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Lu Y, Xie XN, Xin QQ, Yuan R, Miao Y, Cong WH, Chen KJ. Advance on Chinese Medicine for Hypertensive Renal Damage: Focus on the Complex Molecular Mechanisms. Chin J Integr Med 2024:10.1007/s11655-024-3662-3. [PMID: 38958884 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-024-3662-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Hypertensive renal damage (HRD) is a major cause of end-stage renal disease. Among the causes of end-stage renal disease, HRD accounts for nearly 34% of the total number of cases. Antihypertensive treatment is primarily drug-based, but therapeutic efficacy is less effective and can have serious side effects. Chinese medicine (CM) has significant advantages in the treatment of HRD. CM is rich in various active ingredients and has the property of targeting multiple targets and channels. Therefore, the regulatory network of CM on disease is complex. A large number of CM have been employed to treat HRD, either as single applications or as part of compound formulations. The key possible mechanisms of CM for HRD include regulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, antioxidation, anti-inflammation, rescue of endothelial function, regulation of vasoactive substance secretion and obesity-related factors, etc. This review summarized and discussed the recent advance in the basic research mechanisms of CM interventions for HRD and pointed out the challenges and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Xue-Na Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Qi-Qi Xin
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Rong Yuan
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Yu Miao
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Wei-Hong Cong
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Beijing, 100091, China.
| | - Ke-Ji Chen
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Beijing, 100091, China
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Tang YW, Jiang MY, Cao JW, Wan F. Triptolide decreases podocytes permeability by regulating TET2-mediated hydroxymethylation of ZO-1. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2024; 249:10051. [PMID: 38881848 PMCID: PMC11176508 DOI: 10.3389/ebm.2024.10051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Podocyte injury or dysfunction can lead to proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis. Zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1) is a tight junction protein which connects slit diaphragm (SD) proteins to the actin cytoskeleton. Previous studies have shown that the expression of ZO-1 is decreased in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Thus, elucidation of the regulation mechanism of ZO-1 has considerable clinical importance. Triptolide (TP) has been reported to exert a strong antiproteinuric effect by inhibiting podocyte epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and inflammatory response. However, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. We found that TP upregulates ZO-1 expression and increases the fluorescence intensity of ZO-1 in a puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN)-induced podocyte injury model. Permeablity assay showed TP decreases podocyte permeability in PAN-treated podocyte. TP also upregulates the DNA demethylase TET2. Our results showed that treatment with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitors 5-azacytidine (5-AzaC) and RG108 significantly increased ZO-1 expression in PAN-treated podocytes. Methylated DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP) and hydroxymethylated DNA immunoprecipitation (hMeDIP) results showed that TP regulates the methylation status of the ZO-1 promoter. Knockdown of TET2 decreased ZO-1 expression and increased methylation of its promoter, resulting in the increase of podocyte permeability. Altogether, these results indicate that TP upregulates the expression of ZO-1 and decreases podocyte permeability through TET2-mediated 5 mC demethylation. These findings suggest that TP may alleviate podocyte permeability through TET2-mediated hydroxymethylation of ZO-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Wen Tang
- Department of Nephrology, Hangzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng-Ya Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, Hangzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Wei Cao
- Department of Nephrology, Hangzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Wan
- Department of Nephrology, Hangzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Hangzhou, China
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Ji B, Liu J, Ma Y, Yin Y, Xu H, Shen Q, Yu J. Minnelide Markedly Reduces Proteinuria in Mice with Adriamycin Nephropathy by Protecting Against Podocyte Injury. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:7379-7396. [PMID: 37000351 PMCID: PMC10754751 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04333-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Minimal change disease (MCD) is the most common cause of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in children. The current major therapy is hormones for most steroid-sensitive patients. However, many patients have recurrent relapses of the disease and require long-term immunosuppression, leading to significant morbidity due to the side effects of the drugs. Therefore, better drugs need to be urgently explored to treat nephrotic syndrome while avoiding the side effects of drugs. Minnelide, a water-soluble prodrug of triptolide, has been proved to be effective in treating cancers in many clinical trials. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of minnelide in mice with adriamycin (ADR) nephropathy, its underlying protection mechanisms, and its reproductive toxicity. Minnelide was administered intraperitoneally to 6-8-week female mice with adriamycin nephropathy for 2 weeks, and the urine, blood, and kidney tissues were taken to analyze the therapeutic effect. In addition, we evaluated reproductive toxicity by measuring the levels of gonadal hormones and observing the histological changes in ovaries and testes. Primary mouse podocytes were exposed to puromycin (PAN) to damage the cytoskeleton and induce apoptosis, and then, triptolide was used to evaluate the therapeutic effect and underlying protection mechanisms in vitro. It was observed that minnelide dramatically alleviated proteinuria and apoptosis in mice with adriamycin nephropathy. In vitro, triptolide ameliorated puromycin-induced cytoskeletal rearrangement and apoptosis via reactive oxygen species-mediated mitochondrial pathway. In addition, minnelide caused no reproductive toxicity to male and female mice. The results suggested that minnelide might be a promising drug for nephrotic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baowei Ji
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junchao Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanli Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Yin
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qian Shen
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Yu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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4
