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Zhang Y, Wang Z, Zong C, Gu X, Fan S, Xu L, Cai B, Lu S. Platelet-rich plasma attenuates the severity of joint capsule fibrosis following post-traumatic joint contracture in rats. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 10:1078527. [PMID: 36686225 PMCID: PMC9845589 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1078527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Post-traumatic joint contracture (PTJC) mainly manifests as excessive inflammation leading to joint capsule fibrosis. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, a key regulator of inflammation and fibrosis, can promote fibroblast activation, proliferation, migration, and differentiation into myofibroblasts. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is considered to have strong potential for improving tissue healing and regeneration, the ability to treat joint capsule fibrosis remains largely unknown. Methods: In this study, we aimed to determine the antifibrotic potential of PRP in vivo or in vitro and its possible molecular mechanisms. The TGF-β1-induced primary joint capsule fibroblast model and rat PTJC model were used to observe several fibrotic markers (TGF-β1, α-SMA, COL-Ⅰ, MMP-9) and signaling transduction pathway (Smad2/3) using histological staining, qRT-PCR and western blot. Results: Fibroblasts transformed to myofibroblasts after TGF-β1 stimulation with an increase of TGF-β1, α-SMA, COL-Ⅰ, MMP-9 and the activation of Smad2/3 in vitro. However, TGF-β1-induced upregulation or activation of these fibrotic markers or signaling could be effectively suppressed by the introduction of PRP. Fibrotic markers' similar changes were observed in the rat PTJC model and PRP effectively reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and collagen fiber deposition in the posterior joint capsule. Interestingly, HE staining showed that articular cartilage was degraded after rat PTJC, and PRP injection also have the potential to protect articular cartilage. Conclusion: PRP can attenuate pathological changes of joint capsule fibrosis during PTJC, which may be implemented by inhibiting TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling and downstream fibrotic marker expression in joint capsule fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huangpu Branch, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zengguang Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenyu Zong
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaoding Gu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huangpu Branch, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Fan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Cai
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Bin Cai, ; Shenji Lu,
| | - Shenji Lu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huangpu Branch, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Bin Cai, ; Shenji Lu,
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Proficient Novel Biomarkers Guide Early Detection of Acute Kidney Injury: A Review. Diseases 2022; 11:diseases11010008. [PMID: 36648873 PMCID: PMC9844481 DOI: 10.3390/diseases11010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The definition of acute kidney injury (AKI), despite improvements in criteria, continues to be based on the level of serum creatinine and urinary output that do not specifically indicate tubular function or injury, or glomerular function or injury that is not significant enough to warrant acute hospitalization of the patient. Finding novel biomarkers of AKI has become a major focus nowadays in nephrology to overcome the further complications of end stage renal disease (ESRD). Many compounds, such as KIM 1, IL 18, NGAL, uromodulin, calprotectin, vanin 1, galactin 3, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), urinary Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3), retinol binding protein (RBP) and Cystatin C, are released from the renal tubules and thus any alterations in tubular function can be detected by measuring these parameters in urine. Additionally, glomerular injury can be detected by measuring immunoglobulin G, nephrin, podocalyxin, podocin, transferrin, netrin-1, pyruvate kinase M2, etc. in urine. These novel biomarkers will be useful for timing the initial insult and assessing the duration of AKI. According to available research, these biomarkers could be applied to assess the onset of AKI, distinguishing between kidney injury and dysfunction, directing the management of AKI, and enhancing disease diagnosis. Therefore, we intend to present recent developments in our understanding of significant biomarkers implicated in various aspects of renal damage. Numerous biomarkers are implicated in various pathophysiological processes that follow renal injury, and can improve prognosis and risk classification.
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Renoprotective Effect of Vardenafil and Avanafil in Contrast-Induced Nephropathy: Emerging Evidence from an Animal Model. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12050670. [PMID: 35629096 PMCID: PMC9144719 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12050670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential renoprotective effects of vardenafil (VAR) have been evaluated in a very limited number of studies using acute kidney injury animal models other than contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) with promising results, while avanafil (AVA) has not been evaluated in this respect before. The purpose of this study was to evaluate for the first time the potential renoprotective effect of VAR and AVA in a rat model of CIN. Twenty-five male Wistar rats were equally assigned into five groups: control, CIN, CIN+N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) (100 mg/kg/day) as a positive control, CIN+VAR (10 mg/kg/day) and CIN+AVA (50 mg/kg/day). CIN was induced by dehydration, inhibition of prostaglandin and nitric oxide synthesis as well as exposure to the contrast medium (CM). Serum Cr (sCr) levels were measured at 24 and 48 h after CIN induction. At 48 h of CM exposure, animals were sacrificed. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9, kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) and cystatin-C (Cys-C) were measured on renal tissue. Histopathological findings were evaluated on kidney tissue. All treatment groups had close to normal kidney appearance. sCr levels subsided in all treatment groups compared to CIN group at 48 h following CIN induction. A significant decline in the levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, KIM-1 and Cys-C compared to CIN group was observed. These results provide emerging evidence that VAR and AVA may have the potential to prevent CIN.
