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Boegner DJ, Rzasa JR, Benke EH, White IM. Saliva-STAT: Sample-to-answer saliva test for COVID-19. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2024; 421:136510. [PMID: 39282013 PMCID: PMC11391883 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2024.136510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
Highly accessible and highly accurate diagnostics are necessary to combat rapidly-spreading infectious diseases, such as the recent COVID-19 pandemic. While lateral flow antigen tests have become pervasive, they are insufficiently sensitive to detect early or asymptomatic disease. Nucleic acid amplification tests provide the needed sensitivity, but accessibility of these tests continues to be a challenge due to the need for precise sample processing steps. Here we report a sample-to-answer test for saliva samples (saliva-STAT) that utilizes a battery-powered handheld instrument and a low-cost easily-manufacturable sample cassette to perform a nucleic acid amplification test for viral pathogens. To enable a completely automated assay, we leverage thermally responsive alkane partitions (TRAPs) and paramagnetic beads for virus purification and concentration, as well as reagent addition and mixing. Notably, the saliva STAT easily accommodates directly-dispensed saliva samples (in contrast to microfluidic devices), which is necessary for self-testing. Using the saliva-STAT platform, we demonstrate detection of down to 0.2 copies/μL of SARS-CoV-2 virus in saliva samples. We envision that the saliva-STAT could be used in walk-in clinics, mobile clinics, public testing locations, and in the home. With minor adjustments to the assay, the saliva-STAT platform can easily be adapted for other respiratory viruses, such as Influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Boegner
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - John R Rzasa
- Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Evan H Benke
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Ian M White
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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2
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Boegner DJ, Na M, Harris AD, Christenson RH, Damcott CM, King B, Stubbs L, Rock P, White IM. Sample-to-Answer Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Viremia Using Thermally Responsive Alkane Partitions. Anal Chem 2024; 96:12049-12056. [PMID: 38975928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
The diagnosis of bloodborne viral infections (viremia) is currently relegated to central laboratories because of the complex procedures required to detect viruses in blood samples. The development of point-of-care diagnostics for viremia would enable patients to receive a diagnosis and begin treatment immediately instead of waiting days for results. Point-of-care systems for viremia have been limited by the challenges of integrating multiple precise steps into a fully automated (i.e., sample-to-answer), compact, low-cost system. We recently reported the development of thermally responsive alkane partitions (TRAPs), which enable the complete automation of diagnostic assays with complex samples. Here we report the use of TRAPs for the sample-to-answer detection of viruses in blood using a low-cost portable device and easily manufacturable cassettes. Specifically, we demonstrate the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in spiked blood samples, and we show that our system detects viremia in COVID-19 patient samples with good agreement to conventional RT-qPCR. We anticipate that our sample-to-answer system can be used to rapidly diagnose SARS-CoV-2 viremia at the point of care, leading to better health outcomes for patients with severe COVID-19 disease, and that our system can be applied to the diagnosis of other life-threatening bloodborne viral diseases, including Hepatitis C and HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Boegner
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Miso Na
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Anthony D Harris
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Robert H Christenson
- Department of Pathology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Colleen M Damcott
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Brent King
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - LaToya Stubbs
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Peter Rock
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Ian M White
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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3
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Hasnain AC, Stark A, Trick AY, Ma K, Hsieh K, Cheng Y, Meltzer SJ, Wang TH. Cancer Methylation Biomarker Detection in an Automated, Portable, Multichannel Magnetofluidic Platform. ACS NANO 2024; 18:12105-12116. [PMID: 38669469 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Early detection of cancer is critical to improving clinical outcomes, especially in territories with limited healthcare resources. DNA methylation biomarkers have shown promise in early cancer detection, but typical workflows require highly trained personnel and specialized equipment for manual and lengthy processing, limiting use in resource-constrained areas. As a potential solution, we introduce the Automated Cartridge-based Cancer Early Screening System (ACCESS), a compact, portable, multiplexed, automated platform that performs droplet magnetofluidic- and methylation-specific qPCR-based assays for the detection of DNA methylation cancer biomarkers. Development of ACCESS focuses on esophageal cancer, which is among the most prevalent cancers in low- and middle-income countries with extremely low survival rates. Upon implementing detection assays for two esophageal cancer methylation biomarkers within ACCESS, we demonstrated successful detection of both biomarkers from esophageal tumor tissue samples from eight esophageal cancer patients while showing specificity in paired normal esophageal tissue samples. These results illustrate ACCESS's potential as an amenable epigenetic diagnostic tool for resource-constrained areas toward early detection of esophageal cancer and potentially other malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Hasnain
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Alejandro Stark
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Alexander Y Trick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Ke Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine and Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Kuangwen Hsieh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Yulan Cheng
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine and Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Stephen J Meltzer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine and Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Tza-Huei Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Institute for NanoBiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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4
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Lehnert T, Gijs MAM. Microfluidic systems for infectious disease diagnostics. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:1441-1493. [PMID: 38372324 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00117f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Microorganisms, encompassing both uni- and multicellular entities, exhibit remarkable diversity as omnipresent life forms in nature. They play a pivotal role by supplying essential components for sustaining biological processes across diverse ecosystems, including higher host organisms. The complex interactions within the human gut microbiota are crucial for metabolic functions, immune responses, and biochemical signalling, particularly through the gut-brain axis. Viruses also play important roles in biological processes, for example by increasing genetic diversity through horizontal gene transfer when replicating inside living cells. On the other hand, infection of the human body by microbiological agents may lead to severe physiological disorders and diseases. Infectious diseases pose a significant burden on global healthcare systems, characterized by substantial variations in the epidemiological landscape. Fast spreading antibiotic resistance or uncontrolled outbreaks of communicable diseases are major challenges at present. Furthermore, delivering field-proven point-of-care diagnostic tools to the most severely affected populations in low-resource settings is particularly important and challenging. New paradigms and technological approaches enabling rapid and informed disease management need to be implemented. In this respect, infectious disease diagnostics taking advantage of microfluidic systems combined with integrated biosensor-based pathogen detection offers a host of innovative and promising solutions. In this review, we aim to outline recent activities and progress in the development of microfluidic diagnostic tools. Our literature research mainly covers the last 5 years. We will follow a classification scheme based on the human body systems primarily involved at the clinical level or on specific pathogen transmission modes. Important diseases, such as tuberculosis and malaria, will be addressed more extensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lehnert
- Laboratory of Microsystems, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland.
| | - Martin A M Gijs
- Laboratory of Microsystems, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland.