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Ponticelli C, Moroni G, Reggiani F. Autophagy and podocytopathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2023; 38:1931-1939. [PMID: 36708169 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfad024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a complex process of lysosomal-dependent degradation of unwanted cellular material. In response to endogenous or exogenous stimuli, autophagy is induced and regulated by two kinases: the AMP activated kinase and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Cells activated by Unc-51-like kinase 1 form a double membrane complex that sequesters the cargo (phagophore) and elongates producing spherical vesicles (autophagosomes). These reach and fuse with lysosomes, which degrade the cargo (autolysosomes). The resulting macromolecules are released back and recycled in the cytosol for reuse. In the podocyte, autophagy is a homeostatic mechanism that contributes to the formation and preservation of the morphological and functional integrity of actin cytoskeleton. Podocytes, fenestrated endothelial cells and glomerular basement membrane compose the glomerular filtration barrier. Podocyte damage may cause dysfunction of the glomerular barrier, proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis in different glomerular diseases and particularly in so-called podocytopathies, namely minimal change disease and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Several drugs and molecules may activate autophagic function in murine models. Among them, aldosterone inhibitors, mineralocorticoid inhibitors and vitamin D3 were proven to protect podocyte from injury and reduce proteinuria in clinical studies. However, no clinical trial with autophagy regulators in podocytopathies has been conducted. Caution is needed with other autophagy activators, such as mTOR inhibitors and metformin, because of potential adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriella Moroni
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Reggiani
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
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Song J, He GN, Dai L. A comprehensive review on celastrol, triptolide and triptonide: Insights on their pharmacological activity, toxicity, combination therapy, new dosage form and novel drug delivery routes. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114705. [PMID: 37062220 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Celastrol, triptolide and triptonide are the most significant active ingredients of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F (TWHF). In 2007, the 'Cell' journal ranked celastrol, triptolide, artemisinin, capsaicin and curcumin as the five natural drugs that can be developed into modern medicinal compounds. In this review, we collected relevant data from the Web of Science, PubMed and China Knowledge Resource Integrated databases. Some information was also acquired from government reports and conference papers. Celastrol, triptolide and triptonide have potent pharmacological activity and evident anti-cancer, anti-tumor, anti-obesity and anti-diabetes effects. Because these compounds have demonstrated unique therapeutic potential for acute and chronic inflammation, brain injury, vascular diseases, immune diseases, renal system diseases, bone diseases and cardiac diseases, they can be used as effective drugs in clinical practice in the future. However, celastrol, triptolide and triptonide have certain toxic effects on the liver, kidney, cholangiocyte heart, ear and reproductive system. These shortcomings limit their clinical application. Suitable combination therapy, new dosage forms and new routes of administration can effectively reduce toxicity and increase the effect. In recent years, the development of different targeted drug delivery formulations and administration routes of celastrol and triptolide to overcome their toxic effects and maximise their efficacy has become a major focus of research. However, in-depth investigation is required to elucidate the mechanisms of action of celastrol, triptolide and triptonide, and more clinical trials are required to assess the safety and clinical value of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Song
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China; Shandong Yuze Pharmaceutical Industry Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd, Dezhou, China
| | - Guan-Nan He
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan 250014, China
| | - Long Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China.
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6
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Jiang S, Wan F, Lian H, Lu Z, Li X, Cao D, Jiang Y, Li J. Friend or foe? The dual role of triptolide in the liver, kidney, and heart. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114470. [PMID: 36868013 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Triptolide, a controversial natural compound due to its significant pharmacological activities and multiorgan toxicity, has gained much attention since it was isolated from the traditional Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F. However, in addition to its severe toxicity, triptolide also presents powerful therapeutic potency in the same organs, such as the liver, kidney, and heart, which corresponds to the Chinese medicine theory of You Gu Wu Yun (anti-fire with fire) and deeply interested us. To determine the possible mechanisms involved in the dual role of triptolide, we reviewed related articles about the application of triptolide in both physiological and pathological conditions. Inflammation and oxidative stress are the two main ways triptolide exerts different roles, and the cross-talk between NF-κB and Nrf2 may be one of the mechanisms responsible for the dual role of triptolide and may represent the scientific connotation of You Gu Wu Yun. For the first time, we present a review of the dual role of triptolide in the same organ and propose the possible scientific connotation of the Chinese medicine theory of You Gu Wu Yun, hoping to promote the safe and efficient use of triptolide and other controversial medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyuan Jiang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Feng Wan
- Department of Anatomy, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Hui Lian
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Zhihao Lu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Xueming Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Dan Cao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yangyu Jiang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
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Jin Q, Liu T, Chen D, Yang L, Mao H, Ma F, Wang Y, Li P, Zhan Y. Therapeutic potential of artemisinin and its derivatives in managing kidney diseases. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1097206. [PMID: 36874000 PMCID: PMC9974673 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1097206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Artemisinin, an antimalarial traditional Chinese herb, is isolated from Artemisia annua. L, and has shown fewer side effects. Several pieces of evidence have demonstrated that artemisinin and its derivatives exhibited therapeutic effects on diseases like malaria, cancer, immune disorders, and inflammatory diseases. Additionally, the antimalarial drugs demonstrated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, regulating the immune system and autophagy and modulating glycolipid metabolism properties, suggesting an alternative for managing kidney disease. This review assessed the pharmacological activities of artemisinin. It summarized the critical outcomes and probable mechanism of artemisinins in treating kidney diseases, including inflammatory, oxidative stress, autophagy, mitochondrial homeostasis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, glycolipid metabolism, insulin resistance, diabetic nephropathy, lupus nephritis, membranous nephropathy, IgA nephropathy, and acute kidney injury, suggesting the therapeutic potential of artemisinin and its derivatives in managing kidney diseases, especially the podocyte-associated kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Jin
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guang'anmen Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tongtong Liu