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Niu SR, Hu JM, Lin S, Hong Y. Research progress on exosomes/microRNAs in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:935244. [PMID: 36017322 PMCID: PMC9395612 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.935244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leakage and obstruction of retinal microvessels caused by chronic progressive diabetes that leads to a series of fundus lesions. If not treated or controlled, it will affect vision and even cause blindness. DR is caused by a variety of factors, and its pathogenesis is complex. Pericyte-related diseases are considered to be an important factor for DR in many pathogeneses, which can lead to DR development through direct or indirect mechanisms, but the specific mechanism remains unclear. Exosomes are small vesicles of 40-100 nm. Most cells can produce exosomes. They mediate intercellular communication by transporting microRNAs (miRNAs), proteins, mRNAs, DNA, or lipids to target cells. In humans, intermittent hypoxia has been reported to alter circulating excretory carriers, increase endothelial cell permeability, and promote dysfunction in vivo. Therefore, we believe that the changes in circulating exocrine secretion caused by hypoxia in DR may be involved in its progress. This article examines the possible roles of miRNAs, proteins, and DNA in DR occurrence and development and discusses their possible mechanisms and therapy. This may help to provide basic proof for the use of exocrine hormones to cure DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-ru Niu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Jian-min Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
- The School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shu Lin
- Centre of Neurological and Metabolic Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
- Group of Neuroendocrinology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Shu Lin, ; Yu Hong,
| | - Yu Hong
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shu Lin, ; Yu Hong,
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Yang Q, Gao L, Hu XW, Wang JN, Zhang Y, Dong YH, Lan HY, Meng XM. Smad3-Targeted Therapy Protects against Cisplatin-Induced AKI by Attenuating Programmed Cell Death and Inflammation via a NOX4-Dependent Mechanism. KIDNEY DISEASES 2021; 7:372-390. [PMID: 34604344 DOI: 10.1159/000512986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/Smad signaling is the central mediator in renal fibrosis, yet its functional role in acute kidney injury (AKI) is not fully understood. Recent evidence showed that TGF-β/Smad3 may be involved in the pathogenesis of AKI, but its functional role and mechanism of action in cisplatin-induced AKI are unclear. Objectives Demonstrating that Smad3 may play certain roles in cisplatin nephropathy due to its potential effect on programmed cell death and inflammation. Methods Here, we established a cisplatin-induced AKI mouse model with Smad3 knockout mice and created stable in vitro models with Smad3 knockdown tubular epithelial cells. In addition, we tested the potential of Smad3-targeted therapy using 2 in vivo protocols - lentivirus-mediated Smad3 silencing in vivo and use of naringenin, a monomer used in traditional Chinese medicine and a natural inhibitor of Smad3. Results Disruption of Smad3 attenuated cisplatin-induced kidney injury, inflammation, and NADPH oxidase 4-dependent oxidative stress. We found that Smad3-targeted therapy protected against loss of renal function and alleviated apoptosis, RIPK-mediated necroptosis, renal inflammation, and oxidative stress in cisplatin nephropathy. Conclusions These findings show that Smad3 promotes cisplatin-induced AKI and Smad3-targeted therapy protects against this pathological process. These findings have substantial clinical relevance, as they suggest a therapeutic target for AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Li Gao
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Hu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Jia-Nan Wang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Yu-Hang Dong
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Hui Yao Lan
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, and Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Meng
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
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Kilari S, Sharma A, Zhao C, Singh A, Cai C, Simeon M, van Wijnen AJ, Misra S. Identification of novel therapeutic targets for contrast induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI): alpha blockers as a therapeutic strategy for CI-AKI. Transl Res 2021; 235:32-47. [PMID: 33711514 PMCID: PMC8328880 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Iodinated contrast is used for imaging and invasive procedures and it can cause contrast induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI), which is the third leading hospital-acquired health problem. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of α-adrenergic receptor-1b (Adra1b) inhibition by using terazosin on change in kidney function, gene, and protein expression in C57BL/6J male mice, 6-8 weeks with chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD was induced by surgical nephrectomy. Twenty eight days later, 100-µL of iodinated contrast (CI group) or saline (S group) was given via the carotid artery. Whole-transcriptome RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis of the kidneys was performed at day 2. Mice received either 50-µL of saline ip or terazosin (2 mg/kg) in 50-µL of saline ip 1 hour before contrast administration which was continued every 12 hours until the animals were euthanized 2 and 7 days later. The kidneys were removed for gene expression, immunohistochemical analysis, and blood serum analyzed for kidney function. Differential gene expression analysis identified 21 upregulated and 436 downregulated genes (fold change >2; P < 0.05) that were common to all sample (n = 3 for both contrast and saline). We identified Adra1b using bioinformatic analysis. Mice treated with terazosin had a significant decrease in serum creatinine, urinary Kim-1 levels, HIF-1α, apoptosis, and downstream Adrab1 genes including Ece1, Edn1, pMAPK14 with increased cell proliferation. Contrast exposure upregulated Adra1b gene expression in HK-2 cells. Inhibition of Adra1b with terazosin abrogated Ece1, Edn1, and contrast-induced Fsp-1, Mmp-2, Mmp-9 expression, and caspase-3/7 activity in HK-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreenivasulu Kilari
- Vascular and Interventional Radiology Translational Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Amit Sharma
- Vascular and Interventional Radiology Translational Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Chenglei Zhao
- Vascular and Interventional Radiology Translational Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Avishek Singh
- Vascular and Interventional Radiology Translational Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Chuanqi Cai
- Vascular and Interventional Radiology Translational Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Michael Simeon
- Vascular and Interventional Radiology Translational Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Sanjay Misra