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5
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Mumtaz Z, Rashid Z, Ali A, Arif A, Ameen F, AlTami MS, Yousaf MZ. Prospects of Microfluidic Technology in Nucleic Acid Detection Approaches. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:584. [PMID: 37366949 DOI: 10.3390/bios13060584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Conventional diagnostic techniques are based on the utilization of analyte sampling, sensing and signaling on separate platforms for detection purposes, which must be integrated to a single step procedure in point of care (POC) testing devices. Due to the expeditious nature of microfluidic platforms, the trend has been shifted toward the implementation of these systems for the detection of analytes in biochemical, clinical and food technology. Microfluidic systems molded with substances such as polymers or glass offer the specific and sensitive detection of infectious and noninfectious diseases by providing innumerable benefits, including less cost, good biological affinity, strong capillary action and simple process of fabrication. In the case of nanosensors for nucleic acid detection, some challenges need to be addressed, such as cellular lysis, isolation and amplification of nucleic acid before its detection. To avoid the utilization of laborious steps for executing these processes, advances have been deployed in this perspective for on-chip sample preparation, amplification and detection by the introduction of an emerging field of modular microfluidics that has multiple advantages over integrated microfluidics. This review emphasizes the significance of microfluidic technology for the nucleic acid detection of infectious and non-infectious diseases. The implementation of isothermal amplification in conjunction with the lateral flow assay greatly increases the binding efficiency of nanoparticles and biomolecules and improves the limit of detection and sensitivity. Most importantly, the deployment of paper-based material made of cellulose reduces the overall cost. Microfluidic technology in nucleic acid testing has been discussed by explicating its applications in different fields. Next-generation diagnostic methods can be improved by using CRISPR/Cas technology in microfluidic systems. This review concludes with the comparison and future prospects of various microfluidic systems, detection methods and plasma separation techniques used in microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilwa Mumtaz
- KAM School of Life Sciences, Forman Christian College University, Ferozpur Road, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Zubia Rashid
- Pure Health Laboratory, Mafraq Hospital, Abu Dhabi 1227788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ashaq Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety MegaScience, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Afsheen Arif
- Karachi Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (KIBGE), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Fuad Ameen
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Suad University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona S AlTami
- Biology Department, College of Science, Qassim University, Burydah 52571, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Zubair Yousaf
- KAM School of Life Sciences, Forman Christian College University, Ferozpur Road, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
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de Olazarra AS, Wang SX. Advances in point-of-care genetic testing for personalized medicine applications. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2023; 17:031501. [PMID: 37159750 PMCID: PMC10163839 DOI: 10.1063/5.0143311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Breakthroughs within the fields of genomics and bioinformatics have enabled the identification of numerous genetic biomarkers that reflect an individual's disease susceptibility, disease progression, and therapy responsiveness. The personalized medicine paradigm capitalizes on these breakthroughs by utilizing an individual's genetic profile to guide treatment selection, dosing, and preventative care. However, integration of personalized medicine into routine clinical practice has been limited-in part-by a dearth of widely deployable, timely, and cost-effective genetic analysis tools. Fortunately, the last several decades have been characterized by tremendous progress with respect to the development of molecular point-of-care tests (POCTs). Advances in microfluidic technologies, accompanied by improvements and innovations in amplification methods, have opened new doors to health monitoring at the point-of-care. While many of these technologies were developed with rapid infectious disease diagnostics in mind, they are well-suited for deployment as genetic testing platforms for personalized medicine applications. In the coming years, we expect that these innovations in molecular POCT technology will play a critical role in enabling widespread adoption of personalized medicine methods. In this work, we review the current and emerging generations of point-of-care molecular testing platforms and assess their applicability toward accelerating the personalized medicine paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. S. de Olazarra
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - S. X. Wang
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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Wang J, Jiang H, Pan L, Gu X, Xiao C, Liu P, Tang Y, Fang J, Li X, Lu C. Rapid on-site nucleic acid testing: On-chip sample preparation, amplification, and detection, and their integration into all-in-one systems. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1020430. [PMID: 36815884 PMCID: PMC9930993 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1020430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
As nucleic acid testing is playing a vital role in increasingly many research fields, the need for rapid on-site testing methods is also increasing. The test procedure often consists of three steps: Sample preparation, amplification, and detection. This review covers recent advances in on-chip methods for each of these three steps and explains the principles underlying related methods. The sample preparation process is further divided into cell lysis and nucleic acid purification, and methods for the integration of these two steps on a single chip are discussed. Under amplification, on-chip studies based on PCR and isothermal amplification are covered. Three isothermal amplification methods reported to have good resistance to PCR inhibitors are selected for discussion due to their potential for use in direct amplification. Chip designs and novel strategies employed to achieve rapid extraction/amplification with satisfactory efficiency are discussed. Four detection methods providing rapid responses (fluorescent, optical, and electrochemical detection methods, plus lateral flow assay) are evaluated for their potential in rapid on-site detection. In the final section, we discuss strategies to improve the speed of the entire procedure and to integrate all three steps onto a single chip; we also comment on recent advances, and on obstacles to reducing the cost of chip manufacture and achieving mass production. We conclude that future trends will focus on effective nucleic acid extraction via combined methods and direct amplification via isothermal methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-products Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Han Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-products Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Leiming Pan
- Zhejiang Hongzheng Testing Co., Ltd., Ningbo, China
| | - Xiuying Gu
- Zhejiang Gongzheng Testing Center Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaogeng Xiao
- Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pengpeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biosafety detection for Zhejiang Market Regulation, Zhejiang Fangyuan Testing Group LO.T, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yulong Tang
- Hangzhou Tiannie Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiehong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-products Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqian Li
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-products Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenze Lu
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-products Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
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8
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Ngo HT, Jin M, Trick AY, Chen FE, Chen L, Hsieh K, Wang TH. Sensitive and Quantitative Point-of-Care HIV Viral Load Quantification from Blood Using a Power-Free Plasma Separation and Portable Magnetofluidic Polymerase Chain Reaction Instrument. Anal Chem 2023; 95:1159-1168. [PMID: 36562405 PMCID: PMC11250783 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Point-of-care (POC) HIV viral load (VL) tests are needed to enhance access to HIV VL testing in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and to enable HIV VL self-testing at home, which in turn have the potential to enhance the global management of the disease. While methods based on real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) are highly sensitive and quantitatively accurate, they often require bulky and expensive instruments, making applications at the POC challenging. On the other hand, although methods based on isothermal amplification techniques could be performed using low-cost instruments, they have shown limited quantitative accuracies, i.e., being only semiquantitative. Herein, we present a sensitive and quantitative POC HIV VL quantification method from blood that can be performed using a small power-free three-dimensional-printed plasma separation device and a portable, low-cost magnetofluidic real-time RT-PCR instrument. The plasma separation device, which is composed of a plasma separation membrane and an absorbent material, demonstrated 96% plasma separation efficiency per 100 μL of whole blood. The plasma solution was then processed in a magnetofluidic cartridge for automated HIV RNA extraction and quantification using the portable instrument, which completed 50 cycles of PCR in 15 min. Using the method, we achieved a limit of detection of 500 HIV RNA copies/mL, which is below the World Health Organization's virological failure threshold, and a good quantitative accuracy. The method has the potential for sensitive and quantitative HIV VL testing at the POC and at home self-testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoan T Ngo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Mei Jin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Alexander Y Trick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Fan-En Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Liben Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Kuangwen Hsieh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Tza-Huei Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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9
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Hu X, Gao X, Chen S, Guo J, Zhang Y. DropLab: an automated magnetic digital microfluidic platform for sample-to-answer point-of-care testing-development and application to quantitative immunodiagnostics. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:10. [PMID: 36644334 PMCID: PMC9833028 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00475-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In point-of-care testing (POCT), tests are performed near patients and results are given rapidly for timely clinical decisions. Immunodiagnostic assays are one of the most important analyses for detecting and quantifying protein-based biomarkers. However, existing POCT immunodiagnostics mainly rely on the lateral flow assay (LFA), which has limited sensitivity or quantification capability. Although other immunodiagnostic assays, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), offer more sensitive and quantitative results, they require complex liquid manipulations that are difficult to implement in POCT settings by conventional means. Here, we show the development of DropLab, an automated sample-in-answer-out POCT immunodiagnostic platform based on magnetic digital microfluidic (MDM) technology. DropLab performs microbead-based ELISA in droplets to offer more sensitive and quantitative testing results. The intricate liquid manipulations required for ELISA are accomplished by controlling droplets with magnetic microbeads using MDM technology, which enables us to achieve full automation and easy operations with DropLab. Four ELISAs (the sample in triplicates and a negative control) can be run in parallel on the thermoformed disposable chip, which greatly improves the throughput and accuracy compared to those of other POCT immunodiagnostic devices. DropLab was validated by measuring two protein targets and one antibody target. The testing results showed that the limit of detection (LOD) of DropLab matched that of the conventional ELISA in a microwell plate. DropLab brings MDM one step closer to being a viable medical technology that is ready for real-world POCT applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyang Hu
- China-Singapore International Joint Research Institute, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou DropLab Scientific Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangyu Gao
- China-Singapore International Joint Research Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songlin Chen
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- DropLab Scientific (Singapore) Pvt. Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jinhong Guo
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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10
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Recent progress in microfluidic biosensors with different driving forces. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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11
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Everitt ML, Boegner DJ, White IM. Sample-to-Answer Immuno-Magnetic Assay Using Thermally Responsive Alkane Partitions. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:1030. [PMID: 36421148 PMCID: PMC9688217 DOI: 10.3390/bios12111030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To combat pandemics, there is a need for rapid point-of-care diagnostics to identify infected patients and to track the spread of the disease. While recent progress has been made in response to COVID-19, there continues to be a need for point-of-care diagnostics capable of detecting biomarkers-such as antibodies-in whole blood. We have recently reported the development of thermally responsive alkane partitions (TRAPs) for the automation of point-of-care immuno-magnetic assays. Here, we demonstrate the use of TRAPs to enable sample-to-answer detection of antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 virus in whole blood samples. We report a limit of detection of 84 pg/mL, well below the clinically relevant threshold. We anticipate that the TRAP-enabled sample-to-answer immunoassay can be used to track the progression of future pandemics, leading to a more informed and robust clinical and societal response.