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guang'anmen Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Danqian Chen
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Yang
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guang'anmen Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huimin Mao
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guang'anmen Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Ma
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guang'anmen Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuyang Wang
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guang'anmen Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Li
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongli Zhan
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guang'anmen Hospital, Beijing, China
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8
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Zhang Y, Zhang F, Gao Y, Wang M, Gao Y, Li H, Sun J, Wen C, Xie Z. Triptolide in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus - regulatory effects on miR-146a in B cell TLR7 signaling pathway in mice. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:952775. [PMID: 36210830 PMCID: PMC9539794 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.952775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To clarify the mechanism of triptolide (TP) in alleviating the conditions underlying SLE. Methods: Eight-week-old MRL/lpr mice were randomly divided into a model group (n = 5), low-dose TP (TP-L) group (n = 5), and high-dose TP (TP-H) group (n = 5). Mice in these groups were gavaged with normal saline, low-dose TP solution, and high-dose TP solution for 8 weeks, respectively. The expression levels of anti-dsDNA, IgG, IgM, IgA, C3, C4, and CREA, BUN, ALT, AST, ALB, and ALP indexes in the serum of mice were detected. The proportion of CD19+CD138+B220− cells in the spleen and the pathological changes of kidney tissue in the mice were also evaluated. The possible signaling pathways and microRNA (miRNA) targets of TP in the treatment of SLE were analyzed using network pharmacology. The expressions of TLR7 mRNA and miR-146a in Raji cells (a B lymphocyte line) were detected using qPCR before and after intervention with a miR-146a inhibitor. The protein expression levels of TLR7, MyD88, p-IRAK1, and p-NF-κBp65 were detected using western blot analysis. Results: TP could significantly decrease the levels of ds-DNA and IgG, alleviate pathological injury in renal tissue, and upregulate miR-146a expression in the B cells of MRL/lpr mice without obvious liver and kidney toxicity. Network pharmacology analysis showed that TP could mainly regulate the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, and NF-κB signaling pathway, among others. miRNA target prediction suggested that TP could regulate miRNAs such as miR-146a. In vitro cell experiments further confirmed that TP could significantly upregulate miR-146a expression and downregulate the expression of TLR7 mRNA and protein levels TLR7, MyD88, p-IRAK1, and p-NF-κBp65. After intervention with a miR-146a inhibitor, TP had no obvious inhibitory effects on TLR7, MyD88, p-IRAK1, and p-NF-κBp65 expression. Conclusion: TP may exert therapeutic effects on SLE by regulating miR-146a expression, inhibiting the TLR7/NF-κB signaling pathway, and affecting B cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - FengQi Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - YiNi Gao
- School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - MeiJiao Wang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Gao
- School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - HaiChang Li
- School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Sun
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - ChengPing Wen
- School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: ChengPing Wen, ; ZhiJun Xie,
| | - ZhiJun Xie
- School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: ChengPing Wen, ; ZhiJun Xie,
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Zhang Q, Hu Y, Hu JE, Zhang M. Solasonine alleviates high glucose-induced podocyte injury through increasing Nrf2-medicated inhibition of NLRP3 activation. Drug Dev Res 2022; 83:1697-1706. [PMID: 36048966 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide high prevalence of diabetic nephropathy is one of the common causes of renal failure in diabetic patients. Hyperglycemia-caused podocyte injury is considered as a major contributor to diabetic kidney disease, accompanied by a chronic inflammatory condition. Pyroptosis, a characterized inflammatory form of programmed cell death, is believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Solasonine (SS) is a natural alkaloid and received attention as a potential anticancer agent. However, its protective effect against hyperglycemia-caused podocyte injury remains to be determined. Our study found that SS alleviates cell apoptosis, and reduces pyroptosis and oxidative damage in high glucose (HG)-treated MPC5 podocytes. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18, and caspase-1 activity were markedly suppressed by SS in HG-treated MPC5 podocytes. SS also reduced HG-induced oxidative damage in MPC5 podocytes. Nrf2 expression was activated by SS in vitro under a HG condition. In addition, Nrf2 silencing attenuated the protective effect of SS against apoptosis, pro-inflammatory cytokines release, caspase-1 activity, and oxidative damage in MPC5 podocytes under a HG condition. Taken together, our findings revealed for the first time that SS alleviated high glucose-induced podocyte apoptosis, pyroptosis, and oxidative damage via regulating the Nrf2/NLRP3 signaling pathway. Our results indicate that SS has the potential as a therapeutic agent for podocyte injury in diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianjin Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Shuyang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yichuan Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Shuyang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jin-E Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Shuyang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Shuyang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian City, Jiangsu Province, China
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Liu YT, Hu YQ, Wang YL, Huang K, Chen GF, Zhou H, Liu CH, Yang T. Antibiotic pretreatment promotes orally-administered triptolide absorption and aggravates hepatotoxicity and intestinal injury in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 292:115224. [PMID: 35351577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Triptolide (TP) exhibits extensive pharmacological activity, but its hepatotoxicity and intestinal injury are significant and limit its clinical use. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the effect of gut microbiota disturbance after antibiotic pretreatment on TP-induced hepatotoxicity, intestinal injury and their mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS We compared the characteristics of TP-induced hepatotoxicity and intestinal injury in mice with or without antibiotic pretreatment. The levels of cytokines in the serum, immunohistochemistry, and the pharmacokinetics of TP were determined. RESULT Antibiotic pretreatment aggravates TP-induced hepatotoxicity and ileum/colon injury. TP induces hepatotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner after antibiotic pretreatment. Serum IL-1β and IL-6 levels were increased in mice given oral TP after antibiotic pretreatment. TP can increase the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome in hepatocytes, and Oral TP after antibiotic pretreatment can significantly enhance its expression, but NLRP3 inflammasome no significant change in colon and ileum. The pharmacokinetic characteristics of TP are altered significantly by antibiotic pretreatment, as shown by a 145.87% increase in Cmax, a 155.11% increase in AUC0-t, a 155.1% increase in relative bioavailability, and a 15.44% delay in MRT. Moreover, TP causes hepatotoxicity in a time-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Antibiotic pretreatment aggravates triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity and intestinal injury through elevated inflammatory response and promoted triptolide absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ye-Qing Hu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yu-Lin Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Gao-Feng Chen