- Vascular and Interventional Radiology Translational Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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Dong X, Lv X. Stromal Cell-Derived Factor (SDF)-1-Pretreated Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BMSCs) Ameliorates Acute Kidney Injury in Mice. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2021.2701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To explore the effects of stromal cell-derived factor (SDF-1) pretreatment of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) on acute kidney injury (AKI) in mice. BMSCs were cultured and treated with SDF-1 to detect osteogenic and adipogenic ability. Cisplatin (20 mg/kg) was used to establish
AKI model and then divided into blank group, control group 2 (BMSCs injection), and experimental group (intraperitoneal injection of BMSCs treated with SDF-1 (80 ng/ml)) followed by analysis of serum cytokines (Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α),
and interleukine-6 (IL-6)) by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In cultured BMSCs, positive rates of CD29, CD44, CD45, and CD11b were 98.2%, 97.6%, 2.5% and 2.1%, respectively. When the concentration of SDF-1 was within 80 ng/mL, the chemotaxis and proliferation ability was dose-dependent
(p < 0.05). SDF-1 pretreatment did not affect BMSCs adipogenic and osteogenic abilities. The creatinine and serum cytokines (TLR4, TNF-α, and IL-6) level in experimental group showed statistical significance (p < 0.05). At 24 h, thrombosis and tubular dilatation
in the mesangial region of control group 2 and experimental group under light microscope were similar without difference of inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrosis. At 72 h, the glomerular mesangium widened in control group 2 with focal segmental sclerosis, renal tubules dilated, and protein
casts and inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrosis. Experimental group showed a small amount of cell proliferation in the glomerular mesangium with few inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrosis. SDF-1 can enhance the migration and proliferation activity of BMSCs, reduce extracellular
matrix precipitation, improve renal fibrosis, and alleviate AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Dong
- Hemodialysis Room, Jiaozhou People’s Hospital, Jiaozhou, Shandong, 266300, China
| | - Xifeng Lv
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Jiaozhou People’s Hospital, Jiaozhou, Shandong, 266300, China
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Zhao C, Zuckerman ST, Cai C, Kilari S, Singh A, Simeon M, von Recum HA, Korley JN, Misra S. Periadventitial Delivery of Simvastatin-Loaded Microparticles Attenuate Venous Neointimal Hyperplasia Associated With Arteriovenous Fistula. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e018418. [PMID: 33283594 PMCID: PMC7955373 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.018418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Venous neointimal hyperplasia and venous stenosis (VS) formation can result in a decrease in arteriovenous fistula (AVF) patency in patients with end‐stage renal disease. There are limited therapies that prevent VNH/VS. Systemic delivery of simvastatin has been shown to reduce VNH/VS but local delivery may help decrease the side effects associated with statin use. We determined if microparticles (MP) composed of cyclodextrins loaded with simvastatin (MP‐SV) could reduce VS/VNH using a murine arteriovenous fistula model with chronic kidney disease. Methods and Results Male C57BL/6J mice underwent nephrectomy to induce chronic kidney disease. Four weeks later, an arteriovenous fistula was placed and animals were randomized to 3 groups: 20 μL of PBS or 20 μL of PBS with 16.6 mg/mL of either MP or MP‐SV. Animals were euthanized 3 days later and the outflow veins were harvested for quantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction analysis and 28 days later for immunohistochemistical staining with morphometric analysis. Doppler ultrasound was performed weekly. Gene expression of vascular endothelial growth factor‐A (Vegf‐A), matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (Mmp‐9), transforming growth factor beta 1 (Tgf‐β1), and monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (Mcp‐1) were significantly decreased in MP‐SV treated vessels compared with controls. There was a significant decrease in the neointimal area, cell proliferation, inflammation, and fibrosis, with an increase in apoptosis and peak velocity in MP‐SV treated outflow veins. MP‐SV treated fibroblasts when exposed to hypoxic injury had decreased gene expression of Vegf‐A and Mmp‐9. Conclusions In experimental arteriovenous fistulas, periadventitial delivery of MP‐SV decreased gene expression of Vegf‐A, Mmp‐9, Tgf‐β1 and Mcp‐1, VNH/VS, inflammation, and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglei Zhao
- Vascular and Interventional Radiology Translational Laboratory Department of Radiology Mayo Clinic Rochester MN.,Department of Vascular Surgery The Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South University Changsha Hunan China
| | | | - Chuanqi Cai
- Vascular and Interventional Radiology Translational Laboratory Department of Radiology Mayo Clinic Rochester MN.,Department of Vascular Surgery Union Hospital Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Sreenivasulu Kilari
- Vascular and Interventional Radiology Translational Laboratory Department of Radiology Mayo Clinic Rochester MN
| | - Avishek Singh
- Vascular and Interventional Radiology Translational Laboratory Department of Radiology Mayo Clinic Rochester MN
| | - Michael Simeon
- Vascular and Interventional Radiology Translational Laboratory Department of Radiology Mayo Clinic Rochester MN
| | - Horst A von Recum
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH
| | | | - Sanjay Misra
- Vascular and Interventional Radiology Translational Laboratory Department of Radiology Mayo Clinic Rochester MN.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Mayo Clinic Rochester MN
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Augmented transcripts of kidney injury markers and renin angiotensin system in urine samples of overweight young adults. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21154. [PMID: 33273645 PMCID: PMC7713175 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78382-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has been firmly established as a major risk factor for common disease states including hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease. Increased body mass index (BMI) contributes to the activation of both the systemic and intra-tubular renin angiotensin systems (RAS), which are in turn associated with increased blood pressure (BP) and kidney damage. In this cross-sectional study, 43 subjects of normal or increased body weight were examined in order to determine the correlation of BMI or body fat mass (BFM) with blood pressure, fasting blood glucose (FBG), and urinary kidney injury markers such as interleukin-18 (IL-18), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1). Our results showed that: (1) subjects with increased body weight showed significantly higher BP, BFM, total body water and metabolic age; (2) BMI was positively correlated to both systolic (R2 = 0.1384, P = 0.01) and diastolic BP (R2 = 0.2437, P = 0.0008); (3) BFM was positively correlated to DBP (R2 = 0.1232, P = 0.02) and partially correlated to urine protein (R2 = 0.047, P = 0.12) and FBG (R2 = 0.07, P = 0.06); (4) overweight young adults had higher urinary mRNA levels of renin, angiotensinogen, IL-18 and CTGF. These suggest that BMI directly affects BP, kidney injury markers, and the activation of the intra-tubular RAS even in normotensive young adults. Given that BMI measurements and urine analyses are non-invasive, our findings may pave the way to developing a new and simple method of screening for the risk of chronic kidney disease in adults.
