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Zhang Y, Geng C, Zhou Y, Li F, Peng S, Guo X, Gu X, Li J, Li H. Association Between Vascular Adhesion Protein-1 (VAP-1) and MACE in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease: A Cohort Study. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:3603-3615. [PMID: 38855169 PMCID: PMC11162208 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s460605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1), an inflammation-inducible endothelial cell molecule, was reported to be implicated in a variety of cardiovascular diseases. However, the clinical significance of circulating VAP-1 levels in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) remains less studied. Patients and Methods We retrospectively analyzed clinical data of 336 hospitalized patients in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University from May 2020 to September 2022, 174 of which were diagnosed with CHD. Serum VAP-1 was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at enrollment. The primary end point of this study was the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). The coronary stenosis and clinical manifestations of CHD were assessed and recorded from medical records or follow-up calls. The relevant results were obtained, and the reliability of the conclusions was verified through regression analysis, curve fitting, and survival curve. Results After adjusting for potential confounders, higher serum VAP-1 level was associated with increased risk of MACE in patients with CHD [(HR = 5.11, 95% CI = 1.02-25.59), (HR = 5.81, 95% CI = 1.16-29.11)]. The results of curve fitting and survival analysis were consistent with those of regression analysis. However, no significant association was observed between VAP-1 and MACE in the entire study population [(HR = 5.11, 95% CI = 0.41-1.93), (HR = 1.17, 95% CI = 0.52-2.62)]. Furthermore, the level of VAP-1 did not show a significant correlation with coronary stenosis and the clinical manifestations of CHD. Conclusion These findings suggested that CHD patients with higher serum levels of VAP-1 are at a higher risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chi Geng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yulun Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Siliang Peng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinru Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Yen IW, Li HY. The role of vascular adhesion protein-1 in diabetes and diabetic complications. J Diabetes Investig 2024. [PMID: 38581224 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.14209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) plays a dual role with its adhesive and enzymatic properties, facilitating leukocyte migration to sites of inflammation and catalyzing the breakdown of primary amines into harmful by-products, which are linked to diabetic complications. Present in various tissues, VAP-1 also circulates in a soluble form in the bloodstream. Diabetes is associated with several complications such as cardiovascular disease, retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy, significantly contributing to disability and mortality. These complications arise from hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). Earlier research, including our own from the 1990s and early 2000s, has underscored the critical role of VAP-1 in these pathological processes, prompting extensive investigation into its contribution to diabetic complications. In this review, we examine the involvement of VAP-1 in diabetes and its complications, alongside its link to other conditions related to diabetes, such as cancer and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease. We also explore the utility of soluble VAP-1 as a biomarker for diabetes, its complications, and other related conditions. Since the inhibition of VAP-1 to treat diabetic complications is a novel and promising treatment option, further studies are needed to translate the beneficial effect of VAP-1 inhibitors observed in animal studies to clinical trials recruiting human subjects. Besides, future studies should focus on using serum sVAP-1 levels for risk assessment in diabetic patients, identifying those who need intensive glycemic control, and determining the patient population that would benefit most from VAP-1 inhibitor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Weng Yen
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yuan Li
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Blachut D, Przywara-Chowaniec B, Tomasik A, Kukulski T, Morawiec B. Update of Potential Biomarkers in Risk Prediction and Monitoring of Atherosclerosis in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2814. [PMID: 37893187 PMCID: PMC10604001 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic connective tissue disease associated with an increased risk of premature atherosclerosis. It is estimated that approximately 10% of SLE patients develop significant atherosclerosis each year, which is responsible for premature cardiovascular disease that is largely asymptomatic. This review summarizes the most recent reports from the past few years on biomarkers of atherosclerosis in SLE, mainly focusing on immune markers. Persistent chronic inflammation of the vascular wall is an important cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events related to endothelial dysfunction, cell proliferation, impaired production and function of nitric oxide and microangiopathic changes. Studies on pathogenic immune mediators involved in atherosclerosis will be crucial research avenues for preventing CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Blachut
- 2nd Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
