serological Diagnosis, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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17
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Seibert BA, Keel MK, Kelly TR, Nilsen RA, Ciembor P, Pesti D, Gregory CR, Ritchie BW, Hawkins MG. Chlamydia buteonis in birds of prey presented to California wildlife rehabilitation facilities. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258500. [PMID: 34644359 PMCID: PMC8513822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydial infections, caused by a group of obligate, intracellular, gram-negative bacteria, have health implications for animals and humans. Due to their highly infectious nature and zoonotic potential, staff at wildlife rehabilitation centers should be educated on the clinical manifestations, prevalence, and risk factors associated with Chlamydia spp. infections in raptors. The objectives of this study were to document the prevalence of chlamydial DNA shedding and anti-chlamydial antibodies in raptors admitted to five wildlife rehabilitation centers in California over a one-year period. Chlamydial prevalence was estimated in raptors for each center and potential risk factors associated with infection were evaluated, including location, species, season, and age class. Plasma samples and conjunctiva/choana/cloaca swabs were collected for serology and qPCR from a subset of 263 birds of prey, representing 18 species. Serologic assays identified both anti-C. buteonis IgM and anti-chlamydial IgY antibodies. Chlamydial DNA and anti-chlamydial antibodies were detected in 4.18% (11/263) and 3.14% (6/191) of patients, respectively. Chamydial DNA was identified in raptors from the families Accipitridae and Strigidae while anti-C.buteonis IgM was identified in birds identified in Accipitridae, Falconidae, Strigidae, and Cathartidae. Two of the chlamydial DNA positive birds (one Swainson’s hawk (Buteo swainsoni) and one red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)) were necropsied, and tissues were collected for culture. Sequencing of the cultured elementary bodies revealed a chlamydial DNA sequence with 99.97% average nucleotide identity to the recently described Chlamydia buteonis. Spatial clusters of seropositive raptors and raptors positive for chlamydial DNA were detected in northern California. Infections were most prevalent during the winter season. Furthermore, while the proportion of raptors testing positive for chlamydial DNA was similar across age classes, seroprevalence was highest in adults. This study questions the current knowledge on C. buteonis host range and highlights the importance of further studies to evaluate the diversity and epidemiology of Chlamydia spp. infecting raptor populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A. Seibert
- Department of Avian Science, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Michael K. Keel
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Terra R. Kelly
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Roger A. Nilsen
- Infectious Disease Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Paula Ciembor
- Infectious Disease Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Denise Pesti
- Infectious Disease Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Christopher R. Gregory
- Infectious Disease Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Branson W. Ritchie
- Infectious Disease Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Michelle G. Hawkins
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Liang L, Wen Y, Li Z, Liu P, Liu X, Tan S, Liu D, Zhou J, Tong D. Seroprevalence of Chlamydia abortus infection in yak (Bos grunniens) in Tibet, China. Ir Vet J 2021; 74:19. [PMID: 34193296 PMCID: PMC8246664 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-021-00199-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia spp. are prevalent zoonotic pathogens that infect a wide variety of host species. Chlamydia abortus (C. abortus) infection in yaks has been reported in Gansu and Qinghai province, China. However, no data about C. abortus infection are available in yaks in Tibet, China. A total of 938 serum samples was collected from yaks in Tibet, China and specific antibodies against C. abortus were detected by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that the overall seroprevalence of C. abortus in yaks was 104/938 (11.1 %, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 9.1–13.1). The prevalence in female and male yaks was 59/556 (10.6 %, 95 % CI 8.0-13.2) and 45/382 (11.8 %, 95 % CI 8.5–15.0), respectively with no significant difference (p > 0.05). The seroprevalence of antibodies to C. abortus in yaks ranged from 8.0 to 18.2 % among the six different areas, and the difference was also without statistical significance (p > 0.05). The prevalence among different age groups ranged from 7.0 to 15.9 %, with a higher prevalence among 1 to 2 years age category. The results demonstrate the presence of C. abortus infection in yaks in Tibet and may pose a risk for the general yak populations in addition to its potential impact on public health and the local Tibetan economy. To our knowledge, this is the first seroprevalence survey of C. abortus in yaks in Tibet, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, China
| | - Yuan Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 730046, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhaocai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 730046, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 730046, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 730046, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuming Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 730046, Lanzhou, China
| | - Donghui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 730046, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jizhang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 730046, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Dewen Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, China.
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Chaiwattanarungruengpaisan S, Thongdee M, Anuntakarun S, Payungporn S, Arya N, Punchukrang A, Ramasoota P, Singhakaew S, Atithep T, Sariya L. A new species of Chlamydia isolated from Siamese crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252081. [PMID: 34043689 PMCID: PMC8158970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia is a known pathogen in both saltwater and freshwater crocodiles. However, the exact species/strain has not been clearly identified. In this study, we successfully cultivated Siamese crocodile Chlamydia in McCoy cells at a temperature of 30°C. Electron microscopy; phylogeny based on nine conserved taxonomically informative markers, on ompA, or on seven housekeeping genes; and whole-genome sequencing and analysis of the isolate confirmed the identity of the isolate as a new member of the genus Chlamydia, a new species that we name Chlamydia crocodili.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somjit Chaiwattanarungruengpaisan
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Metawee Thongdee
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Songtham Anuntakarun
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sunchai Payungporn
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nlin Arya
- Department of Preclinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Apichart Punchukrang
- Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Songkhla Rajabhat University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Pongrama Ramasoota
- Center of Excellence for Antibody Research and Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sombat Singhakaew
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thassanant Atithep
- Frontier Research Center, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Rayong, Thailand
| | - Ladawan Sariya
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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20
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Draft Genome Sequences of Avian Chlamydia abortus Genotype G2 Strain 15-49d3, Isolated from Mallard, and Genotype 1V Strain 15-58d44, Isolated from Magpie in Poland. Microbiol Resour Announc 2021; 10:10/14/e01203-20. [PMID: 33833029 PMCID: PMC8032471 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01203-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the draft genome sequences of avian Chlamydia abortus genotype G2 strain 15-49d3, isolated from mallard, and genotype 1V strain 15-58d44, isolated from magpie in Poland. The total genome assembly lengths are 1,140,139 bp and 1,158,207 bp, respectively. Here, we report the draft genome sequences of avian Chlamydia abortus genotype G2 strain 15-49d3, isolated from mallard, and genotype 1V strain 15-58d44, isolated from magpie in Poland. The total genome assembly lengths are 1,140,139 bp and 1,158,207 bp, respectively.