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Lan H, Zhang W, Jin K, Liu Y, Wang Z. Modulating barriers of tumor microenvironment through nanocarrier systems for improved cancer immunotherapy: a review of current status and future perspective. Drug Deliv 2020; 27:1248-1262. [PMID: 32865029 PMCID: PMC7470050 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2020.1809559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy suppresses and destroys tumors by re-activating and sustaining the tumor-immune process, and thus improving the immune response of the body to the tumor. Immunotherapeutic strategies are showing promising results in pre-clinical and clinical trials, however, tumor microenvironment (TME) is extremely immunosuppressive. Thus, their translation from labs to clinics still faces issues. Recently, nanomaterial-based strategies have been developed to modulate the TME for robust immunotherapeutic responses. The combination of nanotechnology with immunotherapy potentiates the effectiveness of immunotherapy by increasing delivery and retention, and by reducing immunomodulation toxicity. This review aims to highlight the barriers offered by TME for hindering the efficiency of immunotherapy for cancer treatment. Next, we highlight various nano-carriers based strategies for modulating those barriers for achieving better therapeutic efficacy of cancer immunotherapy with higher safety. This review will add to the body of scientific knowledge and will be a good reference material for academia and industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanrong Lan
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ketao Jin
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yuyao Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
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11
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Cao L, Qin P, Zhang J, Qiao H, Shi P, Huo H. LncRNA PVT1 Suppresses the Progression of Renal Fibrosis via Inactivation of TGF-β Signaling Pathway. Drug Des Devel Ther 2020; 14:3547-3557. [PMID: 32921988 PMCID: PMC7457787 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s245244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal fibrosis is a frequent pathway leading to end-stage kidney dysfunction. In addition, renal fibrosis is the ultimate manifestation of chronic kidney diseases (CKD). Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are known to be involved in occurrence of renal fibrosis, and lncRNA plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 (PVT1) has been reported to act as a key biomarker in renal diseases. However, the role of PVT1 in renal fibrosis remains unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS HK-2 cells were treated with TGF-β1 to mimic renal fibrosis in vitro. Gene and protein expressions in HK-2 cells were measured by qRT-PCR and Western-blot, respectively. ELISA was used to test the level of creatinine (CR) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in serum of mice. Additionally, unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO)-induced renal fibrosis mice model was established to investigate the effect of PVT1 on renal fibrosis in vivo. RESULTS PVT1 was upregulated in TGF-β1-treated HK-2 cells. In addition, TGF-β1-induced upregulation of α-SMA and fibronectin in HK-2 cells was significantly reversed by PVT1 knockdown. Meanwhile, PVT1 bound to miR-181a-5p in HK-2 cells. Moreover, miR-181a-5p directly targeted TGF-βR1. Furthermore, miR-181a-5p antagonist could significantly reverse the anti-fibrotic effect of PVT1 knockdown. Besides, knockdown of PVT1 notably attenuated the symptom of renal fibrosis in vivo. CONCLUSION Knockdown of PVT1 significantly inhibited the progression of renal fibrosis in vitro and in vivo. Thus, PVT1 may serve as a potential target for the treatment of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Cao
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan450000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Qin
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan450000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianjiang Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan450000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huiju Qiao
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan450000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peipei Shi
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan450000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huali Huo
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan450000, People’s Republic of China
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12
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The Mechanism of Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury and Its Association with Diabetes Mellitus. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2020; 2020:3295176. [PMID: 32788887 PMCID: PMC7330652 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3295176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) is the third most common hospital-acquired AKI after AKI induced by renal perfusion insufficiency and nephrotoxic drugs, taking great adverse effects on the prognosis and increasing hospital stay and medical cost. Diabetes nephropathy (DN) is a common chronic complication of DM (diabetes mellitus), and DN is an independent risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD) and CI-AKI. The incidence of CI-AKI significantly increases in patients with renal injury, especially in DM-related nephropathy. The etiology of CI-AKI is not fully clear, and research studies on how DM becomes a facilitated factor of CI-AKI are limited. This review describes the mechanism from three aspects. ① Pathophysiological changes of CI-AKI in kidney under high-glucose status (HGS). HGS can enhance the oxidative stress and increase ROS which next causes stronger vessel constriction and insufficient oxygen supply in kidney via vasoactive substances. HGS also aggravates some ion pump load and the latter increases oxygen consumption. CI-AKI and HGS are mutually causal, making the kidney function continue to decline. ② Immunological changes of DM promoting CI-AKI. Some innate immune cells and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in DM and/or DN may respond to some damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) formed by CI-AKI. These effects overlap with some pathophysiological changes in hyperglycemia. ③ Signaling pathways related to both CI-AKI and DM. These pathways involved in CI-AKI are closely associated with apoptosis, inflammation, and ROS production, and some studies suggest that these pathways may be potential targets for alleviating CI-AKI. In conclusion, the pathogenesis of CI-AKI and the mechanism of DM as a predisposing factor for CI-AKI, especially signaling pathways, need further investigation to provide new clinical approaches to prevent and treat CI-AKI.