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12
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Chia CT, Bender AT, Lillis L, Sullivan BP, Martin CD, Burke W, Landis C, Boyle DS, Posner JD. Rapid detection of hepatitis C virus using recombinase polymerase amplification. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276582. [PMID: 36282844 PMCID: PMC9595512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 71 million people are infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) worldwide, and approximately 400,000 global deaths result from complications of untreated chronic HCV. Pan-genomic direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) have recently become widely available and feature high cure rates in less than 12 weeks of treatment. The rollout of DAAs is reliant on diagnostic tests for HCV RNA to identify eligible patients with viremic HCV infections. Current PCR-based HCV RNA assays are restricted to well-resourced central laboratories, and there remains a prevailing clinical need for expanded access to decentralized HCV RNA testing to provide rapid chronic HCV diagnosis and linkage to DAAs in outpatient clinics. This paper reports a rapid, highly accurate, and minimally instrumented assay for HCV RNA detection using reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification (RT-RPA). The assay detects all HCV genotypes with a limit of detection of 25 copies per reaction for genotype 1, the most prevalent in the United States and worldwide. The clinical sensitivity and specificity of the RT-RPA assay were both 100% when evaluated using 78 diverse clinical serum specimens. The accuracy, short runtime, and low heating demands of RT-RPA may enable implementation in a point-of-care HCV test to expand global access to effective treatment via rapid chronic HCV diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine T. Chia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Andrew T. Bender
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - Benjamin P. Sullivan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Coleman D. Martin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Wynn Burke
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Charles Landis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - Jonathan D. Posner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Jang Y, Han S, Song C, Jung J, Oh J. Miniaturized optimal incident light angle-fitted dark field system for contrast-enhanced real-time monitoring of 2D/3D-projected cell motions. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2022; 15:e202200091. [PMID: 35770625 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202200091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the field of biology, dark field microscopy provides superior insight into cells and subcellular structures. However, most dark field microscopes are equipped with a dark field filter and a light source on a 2D-based specimen, so only a flat sample can be observed in a limited space. We propose a compact cell monitoring system with built-in dark field filter with an optimized incident angle of the light source to provide real-time cell imaging and spatial cell monitoring for long-term free from phototoxicity. 2D projection imaging was implemented using a modular condenser lens to acquire high-contrast images. This enabled the long-term monitoring of cells, and the real-time monitoring of cell division and death. This system was able to image, by 2D projection, cells on the surface thinly coated with multiwalled carbon nanotubes, as well as living cells that migrated along the surface of glass beads and hydrogel droplets with a diameter of about 160 μm. The optimal incident light angle-fitted dark field system combines high-contrast imaging sensitivity and high spatial resolution to even image cells on 3D surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeongseok Jang
- Department of Mechanical Design Engineering, College of Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Seungbeom Han
- Department of Mechanical Design Engineering, College of Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Chulgyu Song
- Division of Electronic Engineering, College of Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Jinmu Jung
- Department of Nano-Bio Mechanical System Engineering, College of Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Jonghyun Oh
- Department of Nano-Bio Mechanical System Engineering, College of Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
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14
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Chen FE, Trick AY, Hasnain AC, Hsieh K, Chen L, Shin DJ, Wang TH. Ratiometric PCR in a Portable Sample-to-Result Device for Broad-Based Pathogen Identification. Anal Chem 2022; 94:9372-9379. [PMID: 35730588 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based diagnostic testing is the gold standard method for pathogen identification (ID) with recent developments enabling automated PCR tests for point-of-care (POC) use. However, multiplexed identification of several pathogens in PCR assays typically requires optics for an equivalent number of fluorescence channels, increasing instrumentation's complexity and cost. In this study, we first developed ratiometric PCR that surpassed one target per color barrier to allow multiplexed identification while minimizing optical components for affordable POC use. We realized it by amplifying pathogenic targets with fluorescently labeled hydrolysis probes with a specific ratio of red-to-green fluorophores for each bacterial species. We then coupled ratiometric PCR and automated magnetic beads-based sample preparation within a thermoplastic cartridge and a portable droplet magnetofluidic platform. We named the integrated workflow POC-ratioPCR. We demonstrated that the POC-ratioPCR could detect one out of six bacterial targets related to urinary tract infections (UTIs) in a single reaction using only two-color channels. We further evaluated POC-ratioPCR using mock bacterial urine samples spiked with good agreement. The POC-ratioPCR presents a simple and effective method for enabling broad-based POC PCR identification of pathogens directly from crude biosamples with low optical instrumentation complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-En Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Alexander Y Trick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Alexander C Hasnain
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Kuangwen Hsieh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Liben Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Dong Jin Shin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Tza-Huei Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States.,Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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15
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Trick AY, Chen F, Chen L, Lee P, Hasnain AC, Mostafa HH, Carroll KC, Wang T. Point-of-Care Platform for Rapid Multiplexed Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Respiratory Pathogens. ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES 2022; 7:2101013. [PMID: 35441089 PMCID: PMC9011450 DOI: 10.1002/admt.202101013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The rise of highly transmissible SARS-CoV-2 variants brings new challenges and concerns with vaccine efficacy, diagnostic sensitivity, and public health responses to end the pandemic. Widespread detection of variants is critical to inform policy decisions to mitigate further spread, and postpandemic multiplexed screening of respiratory viruses will be necessary to properly manage patients presenting with similar respiratory symptoms. In this work, a portable, magnetofluidic cartridge platform for automated polymerase chain reaction testing in <30 min is developed. Cartridges are designed for multiplexed detection of SARS-CoV-2 with either identification of variant mutations or screening for Influenza A and B. Moreover, the platform can perform identification of B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants and the multiplexed SARS-CoV-2/Influenza assay using archived clinical nasopharyngeal swab eluates and saliva samples. This work illustrates a path toward affordable and immediate testing with potential to aid surveillance of viral variants and inform patient treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Y. Trick
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMD21218USA
| | - Fan‐En Chen
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMD21218USA
| | - Liben Chen
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMD21218USA
| | - Pei‐Wei Lee
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMD21218USA
| | | | - Heba H. Mostafa
- Division of Medical MicrobiologyDepartment of PathologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21205USA
| | - Karen C. Carroll
- Division of Medical MicrobiologyDepartment of PathologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21205USA
| | - Tza‐Huei Wang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMD21218USA
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMD21218USA
- Institute for NanoBiotechnologyJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMD21218USA
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16
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Huang S, Wu J, Dai H, Gao R, Lin H, Zhang D, Ge S. Development of amplification system for point-of-care test of nucleic acid. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2022; 25:961-970. [PMID: 35620897 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2021.1914022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acid testing (NAT) has been widely used in many fields such as medical diagnosis, food safety testing and forensic identification. However, it can only be carried out in professional laboratory because the test process is complicated and rigorous. In this paper, a nucleic acid amplification system based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed to meet the requirements of point-of-care testing (POCT) for nucleic acids. Firstly, the mechanical structure and electronic control system were designed and constructed. Secondly, an integral separation PID algorithm for temperature control and an intelligent temperature compensation method based on support vector regression (SVR) were proposed. Finally, temperature measurement and biological experiments were performed to prove the stability and availability of the nucleic acid amplification system. The results showed that the system achieved a rapid temperature change velocity of 4.5 °C/s, and the steady-state error was within ± 0.5 °C. The nucleic acids in samples of different concentrations were well amplified, the system can be used for quantitative detection of nucleic acid with the help of a fluorescence detection system, and has higher sensitivity than Tianlong PCR instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolei Huang
- School of Public, Health Xiamen University, Fujian, China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Fujian, China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Fujian, China
| | - Jiageng Wu
- School of Public, Health Xiamen University, Fujian, China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Fujian, China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Fujian, China
| | - Haozheng Dai
- School of Public, Health Xiamen University, Fujian, China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Fujian, China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Fujian, China
| | - Runxin Gao
- School of Public, Health Xiamen University, Fujian, China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Fujian, China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Fujian, China
| | - Hongyu Lin