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21
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Vorimore F, Hölzer M, Liebler-Tenorio EM, Barf LM, Delannoy S, Vittecoq M, Wedlarski R, Lécu A, Scharf S, Blanchard Y, Fach P, Hsia RC, Bavoil PM, Rosselló-Móra R, Laroucau K, Sachse K. Evidence for the existence of a new genus Chlamydiifrater gen. nov. inside the family Chlamydiaceae with two new species isolated from flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus): Chlamydiifrater phoenicopteri sp. nov. and Chlamydiifrater volucris sp. nov. Syst Appl Microbiol 2021; 44:126200. [PMID: 34298369 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2021.126200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The family Chlamydiaceae currently comprises a single genus Chlamydia, with 11 validly published species and seven more taxa. It includes the human pathogens Chlamydia (C.) trachomatis, C. pneumoniae and C. psittaci, a zoonotic agent causing avian chlamydiosis and human psittacosis, as well as other proven or potential pathogens in ruminants, birds, snakes, reptiles and turtles. During routine testing of 15 apparently healthy captive flamingos in a zoo in 2011, an atypical strain of Chlamydiaceae was detected by real-time PCR of cloacal swab samples. Sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene revealed high similarity to the uncultured Chlamydiales bacterium clone 122, which previously had been found in gulls. As more samples were collected during annual campaigns of the flamingo ringing program in southern France from 2012 to 2015, Chlamydiaceae-specific DNA was detected by PCR in 30.9% of wild birds. From these samples, three strains were successfully grown in cell culture. Ultrastructural analysis, comparison of 16S and 23S rRNA gene sequences, whole-genome analysis based on de novo hybrid-assembled sequences of the new strains as well as subsequent calculation of taxonomic parameters revealed that the relatedness of the flamingo isolates to established members of the family Chlamydiaceae was sufficiently distant to indicate that the three strains belong to two distinct species within a new genus. Based on these data, we propose the introduction of Chlamydiifrater gen. nov., as a new genus, and Chlamydiifrater phoenicopteri sp. nov. and Chlamydiifrater volucris sp. nov., as two new species of the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Vorimore
- University Paris-Est, Anses, Animal Health Laboratory, Bacterial Zoonoses Unit, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - M Hölzer
- Robert Koch Institute, MF1 Bioinformatics, Berlin, Germany
| | - E M Liebler-Tenorio
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Germany
| | - L-M Barf
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, RNA Bioinformatics and High-Throughput Analysis, Jena, Germany
| | - S Delannoy
- University Paris-Est, Anses, Food Research Laboratory, IdentyPath Platform, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - M Vittecoq
- Tour du Valat, Centre de recherche pour la conservation des zones humides méditerranéennes, Le Sambuc, Arles, France
| | - R Wedlarski
- Bioparc - Zoo de Doué la fontaine, 103 rue de Cholet, 49700 Doué la Fontaine, France
| | - A Lécu
- Parc Zoologique de Paris, avenue de Daumesnil, 75012 Paris, France
| | - S Scharf
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Germany
| | - Y Blanchard
- Unit of Viral Genetics and Biosafety, ANSES, Laboratory of Ploufragan, Ploufragan, France
| | - P Fach
- University Paris-Est, Anses, Food Research Laboratory, IdentyPath Platform, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - R C Hsia
- University of Maryland, Electron Microscopy Core Imaging Facility, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - P M Bavoil
- University of Maryland, Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - R Rosselló-Móra
- Marine Microbiology Group, Department of Animal and Microbial Biodiversity, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies, 07190 Esporles, Spain
| | - K Laroucau
- University Paris-Est, Anses, Animal Health Laboratory, Bacterial Zoonoses Unit, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - K Sachse
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, RNA Bioinformatics and High-Throughput Analysis, Jena, Germany
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Longbottom D, Livingstone M, Ribeca P, Beeckman DSA, van der Ende A, Pannekoek Y, Vanrompay D. Whole genome de novo sequencing and comparative genomic analyses suggests that Chlamydia psittaci strain 84/2334 should be reclassified as Chlamydia abortus species. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:159. [PMID: 33676404 PMCID: PMC7937271 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07477-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlamydia abortus and Chlamydia psittaci are important pathogens of livestock and avian species, respectively. While C. abortus is recognized as descended from C. psittaci species, there is emerging evidence of strains that are intermediary between the two species, suggesting they are recent evolutionary ancestors of C. abortus. Such strains include C. psittaci strain 84/2334 that was isolated from a parrot. Our aim was to classify this strain by sequencing its genome and explore its evolutionary relationship to both C. abortus and C. psittaci. RESULTS In this study, methods based on multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) of seven housekeeping genes and on typing of five species discriminant proteins showed that strain 84/2334 clustered with C. abortus species. Furthermore, whole genome de novo sequencing of the strain revealed greater similarity to C. abortus in terms of GC content, while 16S rRNA and whole genome phylogenetic analysis, as well as network and recombination analysis showed that the strain clusters more closely with C. abortus strains. The analysis also suggested a closer evolutionary relationship between this strain and the major C. abortus clade, than to two other intermediary avian C. abortus strains or C. psittaci strains. Molecular analyses of genes (polymorphic membrane protein and transmembrane head protein genes) and loci (plasticity zone), found in key virulence-associated regions that exhibit greatest diversity within and between chlamydial species, reveal greater diversity than present in sequenced C. abortus genomes as well as similar features to both C. abortus and C. psittaci species. The strain also possesses an extrachromosomal plasmid, as found in most C. psittaci species but absent from all sequenced classical C. abortus strains. CONCLUSION Overall, the results show that C. psittaci strain 84/2334 clusters very closely with C. abortus strains, and are consistent with the strain being a recent C. abortus ancestral species. This suggests that the strain should be reclassified as C. abortus. Furthermore, the identification of a C. abortus strain bearing an extra-chromosomal plasmid has implications for plasmid-based transformation studies to investigate gene function as well as providing a potential route for the development of a next generation vaccine to protect livestock from C. abortus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Longbottom
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK.