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13
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Sharma A, Kilari S, Cai C, Simeon ML, Misra S. Increased fibrotic signaling in a murine model for intra-arterial contrast-induced acute kidney injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 318:F1210-F1219. [PMID: 32200666 PMCID: PMC7294333 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00004.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) is a vexing problem, and more than 70 million patients undergo studies using iodinated contrast. The molecular mechanisms responsible for CI-AKI are poorly understood. The goal of the present article was to determine the role of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)/mothers against decapentaplegic homolog (SMAD)3 and associated collagen expression in a murine model of intra-arterial CI-AKI. The murine model of CI-AKI after intra-arterial contrast agent administration was created by first performing a partial nephrectomy to induce chronic kidney disease. Twenty-eight days later, 100 μL of contrast agent [iodixanol (320 mg/mL)] or saline were administered via the carotid artery. Two days after contrast administration, compared with saline, average serum creatinine was significantly elevated (P < 0.05). In the cortex, there was a significant increase in phosphorylated SMAD3 and gene expression of TGF-β1, TGF-β receptor type I, and TGF-β receptor type II at day 2 in the contrast group compared with the saline group. Average gene expressions of connective tissue growth factor, matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9, and collagen type I-α and type IV-α were significantly increased at 2 days after contrast administration (all P < 0.05). Moreover, there was a decrease in Ki-67 staining in the cortex, with an increase in terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling in the cortex and medulla after contrast administration (P < 0.05). In the murine intra-arterial CI-AKI model, there was increased hypoxia and TGF-β1/SMAD3 pathway activation and collagen expression, resulting in renal fibrosis. Together, these results suggest that the TGF-β1/SMAD3 pathway could be a potential target in alleviating tissue fibrosis in CI-AKI.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Kidney Injury/etiology
- Acute Kidney Injury/genetics
- Acute Kidney Injury/metabolism
- Acute Kidney Injury/pathology
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Carotid Arteries
- Cell Hypoxia
- Cell Proliferation
- Collagen/genetics
- Collagen/metabolism
- Contrast Media/administration & dosage
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fibrosis
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Injections, Intra-Arterial
- Kidney/metabolism
- Kidney/pathology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Nephrectomy
- Phosphorylation
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I/genetics
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I/metabolism
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II/genetics
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/complications
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/genetics
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/pathology
- Signal Transduction
- Smad3 Protein/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism
- Triiodobenzoic Acids/administration & dosage
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Sharma
- Vascular and Interventional Radiology Translational Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Sreenivasulu Kilari
- Vascular and Interventional Radiology Translational Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Chuanqi Cai
- Vascular and Interventional Radiology Translational Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Michael L Simeon
- Vascular and Interventional Radiology Translational Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Sanjay Misra
- Vascular and Interventional Radiology Translational Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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14
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Hreha TN, Collins CA, Daugherty AL, Twentyman J, Paluri N, Hunstad DA. TGFβ1 orchestrates renal fibrosis following Escherichia coli pyelonephritis. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14401. [PMID: 32227630 PMCID: PMC7104652 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal scarring after pyelonephritis is linked to long-term health risks for hypertension and chronic kidney disease. Androgen exposure increases susceptibility to, and severity of, uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) pyelonephritis and resultant scarring in both male and female mice, while anti-androgen therapy is protective against severe urinary tract infection (UTI) in these models. This work employed androgenized female C57BL/6 mice to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of post-infectious renal fibrosis and to determine how these pathways are altered by the presence of androgens. We found that elevated circulating testosterone levels primed the kidney for fibrosis by increasing local production of TGFβ1 before the initiation of UTI, altering the ratio of transcription factors Smad2 and Smad3 and increasing the presence of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-like cells and Gli1 + activated myofibroblasts, the cells primarily responsible for deposition of scar components. Increased production of TGFβ1 and aberrations in Smad2:Smad3 were maintained throughout the course of infection in the presence of androgen, correlating with renal scarring that was not observed in non-androgenized female mice. Pharmacologic inhibition of TGFβ1 signaling blunted myofibroblast activation. We conclude that renal fibrosis after pyelonephritis is exacerbated by the presence of androgens and involves activation of the TGFβ1 signaling cascade, leading to increases in cortical populations of MSC-like cells and the Gli1 + activated myofibroblasts that are responsible for scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teri N. Hreha
- Department of PediatricsWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