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The Impact of Semicarbazide Sensitive Amine Oxidase Activity on Rat Aortic Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054946. [PMID: 36902376 PMCID: PMC10002598 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) is both a soluble- and membrane-bound transmembrane protein expressed in the vascular endothelial and in smooth muscle cells. In vascular endothelial cells, SSAO contributes to the development of atherosclerosis by mediating a leukocyte adhesion cascade; however, its contributory role in the development of atherosclerosis in VSMCs has not yet been fully explored. This study investigates SSAO enzymatic activity in VSMCs using methylamine and aminoacetone as model substrates. The study also addresses the mechanism by which SSAO catalytic activity causes vascular damage, and further evaluates the contribution of SSAO in oxidative stress formation in the vascular wall. SSAO demonstrated higher affinity for aminoacetone when compared to methylamine (Km = 12.08 µM vs. 65.35 µM). Aminoacetone- and methylamine-induced VSMCs death at concentrations of 50 & 1000 µM, and their cytotoxic effect, was reversed with 100 µM of the irreversible SSAO inhibitor MDL72527, which completely abolished cell death. Cytotoxic effects were also observed after 24 h of exposure to formaldehyde, methylglyoxal and H2O2. Enhanced cytotoxicity was detected after the simultaneous addition of formaldehyde and H2O2, as well as methylglyoxal and H2O2. The highest ROS production was observed in aminoacetone- and benzylamine-treated cells. MDL72527 abolished ROS in benzylamine-, methylamine- and aminoacetone-treated cells (**** p < 0.0001), while βAPN demonstrated inhibitory potential only in benzylamine-treated cells (* p < 0.05). Treatment with benzylamine, methylamine and aminoacetone reduced the total GSH levels (**** p < 0.0001); the addition of MDL72527 and βAPN failed to reverse this effect. Overall, a cytotoxic consequence of SSAO catalytic activity was observed in cultured VSMCs where SSAO was identified as a key mediator in ROS formation. These findings could potentially associate SSAO activity with the early developing stages of atherosclerosis through oxidative stress formation and vascular damage.
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5
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Ivnitsky JJ, Schäfer TV, Rejniuk VL, Golovko AI. Endogenous humoral determinants of vascular endothelial dysfunction as triggers of acute poisoning complications. J Appl Toxicol 2023; 43:47-65. [PMID: 35258106 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The vascular endothelium is not only the semipermeable membrane that separates tissue from blood but also an organ that regulates inflammation, vascular tone, blood clotting, angiogenesis and synthesis of connective tissue proteins. It is susceptible to the direct cytotoxic action of numerous xenobiotics and to the acute hypoxia that accompanies acute poisoning. This damage is superimposed on the preformed state of the vascular endothelium, which, in turn, depends on many humoral factors. The probability that an exogenous toxicant will cause life-threatening dysfunction of the vascular endothelium, thereby complicating the course of acute poisoning, increases with an increase in the content of endogenous substances in the blood that disrupt endothelial function. These include ammonia, bacterial endotoxin, indoxyl sulfate, para-cresyl sulfate, trimethylamine N-oxide, asymmetric dimethylarginine, glucose, homocysteine, low-density and very-low-density lipoproteins, free fatty acids and products of intravascular haemolysis. Some other endogenous substances (albumin, haptoglobin, haemopexin, biliverdin, bilirubin, tetrahydrobiopterin) or food-derived compounds (ascorbic acid, rutin, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, etc.) reduce the risk of lethal vascular endothelial dysfunction. The individual variability of the content of these substances in the blood contributes to the stochasticity of the complications of acute poisoning and is a promising target for the risk reduction measures. Another feasible option may be the repositioning of drugs that affect the function of the vascular endothelium while being currently used for other indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jury Ju Ivnitsky
- Golikov Research Clinical Center of Toxicology under the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Timur V Schäfer
- State Scientific Research Test Institute of the Military Medicine of Defense Ministry of the Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir L Rejniuk
- Golikov Research Clinical Center of Toxicology under the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexandr I Golovko
- Golikov Research Clinical Center of Toxicology under the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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6
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Inhibition of monoamine oxidase B reduces atherosclerosis and fatty liver in mice. Clin Sci (Lond) 2023; 137:17-30. [PMID: 36416117 PMCID: PMC9810528 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is vital for pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is an important source of oxidative stress in the vascular system and liver. However, the effect of MAO inhibition on atherosclerosis and NAFLD has not been explored. In the present study, MAO A and B expressions were increased in atherosclerotic plaques in human and apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-deficient mice. Inhibition of MAO B (by deprenyl), but not MAO A (by clorgyline), reduced the atheroma area in the thoracic aorta and aortic sinus in ApoE-deficient mice fed the cholesterol-enriched diet for 15 weeks. MAO B inhibition attenuated oxidative stress, expression of adhesion molecules, production of inflammatory cytokines, and macrophage infiltration in atherosclerotic plaques and decreased plasma triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations. MAO B inhibition had no therapeutic effect on restenosis in the femoral artery wire-induced injury model in C57BL/6 mice. In the NAFLD mouse model, MAO B inhibition reduced lipid droplet deposition in the liver and hepatic total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in C57BL/6 mice fed high-fat diets for 10 weeks. Key enzymes for triglyceride and cholesterol biosynthesis (fatty acid synthase and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, HMGCR) and inflammatory markers were inhibited, and cholesterol clearance was up-regulated (increased LDL receptor expression and reduced proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, PCSK9, expression) by MAO B inhibition in the liver. These results were also demonstrated in the HepG2 liver cell model. Our data suggest that MAO B inhibition is a potential and novel treatment for atherosclerosis and NAFLD.