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Cheng-Hai Liu
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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11
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Gao J, Liang Z, Zhao F, Liu X, Ma N. Triptolide inhibits oxidative stress and inflammation via the microRNA-155-5p/brain-derived neurotrophic factor to reduce podocyte injury in mice with diabetic nephropathy. Bioengineered 2022; 13:12275-12288. [PMID: 35603354 PMCID: PMC9275869 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2067293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a complication of diabetes. This study sought to explore the mechanism of triptolide (TP) in podocyte injury in DN. DN mice were induced by high-fat diet&streptozocin and treated with TP. Fasting blood glucose, 24 h urine microalbumin (UMA), the pathological changes of renal tissues, and ultrastructure of renal podocytes were observed. Podocytes (MPC5) were induced by high-glucose (HG) in vitro and treated with TP or microRNA (miR)-155-5p mimics, with Irbesartan as positive control. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and levels of oxidative stress (OS) and inflammatory factors in MPC5 were detected. The levels of miR-155-5p, podocyte marker protein Nephrin, and inflammatory factors in mice and MPC5 were detected. The targeting relationship between miR-155-5p and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was verified. The expression levels of BDNF were detected. miR-155-5p mimics and overexpressed (oe)-BDNF plasmids were co-transfected into mouse podocytes treated with HG and TP. TP reduced fasting glucose and 24 h UMA of DN mice, alleviated the pathological damage and podocyte injury, up-regulated Nephrin level, and down-regulated miR-155-5p. TP down-regulated the high expression of miR-155-5p in HG-induced MPC5 cells and inhibited HG-induced OS and inflammatory injury, and the improvement effect of TP was better than Irbesartan. Overexpression of miR-155-5p reversed the protective effect of TP on injured mouse podocytes. miR-155-5p targeted BDNF. oe-BDNF reversed the inhibitory effect of oe-miR-155-5p on TP protection on podocyte injury in mice. Overall, TP up-regulated BDNF by inhibiting miR-155-5p, thus inhibiting OS and inflammatory damage and alleviating podocyte injury in DN mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gao
- The First Department of Nephrology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Zheng Liang
- The First Department of Nephrology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- The First Department of Nephrology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- The First Department of Nephrology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Ning Ma
- The First Department of Nephrology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
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12
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Yao T, Su W, Han S, Lu Y, Xu Y, Chen M, Wang Y. Recent Advances in Traditional Chinese Medicine for Treatment of Podocyte Injury. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:816025. [PMID: 35281899 PMCID: PMC8914202 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.816025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocyte is also called glomerular epithelial cell, which has been considered as the final gatekeeper of glomerular filtration barrier (GFB). As a major contributor to proteinuria, podocyte injury underlies a variety of glomerular diseases and becomes the challenge to patients and their families in general. At present, the therapeutic methods of podocyte injury mainly include angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, steroid and immunosuppressive medications. Nevertheless, the higher cost and side effects seriously disturb patients with podocyte injury. Promisingly, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has received an increasing amount of attention from different countries in the treatment of podocyte injury by invigorating spleen and kidney, clearing heat and eliminating dampness, as well enriching qi and activating blood. Therefore, we searched articles published in peer-reviewed English-language journals through Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and Science Direct. The protective effects of active ingredients, herbs, compound prescriptions, acupuncture and moxibustion for treatment of podocyte injury were further summarized and analyzed. Meanwhile, we discussed feasible directions for future development, and analyzed existing deficiencies and shortcomings of TCM in the treatment of podocyte injury. In conclusion, this paper shows that TCM treatments can serve as promising auxiliary therapeutic methods for the treatment of podocyte injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwen Yao
- Department of Nephrology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxiang Su
- Department of Nephrology, The People’s Hospital of Mengzi, Mengzi, China
| | - Shisheng Han
- Department of Nephrology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Nephrology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqiu Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yi Wang,
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Shen J, Ma H, Wang C. Triptolide improves myocardial fibrosis in rats through inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B and NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome pathway. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 25:533-543. [PMID: 34697264 PMCID: PMC8552823 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2021.25.6.533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial fibrosis (MF) is the result of persistent and repeated aggravation of myocardial ischemia and hypoxia, leading to the gradual development of heart failure of chronic ischemic heart disease. Triptolide (TPL) is identified to be involved in the treatment for MF. This study aims to explore the mechanism of TPL in the treatment of MF. The MF rat model was established, subcutaneously injected with isoproterenol and treated by subcutaneous injection of TPL. The cardiac function of each group was evaluated, including LVEF, LVFS, LVES, and LVED. The expressions of ANP, BNP, inflammatory related factors (IL-1β, IL-18, TNF-α, MCP-1, VCAM-1), NLRP3 inflammasome factors (NLRP3, ASC) and fibrosis related factors (TGF-β1, COL1, and COL3) in rats were dete cted. H&E staining and Masson staining were used to observe myocardial cell inflammation and fibrosis of rats. Western blot was used to detect the p-P65 and t-P65 levels in nucleoprotein of rat myocardial tissues. LVED and LVES of MF group were significantly upregulated, LVEF and LVFS were significantly downregulated, while TPL treatment reversed these trends; TPL treatment downregulated the tissue injury and improved the pathological damage of MF rats. TPL treatment downregulated the levels of inflammatory factors and fibrosis factors, and inhibited the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. Activation of NLRP3 inflammasome or NF-κB pathway reversed the effect of TPL on MF. Collectively, TPL inhibited the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome by inhibiting NF-κB pathway, and improved MF in MF rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyao Shen