| | - Morag Livingstone
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Paolo Ribeca
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, UK
| | - Delphine Sylvie Anne Beeckman
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.,Current address: BASF Belgium Coordination Center CommV - Innovation Center Gent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Arie van der Ende
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Pannekoek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daisy Vanrompay
- Department of Animal Science and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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Struthers JD, Lim A, Ferguson S, Lee JK, Chako C, Okwumabua O, Cuneo M, Valle AMD, Brower A. Meningoencephalitis, Vasculitis, and Abortions Caused by Chlamydia pecorum in a Herd of Cattle. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:549-557. [PMID: 33590807 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820985288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A cow dairy (n = 2000) in close proximity to a sheep flock had third-trimester abortions and fatalities in cows and calves over a 14-month period. Eighteen of 33 aborted fetuses (55%) had multifocal random suppurative or mononuclear meningoencephalitis with vasculitis. Seventeen of these affected fetuses had intracytoplasmic bacteria in endothelial cells, and 1 fetus with pericarditis had similar bacteria within mesothelial cells or macrophages. Immunohistochemistry for Chlamydia spp. or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for Chlamydia pecorum or both, performed on brain or pooled tissue, were positive in all 14 tested fetuses that had meningoencephalitis and in 4/4 calves and in 3/4 tested cows that had meningoencephalitis and thrombotic vasculitis. In 1 calf and 11/11 fetuses, C. pecorum PCR amplicon sequences were 100% homologous to published C. pecorum sequences. Enzootic chlamydiosis due to C. pecorum was the identified cause of the late term abortions and the vasculitis and meningoencephalitis in fetuses, calves, and cows. C. pecorum, an uncommon bovine abortogenic agent, is a differential diagnosis in late-term aborted fetuses with meningoencephalitis, vasculitis, and polyserositis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ailam Lim
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Madison, WI, USA
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24
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Borel N, Greub G. International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes (ICSP) Subcommittee on the taxonomy of Chlamydiae, minutes of the closed meeting, 10 September 2020, via Zoom. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2021; 71. [PMID: 33332256 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Borel
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gilbert Greub
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Bugnon 48, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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25
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Hoque MM, Adekanmbi F, Barua S, Rahman KS, Aida V, Anderson B, Poudel A, Kalalah A, Bolds S, Madere S, Kitchens S, Price S, Brown V, Lockaby BG, Kyriakis CS, Kaltenboeck B, Wang C. Peptide ELISA and FRET-qPCR Identified a Significantly Higher Prevalence of Chlamydia suis in Domestic Pigs Than in Feral Swine from the State of Alabama, USA. Pathogens 2020; 10:pathogens10010011. [PMID: 33375583 PMCID: PMC7823902 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia suis is an important, highly prevalent, and diverse obligate intracellular pathogen infecting pigs. In order to investigate the prevalence and diversity of C. suis in the U.S., 276 whole blood samples from feral swine were collected as well as 109 fecal swabs and 60 whole blood samples from domestic pigs. C. suis-specific peptide ELISA identified anti-C. suis antibodies in 13.0% of the blood of feral swine (26/276) and 80.0% of the domestic pigs (48/60). FRET-qPCR and DNA sequencing found C. suis DNA in 99.1% of the fecal swabs (108/109) and 21.7% of the whole blood (13/60) of the domestic pigs, but not in any of the assayed blood samples (0/267) in feral swine. Phylogenetic comparison of partial C. suis ompA gene sequences and C. suis-specific multilocus sequencing typing (MLST) revealed significant genetic diversity of the C. suis identified in this study. Highly genetically diverse C. suis strains are prevalent in domestic pigs in the USA. As crowding strongly enhances the frequency and intensity of highly prevalent Chlamydia infections in animals, less population density in feral swine than in domestic pigs may explain the significantly lower C. suis prevalence in feral swine. A future study is warranted to obtain C. suis DNA from feral swine to perform genetic diversity of C. suis between commercial and feral pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Monirul Hoque
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (M.M.H.); (F.A.); (S.B.); (K.S.R.); (V.A.); (A.P.); (A.K.); (S.K.); (S.P.); (C.S.K.); (B.K.)
| | - Folasade Adekanmbi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (M.M.H.); (F.A.); (S.B.); (K.S.R.); (V.A.); (A.P.); (A.K.); (S.K.); (S.P.); (C.S.K.); (B.K.)
| | - Subarna Barua
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (M.M.H.); (F.A.); (S.B.); (K.S.R.); (V.A.); (A.P.); (A.K.); (S.K.); (S.P.); (C.S.K.); (B.K.)
| | - Kh. Shamsur Rahman
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (M.M.H.); (F.A.); (S.B.); (K.S.R.); (V.A.); (A.P.); (A.K.); (S.K.); (S.P.); (C.S.K.); (B.K.)
| | - Virginia Aida
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (M.M.H.); (F.A.); (S.B.); (K.S.R.); (V.A.); (A.P.); (A.K.); (S.K.); (S.P.); (C.S.K.); (B.K.)
| | - Brian Anderson
- Swine Research and Education Center, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36830, USA;
| | - Anil Poudel
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (M.M.H.); (F.A.); (S.B.); (K.S.R.); (V.A.); (A.P.); (A.K.); (S.K.); (S.P.); (C.S.K.); (B.K.)
| | - Anwar Kalalah
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (M.M.H.); (F.A.); (S.B.); (K.S.R.); (V.A.); (A.P.); (A.K.); (S.K.); (S.P.); (C.S.K.); (B.K.)
| | - Sara Bolds
- School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (S.B.); (S.M.); (B.G.L.)
| | - Steven Madere
- School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (S.B.); (S.M.); (B.G.L.)