| | | | | | - Joy Twentyman
- Department of PediatricsWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
- Present address:
Department of Global HealthUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - Nitin Paluri
- Department of PediatricsWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - David A. Hunstad
- Department of PediatricsWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
- Department of Molecular MicrobiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
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15
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Kashyap S, Hein KZ, Chini CC, Lika J, Warner GM, Bale LK, Torres VE, Harris PC, Oxvig C, Conover CA, Chini EN. Metalloproteinase PAPP-A regulation of IGF-1 contributes to polycystic kidney disease pathogenesis. JCI Insight 2020; 5:135700. [PMID: 31990681 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.135700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common genetic cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The treatment options for ADPKD are limited. We observed an upregulation in several IGF-1 pathway genes in the kidney of Pkd1RC/RC mice, a model of ADPKD. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A), a metalloproteinase that cleaves inhibitory IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs), increasing the local bioactivity of IGF-1, was highly induced in the kidney of ADPKD mice. PAPP-A levels were high in cystic fluid and kidneys of humans with ADPKD. Our studies further showed that PAPP-A transcription in ADPKD was mainly regulated through the cAMP/CREB/CBP/p300 pathway. Pappa deficiency effectively inhibited the development of cysts in the Pkd1RC/RC mice. The role of PAPP-A in cystic disease appears to be regulation of the IGF-1 pathway and cellular proliferation in the kidney. Finally, preclinical studies demonstrated that treatment with a monoclonal antibody that blocks the proteolytic activity of PAPP-A against IGFBP4 ameliorated ADPKD cystic disease in vivo in Pkd1RC/RC mice and ex vivo in embryonic kidneys. These data indicated that the PAPP-A/IGF-1 pathway plays an important role in the growth and expansion of cysts in ADPKD. Our findings introduce a therapeutic strategy for ADPKD that involves the inhibition of PAPP-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonu Kashyap
- Department of Anesthesiology and Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging
| | - Kyaw Zaw Hein
- Department of Anesthesiology and Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging
| | - Claudia Cs Chini
- Department of Anesthesiology and Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging
| | - Jorgo Lika
- Department of Anesthesiology and Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging
| | - Gina M Warner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging
| | - Laurie K Bale
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Vicente E Torres
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and Robert M. and Billie Kelley Pirnie Translational PKD Center, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Peter C Harris
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and Robert M. and Billie Kelley Pirnie Translational PKD Center, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Claus Oxvig
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Cheryl A Conover
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Eduardo N Chini
- Department of Anesthesiology and Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging
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16
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Gao L, Zhong X, Jin J, Li J, Meng XM. Potential targeted therapy and diagnosis based on novel insight into growth factors, receptors, and downstream effectors in acute kidney injury and acute kidney injury-chronic kidney disease progression. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:9. [PMID: 32296020 PMCID: PMC7018831 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0106-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is defined as a rapid decline in renal function and is characterized by excessive renal inflammation and programmed death of resident cells. AKI shows high morbidity and mortality, and severe or repeated AKI can transition to chronic kidney disease (CKD) or even end-stage renal disease (ESRD); however, very few effective and specific therapies are available, except for supportive treatment. Growth factors, such as epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), are significantly altered in AKI models and have been suggested to play critical roles in the repair process of AKI because of their roles in cell regeneration and renal repair. In recent years, a series of studies have shown evidence that growth factors, receptors, and downstream effectors may be highly involved in the mechanism of AKI and may function in the early stage of AKI in response to stimuli by regulating inflammation and programmed cell death. Moreover, certain growth factors or correlated proteins act as biomarkers for AKI due to their sensitivity and specificity. Furthermore, growth factors originating from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) via paracrine signaling or extracellular vesicles recruit leukocytes or repair intrinsic cells and may participate in AKI repair or the AKI-CKD transition. In addition, growth factor-modified MSCs show superior therapeutic potential compared to that of unmodified controls. In this review, we summarized the current therapeutic and diagnostic strategies targeting growth factors to treat AKI in clinical trials. We also evaluated the possibilities of other growth factor-correlated molecules as therapeutic targets in the treatment of AKI and the AKI-CKD transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China
| | - Xiang Zhong
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610072, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Juan Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Li
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Meng
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China.