- School of Public, Health Xiamen University, Fujian, China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Fujian, China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Fujian, China
| | - Dongxu Zhang
- School of Public, Health Xiamen University, Fujian, China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Fujian, China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Fujian, China
| | - Shengxiang Ge
- School of Public, Health Xiamen University, Fujian, China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Fujian, China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Fujian, China
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17
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Lee PW, Totten M, Chen L, Chen FE, Trick AY, Shah K, Ngo HT, Jin M, Hsieh K, Zhang SX, Wang TH. A Portable Droplet Magnetofluidic Device for Point-of-Care Detection of Multidrug-Resistant Candida auris. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:826694. [PMID: 35425764 PMCID: PMC9003015 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.826694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida auris is an emerging multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen that can cause severe and deadly infections. To date, C. auris has spurred outbreaks in healthcare settings in thirty-three countries across five continents. To control and potentially prevent its spread, there is an urgent need for point-of-care (POC) diagnostics that can rapidly screen patients, close patient contacts, and surveil environmental sources. Droplet magnetofluidics (DM), which leverages nucleic acid-binding magnetic beads for realizing POC-amenable nucleic acid detection platforms, offers a promising solution. Herein, we report the first DM device—coined POC.auris—for POC detection of C. auris. As part of POC.auris, we have incorporated a handheld cell lysis module that lyses C. auris cells with 2 min hands-on time. Subsequently, within the palm-sized and automated DM device, C. auris and control DNA are magnetically extracted and purified by a motorized magnetic arm and finally amplified via a duplex real-time quantitative PCR assay by a miniaturized rapid PCR module and a miniaturized fluorescence detector—all in ≤30 min. For demonstration, we use POC.auris to detect C. auris isolates from 3 major clades, with no cross reactivity against other Candida species and a limit of detection of ∼300 colony forming units per mL. Taken together, POC.auris presents a potentially useful tool for combating C. auris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Wei Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Marissa Totten
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Liben Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Fan-En Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alexander Y. Trick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kushagra Shah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Hoan Thanh Ngo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mei Jin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kuangwen Hsieh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Kuangwen Hsieh, ; Sean X. Zhang, ; Tza-Huei Wang,
| | - Sean X. Zhang
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Kuangwen Hsieh, ; Sean X. Zhang, ; Tza-Huei Wang,
| | - Tza-Huei Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Institute of NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Kuangwen Hsieh, ; Sean X. Zhang, ; Tza-Huei Wang,
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18
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Trick AY, Ngo HT, Nambiar AH, Morakis MM, Chen FE, Chen L, Hsieh K, Wang TH. Filtration-assisted magnetofluidic cartridge platform for HIV RNA detection from blood. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:945-953. [PMID: 35088790 PMCID: PMC9035341 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00820j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The ability to detect and quantify HIV RNA in blood is essential to sensitive detection of infections and monitoring viremia throughout treatment. Current options for point-of-care HIV diagnosis (i.e. lateral flow rapid tests) lack sensitivity for early detection and are unable to quantify viral load. HIV RNA diagnostics typically require extensive pre-processing of blood to isolate plasma and extract nucleic acids, in addition to expensive equipment for conducting nucleic acid amplification and fluorescence detection. Therefore, molecular HIV diagnostics is still mainly limited to clinical laboratories and there is an unmet need for high sensitivity point-of-care screening and at-home HIV viral load quantification. In this work, we outline a streamlined workflow for extraction of plasma from whole blood coupled with HIV RNA extraction and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in a portable magnetofluidic cartridge platform for use at the point-of-care. Viral particles were isolated from blood using manual filtration through a 3D-printed filter module in seconds followed by automated nucleic acid capture, purification, and transfer to qPCR using magnetic beads. Both nucleic acid extraction and qPCR were integrated within cartridges using compact instrumentation consisting of a motorized magnet arm, miniaturized thermocycler, and image-based fluorescence detection. We demonstrated detection down to 1000 copies of HIV viral particles from whole blood in <30 minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Y Trick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Hoan Thanh Ngo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Anju H Nambiar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Marisa M Morakis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Fan-En Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Liben Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Kuangwen Hsieh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Tza-Huei Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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19
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Boegner DJ, Everitt ML, White IM. Thermally Responsive Alkane Partitions for Assay Automation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:8865-8875. [PMID: 35147027 PMCID: PMC10044609 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
For point-of-care diagnostic tools to be impactful, they must be inexpensive, equipment-free, and sample-to-answer (i.e., require no user intervention). Here, we report a new approach to enable sample-to-answer diagnostics that utilizes thermally responsive alkane partitions (TRAPs) as automated pseudo-valves. When combined with the magnetic manipulation of microbeads, TRAPs enable the pumpless automation of all steps in complex assays. We demonstrate that in relatively narrow channel geometries, liquified alkane partitions continue to separate reagents on each side of the partition while enabling the transition of magnetic beads from one reagent to the next, replacing manual pipetting steps in conventional assays. In addition, we show that in relatively broader geometries, liquified partitions breach, enabling the addition/mixing of preloaded reagents. Through calculation and experimentation, we determine the geometric design rules for implementing the stationary and removable partitions in fluidic channels. In addition, we demonstrate that magnetic microbeads can be pulled through liquified stationary TRAPs without disrupting partition integrity and without disrupting bound protein complexes attached at the microbead surface. The TRAP technology introduced here can enable a new low-cost and equipment-free approach for fully automated sample-to-answer diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Boegner
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Micaela L Everitt
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Ian M White
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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20
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Hsieh K, Melendez JH, Gaydos CA, Wang TH. Bridging the gap between development of point-of-care nucleic acid testing and patient care for sexually transmitted infections. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:476-511. [PMID: 35048928 PMCID: PMC9035340 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00665g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The incidence rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including the four major curable STIs - chlamydia, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis and, syphilis - continue to increase globally, causing medical cost burden and morbidity especially in low and middle-income countries (LMIC). There have seen significant advances in diagnostic testing, but commercial antigen-based point-of-care tests (POCTs) are often insufficiently sensitive and specific, while near-point-of-care (POC) instruments that can perform sensitive and specific nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) are technically complex and expensive, especially for LMIC. Thus, there remains a critical need for NAAT-based STI POCTs that can improve diagnosis and curb the ongoing epidemic. Unfortunately, the development of such POCTs has been challenging due to the gap between researchers developing new technologies and healthcare providers using these technologies. This review aims to bridge this gap. We first present a short introduction of the four major STIs, followed by a discussion on the current landscape of commercial near-POC instruments for the detection of these STIs. We present relevant research toward addressing the gaps in developing NAAT-based STI POCT technologies and supplement this discussion with technologies for HIV and other infectious diseases, which may be adapted for STIs. Additionally, as case studies, we highlight the developmental trajectory of two different POCT technologies, including one approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Finally, we offer our perspectives on future development of NAAT-based STI POCT technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuangwen Hsieh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Johan H Melendez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Charlotte A Gaydos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Tza-Huei Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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21
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Abstract
When left untreated, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections may cause severe illnesses. Since these infections remain asymptomatic for many years, routine screening of populations at risk is critical for therapy initiation. The current standard of care mandates a screening antibody test for HCV, followed by a confirmatory laboratory-based molecular test and treatment. Multiple visits to the clinic are inconvenient, and many patients fail to follow up. To address this challenge, we have developed sensitive, two-stage, isothermal molecular (Penn-RAMP) point-of-care tests to enable test and treat strategy. Penn-RAMP's first stage is comprised of recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), while its second stage is comprised of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). Penn-RAMP is more sensitive than LAMP or RPA alone. We designed a custom pre-LAMP buffer to maximize the volume of RPA products that can be added to the LAMP reaction mix without inhibition and forward and backward primers. Penn-RAMP was implemented in a single pot comprised of two compartments separated by a thermally removable barrier. RAMP's first stage is carried out above the barrier at the RPA incubation temperature. When the pot is heated to the LAMP incubation temperature, the barrier melts away, and the RPA reaction volume mixes with the pre-LAMP buffer, facilitating second-stage amplification. This entire process can be carried out with minimal instrumentation. Our HBV and HCV tests detect, respectively, as few as 10 and 25 virions within 30 min. The viral load can be estimated based on signal threshold time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngung Seok