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Filip A, Taleb S, Bascetin R, Jahangiri M, Bardin M, Lerognon C, Fève B, Lacolley P, Jalkanen S, Mercier N. Increased atherosclerotic plaque in AOC3 knock-out in ApoE−/− mice and characterization of AOC3 in atherosclerotic human coronary arteries. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:848680. [PMID: 36176983 PMCID: PMC9513161 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.848680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Amine oxidase copper containing 3 (AOC3) displays adhesion between leukocytes and endothelial cells and enzymatic functions. Given its controversial role in atherogenesis, we proposed to investigate the involvement of AOC3 in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in ApoE−/−AOC3−/− mice and human coronary arteries. Methods Lesions, contractile markers, and AOC3 were studied in aortic tissues from 15- and 25-week-old mice and different stages of human coronary atherosclerotic arteries by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and/or western blot. Human VSMCs, treated or not with LJP1586, an AOC3 inhibitor, were used to measure differentiation markers by qPCR. AOC3 co-localization with specific cell markers was studied by using confocal microscopy in mice and human samples. Results At 15 weeks old, the absence of AOC3 was associated with increased lesion size, α-SMA, and CD3 staining in the plaque independently of a cholesterol modification. At 25 weeks old, advanced plaques were larger with equivalent staining for α-SMA while CD3 increased in the media from ApoE−/−AOC3−/− mice. At both ages, the macrophage content of the lesion was not modified. Contractile markers decreased whereas MCP-1 appeared augmented only in the 15-week-old ApoE−/−AOC3. AOC3 is mainly expressed by mice and human VSMC is slightly expressed by endothelium but not by macrophages. Conclusion AOC3 knock-out increased atherosclerotic plaques at an early stage related to a VSMC dedifferentiation associated with a higher T cells recruitment in plaques explained by the MCP-1 augmentation. This suggests that AOC3 may have an important role in atherosclerosis independent of its canonical inflammatory effect. The dual role of AOC3 impacts therapeutic strategies using pharmacological regulators of SSAO activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Filip
- Université de Lorraine, Inserm, Défaillance Cardiovasculaire Aigue et Chronique (DCAC), Université de Lorraine, Lorraine, France
| | - Soraya Taleb
- Inserm UMR_S970, Paris Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (PARCC), Paris, France
| | - Rümeyza Bascetin
- Université de Lorraine, Inserm, Défaillance Cardiovasculaire Aigue et Chronique (DCAC), Université de Lorraine, Lorraine, France
| | - Mohammad Jahangiri
- Université de Lorraine, Inserm, Défaillance Cardiovasculaire Aigue et Chronique (DCAC), Université de Lorraine, Lorraine, France
| | - Matthieu Bardin
- Université de Lorraine, Inserm, Défaillance Cardiovasculaire Aigue et Chronique (DCAC), Université de Lorraine, Lorraine, France
| | - Cindy Lerognon
- Université de Lorraine, Inserm, Défaillance Cardiovasculaire Aigue et Chronique (DCAC), Université de Lorraine, Lorraine, France
| | - Bruno Fève
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm UMR_S938, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, IHU ICAN, Service d'Endocrinologie, CRMR PRISIS, APHP Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Lacolley
- Université de Lorraine, Inserm, Défaillance Cardiovasculaire Aigue et Chronique (DCAC), Université de Lorraine, Lorraine, France
| | - Sirpa Jalkanen
- Medicity Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Nathalie Mercier
- Université de Lorraine, Inserm, Défaillance Cardiovasculaire Aigue et Chronique (DCAC), Université de Lorraine, Lorraine, France
- *Correspondence: Nathalie Mercier
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Liu L, Fan S, Lu Z, Chen Z, Chu C, Liu A, Xia F, Meng S, Guo F, Qiu H, Yang Y. An optimized method for the induction and purification of mouse bone marrow dendritic cells. J Immunol Methods 2021; 495:113073. [PMID: 34029621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2021.113073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play an essential role in the initiation of adaptive immune responses, but they are rare in all organs. The traditional methods used to increase the yield and purity of DCs are the early removal of granulocyte culture medium and the isolation of high-purity DCs by magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS). This study provides a more rapid and economical optimization method to obtain more high-purity DCs. (i) We harvested 18% more bone marrow (BM) cells by using forceps to crack the epiphysis instead of cutting it with scissors during BM cell extraction. (ii) When the cells in the culture medium that is discarded on day 3 in the traditional method were centrifuged and then added back to the petri dish, the DC yield on day 5 increased by 61%. (iii) On the third day, the addition of fresh medium and the retention of the original medium rather than discarding it increased the number of DCs harvested on the fifth day by 137%. (i-iii) The improved method cost an average of 74% less than the conventional method and yielded the same number and function of cells. (iv) The initial number of BM cells was increased by 15% in 4-week-old mice compared with 8-week-old mice. (v) The Percoll density centrifugation (PDS) method was used to purify DCs on day 6 after induction, and the purity of the DCs was greater than 90%, which showed no significant difference from the MACS method. However, the yield of the PDS method increased by 21%. In addition, the PDS method has a lower cost, with an average purification cost of 4 CNY ($0.58) compared with 648 CNY ($93.25) for MACS, reducing the cost by 99%. Therefore, high-purity and high-yield DCs can be rapidly obtained through a five-step improvement in the process of BM cell extraction, induction and purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shanwen Fan