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17
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Black LM, Lever JM, Agarwal A. Renal Inflammation and Fibrosis: A Double-edged Sword. J Histochem Cytochem 2019; 67:663-681. [PMID: 31116067 PMCID: PMC6713973 DOI: 10.1369/0022155419852932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal tissue injury initiates inflammatory and fibrotic processes that occur to promote regeneration and repair. After renal injury, damaged tissue releases cytokines and chemokines, which stimulate activation and infiltration of inflammatory cells to the kidney. Normal tissue repair processes occur simultaneously with activation of myofibroblasts, collagen deposition, and wound healing responses; however, prolonged activation of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic cell types causes excess extracellular matrix deposition. This review focuses on the physiological and pathophysiological roles of specialized cell types, cytokines/chemokines, and growth factors, and their implications in recovery or exacerbation of acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence M Black
- Nephrology Research and Training Center, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Jeremie M Lever
- Nephrology Research and Training Center, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Anupam Agarwal
- Nephrology Research and Training Center, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- Department of Veterans Affairs, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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18
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Reyes-Martinez C, Nguyen QM, Kassan M, Gonzalez AA. (Pro)renin Receptor-Dependent Induction of Profibrotic Factors Is Mediated by COX-2/EP4/NOX-4/Smad Pathway in Collecting Duct Cells. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:803. [PMID: 31396082 PMCID: PMC6664006 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The binding of prorenin to the (pro)renin receptor (PRR) triggers the activation of MAPK/ERK1/2 pathway, induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), NOX-4-dependent production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the induction of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and profibrotic factors connecting tissue growth factor (CTGF) and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-I) in collecting duct (CD) cells. However, the role of COX-2 and the intracellular pathways involved are not clear. We hypothesized that the PRR activation increases profibrotic factors through COX-2-mediated PGE2 activation of E prostanoid receptor 4 (EP4), upregulation of NOX-4/ROS production, and activation of Smad pathway in mouse CD cells. Recombinant prorenin increased ROS production and protein levels of CTGF, PAI-I, and TGF-β in M-1 CD cell line. Inhibition of MAPK, NOX-4, and COX-2 prevented this effect. Inhibition of MEK, COX-2, and EP4 also prevented the upregulation of NOX-4. Because TGF-β activates Smad pathway, we evaluate the phosphorylation of Smad2 and 3. COX-2 inhibition or EP4 antagonism significantly prevented phosphorylation of Smad 2/3. Mice that were infused with recombinant prorenin showed an induction in the expression of CTGF, PAI-I, TGF-β, fibronectin, and collagen I in isolated collecting ducts as well as the expression of alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in renal tissues. COX-2 inhibition prevented this induction. These results indicate that the induction of TGF-β, CTGF, PAI-I, and ROS occurs through PRR-dependent activation of MAPK and NOX-4; however, this mechanism depends on COX-2-derived PGE2 production and the activation of EP4 and Smad pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Quynh My Nguyen
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Modar Kassan
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Alexis A Gonzalez
- Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
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19
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The Role of MicroRNA-21 in Venous Neointimal Hyperplasia: Implications for Targeting miR-21 for VNH Treatment. Mol Ther 2019; 27:1681-1693. [PMID: 31326400 PMCID: PMC6731518 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanism of hemodialysis access arteriovenous fistula (AVF) failure due to venous neointimal hyperplasia (VNH) is not known. The role of microRNA-21 (miR-21) in VNH associated with AVF failure was investigated by performing in vivo and in vitro experiments. In situ hybridization results revealed that miR-21 expression increased and was associated with fibroblasts in failed AVFs from patients. In a murine AVF model, qRT-PCR gene expression results showed a significant increase in miR-21 and a decrease in miR-21 target genes in graft veins (GVs) compared to contralateral veins in mouse AVF. miR-21 knockdown in GVs was performed using a lentivirus-mediated small hairpin RNA (shRNA), and this improved AVF patency with a decrease in neointima compared to control GVs. Moreover, loss of miR-21 in GVs significantly decreased the Tgfβ1, Col-Ia, and Col-Iva genes. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated a significant decrease in myofibroblasts and proliferation with an increase in terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining in miR-21-knockdown vessels, along with a decrease in hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) and phospho-SMAD2 (pSMAD-2) and phospho-SMAD3 (pSMAD-3) and an increase in phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) staining. Hypoxic fibroblast knockdown for miR-21 showed a significant decrease in Tgfβ-1 expression and pSMAD-2 and -3 levels and a decrease in myofibroblasts. These results indicate that miR-21 upregulation causes VNH formation by fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation.