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Qingtian Yin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Huiwen Bai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Haim H. Bau
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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22
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Amirifar L, Besanjideh M, Nasiri R, Shamloo A, Nasrollahi F, de Barros NR, Davoodi E, Erdem A, Mahmoodi M, Hosseini V, Montazerian H, Jahangiry J, Darabi MA, Haghniaz R, Dokmeci MR, Annabi N, Ahadian S, Khademhosseini A. Droplet-based microfluidics in biomedical applications. Biofabrication 2021; 14. [PMID: 34781274 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac39a9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Droplet-based microfluidic systems have been employed to manipulate discrete fluid volumes with immiscible phases. Creating the fluid droplets at microscale has led to a paradigm shift in mixing, sorting, encapsulation, sensing, and designing high throughput devices for biomedical applications. Droplet microfluidics has opened many opportunities in microparticle synthesis, molecular detection, diagnostics, drug delivery, and cell biology. In the present review, we first introduce standard methods for droplet generation (i.e., passive and active methods) and discuss the latest examples of emulsification and particle synthesis approaches enabled by microfluidic platforms. Then, the applications of droplet-based microfluidics in different biomedical applications are detailed. Finally, a general overview of the latest trends along with the perspectives and future potentials in the field are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Amirifar
- Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Tehran, 11365-11155, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Mohsen Besanjideh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Tehran, 11365-11155, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Rohollah Nasiri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Tehran, 11365-11155, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Amir Shamloo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Tehran, 11365-11155, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | | | - Natan Roberto de Barros
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90024, UNITED STATES
| | - Elham Davoodi
- Bioengineering, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095, UNITED STATES
| | - Ahmet Erdem
- Bioengineering, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095, UNITED STATES
| | | | - Vahid Hosseini
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90024, UNITED STATES
| | - Hossein Montazerian
- Bioengineering, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095, UNITED STATES
| | - Jamileh Jahangiry
- University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095, UNITED STATES
| | | | - Reihaneh Haghniaz
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90024, UNITED STATES
| | - Mehmet R Dokmeci
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90024, UNITED STATES
| | - Nasim Annabi
- Chemical Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, UNITED STATES
| | - Samad Ahadian
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90024, UNITED STATES
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90024, UNITED STATES
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23
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Chen FE, Lee PW, Trick AY, Park JS, Chen L, Shah K, Mostafa H, Carroll KC, Hsieh K, Wang TH. Point-of-care CRISPR-Cas-assisted SARS-CoV-2 detection in an automated and portable droplet magnetofluidic device. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 190:113390. [PMID: 34171821 PMCID: PMC8170879 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In the fight against COVID-19, there remains an unmet need for point-of-care (POC) diagnostic testing tools that can rapidly and sensitively detect the causative SARS-CoV-2 virus to control disease transmission and improve patient management. Emerging CRISPR-Cas-assisted SARS-CoV-2 detection assays are viewed as transformative solutions for POC diagnostic testing, but their lack of streamlined sample preparation and full integration within an automated and portable device hamper their potential for POC use. We report herein POC-CRISPR - a single-step CRISPR-Cas-assisted assay that incoporates sample preparation with minimal manual operation via facile magnetic-based nucleic acid concentration and transport. Moreover, POC-CRISPR has been adapted into a compact thermoplastic cartridge within a palm-sized yet fully-integrated and automated device. During analytical evaluation, POC-CRISPR was able detect 1 genome equivalent/μL SARS-CoV-2 RNA from a sample volume of 100 μL in < 30 min. When evaluated with 27 unprocessed clinical nasopharyngeal swab eluates that were pre-typed by standard RT-qPCR (Cq values ranged from 18.3 to 30.2 for the positive samples), POC-CRISPR achieved 27 out of 27 concordance and could detect positive samples with high SARS-CoV-2 loads (Cq < 25) in 20 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-En Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Pei-Wei Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Alexander Y Trick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Joon Soo Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Liben Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Kushagra Shah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Heba Mostafa
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Karen C Carroll
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Kuangwen Hsieh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
| | - Tza-Huei Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA; Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
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24
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Chen L, Wen K, Chen FE, Trick AY, Liu H, Shao S, Yu W, Hsieh K, Wang Z, Shen J, Wang TH. Portable Magnetofluidic Device for Point-of-Need Detection of African Swine Fever. Anal Chem 2021; 93:10940-10946. [PMID: 34319068 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
With a nearly 100% mortality rate, African swine fever (ASF) has devastated the pork industry in many countries. Without a vaccine in sight, mitigation rests on rapid diagnosis and immediately depopulating infected or exposed animals. Unfortunately, current tests require centralized laboratories with well-trained personnel, take days to report the results, and thus do not meet the need for such rapid diagnosis. In response, we developed a portable, sample-to-answer device that allows for ASF detection at the point of need in <30 min. The device employs droplet magnetofluidics to automate DNA purification from blood, tissue, or swab samples and utilizes fast thermal cycling to perform real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), all within an inexpensive disposable cartridge. We evaluated its diagnostic performance at six farms and slaughter facilities. The device exhibits high diagnostic accuracy with a positive percent agreement of 92.2% and a negative percent agreement of 93.6% compared with a lab-based reference qPCR test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liben Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Kai Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fan-En Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Alexander Y Trick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Hebin Liu
- Beijing Mingrida Science & Technology Development Co., Ltd., Beijing 100095, China
| | - Shibei Shao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenbo Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kuangwen Hsieh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tza-Huei Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States.,Institute for NanoBiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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25
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Trick AY, Melendez JH, Chen FE, Chen L, Onzia A, Zawedde A, Nakku-Joloba E, Kyambadde P, Mande E, Matovu J, Atuheirwe M, Kwizera R, Gilliams EA, Hsieh YH, Gaydos CA, Manabe YC, Hamill MM, Wang TH. A portable magnetofluidic platform for detecting sexually transmitted infections and antimicrobial susceptibility. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/593/eabf6356. [PMID: 33980576 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abf6356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Effective treatment of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is limited by diagnostics that cannot deliver results rapidly while the patient is still in the clinic. The gold standard methods for identification of STIs are nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), which are too expensive for widespread use and have lengthy turnaround times. To address the need for fast and affordable diagnostics, we have developed a portable, rapid, on-cartridge magnetofluidic purification and testing (PROMPT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. We show that it can detect Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the pathogen causing gonorrhea, with simultaneous genotyping of the pathogen for resistance to the antimicrobial drug ciprofloxacin in <15 min. The duplex test was integrated into a low-cost thermoplastic cartridge with automated processing of penile swab samples from patients using magnetic beads. A compact instrument conducted DNA extraction, PCR, and analysis of results while relaying data to the user via a smartphone app. This platform was tested on penile swab samples from sexual health clinics in Baltimore, MD, USA (n = 66) and Kampala, Uganda (n = 151) with an overall sensitivity and specificity of 97.7% (95% CI, 94.7 to 100%) and 97.6% (95% CI, 94.1 to 100%), respectively, for N. gonorrhoeae detection and 100% concordance with culture results for ciprofloxacin resistance. This study paves the way for delivering accessible PCR diagnostics for rapidly detecting STIs at the point of care, helping to guide treatment decisions and combat the rise of antimicrobial resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Y Trick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Johan H Melendez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Fan-En Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Liben Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Annet Onzia
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Aidah Zawedde
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Peter Kyambadde
- AIDS Control Program, Division of Sexually Transmitted Infections, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Emmanuel Mande
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joshua Matovu
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Maxine Atuheirwe
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Richard Kwizera
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Elizabeth A Gilliams
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Sexual Health Clinics, Baltimore City Health Department, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yu-Hsiang Hsieh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Charlotte A Gaydos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yukari C Manabe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Matthew M Hamill