| | - Steven Kitchens
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (M.M.H.); (F.A.); (S.B.); (K.S.R.); (V.A.); (A.P.); (A.K.); (S.K.); (S.P.); (C.S.K.); (B.K.)
| | - Stuart Price
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (M.M.H.); (F.A.); (S.B.); (K.S.R.); (V.A.); (A.P.); (A.K.); (S.K.); (S.P.); (C.S.K.); (B.K.)
| | - Vienna Brown
- National Feral Swine Damage Management Program, Wildlife Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA;
| | - B. Graeme Lockaby
- School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (S.B.); (S.M.); (B.G.L.)
| | - Constantinos S. Kyriakis
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (M.M.H.); (F.A.); (S.B.); (K.S.R.); (V.A.); (A.P.); (A.K.); (S.K.); (S.P.); (C.S.K.); (B.K.)
| | - Bernhard Kaltenboeck
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (M.M.H.); (F.A.); (S.B.); (K.S.R.); (V.A.); (A.P.); (A.K.); (S.K.); (S.P.); (C.S.K.); (B.K.)
| | - Chengming Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (M.M.H.); (F.A.); (S.B.); (K.S.R.); (V.A.); (A.P.); (A.K.); (S.K.); (S.P.); (C.S.K.); (B.K.)
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the current knowledge of chlamydiae. These intracellular microorganisms belonging to the Chlamydiaceae family are widely distributed throughout the world. Constant development of culture-independent approaches for characterisation of microbial genomes enables new discoveries in the field of Chlamydia. The number of new taxa is continuously increasing as well as the range of hosts. New species and genotypes are constantly being discovered, particularly new avian and reptilian agents, which are discussed in this article. Interestingly, wild animals are the main hosts for new Chlamydia species including different species of bird, turtle and snake. The availability of next-generation sequencing opens up a new prospect for research and leads to deeper knowledge of these interesting microorganisms about which much is still to discover.
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27
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Kuratli J, Leonard CA, Nufer L, Marti H, Schoborg R, Borel N. Maraviroc, celastrol and azelastine alter Chlamydia trachomatis development in HeLa cells. J Med Microbiol 2020; 69:1351-1366. [PMID: 33180014 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction . Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) is an obligate intracellular bacterium, causing a range of diseases in humans. Interactions between chlamydiae and antibiotics have been extensively studied in the past.Hypothesis/Gap statement: Chlamydial interactions with non-antibiotic drugs have received less attention and warrant further investigations. We hypothesized that selected cytokine inhibitors would alter Ct growth characteristics in HeLa cells.Aim. To investigate potential interactions between selected cytokine inhibitors and Ct development in vitro.Methodology. The CCR5 receptor antagonist maraviroc (Mara; clinically used as HIV treatment), the triterpenoid celastrol (Cel; used in traditional Chinese medicine) and the histamine H1 receptor antagonist azelastine (Az; clinically used to treat allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis) were used in a genital in vitro model of Ct serovar E infecting human adenocarcinoma cells (HeLa).Results. Initial analyses revealed no cytotoxicity of Mara up to 20 µM, Cel up to 1 µM and Az up to 20 µM. Mara exposure (1, 5, 10 and 20 µM) elicited a reduction of chlamydial inclusion numbers, while 10 µM reduced chlamydial infectivity. Cel 1 µM, as well as 10 and 20 µM Az, reduced chlamydial inclusion size, number and infectivity. Morphological immunofluorescence and ultrastructural analysis indicated that exposure to 20 µM Az disrupted chlamydial inclusion structure. Immunofluorescence evaluation of Cel-incubated inclusions showed reduced inclusion sizes whilst Mara incubation had no effect on inclusion morphology. Recovery assays demonstrated incomplete recovery of chlamydial infectivity and formation of structures resembling typical chlamydial inclusions upon Az removal.Conclusion. These observations indicate that distinct mechanisms might be involved in potential interactions of the drugs evaluated herein and highlight the need for continued investigation of the interaction of commonly used drugs with Chlamydia and its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Kuratli
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology (IVPZ) and Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine (CABMM), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cory Ann Leonard
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology (IVPZ) and Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine (CABMM), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lisbeth Nufer
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology (IVPZ) and Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine (CABMM), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hanna Marti
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology (IVPZ) and Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine (CABMM), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert Schoborg
- Departement of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Infectious Disease, Inflammation and Immunity, Quillen College in Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Nicole Borel
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology (IVPZ) and Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine (CABMM), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Chronic wasting associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae in three ex situ breeding facilities for tropical frogs. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2020; 113:2139-2154. [PMID: 33150542 PMCID: PMC7716926 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-020-01483-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A number of different Chlamydia spp. have been detected in the class Amphibia with C. pneumoniae being the predominant species involved. Chlamydiae have been linked to mass mortality events, thereby representing significant pathogens that deserve attention with respect to worldwide amphibian decline. We here present six cases of chlamydiosis and asymptomatic chlamydial infections in different frog species from three ex situ amphibian conservation facilities. Clinical signs predominantly characterised by regurgitation, chronic wasting, lethargy and suspended breeding were associated with C. pneumoniae infection. Despite various treatment regimens, it was not possible to clear infections. However, intra vitam diagnostics succeeded from skin, faeces and urine for the first time.