- Department of Cardiology, The Central Hospital Affiliated to Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312030, China
| | - Hailiang Ma
- Department of Cardiology, The Central Hospital Affiliated to Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312030, China
| | - Chaoquan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Central Hospital Affiliated to Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312030, China
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Wang XH, Lang R, Zeng Q, Liang Y, Chen N, Ma ZZ, Yu RH. Jianpi Qushi Heluo Formula alleviates renal damages in Passive Hemann nephritis in rats by upregulating Parkin-mediated mitochondrial autophagy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18338. [PMID: 34526554 PMCID: PMC8443625 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97137-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Jianpi Qushi Heluo Formula (JQHF) is an empirical traditional Chinese medicine prescription for treating Membranous Nephropathy (MN) clinically in China. The therapeutic effect of JQHF has been reported in our previous studies. However, the exact mechanism is still unknown. In this study, by establishing an experimental rat model of MN induced by Sheep anti-rat Fx1A serum, we evaluated the effects of JQHF and Tetrandrine (TET), and Benazepril was used as a positive control. As an autophagy agonist, TET is one of the most active components in JQHF. After 4 weeks, significant kidney damage was observed in the rats in the Model group; comparatively, JQHF markedly decreased 24 h urinary protein, Total Cholesterol (TC), and increased serum total Albumin (ALB). Histology showed that JQHF caused significant improvements in glomerular hyperplasia, renal tubular damage, IgG immune complex deposition, and the ultrastructure of mitochondria in MN rats. Flow cytometry analysis showed that treatment with JQHF reduced the level of reactive oxygen species and apoptosis rate, and upregulated mitochondrial membrane potential. Western blot analysis demonstrated that JQHF could protect against mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis by upregulating the expression of PINK1, Mitochondrial Parkin, and LC3-II/I, downregulating the expression of Cytoplasmic Parkin, P62, Cytochrome c, and Caspase-3 in the kidneys of MN rats. From images of co-immunofluorescence, it is observed significantly increase in the co-localization of PINK1 and Parkin, as well as LC3 and mitochondria. Similarly, TET treatment significantly upregulated the mitochondrial autophagy and reduced apoptosis in rats after 4 weeks compared with the model group. Comparatively, the ability of JQHF to alleviate renal damage was significantly higher than those of Benazepril and TET. It was demonstrated that JQHF could delay pathology damage to the kidney and hold back from the progression of MN by inhibiting apoptosis and upregulating the mitochondrial autophagy by PINK1/Parkin pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Hui Wang
- China Department of Nephrology, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Rui Lang
- China Department of Nephrology, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Qin Zeng
- China Department of Nephrology, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China.,Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Ying Liang
- China Department of Nephrology, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Nan Chen
- China Department of Nephrology, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Zhi-Zhong Ma
- Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Ren-Huan Yu
- China Department of Nephrology, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China.
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15
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Gao J, Zhang Y, Liu X, Wu X, Huang L, Gao W. Triptolide: pharmacological spectrum, biosynthesis, chemical synthesis and derivatives. Theranostics 2021; 11:7199-7221. [PMID: 34158845 PMCID: PMC8210588 DOI: 10.7150/thno.57745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Triptolide, an abietane-type diterpenoid isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F., has significant pharmacological activity. Research results show that triptolide has obvious inhibitory effects on many solid tumors. Therefore, triptolide has become one of the lead compounds candidates for being the next "blockbuster" drug, and multiple triptolide derivatives have entered clinical research. An increasing number of researchers have developed triptolide synthesis methods to meet the clinical need. To provide new ideas for researchers in different disciplines and connect different disciplines with researchers aiming to solve scientific problems more efficiently, this article reviews the research progress made with analyzes of triptolide pharmacological activity, biosynthetic pathways, and chemical synthesis pathways and reported in toxicological and clinical studies of derivatives over the past 20 years, which have laid the foundation for subsequent researchers to study triptolide in many ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Xihong Liu
- Basic Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xiayi Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
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16
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Niu HM, Guo LQ, Qiao YH, Jiao HY. MiR-429 prohibited NF-κB signalling to alleviate contrast-induced acute kidney injury via targeting PDCD4. Autoimmunity 2021; 54:243-253. [PMID: 34027766 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2021.1919878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
MiR-429 was reported to be downregulated in contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI). However, whether miR-429 is functionally relevant with CI-AKI needs further investigation. Human renal tubular epithelial cell (HK-2) cells were stimulated with contrast media iodixanol to establish in vitro CI-AKI model. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) was applied to access cell viability. Flow cytometry was performed to determine apoptosis. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was applied to evaluate level of programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) mRNA and miR-429 while western blot was applied to evaluate level of proteins including PDCD4, B-cell leukaemia/lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), BCL2-associated X protein (Bax), cleaved caspase 3, cleaved caspase 9, p65, phosphorylated p65. Dual luciferase assay was used to validate miR-429 targeting PDCD4. MiR-429 was downregulated whereas PDCD4 was upregulated in contrast media iodixanol-stimulated HK-2 cells. MiR-429 overexpression elevated cell viability and attenuated cell apoptosis. Moreover, the activation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signalling was suppressed after miR-429 overexpression, while PDCD4 overexpression reversed these effects. MiR-429 directly targeted PDCD4 and negatively regulated its expression. CI-AKI induced NF-κB signalling activation and PDCD4 overexpression further promoted NF-κB signalling activation. However, the treatment of BAY11-7082 reversed above results. Overexpression of miR-429 attenuated apoptosis and elevated cell viability in a CI-AKI cell model via targeting PDCD4 and thus restraining NF-κB signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Min Niu
- Department of Nephrology, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, P.R. China
| | - Li-Qin Guo
- Department of Nephrology, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Hong Qiao
- Department of Nephrology, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Yan Jiao