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Sexual Health Clinics, Baltimore City Health Department, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Tza-Huei Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA. .,Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.,Institute for NanoBiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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26
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Cheng H, Liu H, Li W, Li M. Recent advances in magnetic digital microfluidic platforms. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:2329-2346. [PMID: 34196022 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic Digital microfluidics (DMF), which enables the manipulation of droplets containing different types of samples and reagents by permanent magnets or electromagnet arrays, has been used as a promising platform technology for bioanalytical and preparative assays. This is due to its unique advantages such as simple and "power free" operation, easy assembly, great compatibility with auto control systems, and dual functionality of magnetic particles (actuation and target attachment). Over the past decades, magnetic DMF technique has gained a widespread attention in many fields such as sample-to-answer molecular diagnostics, immunoassays, cell assays, on-demand chemical synthesis, and single-cell manipulation. In the first part of this review, we summarised features of magnetic DMF. Then, we introduced the actuation mechanisms and fabrication of magnetic DMF. Furthermore, we discussed five main applications of magnetic DMF, namely drug screening, protein assays, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), cell manipulation, and chemical analysis and synthesis. In the last part of the review, current challenges and limitations with magnetic DMF technique were discussed, such as biocompatibility, automation of microdroplet control systems, and microdroplet evaporation, with an eye on towards future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cheng
- Laboratoire de Thermique et Energie de Nantes (LTEN), UMR CNRS 6607, Polytech' Nantes-Université de Nantes, Nantes Cedex 03, France.,School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Hangrui Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Weihua Li
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Ming Li
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Biomolecular Discovery Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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27
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Trick AY, Chen FE, Chen L, Lee PW, Hasnain AC, Mostafa HH, Carroll KC, Wang TH. Magnetofluidic platform for rapid multiplexed screening of SARS-CoV-2 variants and respiratory pathogens. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2021.05.10.21256995. [PMID: 34013284 PMCID: PMC8132258 DOI: 10.1101/2021.05.10.21256995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The rise of highly transmissible SARS-CoV-2 variants brings new challenges and concerns with vaccine efficacy, diagnostic sensitivity, and public health responses in the fight to end the pandemic. Widespread detection of variant strains will be critical to inform policy decisions to mitigate further spread, and post-pandemic multiplexed screening of respiratory viruses will be necessary to properly manage patients presenting with similar respiratory symptoms. In this work, we have developed a portable, magnetofluidic cartridge platform for automated PCR testing in <30 min. Cartridges were designed for multiplexed detection of SARS-CoV-2 with either distinctive variant mutations or with Influenza A and B. The platform demonstrated a limit of detection down to 2 copies/µL SARS-CoV-2 RNA with successful identification of B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants. The multiplexed SARS-CoV-2/Flu assay was validated using archived clinical nasopharyngeal swab eluates ( n = 116) with an overall sensitivity/specificity of 98.1%/95.2%, 85.7%/100%, 100%/98.2%, respectively, for SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A, and Influenza B. Further testing with saliva ( n = 14) demonstrated successful detection of all SARS-CoV-2 positive samples with no false-positives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Y Trick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Fan-En Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Liben Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Pei-Wei Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Alexander C Hasnain
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Heba H Mostafa
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Karen C Carroll
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Tza-Huei Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Institute for NanoBiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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28
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Wang C, Liu M, Wang Z, Li S, Deng Y, He N. Point-of-care diagnostics for infectious diseases: From methods to devices. NANO TODAY 2021; 37:101092. [PMID: 33584847 PMCID: PMC7864790 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2021.101092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The current widespread of COVID-19 all over the world, which is caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus, has again emphasized the importance of development of point-of-care (POC) diagnostics for timely prevention and control of the pandemic. Compared with labor- and time-consuming traditional diagnostic methods, POC diagnostics exhibit several advantages such as faster diagnostic speed, better sensitivity and specificity, lower cost, higher efficiency and ability of on-site detection. To achieve POC diagnostics, developing POC detection methods and correlated POC devices is the key and should be given top priority. The fast development of microfluidics, micro electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technology, nanotechnology and materials science, have benefited the production of a series of portable, miniaturized, low cost and highly integrated POC devices for POC diagnostics of various infectious diseases. In this review, various POC detection methods for the diagnosis of infectious diseases, including electrochemical biosensors, fluorescence biosensors, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based biosensors, colorimetric biosensors, chemiluminiscence biosensors, surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based biosensors, and magnetic biosensors, were first summarized. Then, recent progresses in the development of POC devices including lab-on-a-chip (LOC) devices, lab-on-a-disc (LOAD) devices, microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs), lateral flow devices, miniaturized PCR devices, and isothermal nucleic acid amplification (INAA) devices, were systematically discussed. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives for the design and development of POC detection methods and correlated devices were presented. The ultimate goal of this review is to provide new insights and directions for the future development of POC diagnostics for the management of infectious diseases and contribute to the prevention and control of infectious pandemics like COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Mei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
| | - Zhifei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
| | - Song Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, PR China
| | - Yan Deng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, PR China
| | - Nongyue He
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, PR China
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29
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Shu B, Lin L, Wu B, Huang E, Wang Y, Li Z, He H, Lei X, Xu B, Liu D. A pocket-sized device automates multiplexed point-of-care RNA testing for rapid screening of infectious pathogens. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 181:113145. [PMID: 33752027 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Rapid screening of infectious pathogens at the point-of-care (POC) is ideally low-cost, portable, easy to use, and capable of multiplex detection with high sensitivity. However, satisfying all these features in a single device without compromise remains a challenging task. Here, we introduce an ultraportable, automated RNA amplification testing device that allows rapid screening of infectious pathogens from clinical samples. In this device, 3D-printed structural parts incorporated with off-the-shelf mechanic/electronic components are utilized to create an inexpensive and automated droplet manipulation platform. On this platform, a simple configuration that couples a linear displacement of the chip with a tunable magnet array allows parallel and versatile droplet operations, including mixing, splitting, transporting, and merging. By exploiting a multi-channel droplet array chip to preload necessary reagents in "water-in-oil" format, bacteria lysis, RNA extraction and amplification are seamlessly integrated and implemented by the combination of droplet operations. Furthermore, visual readout and geometrically-multiplexed quantitative detection are provided by an integrated wireless video camera-enabled wide-field fluorescence imaging. We demonstrated that this droplet-based device could have a shorter RNA extraction time (12 min) and lower detection limits for pathogenic RNA (approaching to 102 copies per reaction). We also verified its clinical applicability for the rapid screening of four sexually transmitted pathogens from urine specimens. Results show that the sample-to-answer assay could be completed in approximately 42 min, with 100% concordance with the laboratory-based molecular testing. The exhibiting features may render this microdevice an easily accessible POC molecular diagnostic platform for infectious disease, especially in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Shu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, China; Clinical Molecular Medicine and Molecular Diagnosis Key Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510180, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Microfluidic Chip Medical Diagnosis, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - Ling Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, China; Clinical Molecular Medicine and Molecular Diagnosis Key Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510180, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Microfluidic Chip Medical Diagnosis, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - Enqi Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, China; Clinical Molecular Medicine and Molecular Diagnosis Key Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510180, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Microfluidic Chip Medical Diagnosis, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - Zhujun Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - Haoyan He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - Xiuxia Lei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, China; Clinical Molecular Medicine and Molecular Diagnosis Key Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - Banglao Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510180, China; Clinical Molecular Medicine and Molecular Diagnosis Key Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510180, China.
| | - Dayu Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510180, China; Clinical Molecular Medicine and Molecular Diagnosis Key Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510180, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Microfluidic Chip Medical Diagnosis, Guangzhou, 510180, China.