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Inchuai R, Weerakun S, Nguyen HN, Sukon P. Global Prevalence of Chlamydial Infections in Reptiles: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020; 21:32-39. [PMID: 32990530 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Chlamydia spp. are potential zoonotic pathogens that can infect a wide range of animal hosts. In reptiles, Chlamydia can cause hepatitis, pneumonitis, and conjunctivitis and it can cause high mortality in young animals. The objectives of this study were to estimate the pooled prevalence of chlamydial infections in reptiles and to assess the trend of these infections over time. Materials and Methods: The study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Relevant studies were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The retrieved studies were screened for eligibility. Then, important data were extracted from the included studies. A random effects model was used for all analyses. Subgroup analysis was used to assess heterogeneity for orders of reptiles, continents where the studies were conducted, and types of specimens. Cumulative meta-analysis and meta-regression were used to determine the trend of the prevalence over time. The quality of each included study was evaluated. Results: Of 106 studies (with a total of 2607 samples), 20 met the inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of chlamydial infections in reptiles was 23.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 15.4-34.0). The trend of chlamydial infections increased from 1990 to 2008; thereafter, it was almost stable at slightly over 20%. The most commonly reported Chlamydia spp. were Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Chlamydia pecorum, and Chlamydia caviae. Among reptiles, the prevalence of chlamydial infections was highest in crocodiles (57.3% [95% CI: 32.5-78.9]). Among continents, the prevalence of chlamydial infections was highest in Australia (68.6% [95% CI: 36.8-89.1]). Conclusions: Based on the included studies, the prevalence of chlamydial infections in reptiles was high, especially in crocodiles. Because C. psittaci and C. pneumoniae are commonly found in reptiles and are well-known zoonotic pathogens, they should be of concern for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawikan Inchuai
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sompoth Weerakun
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Hoai Nam Nguyen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Peerapol Sukon
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Research Group for Animal Health Technology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Baumann S, Gurtner C, Marti H, Borel N. Detection of Chlamydia species in 2 cases of equine abortion in Switzerland: a retrospective study from 2000 to 2018. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:542-548. [PMID: 32522107 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720932906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Species of genus Chlamydia are important pathogens of animals, with a worldwide distribution and broad host range. Some species, such as Chlamydia psittaci, also pose a zoonotic disease risk. Abortion is one of the many diseases that has been associated with chlamydial infections in animals, with most attention focused on the economic impacts to sheep production. The role of chlamydia in equine abortions is unknown. Using the family-specific 23S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Chlamydiaceae real-time PCR, we tested 169 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded fetal membrane samples from 162 equine abortion cases collected between 2000 and 2018 in Switzerland. Two equine abortion cases (1.2%) tested positive for Chlamydiaceae. Further analyses by the species-specific 23S rRNA ArrayMate microarray and sequencing of a fragment of the 16S rRNA gene revealed C. abortus and C. psittaci. In both cases, equine herpesvirus 1 was also present, which might have been the abortion cause, alone or in synergy with Chlamydia. The prevalence of abortigenic chlamydial species in equine abortion cases in our study was significantly lower than rates described elsewhere. Zoonotic chlamydial agents present in equine fetal membranes nevertheless should be considered a potential risk to humans during foaling, abortion, or stillbirth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle Baumann
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (Baumann, Marti, Borel)
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (Gurtner)
| | - Corinne Gurtner
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (Baumann, Marti, Borel)
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (Gurtner)
| | - Hanna Marti
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (Baumann, Marti, Borel)
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (Gurtner)
| | - Nicole Borel
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (Baumann, Marti, Borel)
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (Gurtner)
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Laroucau K, Ortega N, Vorimore F, Aaziz R, Mitura A, Szymanska-Czerwinska M, Cicerol M, Salinas J, Sachse K, Caro MR. Detection of a novel Chlamydia species in captive spur-thighed tortoises (Testudo graeca) in southeastern Spain and proposal of Candidatus Chlamydia testudinis. Syst Appl Microbiol 2020; 43:126071. [PMID: 32085936 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2020.126071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The spur-thighed tortoise (Testudo graeca) is an endangered Mediterranean tortoise that lives in North Africa, Southern Europe and Southwest Asia. In the wake of recent legislation making their keeping as domestic animals illegal, many of these animals have been returned to wildlife recovery centers in Spain. In the present study, a population of such tortoises showing signs of ocular disease and nasal discharge was examined for the presence of Chlamydia spp. Cloacal, conjunctival and/or choanal swabs were collected from 58 animals. Using a real-time PCR specific for the family Chlamydiaceae, 57/58 animals tested positive in at least one sample. While only a few samples proved positive for C. pecorum, sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene revealed a sequence identical to previously published sequences from specimens of German and Polish tortoises. Whole-genome sequences obtained from two conjunctival swab samples, as well as ANIb, TETRA values and a scheme based on 9 taxonomic marker genes revealed that the strain present in the Spanish tortoises represented a new yet non-classified species, with C. pecorum being its closest relative. We propose to designate the new species Candidatus Chlamydia testudinis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Laroucau
- University Paris-Est, ANSES, Animal Health Laboratory, Bacterial Zoonoses Unit. Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - N Ortega
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus Regional de Excelencia internacional, Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, Spain
| | - F Vorimore
- University Paris-Est, ANSES, Animal Health Laboratory, Bacterial Zoonoses Unit. Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - R Aaziz
- University Paris-Est, ANSES, Animal Health Laboratory, Bacterial Zoonoses Unit. Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - A Mitura
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases/Laboratory of Serological Diagnosis, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - M Szymanska-Czerwinska
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases/Laboratory of Serological Diagnosis, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - M Cicerol
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus Regional de Excelencia internacional, Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, Spain
| | - J Salinas
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus Regional de Excelencia internacional, Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, Spain
| | - K Sachse
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Institut f. Bioinformatik, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - M R Caro
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus Regional de Excelencia internacional, Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, Spain
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Abstract
Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens of humans. Infections in animals are also widespread with some species, such as Chlamydia psittaci, long recognised as a serious threat to human health. Critical to the public health response of any zoonotic disease outbreaks is reliable and up-to-date information on the epidemiology of the target pathogen. Aided by advances in the use of quantitative PCR, molecular typing and culture-independent genomic studies, significant recent work has highlighted an expanded diversity and host range of chlamydial pathogens in animals. New and unexpected cases of chlamydial zoonoses have now been recently documented in Australia and elsewhere, emphasising the importance of multi-disciplinary ‘One Health' collaboration and the use of standardised methods to detect and characterise chlamydial pathogens in humans and animals.