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhonghua Lu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenxing Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Cuilin Chu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Airan Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feiping Xia
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shanshan Meng
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengmei Guo
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haibo Qiu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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Li H, Du S, Niu P, Gu X, Wang J, Zhao Y. Vascular Adhesion Protein-1 (VAP-1)/Semicarbazide-Sensitive Amine Oxidase (SSAO): A Potential Therapeutic Target for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:679707. [PMID: 34322017 PMCID: PMC8312380 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.679707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) is a semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO), whose enzymatic activity regulates the adhesion/exudation of leukocytes in/from blood vessels. Due to its abundant expressions in vascular systems and prominent roles in inflammations, increasing attentions have been paid to the roles of VAP-1/SSAO in atherosclerosis, a chronic vascular inflammation that eventually drives clinical cardiovascular events. Clinical studies have demonstrated a potential value of soluble VAP-1 (sVAP-1) for the diagnosis and prognosis of cardiovascular diseases. Recent findings revealed that VAP-1 is expressed in atherosclerotic plaques and treatment with VAP-1 inhibitors alleviates the progression of atherosclerosis. This review will focus on the roles of VAP-1/SSAO in the progression of atherosclerotic lesions and therapeutic potentials of VAP-1 inhibitors for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shiyu Du
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Panpan Niu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) has been the leading cause of chronic kidney disease for over 20 years. Yet, over these two decades, the clinical approach to this condition has not much improved beyond the administration of glucose-lowering agents, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers for blood pressure control, and lipid-lowering agents. The proportion of diabetic patients who develop DKD and progress to end-stage renal disease has remained nearly the same. This unmet need for DKD treatment is caused by the complex pathophysiology of DKD, and the difficulty of translating treatment from bench to bed, which further adds to the growing argument that DKD is not a homogeneous disease. To better capture the full spectrum of DKD in our design of treatment regimens, we need improved diagnostic tools that can better distinguish the subgroups within the condition. For instance, DKD is typically placed in the broad category of a non-inflammatory kidney disease. However, genome-wide transcriptome analysis studies consistently indicate the inflammatory signaling pathway activation in DKD. This review will utilize human data in discussing the potential for redefining the role of inflammation in DKD. We also comment on the therapeutic potential of targeted anti-inflammatory therapy for DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Woong Jung
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju-Young Moon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Correspondence to Ju-Young Moon, M.D. Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea Tel: +82-2-440-7064 Fax: +82-2-440-8150 E-mail:
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11
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Shepherd EL, Karim S, Newsome PN, Lalor PF. Inhibition of vascular adhesion protein-1 modifies hepatic steatosis in vitro and in vivo. World J Hepatol 2020; 12:931-948. [PMID: 33312420 PMCID: PMC7701969 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v12.i11.931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with obesity, insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia and currently is estimated to affect up to a third of all individuals in developed countries. Current standard of care for patients varies according to disease stage, but includes lifestyle interventions common insulin sensitizers, antioxidants and lipid modifiers. However, to date specific therapies have shown little histological or fibrosis stage improvement in large clinical trials, and there is still no licensed therapy for NAFLD. Given the high prevalence, limited treatment options and significant screening costs for the general population, new treatments are urgently required.