- Department of Nephrology, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, P.R. China
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Wan F, Tang YW, Tang XL, Li YY, Yang RC. TET2 mediated demethylation is involved in the protective effect of triptolide on podocytes. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:1233-1244. [PMID: 33841652 PMCID: PMC8014380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is usually considered the central mechanism of podocyte injury that eventually leads to proteinuria. We used an in vitro TGF-β1 induced podocyte EMT model and an in vivo rat focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) model to uncover the mechanism underlying the protective effect of triptolide (TP) on podocytes. We found that TP could reverse the podocyte EMT process and upregulate the expression of TET2 in the TGF-β1-induced podocyte injury model. Bisulfite amplicon sequencing (BSAS) showed TP could alter the methylation status at some specific sites of the medium CpG density region in the promoters of NEPH1 and nephrin, two main markers of the podocyte slit diaphragm. Knockdown of TET2 with shRNA lentivirus (Lv) leads to high methylation of the promoters of NEPH1 and nephrin such that their expression can not return to normal levels, even after treatment with TP. In vivo, we found that TP could protect against podocyte injury in the FSGS rat and increase TET2 expression. These results suggested TET2-mediated DNA demethylation may be partly involved in podocyte injury. We believe these findings can help uncover a novel molecular mechanism of TP in alleviating podocyte-associated glomerular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wan
- Department of Nephrology, Guang Xing Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Management of Kidney Disease, Guang Xing Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Yue-Wen Tang
- Department of Nephrology, Guang Xing Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Management of Kidney Disease, Guang Xing Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Xuan-Li Tang
- Department of Nephrology, Guang Xing Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Management of Kidney Disease, Guang Xing Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Yu Li
- Department of Nephrology, Guang Xing Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Management of Kidney Disease, Guang Xing Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Ru-Chun Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Guang Xing Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Management of Kidney Disease, Guang Xing Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhou, China
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Xue M, Sun H, Xu R, Wang Y, Guo J, Li X, Cheng Y, Xu C, Tang C, Sun B, Chen L. GADD45B Promotes Glucose-Induced Renal Tubular Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Apoptosis via the p38 MAPK and JNK Signaling Pathways. Front Physiol 2020; 11:1074. [PMID: 33013461 PMCID: PMC7508261 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.01074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible beta (GADD45B) is closely linked with cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, cell survival, or apoptosis in response to stress and is known to regulate the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Here, using an RNA sequencing approach, we determined that GADD45B was significantly upregulated in diabetic kidneys, which was accompanied by renal tubular epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and apoptosis, as well as elevated MAPK pathway activation. In vitro, GADD45B expression in cultured human kidney proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2 cells) was also stimulated by high glucose (HG). In addition, overexpression of GADD45B in HK-2 cells exacerbated renal tubular EMT and apoptosis and increased p38 MAPK and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) activation, whereas knockdown of GADD45B reversed these changes. Notably, the activity of extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) was not affected by GADD45B expression. Furthermore, inhibitors of p38 MAPK (SB203580) and JNK (SP600125) alleviated HG‐ and GADD45B overexpression-induced renal tubular epithelial-mesenchymal transition and apoptosis. These findings indicate a role of GADD45B in diabetes-induced renal tubular EMT and apoptosis via the p38 MAPK and JNK pathways, which may be an important mechanism of diabetic kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Xue
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongxi Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Rong Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chaofei Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chao Tang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bei Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Liming Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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19
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Liang X, Chen B, Wang P, Ge Y, Malhotra DK, Dworkin LD, Liu Z, Gong R. Triptolide potentiates the cytoskeleton-stabilizing activity of cyclosporine A in glomerular podocytes via a GSK3β dependent mechanism. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:800-812. [PMID: 32269713 PMCID: PMC7137037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F. (TwHF) is a traditional Chinese herb and has a broad spectrum of biological functions including immunosuppression and anti-inflammatory effects. When used in combination with other standard of care medications, such as glucocorticoids and calcineurin inhibitors like cyclosporine A, for treating glomerular diseases, TwHF demonstrates a remarkable dose-sparing effect, the molecular mechanism for which remains largely unknown. In an in vitro model of podocytopathy elicited by a diabetic milieu, triptolide, the major active component of TwHF, at low doses, potentiated the beneficial effect of cyclosporine A, and protected podocytes against diabetic milieu-elicited injury, mitigated cytoskeleton derangement, and preserved podocyte filtration barrier function, entailing a synergistic cytoskeleton-preserving and podocyte protective effect of triptolide and cyclosporine A. Mechanistically, inhibitory phosphorylation of GSK3β, a key molecule recently implicated as a convergence point of podocytopathic pathways, is likely required for the synergistic effect of triptolide and cyclosporine A on podocyte protection, because the synergistic effect was largely blunted in cells expressing the constitutively active GSK3β. Ergo, a synergistic podocyte cytoskeleton-stabilizing mechanism seems to underlie the cyclosporine A-sparing effect of triptolide in glomerulopathies. Combined triptolide and cyclosporine A therapy at reduced doses may be an invaluable regimen for treating diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhui Liang
- Blood Purification Center, Institute of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou, China
- Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University School of MedicineProvidence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Bohan Chen
- Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University School of MedicineProvidence, Rhode Island, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of MedicineToledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Pei Wang
- Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University School of MedicineProvidence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Yan Ge
- Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University School of MedicineProvidence, Rhode Island, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of MedicineToledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Deepak K Malhotra