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Mattmann P, Marti H, Borel N, Jelocnik M, Albini S, Vogler BR. Chlamydiaceae in wild, feral and domestic pigeons in Switzerland and insight into population dynamics by Chlamydia psittaci multilocus sequence typing. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226088. [PMID: 31887111 PMCID: PMC6936790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Feral pigeons, common wood pigeons and Eurasian collared doves are the most common representatives of the Columbidae family in Switzerland and are mostly present in highly populated, urban areas. Pigeons may carry various members of the obligate intracellular Chlamydiaceae family, particularly Chlamydia (C.) psittaci, a known zoonotic agent, and C. avium. The objective of the study was to identify the infection rates of common free-roaming pigeons for different Chlamydia species with the overall aim to assess the risk pigeons pose to public health. In this study, 431 pigeons (323 feral pigeons, 34 domestic pigeons, 39 Eurasian collared doves, 35 common wood pigeons) from several geographic locations in Switzerland were investigated for the presence of Chlamydiaceae. Samples consisted of pooled choanal-cloacal swabs (n = 174), liver samples (n = 52), and paired swab and liver samples from 205 pigeons (n = 410). All 636 samples were screened using a Chlamydiaceae family-specific 23S rRNA real-time PCR (qPCR). Subsequent species identification was performed by DNA-microarray assay, sequencing of a 16S rRNA gene fragment and a C. psittaci specific qPCR. In total, 73 of the 431 pigeons tested positive for Chlamydiaceae, of which 68 were positive for C. psittaci, four were C. avium-positive and one pigeon was co-infected with C. avium and C. psittaci. The highest infection rates were detected in feral (64/323) and domestic pigeons (5/34). Common wood pigeons (2/35) and Eurasian collared doves (2/39) revealed lower infection rates. Additionally, multilocus sequence typing of twelve selected C. psittaci-positive samples revealed closely related sequence types (ST) between and within different Swiss cities. Furthermore, liver and corresponding swab samples from the same bird were colonized by the same ST. Considering the high infection rates of C. psittaci in domestic and feral pigeons, close or frequent contact to these birds poses a human health risk.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Domestic
- Animals, Wild
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/chemistry
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/classification
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Bird Diseases/diagnosis
- Bird Diseases/microbiology
- Chlamydiaceae/classification
- Chlamydiaceae/genetics
- Chlamydiaceae/isolation & purification
- Chlamydophila psittaci/genetics
- Chlamydophila psittaci/isolation & purification
- Columbidae
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/isolation & purification
- DNA, Bacterial/metabolism
- Multilocus Sequence Typing
- Phylogeny
- Population Dynamics
- Psittacosis/diagnosis
- Psittacosis/microbiology
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/chemistry
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/isolation & purification
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/metabolism
- Switzerland
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Affiliation(s)
- Prisca Mattmann
- National Reference Centre for Poultry and Rabbit Diseases (NRGK), Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Ornithological Institute, Sempach, Switzerland
| | - Hanna Marti
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Borel
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martina Jelocnik
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
| | - Sarah Albini
- National Reference Centre for Poultry and Rabbit Diseases (NRGK), Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Renate Vogler
- National Reference Centre for Poultry and Rabbit Diseases (NRGK), Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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34
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A cluster of Chlamydia serpentis cases in captive snakes. Vet Microbiol 2019; 240:108499. [PMID: 31902484 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Following the occurrence of sudden death cases in a zoo reptile collection, histological analyses conducted on tissues from two common adders suggested an infection due to Chlamydia. The survey was extended to 22 individual snakes from the same collection and a PCR analysis targeting a conserved gene in Chlamydiaceae revealed bacterial shedding in six of them. The infection resolved spontaneously in one snake whereas another one succumbed one month later. The antibiotic treatment administered (marbofloxacin) to the remaining four PCR positive animals stopped the mortalities and the shedding. Analysis of the 16S and 23S ribosomal gene sequences identified C. serpentis, a recently described novel chlamydial species in snakes. A PCR tool for a quick and specific identification of this new chlamydial species was developed in this study.
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Sigalova OM, Chaplin AV, Bochkareva OO, Shelyakin PV, Filaretov VA, Akkuratov EE, Burskaia V, Gelfand MS. Chlamydia pan-genomic analysis reveals balance between host adaptation and selective pressure to genome reduction. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:710. [PMID: 31510914 PMCID: PMC6740158 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6059-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlamydia are ancient intracellular pathogens with reduced, though strikingly conserved genome. Despite their parasitic lifestyle and isolated intracellular environment, these bacteria managed to avoid accumulation of deleterious mutations leading to subsequent genome degradation characteristic for many parasitic bacteria. RESULTS We report pan-genomic analysis of sixteen species from genus Chlamydia including identification and functional annotation of orthologous genes, and characterization of gene gains, losses, and rearrangements. We demonstrate the overall genome stability of these bacteria as indicated by a large fraction of common genes with conserved genomic locations. On the other hand, extreme evolvability is confined to several paralogous gene families such as polymorphic membrane proteins and phospholipase D, and likely is caused by the pressure from the host immune system. CONCLUSIONS This combination of a large, conserved core genome and a small, evolvable periphery likely reflect the balance between the selective pressure towards genome reduction and the need to adapt to escape from the host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga M. Sigalova
- Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, RAS, Moscow, Russia
- current address: European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrei V. Chaplin
- Microbiology and Virology Department, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga O. Bochkareva
- Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, RAS, Moscow, Russia
- current address: Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Pavel V. Shelyakin
- Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, RAS, Moscow, Russia
- Center for Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Evgeny E. Akkuratov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
- current address: Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Valentina Burskaia
- Center for Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail S. Gelfand
- Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, RAS, Moscow, Russia
- Center for Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Computer Science, Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
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36
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Draft Genome Sequence of Avian Chlamydia abortus Genotype G1 Strain 15-70d24, Isolated from Eurasian Teal in Poland. Microbiol Resour Announc 2019; 8:8/33/e00658-19. [PMID: 31416872 PMCID: PMC6696647 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00658-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the draft genome sequence of avian Chlamydia abortus genotype G1 strain 15-70d24, isolated from Eurasian teal in Poland. The total genome assembly length is 1,149,382 bp. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of avian Chlamydia abortus genotype G1 strain 15-70d24, isolated from Eurasian teal in Poland. The total genome assembly length is 1,149,382 bp.