AIM To assess the potential for inhibition of the amine oxidase enzyme vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) to modify hepatic lipid accumulation in NAFLD.
METHODS We have used immunochemical and qPCR analysis to document expression of VAP-1 and key functional proteins and transporters across the NAFLD spectrum. We then utilised hepatocytes in culture and human precision cut liver slices in concert with selective enzyme activity inhibitors to test the effects of activating the semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase activity of VAP-1 on hepatic lipid uptake and triglyceride export. A murine model of NAFLD was also used to determine the consequences of VAP-1 knockout and gene expression arrays were used to quantify the effects of VAP-1 activity on key lipid modifying and proinflammatory gene expression.
RESULTS We confirmed that increasing severity of NAFLD and progression to cirrhosis was associated with a significant increase in hepatocellular VAP-1 expression. Hepatocytes in vitro exposed to recombinant VAP-1 and its substrate methylamine showed increased lipid accumulation as determined by quantification of Oil Red O uptake. This was recapitulated using hydrogen peroxide, and lipid accumulation was accompanied by changes in expression of the lipid transporter molecules FABP3, FATP6, insulin receptor subunits and PPARα. Human liver tissue exposed to recombinant VAP-1 or substrates for endo/exogenous VAP-1 produced less triglyceride than untreated tissue and demonstrated an increase in steatosis. This response could be inhibited by using bromoethylamine to inhibit the SSAO activity of VAP-1, and mice deficient in VAP-1/AOC3 also demonstrated reduced steatosis on high fat diet. Exposure of human liver tissue to methylamine to activate VAP-1 resulted in increased expression of FABP2 and 4, FATP3-5, caveolin-1, VLDLR, PPARGC1 and genes associated with the inflammatory response.
CONCLUSION Our data confirm that the elevations in hepatic VAP-1 expression reported in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis can contribute to steatosis, metabolic disturbance and inflammation. This suggests that targeting the semicarbazide sensitive amine oxidase capacity of VAP-1 may represent a useful adjunct to other therapeutic strategies in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Shepherd
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research, Birmingham National Institute for Health Research, Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, West Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Sumera Karim
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research, Birmingham National Institute for Health Research, Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, West Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Philip N Newsome
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research, Birmingham National Institute for Health Research, Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, West Midlands, United Kingdom
- Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, West Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia F Lalor
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research, Birmingham National Institute for Health Research, Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, West Midlands, United Kingdom
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Jargaud V, Bour S, Tercé F, Collet X, Valet P, Bouloumié A, Guillemot JC, Mauriège P, Jalkanen S, Stolen C, Salmi M, Smith DJ, Carpéné C. Obesity of mice lacking VAP-1/SSAO by Aoc3 gene deletion is reproduced in mice expressing a mutated vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) devoid of amine oxidase activity. J Physiol Biochem 2020; 77:141-154. [PMID: 32712883 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-020-00756-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The product of Aoc3 gene is known as vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1), a glycoprotein contributing to leukocyte extravasation and exhibiting semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase activity (SSAO). Regarding the immune functions of VAP-1/SSAO, it is known that mice bearing Aoc3 gene knock-out (AOC3KO) exhibit defects in leukocyte migration similar to those of mice expressing a mutated VAP-1 lacking functional SSAO activity (knock-in, AOC3KI). However, it has not been reported whether these models differ regarding other disturbances. Thus, we further compared endocrine-metabolic phenotypes of AOC3KO and AOC3KI mice to their respective control. Special attention was paid on adiposity, glucose and lipid handling, since VAP-1/SSAO is highly expressed in adipose tissue (AT). In both mouse lines, no tissue SSAO activity was found, while Aoc3 mRNA was absent in AOC3KO only. Although food consumption was unchanged, both AOC3KO and AOC3KI mice were heavier and fatter than their respective controls. Other alterations commonly found in adipocytes from both lines were loss of benzylamine insulin-like action with unchanged insulin lipogenic responsiveness and adiponectin expression. A similar downregulation of inflammatory markers (CD45, IL6) was found in AT. Glucose handling and liver mass remained unchanged, while circulating lipid profile was distinctly altered, with increased cholesterol in AOC3KO only. These results suggest that the lack of oxidase activity found in AOC3KI is sufficient to reproduce the metabolic disturbances observed in AOC3KO mice, save those related with cholesterol transport. Modulation of SSAO activity therefore constitutes a potential target for the treatment of cardiometabolic diseases, especially obesity when complicated by low-grade inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Jargaud