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of MedicineToledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Lance D Dworkin
- Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University School of MedicineProvidence, Rhode Island, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of MedicineToledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Zhangsuo Liu
- Blood Purification Center, Institute of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou, China
| | - Rujun Gong
- Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University School of MedicineProvidence, Rhode Island, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of MedicineToledo, Ohio, USA
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Zhai X, Wang L, Xu C, Hou Q, Zhang L, Li Z, Qin W, Liu Z, Chen Z. Triptolide preserves glomerular barrier function via the inhibition of p53-mediated increase of GADD45B. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 671:210-217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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21
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Huo J, Yu Q, Zhang Y, Liu K, Hsiao C, Jiang Z, Zhang L. Triptolide‐induced hepatotoxicity via apoptosis and autophagy in zebrafish. J Appl Toxicol 2019; 39:1532-1540. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingting Huo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug ScreeningChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - Qinwei Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug ScreeningChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Biology InstituteQilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan China
| | - Kechun Liu
- Biology InstituteQilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan China
| | - Chung‐Der Hsiao
- Department of Bioscience TechnologyChung Yuan Christian University Chung‐Li Taiwan
| | - Zhenzhou Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug ScreeningChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of EducationChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - Luyong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug ScreeningChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
- Center for Drug Research and DevelopmentGuangdong Pharmaceutical University Guangzhou China
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Liu B, Lu R, Li H, Zhou Y, Zhang P, Bai L, Chen D, Chen J, Li J, Yu P, Wu J, Liang C, Song J, Liu X, Zhou J. Zhen-wu-tang ameliorates membranous nephropathy rats through inhibiting NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 59:152913. [PMID: 30991182 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zhen-wu-tang (ZWT), a traditional herbal formula, has been widely used for the treatment of kidney diseases in clinics, but the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been fully understood. PURPOSE Inflammation mediated podocyte injury has been reported to constitute a crucial part in the pathogenesis of membranous nephropathy (MN). The current study was designed to evaluate the effect of ZWT on MN related to nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome. METHODS The main components of ZWT were identified by 3D-ultra performance liquid chromatography (3D-UPLC) assay. A MN rat model induced by cationic-bovine serum albumin (C-BSA) and podocytes stimulated by TNF-α were used in this study. The 24 h urine protein, serum total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG), as well as kidney histology were measured to evaluate kidney damage. The expressions of IgG and complement 3 (C3), and the co-localization of NLRP3 and ASC were detected by immunofluorescence. The expressions of podocyte injury related protein desmin, podocin were measured by immunohistochemistry and western blot. Cell vitality of cultured podocytes was detected by MTT assay, as apoptosis assay was measured via flow cytometry. The protein expressions of p-p65, p-IκBα, NLRP3, Caspase-1, IL-1β were detected by western blot. RESULTS Our results showed that ZWT significantly ameliorated kidney damage in MN model rats by decreasing the levels of 24 h urine protein, TC and TG. ZWT also improved renal histology and reduced the expressions of IgG and C3 in glomerulus. In addition, ZWT lessened the expressions of desmin, but increased podocin expression in vivo and vitro. ZWT protected cultured podocytes by maintaining cell vitality and inhibiting apoptosis. Moreover, we found that ZWT suppressed the expressions of NLRP3, Caspase-1, IL-1β and the co-localization of NLRP3 and ASC. Furthermore, the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome under ZWT treatment were accompanied by down-regulation of NF-κB pathway, as the p-p65 and p-IκBα protein expression were reduced. CONCLUSIONS Our present study indicates that the inhibition of NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome might be the potential mechanisms for the therapeutic effects of ZWT against MN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bihao Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232 WaiHuan East Road, Guangzhou University Town, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Ruirui Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232 WaiHuan East Road, Guangzhou University Town, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Honglian Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232 WaiHuan East Road, Guangzhou University Town, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232 WaiHuan East Road, Guangzhou University Town, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Peichun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232 WaiHuan East Road, Guangzhou University Town, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Lixia Bai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232 WaiHuan East Road, Guangzhou University Town, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Dandan Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, PR China
| | - Junqi Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, PR China
| | - Jicheng Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232 WaiHuan East Road, Guangzhou University Town, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Pang Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232 WaiHuan East Road, Guangzhou University Town, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Junbiao Wu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, PR China
| | - Chunling Liang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, PR China
| | - Jianping Song
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510400, PR China
| | - Xusheng Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, PR China