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37
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Chlamydia buteonis, a new Chlamydia species isolated from a red-shouldered hawk. Syst Appl Microbiol 2019; 42:125997. [PMID: 31257045 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydiaceae are obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens for humans and animals. A recent study highlighted that a Chlamydiaceae intermediary between C. psittaci and C. abortus can infect hawks. Here, an isolate was obtained upon passage of cloacal and conjunctival sac material collected from a female hatch-year red-shouldered hawk (Buteo lineatus) in cultured cells. The diseased bird, one of 12 birds housed in a rehabilitation center, developed conjunctivitis and later died. Swabs from both sites tested positive for Chlamydia using the QuickVue Chlamydia test. The isolate, named RSHA, tested negative in qPCR assays specific for C. psittaci and C. abortus, respectively. Analysis of the 16S rRNA, 23S rRNA and whole genome sequences as well as MLST, ANIb and TETRA values reveal that C. psittaci and C. abortus are the closest relatives of RSHA. However, the overall results strongly suggest a phylogenetic intermediate position between these two species. Therefore, we propose the introduction of a new species designated Chlamydia buteonis with RSHAT as the type strain.
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38
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Chlamydiaceae: Diseases in Primary Hosts and Zoonosis. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7050146. [PMID: 31137741 PMCID: PMC6560403 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7050146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria of the Chlamydiaceae family are a type of Gram-negative microorganism typified by their obligate intracellular lifestyle. The majority of the members in the Chlamydiaceae family are known pathogenic organisms that primarily infect the host mucosal surfaces in both humans and animals. For instance, Chlamydia trachomatis is a well-known etiological agent for ocular and genital sexually transmitted diseases, while C. pneumoniae has been implicated in community-acquired pneumonia in humans. Other chlamydial species such as C. abortus, C. caviae, C. felis, C. muridarum, C. pecorum, and C. psittaci are important pathogens that are associated with high morbidities in animals. Importantly, some of these animal pathogens have been recognized as zoonotic agents that pose a significant infectious threat to human health through cross-over transmission. The current review provides a succinct recapitulation of the characteristics as well as transmission for the previously established members of the Chlamydiaceae family and a number of other recently described chlamydial organisms.
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39
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Borel N, Greub G. International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes (ICSP) Subcommittee on the taxonomy of Chlamydiae. Minutes of the closed meeting, 5 July 2018, Woudschoten, Zeist, The Netherlands. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2019; 69:2606-2608. [PMID: 31063120 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Borel
- Institute of Veterinary pathology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, Zurich, Switzerland
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40
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Onorini D, Donati M, Marti H, Biondi R, Levi A, Nufer L, Prähauser B, Rigamonti S, Vicari N, Borel N. The influence of centrifugation and incubation temperatures on various veterinary and human chlamydial species. Vet Microbiol 2019; 233:11-20. [PMID: 31176395 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The Chlamydiaceae are Gram-negative bacteria causing diseases in humans and in both, endothermic (mammals and birds) and poikilothermic (e.g. reptiles, amphibians) animals. As most chlamydial species described today were isolated from humans and endothermic animals, the commonly used culturing temperature in vitro is 37 °C, although the centrifugation temperature during experimental infection, a technique necessary to improve the infection rate, may vary from 25 to 37 °C. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of different centrifugation (28° or 33 °C) and incubation temperatures (28 °C or 37 °C) on the average inclusion size, infectivity and ultrastructural morphology of human and animal chlamydial strains, as well as two recently described species originating from snakes, C. poikilothermis and C. serpentis, in LLC-MK2 cells at 48 h post infection. Infectivity and average inclusion size was reduced at an incubation temperature of 28 °C compared to 37 °C for all strains including C. poikilothermis, although the latter formed larger, fully matured inclusions at 28 °C in comparison to the other investigated Chlamydia species. C.psittaci displayed a shorter developmental cycle than the other species confirming previous studies. Higher centrifugation temperature increased the subsequent inclusion size of C. trachomatis, C. abortus and C. suis but not their infectivity, while the incubation temperature had no discernable effect on the morphology, inclusion size and infectivity of the other chlamydial strains. In conclusion, we found that all Chlamydia species are viable and can grow at low incubation temperatures, although all strains grew better and more rapidly at 37 °C compared to 28 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Onorini
- DIMES, Microbiology, Policlinico S. Orsola, University of Bologna, Italy; Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manuela Donati
- DIMES, Microbiology, Policlinico S. Orsola, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Hanna Marti
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roberta Biondi
- DIMES, Microbiology, Policlinico S. Orsola, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Aurora Levi
- DIMES, Microbiology, Policlinico S. Orsola, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Lisbeth Nufer
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Prähauser
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sara Rigamonti
- National Reference Laboratory for Animal Chlamydioses, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Pavia, Italy
| | - Nadia Vicari
- National Reference Laboratory for Animal Chlamydioses, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Pavia, Italy
| | - Nicole Borel
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
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41
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Bommana S, Polkinghorne A. Mini Review: Antimicrobial Control of Chlamydial Infections in Animals: Current Practices and Issues. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:113. [PMID: 30778341 PMCID: PMC6369208 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia are a genus of successful obligate intracellular pathogens spread across humans, wildlife, and domesticated animals. The most common species reported in livestock in this genus are Chlamydia abortus, Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia suis, and Chlamydia pecorum. Chlamydial infections trigger a series of inflammatory disease-related sequelae including arthritis, conjunctivitis, pneumonia, and abortion. Other bacteria in the phylum Chlamydiae have also been reported in livestock and wildlife but their impact on animal health is less clear. Control of chlamydial infections relies on the use of macrolides, fluoroquinolones, and tetracyclines. Tetracycline resistance (TETR) reported for porcine C. suis strains in association with the use of tetracycline feed is a potentially significant concern given experimental evidence highlighting that the genetic elements inferring TETR may be horizontally transferred to other chlamydial species. As documented in human Chlamydia trachomatis infections, relapse of infections, bacterial shedding post-antibiotic treatment, and disease progression despite chlamydial clearance in animals have also been reported. The identification of novel chlamydiae as well as new animal hosts for previously described chlamydial pathogens should place a renewed emphasis on basic in vivo studies to demonstrate the efficacy of existing and new antimicrobial treatment regimes. Building on recent reviews of antimicrobials limited to C. trachomatis and C. suis, this review will explore the use of antimicrobials, the evidence and factors that influence the treatment failure of chlamydial infections in animals and the future directions in the control of these important veterinary pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankhya Bommana