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM, UMR1048, Toulouse, France.,University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France.,Sanofi, Translational Sciences Unit, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Sandy Bour
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM, UMR1048, Toulouse, France.,University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - François Tercé
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM, UMR1048, Toulouse, France.,University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Xavier Collet
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM, UMR1048, Toulouse, France.,University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Valet
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM, UMR1048, Toulouse, France.,University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Bouloumié
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM, UMR1048, Toulouse, France.,University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Pascale Mauriège
- Dept. of Kinesiology, Fac. of Medicine and PEPS, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Sirpa Jalkanen
- MediCity and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Craig Stolen
- MediCity and Biotie Therapies Plc, Turku, Finland
| | - Marko Salmi
- MediCity and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Christian Carpéné
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM, UMR1048, Toulouse, France. .,University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France.
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Romero FA, Jones CT, Xu Y, Fenaux M, Halcomb RL. The Race to Bash NASH: Emerging Targets and Drug Development in a Complex Liver Disease. J Med Chem 2020; 63:5031-5073. [PMID: 31930920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a severe form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) characterized by liver steatosis, inflammation, and hepatocellular damage. NASH is a serious condition that can progress to cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The association of NASH with obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia has led to an emerging picture of NASH as the liver manifestation of metabolic syndrome. Although diet and exercise can dramatically improve NASH outcomes, significant lifestyle changes can be challenging to sustain. Pharmaceutical therapies could be an important addition to care, but currently none are approved for NASH. Here, we review the most promising targets for NASH treatment, along with the most advanced therapeutics in development. These include targets involved in metabolism (e.g., sugar, lipid, and cholesterol metabolism), inflammation, and fibrosis. Ultimately, combination therapies addressing multiple aspects of NASH pathogenesis are expected to provide benefit for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Anthony Romero
- Terns Pharmaceuticals, 1065 E. Hillsdale Blvd., Suite 100, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Christopher T Jones
- Terns Pharmaceuticals, 1065 E. Hillsdale Blvd., Suite 100, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Yingzi Xu
- Terns Pharmaceuticals, 1065 E. Hillsdale Blvd., Suite 100, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Martijn Fenaux
- Terns Pharmaceuticals, 1065 E. Hillsdale Blvd., Suite 100, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Randall L Halcomb
- Terns Pharmaceuticals, 1065 E. Hillsdale Blvd., Suite 100, Foster City, California 94404, United States
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Papukashvili D, Rcheulishvili N, Deng Y. Attenuation of Weight Gain and Prevention of Associated Pathologies by Inhibiting SSAO. Nutrients 2020; 12:E184. [PMID: 31936548 PMCID: PMC7019322 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide prevalent metabolic disorder that is associated with diabetes, among many other diseases. Bearing this in mind, prevention and treatment ways need to be improved. Notably, activity of the enzyme semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) is found to be elevated in overweight subjects. Moreover, SSAO inhibition has resulted in an increase of histamine activity in adipose tissue and the limitation of body fat. The current review aims to overview the risks of obesity, rationalize the molecular ways of SSAO activity, and outline the strategies of inhibiting upregulated enzyme levels. It describes the differences between SSAO inhibitors and advances the prospective agents. Based on evidence, caffeine is proposed as an effective, safe, and reliable choice to inhibit SSAO activity. Furthermore, the histamine in adipocytes has been associated with SSAO activity. Therefore, it is suggested as one of the key compounds to be studied for obesity management. To conclude, inhibiting SSAO may attenuate weight gain and prevent related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Papukashvili
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (D.P.); (N.R.)
| | - Nino Rcheulishvili
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (D.P.); (N.R.)
| | - Yulin Deng
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (D.P.); (N.R.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, Beijing 100081, China
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