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20
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Shieh JM, Tsai YJ, Chi JCY, Wu WB. TGFβ mediates collagen production in human CRSsNP nasal mucosa-derived fibroblasts through Smad2/3-dependent pathway and CTGF induction and secretion. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:10489-10499. [PMID: 30426494 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyp (CRSsNP) is characterized by tissue remodeling and fibrosis. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is considered a master switch in the induction of the profibrotic program which can induce fibroblasts to synthesize and contract extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. A previous study has shown TGF-β1 signaling and collagen overproduction in the CRSsNP, but the responsible cells and mechanism of action remain unclear. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the relationship between TGF-β1 stimulation and collagen expression and to explore the role of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) during the remodeling process using human CRSsNP nasal mucosa tissues and mucosa-derived fibroblasts as main materials. We found that TGF-β1 and its isoforms could promote collagen protein expression. Concomitantly, TGF-β1 caused CTGF expression and secretion. An addition of exogenous CTGF to fibroblasts also caused collagen expression. In accordance with these observations, TGF-β1, CTGF, and collagen were highly expressed in the subepithelial stroma region of CRSsNP nasal mucosa, as determined by immunohistochemistry. The TGF-β1-mediated collagen expression could be blocked by actinomycin D and SIS3, suggesting that the induction was through transcriptional regulation and Smad2/3-dependent pathway. Finally, we demonstrated that CTGF small interfering RNA knockdown led to a substantial decrease in TGF-β1-mediated collagen expression. Collectively, our results provide first and further evidence that TGF-β1 mediates collagen expression-production through a canonical Smad2/3-dependent pathway and CTGF induction and secretion in human nasal fibroblasts. Moreover, TGF-β1, CTGF, and collagen are highly expressed in human CRSsNP nasal mucosa specimens, suggesting their roles in tissue remodeling during CRSsNP progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiunn-Min Shieh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Recreation and Healthcare Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Jeng Tsai
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jessie Chao-Yun Chi
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Taichung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Bin Wu
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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21
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李 仕, 王 洁, 黄 鹏, 古 贤, 黄 美, 黄 非. [Correlation between TGF-B gene promoter-509C/T polymorphism and IgA nephropathy in core families in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and the therapeutic effect of dendrobium]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2018; 38:986-991. [PMID: 30187875 PMCID: PMC6744046 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2018.08.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the correlation between transformation growth factor (TGF- B) polymorphisms and IgA nephropathy and the therapeutic effect of dendrobium on IgA nephropathy. METHODS Polymerase chain reaction- restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR- RFLP) and direct sequencing were used for analysis of 118 patients with IgA nephropathy from core families in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The imbalanced transfer of TGF iso1-509 C/T in the affected offsprings was observed by transfer imbalance test and HRR analysis. The TGF-B genotype of the patients and the core family members were detected. The therapeutic effects of Dendrobium candidum combined with hormone and ACEI/ARB treatments were evaluated by observing the patient's urine protein (24 hUpr), serum albumin (ALB), creatinine (Scr) and urea nitrogen (BUN) levels. RESULTS In the 118 patients with IgA nephropathy, we identified TGF-B 1 promoter -509C/T genotype CC in 32 (27.1%) cases, CT in 58 (49.2%) cases, and TT in 28 (23.7%) cases. In the core family of the patients, CC genotype was found in 33 (28.0%) cases, CT in 55 (46.6%) cases, and TT in 30 (28.0%) cases. The treatments significantly lowered 24 hUpr, Scr, and BUN levels (P > 0.05) in patients with CC genotype, significantly lowered 24 hUpr and BUN levels in patients with CT genotype (P < 0.05), and significantly lowered 24 hUpr and BUN level and increased (P < 0.05) ALB level (P < 0.01) in patients with TT genotype. CONCLUSIONS There is no significant correlation between TGF-B promoter - 509C/T polymorphism and IgA nephropathy. The patients with CC genotype are sensitive to the treatments with hormone and ACEI/ ARB and show a stronger response to combined treatments with dendrobium.
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Affiliation(s)
- 仕良 李
- />右江民族医学院附属医院肾内科,广西 百色 533000Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Right River Ethnic Medical College, Baise 533000, China
| | - 洁 王
- />右江民族医学院附属医院肾内科,广西 百色 533000Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Right River Ethnic Medical College, Baise 533000, China
| | - 鹏 黄
- />右江民族医学院附属医院肾内科,广西 百色 533000Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Right River Ethnic Medical College, Baise 533000, China
| | - 贤君 古
- />右江民族医学院附属医院肾内科,广西 百色 533000Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Right River Ethnic Medical College, Baise 533000, China
| | - 美英 黄
- />右江民族医学院附属医院肾内科,广西 百色 533000Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Right River Ethnic Medical College, Baise 533000, China
| | - 非凡 黄
- />右江民族医学院附属医院肾内科,广西 百色 533000Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Right River Ethnic Medical College, Baise 533000, China
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Hu W, Han Q, Zhao L, Wang L. Circular RNA circRNA_15698 aggravates the extracellular matrix of diabetic nephropathy mesangial cells via miR-185/TGF-β1. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:1469-1476. [PMID: 30054916 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a novel type of noncoding RNAs that modulate the pathogenesis of multiple diseases. Nevertheless, the role of circRNAs in diabetic nephropathy (DN) pathogenesis is still ambiguous. In the current study, our team aims to investigate the expression profiles of circRNAs in DN and identify the function of circRNA on mesangial cells. CircRNAs microarray analysis revealed dysregulated circRNA in db/db DN mice, and circRNA_15698 was validated to be upregulated in both db/db mice and mouse mesangial cells (SV40-MES13) that were exposed to high glucose (25 mM) using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Loss-of-functional experiments showed that circRNA_15698 knockdown significantly inhibited the expression levels of collagen type I (Col. I), collagen type IV (Col. IV), and fibronectin. Moreover, the cellular localization of circRNA_15698 was mainly in the cytoplasm. Bioinformatics tools and luciferase reporter assay confirmed that circRNA_15698 acted as a 'sponge' of miR-185, and then positively regulated the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) protein expression, suggesting a circRNA_15698/miR-185/TGF-β1 pathway. Further validation experiments validated that circRNA_15698/miR-185/TGF-β1 promoted extracellular matrix (ECM)-related protein synthesis. In summary, our study preliminarily investigates the role of circRNAs in mesangial cells and ECM accumulation, providing a novel insight for DN pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Han
- Department of Endocrinology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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