- The Animal Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Adam Polkinghorne
- The Animal Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
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42
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Phillips S, Quigley BL, Timms P. Seventy Years of Chlamydia Vaccine Research - Limitations of the Past and Directions for the Future. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:70. [PMID: 30766521 PMCID: PMC6365973 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia is a major bacterial pathogen that infects humans, as well as a wide range of animals, including marsupials, birds, cats, pigs, cattle, and sheep. Antibiotics are the only treatment currently available, however, with high rates of re-infection, there is mounting pressure to develop Chlamydia vaccines. In this review, we analyzed how Chlamydia vaccine trials have developed over the past 70 years and identified where future trials need to be focused. There has been a strong bias toward studies targeting C. muridarum and C. trachomatis within mice and a lack of studies matching chlamydial species to their end target host. Even though a large number of specific antigenic targets have been studied, the results from whole-cell vaccine targets show slightly more promising results overall. There has also been a strong bias toward systemic vaccine delivery systems, despite the finding that mucosal delivery systems have shown more promising outcomes. However, the only successful vaccines with matched chlamydial species/infecting host are based on systemic vaccine delivery methods. We highlight the extensive work done with mouse model trials and indicate that whole cell antigenic targets are capable of inducing an effective response, protecting from disease and reducing shedding rates. However, replication of these results using antigen preparations more conducive to commercial vaccine production has proven difficult. To date, the Major Outer Membrane Protein (MOMP) has emerged as the most suitable substitute for whole cell targets and its delivery as a combined systemic and mucosal vaccine is most effective. Finally, although mouse model trials are useful, differences between hosts and infecting chlamydial strains are preventing vaccine formulations from mouse models to be translated into larger animals or intended hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Phillips
- Genecology Research Centre, The University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
| | - Bonnie L Quigley
- Genecology Research Centre, The University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
| | - Peter Timms
- Genecology Research Centre, The University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
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43
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Abstract
Developed two decades ago as a molecular method to provide definite characterization of a bacterial isolate, Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) is today globally adopted as a universal fine-detailed molecular typing tool and has been applied to numerous pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacterial as well eukaryotic organisms. MLST utilizes DNA sequence of several conserved housekeeping (HK) genes which are assigned an allelic number, which then collectively constitute an allelic profile or sequence type (ST), a "molecular barcode" of the interrogated bacterial strain or a eukaryotic organism. Here, we describe the principles and molecular approaches for generating MLST data for an analysis of a bacteria in the order Chlamydiales, using a Chlamydia pecorum-specific MLST scheme as an example.
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44
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First Report of Chlamydia abortus in Farmed Fur Animals. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:4289648. [PMID: 30598995 PMCID: PMC6287152 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4289648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia (C.) abortus, a globally distributed obligate intracellular bacterium, has attracted increasing interest according to its veterinary importance and zoonotic nature. C. abortus can infect a variety of animals and cause foetal loss in livestock resulting in economic loss. In this study, the samples collected from two farms of foxes (n=20), raccoon dogs (n=15) and minks (n=20), were investigated by Chlamydiaceae- and Chlamydia species-specific real-time PCR. The results showed that all the tested foxes (20/20) and raccoon dogs (15/15) harbored Chlamydia spp., while 5% of minks (1/20) were positive for Chlamydia spp. C. abortus was identified in all positive samples as the dominant Chlamydia species, with C. pecorum DNA coexistence in some of the rectal samples (7/20) taken from foxes. Phylogenetic analysis based on specific gene fragments of 16S rRNA, IGS-23S rRNA, and ompA revealed that all sequences obtained in this study were assigned to the Chlamydiaceae family with high similarity to C. abortus S26/3 and B577 previously identified in ruminants. This is the first report confirming that farmed foxes, raccoon dogs, and minks carry C. abortus. Further studies are needed to fully elucidate the epidemiology and pathogenicity of this pathogen in farmed fur animals as well as the potential risks to public health.
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45
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Borel N, Marti H, Pospischil A, Pesch T, Prähauser B, Wunderlin S, Seth-Smith HMB, Low N, Flury R. Chlamydiae in human intestinal biopsy samples. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:5185114. [PMID: 30445531 PMCID: PMC6276272 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is frequently detected in anorectal specimens from men and women. A recent hypothesis suggests that C. trachomatis is a natural commensal organism asymptomatically colonizing the gastrointestinal tract. In this study, we investigated the presence of chlamydial DNA and antigen in intestinal biopsy samples taken during colonoscopy. Cases (n = 32) were patients whose histopathology reports included the term ‘chlamydia’, suggesting a possible history of infection. Control patients (n = 234) did not have chlamydia mentioned in their histopathology report and all tested negative for Chlamydiaceae DNA by 23S ribosomal RNA-based real-time PCR. Amongst the cases, C. trachomatis DNA was detected in the appendix and colon of two female and one male patients. Chlamydia abortus DNA was present in the colon of a fourth female patient. Thus, chlamydial DNA could be demonstrated in intestinal biopsy samples proximal to the anorectal site and inclusions were identified in rectum or appendix of two of these patients by immunohistochemistry. However, the findings in two cases were compatible with sexually acquired C. trachomatis. The identification of C. trachomatis DNA/antigen does not prove the presence of active infection with replicating bacteria. Larger prospective studies on fresh tissue samples are required to confirm the data obtained in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Borel
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hanna Marti
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Pospischil
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Theresa Pesch
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Prähauser
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabina Wunderlin
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Helena M B Seth-Smith
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Low
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Renata Flury
- Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, Brauerstrasse 15, CH-8400 Winterthur, Switzerland
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Polkinghorne A, Borel N, Heijne M, Pannekoek Y. New evidence for domesticated animals as reservoirs of Chlamydia-associated community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Microbiol Infect 2018; 25:131-132. [PMID: 30394363 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Polkinghorne
- Animal Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia.
| | - N Borel
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Heijne
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Y Pannekoek
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Centre for Infection and Immunity, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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