| | - Jiuyao Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232 WaiHuan East Road, Guangzhou University Town, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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Liu Y, Liu YE, Tong CC, Cong PF, Shi XY, Shi L, Jin XH, Wang Q. CD28 deficiency attenuates primary blast-induced renal injury in mice via the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway. BMJ Mil Health 2019; 166:e66-e69. [PMID: 31129646 DOI: 10.1136/jramc-2019-001181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Primary blast affects the kidneys due to direct shock wave damage and the production of proinflammatory cytokines without effective treatment. CD28 has been reported to be involved in regulating T cell activation and secretion of inflammatory cytokines. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of primary blast on the kidney and the effect of CD28 in mice. METHODS A mouse model of primary blast-induced kidney injury was established using a custom-made explosive device. The severity of kidney injury was investigated by H&E staining. ELISA was applied to study serum inflammation factors' expression. Western blot assays were used to analyse the primary blast-induced inflammatory factors' expression in the kidney. Immunofluorescence analysis was used to examine the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway. RESULTS Histological examination demonstrated that compared with the primary blast group, CD28 deficiency caused a significant decrease in the severity of the primary blast-induced renal injury. Moreover, ELISA and western blotting revealed that CD28 deficiency significantly reduced the levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4 and IL-6, and increased the IL-10 level (p<0.05). Finally, immunofluorescence analysis indicated that PI3K/Akt expression also changed. CONCLUSIONS CD28 deficiency had protective effects on primary blast-induced kidney injury via the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway. These findings improve the knowledge on primary blast injury and provide theoretical basis for primary blast injury treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Emergency Medicine Department of General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Laboratory of Rescue Center of Severe Wound and Trauma PLA, Shenyang, China
| | - Y E Liu
- Emergency Medicine Department of General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Laboratory of Rescue Center of Severe Wound and Trauma PLA, Shenyang, China
| | - C C Tong
- Emergency Medicine Department of General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Laboratory of Rescue Center of Severe Wound and Trauma PLA, Shenyang, China
| | - P F Cong
- Emergency Medicine Department of General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Laboratory of Rescue Center of Severe Wound and Trauma PLA, Shenyang, China
| | - X Y Shi
- Emergency Medicine Department of General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Laboratory of Rescue Center of Severe Wound and Trauma PLA, Shenyang, China
| | - L Shi
- Emergency Medicine Department of General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Laboratory of Rescue Center of Severe Wound and Trauma PLA, Shenyang, China
| | - X H Jin
- Emergency Medicine Department of General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Laboratory of Rescue Center of Severe Wound and Trauma PLA, Shenyang, China
| | - Q Wang
- Nuclear Medicine Department of General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
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Triptolide Inhibits Preformed Fibril-Induced Microglial Activation by Targeting the MicroRNA155-5p/SHIP1 Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:6527638. [PMID: 31182996 PMCID: PMC6512043 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6527638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that various forms of α-synuclein- (αSyn-) mediated microglial activation are associated with the progression of Parkinson's disease. MicroRNA-155-5p (miR155-5p) is one of the most important microRNAs and enables a robust inflammatory response. Triptolide (T10) is a natural anti-inflammatory component, isolated from a traditional Chinese herb. The objective of the current study was to identify the role and potential regulatory mechanism of T10 in αSyn-induced microglial activation via the miR155-5p mediated SHIP1 signaling pathway. Mouse primary microglia were exposed to monomers, oligomers, and preformed fibrils (PFFs) of human wild-type αSyn, respectively. The expressions of TNFα and IL-1β, measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and qPCR, demonstrated that PFFs initiated the strongest immunogenicity in microglia. Application of inhibitors of toll-like receptor (TLR) 1/2, TLR4, and TLR9 indicated that PFFs activated microglia mainly via the NF-κB pathway by binding TLR1/2 and TLR4. Treatment with T10 significantly suppressed PFF-induced microglial activation and attenuated the release of proinflammatory cytokines including TNFα and IL-1β. Levels of IRAK1, TRAF6, IKKα/β, p-IKKα/β, NF-κB, p-NF-κB, PI3K, p-PI3K, t-Akt, p-Akt and SHIP1 were measured via Western blot. Levels of miR155-5p were measured by qPCR. The results demonstrated that SHIP1 acted as a downstream target molecule of miR155-5p. Treatment with T10 did not alter the expression of IRAK1 and TRAF6, but significantly decreased the expression of miR155-5p, resulting in upregulation of SHIP1 and repression of NF-κB activity, suggesting inhibition of inflammation and microglial activation. The protective effects of T10 were abolished by the use of SHIP1 siRNA and its inhibitor, 3AC, and miR155-5p mimics. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that treatment with T10 suppressed microglial activation and attenuated the release of proinflammatory cytokines by suppressing NF-κB activity via targeting the miR155-5p/SHIP1 pathway in PFFs-induced microglial activation.
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Yang YQ, Liang J, Han XD, Tian RM, Liu XS, Mao W, Xu HT, Liu B, Xu P. Dual-function of triptriolide in podocytes injury: inhibiting of apoptosis and restoring of survival. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 109:1932-1939. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
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Sun M, Song H, Ye Y, Yang Q, Xu X, Zhu X, Zhang J, Shi S, Wang J, Liu Z. Differential toxicities of triptolide to immortalized podocytes and the podocytes in vivo. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:2375-2386. [PMID: 30551497 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Triptolide (TP) has an anti-proteinuric effect and is used for the treatment of podocytopathies. TP has also been shown to act directly on immortalized podocytes in culture to protect them from injury. In the present study, we examined the effect of TP on healthy podocytes both in vitro and in vivo to better understand the action of TP on podocytes. We found that treatment of TP at 10 ng/ml, a concentration that is routinely used for podocyte protection, was sufficient to activate pro-apoptotic signaling of MAPK p38, p53 and BAX and induced apoptosis in cultured podocytes; and higher concentrations of TP exacerbated the p38, p53 and BAX activations and apoptosis. Moreover, TP severely downregulated the genes that are essential for podocyte structure and function. Interestingly, in contrast with other agents TP-induced podocyte injury was not prevented by glucocorticoids. In vivo, high-dose TP treatment for prolonged time did not cause podocyte injury, essential genes downregulation, and proteinuria in mice. TP was also not toxic to the podocytes with isolated glomeruli ex vivo. In summary, TP is toxic to immortalized podocytes in culture but not to the podocytes in animals or isolated glomeruli ex vivo. Our study suggests that immortalized podocytes might have genetically evolved to become sensitive to TP toxicity and thus caution should be taken in interpreting data from immortalized podocytes. Nevertheless, in vivo TP could be as safe as glucocorticoids in treating podocytopathies. Finally, TP may be used as a unique in vitro model for studying steroid-resistant podocytopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Jinling Hospital, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Song
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuting Ye
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qianqian Yang
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhu
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiong Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shaolin Shi
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jinquan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Jinling Hospital, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Zhihong Liu
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
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