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30
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Park JS, Pisanic T, Zhang Y, Wang TH. Ligation-Enabled Fluorescence-Coding PCR for High-Dimensional Fluorescence-Based Nucleic Acid Detection. Anal Chem 2021; 93:2351-2358. [PMID: 33427441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is by far the most commonly used method of nucleic acid amplification and has likewise been employed for a plethora of diagnostic purposes. Nonetheless, multiplexed PCR-based detection schemes have hitherto been largely limited by technical challenges associated with nonspecific interactions and other limitations inherent to traditional fluorescence-based assays. Here, we describe a novel strategy for multiplexed PCR-based analysis called Ligation-eNabled fluorescence-Coding PCR (LiNC PCR) that exponentially enhances the multiplexing capability of standard fluorescence-based PCR assays. The technique relies upon a simple, preliminary ligation reaction in which target DNA sequences are converted to PCR template molecules with distinct endpoint fluorescence signatures. Universal TaqMan probes are used to create target-specific multicolor fluorescence signals that can be readily decoded to identify amplified targets of interest. We demonstrate the LiNC PCR technique by implementing a two-color-based assay for detection of 10 ovarian cancer epigenetic biomarkers at analytical sensitivities as low as 60 template molecules with no detectable target cross-talk. Overall, LiNC PCR provides a simple and inexpensive method for achieving high-dimensional multiplexing that can be implemented in manifold molecular diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Soo Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Thomas Pisanic
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Tza-Huei Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States.,Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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31
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Gaddes DE, Lee PW, Trick AY, Athamanolap P, O'Keefe CM, Puleo C, Hsieh K, Wang TH. Facile Coupling of Droplet Magnetofluidic-Enabled Automated Sample Preparation for Digital Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing and Analysis. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13254-13261. [PMID: 32869628 PMCID: PMC8549765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Digital nucleic acid amplification testing (dNAAT) and analysis techniques, such as digital polymerase chain reaction (PCR), have become useful clinical diagnostic tools. However, nucleic acid (NA) sample preparation preceding dNAAT is generally laborious and performed manually, thus creating the need for a simple sample preparation technique and a facile coupling strategy for dNAAT. Therefore, we demonstrate a simple workflow which automates magnetic bead-based extraction of NAs with a one-step transfer to dNAAT. Specifically, we leverage droplet magnetofluidics (DM) to automate the movement of magnetic beads between small volumes of reagents commonly employed for NA extraction and purification. Importantly, the buffer typically used to elute the NAs off the magnetic beads is replaced by a carefully selected PCR solution, enabling direct transfer from sample preparation to dNAAT. Moreover, we demonstrate the potential for multiplexing using a digital high-resolution melt (dHRM) after the digital PCR (dPCR). The utility of this workflow is demonstrated with duplexed detection of bacteria in a sample imitating a coinfection. We first purify the bacterial DNA into a PCR solution using our DM-based sample preparation. We then transfer the purified bacterial DNA to our microfluidic nanoarray to amplify 16S rRNA using dPCR and then perform dHRM to identify the two bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Gaddes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Pei-Wei Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Alexander Y Trick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Pornpat Athamanolap
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Nakorn Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Christine M O'Keefe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Chris Puleo
- Electronics Organization, GE Global Research Center, Niskayuna, New York 12309, United States
| | - Kuangwen Hsieh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Tza-Huei Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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32
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Qin Z, Peng R, Baravik IK, Liu X. Fighting COVID-19: Integrated Micro- and Nanosystems for Viral Infection Diagnostics. MATTER 2020; 3:628-651. [PMID: 32838297 PMCID: PMC7346839 DOI: 10.1016/j.matt.2020.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) highlights the importance of rapid and sensitive diagnostics of viral infection that enables the efficient tracing of cases and the implementation of public health measures for disease containment. The immediate actions from both academia and industry have led to the development of many COVID-19 diagnostic systems that have secured fast-track regulatory approvals and have been serving our healthcare frontlines since the early stage of the pandemic. On diagnostic technologies, many of these clinically validated systems have significantly benefited from the recent advances in micro- and nanotechnologies in terms of platform design, analytical method, and system integration and miniaturization. The continued development of new diagnostic platforms integrating micro- and nanocomponents will address some of the shortcomings we have witnessed in the existing COVID-19 diagnostic systems. This Perspective reviews the previous and ongoing research efforts on developing integrated micro- and nanosystems for nucleic acid-based virus detection, and highlights promising technologies that could provide better solutions for the diagnosis of COVID-19 and other viral infectious diseases. With the summary and outlook of this rapidly evolving research field, we hope to inspire more research and development activities to better prepare our society for future public health crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Qin
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Ran Peng
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Ilina Kolker Baravik
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
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33
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Zhu H, Zhang H, Ni S, Korabečná M, Yobas L, Neuzil P. The vision of point-of-care PCR tests for the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. Trends Analyt Chem 2020; 130:115984. [PMID: 32834243 PMCID: PMC7369599 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases, such as the most recent case of coronavirus disease 2019, have brought the prospect of point-of-care (POC) diagnostic tests into the spotlight. A rapid, accurate, low-cost, and easy-to-use test in the field could stop epidemics before they develop into full-blown pandemics. Unfortunately, despite all the advances, it still does not exist. Here, we critically review the limited number of prototypes demonstrated to date that is based on a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and has come close to fulfill this vision. We summarize the requirements for the POC-PCR tests and then go on to discuss the PCR product-detection methods, the integration of their functional components, the potential applications, and other practical issues related to the implementation of lab-on-a-chip technologies. We conclude our review with a discussion of the latest findings on nucleic acid-based diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanliang Zhu
- Department of Microsystem Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072 Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Haoqing Zhang
- Department of Microsystem Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072 Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Sheng Ni
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, S.A.R., PR China
| | - Marie Korabečná
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Albertov 4, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Levent Yobas
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, S.A.R., PR China,Corresponding author
| | - Pavel Neuzil
- Department of Microsystem Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072 Shaanxi, PR China,CEITEC Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic,Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communications, Brno University of Technology, Technická 3058/10, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic,Corresponding author. Department of Microsystem Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072 Shaanxi, PR China
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34
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Point-of-care (POC) tests for Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Ng) are urgently needed to control the gonorrhea epidemic, so patients can receive immediate diagnoses and treatment. While the advent of nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) has improved the accuracy of Ng identification, very few POC assays are able to provide results of such tests at the clinical visit. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) presents a unique treatment challenge for Ng. AREAS COVERED This review notes that older POC tests have lower sensitivity for Ng, compared to the currently-available NAATs, and are not adequate for the current demand for high sensitivity. Promising newer assays, which can be used at the POC are covered. This review also includes data about clinicians' and patients' acceptability and expectations of POC tests for Ng, testing of extragenital specimens, pooling studies, as well as their impact clinically, and use in low-resource settings. EXPERT OPINION The ability to use POC tests to identify and immediately treat Ng infections at the patient encounter offers many benefits and opportunities. POC tests for Ng are currently available, but not widely used especially in low-resource settings. Further development of POC tests with AMR testing capacity is needed to help guide antimicrobial stewardship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A Gaydos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Johan H Melendez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Kanitthamniyom P, Zhou A, Feng S, Liu A, Vasoo S, Zhang Y. A 3D-printed modular magnetic digital microfluidic architecture for on-demand bioanalysis. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2020; 6:48. [PMID: 34567660 PMCID: PMC8433373 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-020-0152-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic digital microfluidics (MDM) manipulates fluids in the form of droplets on an open substrate, and incorporates surface energy traps (SETs) to facilitate the droplet manipulation. Conventional MDM devices are fabricated monolithically, which makes it difficult to modify the device configuration without completely overhauling the original design. In this paper, we present a modular MDM architecture that enables rapid on-demand configuration and re-configuration of MDM platforms for customized bioanalyses. Each modular component contains a SET and a Lego-like antistud that fits onto a base board with Lego-like studs. We illustrate the versatility of the modular MDM architecture in biomarker sensing, pathogen identification, antibiotic resistance determination, and biochemical quantification by demonstrating immunoassays, phenotypical assays and enzymatic assays on various modular MDM platforms configured on demand to accomplish the fluidic operations required by assorted bioanalytical assays. The modular MDM architecture promises great potential for point-of-care diagnostics by offering on-demand customization of testing platforms for various categories of diagnostic assays. It also provides a new avenue for microfluidic assay development with its high configurability which would significantly reduce the time and cost of the development cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pojchanun Kanitthamniyom
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aiwu Zhou
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shilun Feng
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aiqun Liu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shawn Vasoo
- National Center for Infectious Disease, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yi Zhang
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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Dong Q, Liu Q, Guo L, Li D, Shang X, Li B, Du Y. A signal-flexible gene diagnostic strategy coupling loop-mediated isothermal amplification with hybridization chain reaction. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1079:171-179. [PMID: 31387708 PMCID: PMC7094597 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent study proves that the combination of loop mediated isothermal nucleic acid amplification (LAMP) with one-step strand displacement (OSD) is of great help to improve the sequence specificity during genetic detection. However, because OSD is incapable of signal amplification, the signal-to-noise ratio or the observable signal change may be usually not significant enough to satisfy practical usage. With the purpose to overcome this challenge, herein a more advanced and practical sensing principle is developed with the OSD replaced by an amplifiable nucleic acid circuit, hybridization chain reaction (HCR). The very contagious norovirus (NoV) was employed as the model target. Compared with LAMP-OSD, the LAMP-HCR can detect as few as 30 copies of NoV gene in 2% fecal samples with significantly enlarged signal change and signal-to-background ratio. Therefore, more reliable detection is achieved. Moreover, due to the high compatibility of HCR, the final LAMP-HCR products can be flexibly transduced into different types of readouts, including fluorescence, flow cytometer (FCM) and even a personal glucose meter (PGM). This further enlarges the operating environments for the detection from hospital labs, bedsides, to potential off-the-shelf devices in local pharmacies. Especially when using FCM or PGM, with the assistance of magnetic beads (MBs), the detection shows even higher tolerance capability to complicated biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China; Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China
| | - Quanyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China; Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Lulu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China; Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China.
| | - Xudong Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China; Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Bingling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China; Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.
| | - Yan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China; Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.
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Shin DJ, Andini N, Hsieh K, Yang S, Wang TH. Emerging Analytical Techniques for Rapid Pathogen Identification and Susceptibility Testing. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2019; 12:41-67. [PMID: 30939033 PMCID: PMC7369001 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061318-115529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In the face of looming threats from multi-drug resistant microorganisms, there is a growing need for technologies that will enable rapid identification and drug susceptibility profiling of these pathogens in health care settings. In particular, recent progress in microfluidics and nucleic acid amplification is pushing the boundaries of timescale for diagnosing bacterial infections. With a diverse range of techniques and parallel developments in the field of analytical chemistry, an integrative perspective is needed to understand the significance of these developments. This review examines the scope of new developments in assay technologies grouped by key enabling domains of research. First, we examine recent development in nucleic acid amplification assays for rapid identification and drug susceptibility testing in bacterial infections. Next, we examine advances in microfluidics that facilitate acceleration of diagnostic assays via integration and scale. Lastly, recentdevelopments in biosensor technologies are reviewed. We conclude this review with perspectives on the use of emerging concepts to develop paradigm-changing assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Jin Shin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA;
| | - Nadya Andini
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA;
| | - Kuangwen Hsieh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA;
| | - Samuel Yang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA;
| | - Tza-Huei Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA;
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Zhang Y, Wang TH. Rapid generation of chemical combinations on a magnetic digital microfluidic array. RSC Adv 2019; 9:21741-21747. [PMID: 35518867 PMCID: PMC9066432 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03469b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Combinatorial screening is frequently used to identify chemicals with synergistic effects by measuring the response of biological entities exposed to various chemical-dose combinations. Conventional microwell-based combinatorial screening is resource-demanding, and the closed microfluidics-based screening requires sophisticated fluidic control systems. In this work, we present a novel combinatorial screening platform based on the surface energy trap (SET)-assisted magnetic digital microfluidics. This platform, known as FlipDrop, rapidly generates chemical combinations by coupling two droplet arrays with orthogonal chemical concentration gradients with a simple flip. We have illustrated the working principle of FlipDrop by generating combinations of quantum dots. We have also successfully demonstrated the screening of quantum dot fluorescence resonance energy transfer (QD-FRET) on the FlipDrop platform by measuring the FRET response. This report demonstrates that FlipDrop is capable of rapidly generating chemical combinations with unprecedented ease for combinatorial screening. FlipDrop is a combinatorial screening platform. It enables rapid generation of chemical combinations by flipping and coupling two droplet arrays generated by surface energy traps on the magnetic digital microfluidic platform.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798
| | - Tza-Huei Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Johns Hopkins University
- Baltimore
- USA
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Chiriacò MS, Bianco M, Nigro A, Primiceri E, Ferrara F, Romano A, Quattrini A, Furlan R, Arima V, Maruccio G. Lab-on-Chip for Exosomes and Microvesicles Detection and Characterization. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E3175. [PMID: 30241303 PMCID: PMC6210978 DOI: 10.3390/s18103175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interest in extracellular vesicles and in particular microvesicles and exosomes, which are constitutively produced by cells, is on the rise for their huge potential as biomarkers in a high number of disorders and pathologies as they are considered as carriers of information among cells, as well as being responsible for the spreading of diseases. Current methods of analysis of microvesicles and exosomes do not fulfill the requirements for their in-depth investigation and the complete exploitation of their diagnostic and prognostic value. Lab-on-chip methods have the potential and capabilities to bridge this gap and the technology is mature enough to provide all the necessary steps for a completely automated analysis of extracellular vesicles in body fluids. In this paper we provide an overview of the biological role of extracellular vesicles, standard biochemical methods of analysis and their limits, and a survey of lab-on-chip methods that are able to meet the needs of a deeper exploitation of these biological entities to drive their use in common clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monica Bianco
- CNR NANOTEC Institute of Nanotechnology, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Annamaria Nigro
- Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| | | | - Francesco Ferrara
- CNR NANOTEC Institute of Nanotechnology, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
- STMicroelectronics, Via Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Romano
- Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| | - Angelo Quattrini
- Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| | - Roberto Furlan
- Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| | - Valentina Arima
- CNR NANOTEC Institute of Nanotechnology, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Maruccio
- CNR NANOTEC Institute of Nanotechnology, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Salento, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
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Xianyu Y, Wang Q, Chen Y. Magnetic particles-enabled biosensors for point-of-care testing. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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