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Rahman AU, Khan M, Khan MA, Rehman MU, Abdullah, Ahmed S. Pharmacokinetics and Histotoxic Profile of a Novel Azithromycin-Loaded Lipid-Based Nanoformulation. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:157. [PMID: 38982006 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02861-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Azithromycin traditional formulations possesses poor oral bioavailability which necessitates development of new formulation with enhanced bioavailability of the drug. The objective of current research was to explore the kinetics and safety profile of the newly developed azithromycin lipid-based nanoformulation (AZM-NF). In the in-vitro study of kinetics profiling, azithromycin (AZM) release was assessed using dialysis membrane enclosing equal quantity of either AZM-NF, oral suspension of azithromycin commercial product (AZM-CP), or azithromycin pure drug (AZM-PD) in simulated intestinal fluid. The ex-vivo study was performed using rabbit intestinal segments in physiological salts solution in a tissue bath. The in-vivo study was investigated by oral administration of AZM to rabbits while taking blood samples at predetermined time-intervals, followed by HPLC analysis. The toxicity study was conducted in rats to observe histopathological changes in rat's internal organs. In the in-vitro study, maximum release was 95.38 ± 4.58% for AZM-NF, 72.79 ± 8.85% for AZM-CP, and 46.13 ± 8.19% for AZM-PD (p < 0.0001). The ex-vivo investigation revealed maximum permeation of 85.68 ± 5.87 for AZM-NF and 64.88 ± 5.87% for AZM-CP (p < 0.001). The in-vivo kinetics showed Cmax 0.738 ± 0.038, and 0.599 ± 0.082 µg/ml with Tmax of 4 and 2 h for AZM-NF and AZM-CP respectively (p < 0.01). Histopathological examination revealed compromised myocardial fibers integrity by AZM-CP only, liver and kidney showed mild aberrations by both formulations, with no remarkable changes in the rest of studied organs. The results showed that AZM-NF exhibited significantly enhanced bioavailability with comparative safer profile to AZM-CP investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Ur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara Dir (Lower), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Chakdara, 18800, Pakistan.
| | - Munasib Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara Dir (Lower), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Chakdara, 18800, Pakistan
| | - Mir Azam Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara Dir (Lower), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Chakdara, 18800, Pakistan
| | - Maqsood Ur Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara Dir (Lower), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Chakdara, 18800, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara Dir (Lower), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Chakdara, 18800, Pakistan
| | - Saeed Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara Dir (Lower), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Chakdara, 18800, Pakistan
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Patel F, Kotadiya R, Patel R, Patel M. Development and Validation of a New Reversed Phase HPLC Method for the Quantitation of Azithromycin and Rifampicin in a Capsule Formulation. J Chromatogr Sci 2024:bmae006. [PMID: 38493305 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmae006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
This research aimed to develop a new method for simultaneously estimating the presence of azithromycin (AZT) and rifampicin (RIF) in a capsule formulation using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The developed method utilized a Gemini column with a 60:40% v/v acetonitrile and potassium dihydrogen phosphate mobile phase, a flow rate of 1 mL/min, and an injection volume of 20 μL. The detection wavelengths of 210 and 254 nm for AZT and RIF, respectively, were used. Validation ensures specificity with a peak purity index > 0.99999 for AZT and >0.99995 for RIF, affirming unambiguous analyte detection. The system suitability test, within acceptable limits, validates method reliability. Linearity calibration curves (R2 = 0.998) cover a 25-150% target concentration range. Accuracy studies employing the standard addition method yield recovery values between 96.6 and 103.9% for both drugs, confirming method accuracy. Precision studies reveal % relative standard deviation values consistently below 2%, highlighting reproducibility. Robustness testing supports method reliability under varying conditions. Application to a pharmaceutical capsule formulation demonstrates the method's practicality, accurately quantifying AZT (98.30%) and RIF (99.37%). This study provides a validated analytical approach for simultaneous quantification in commercial pharmaceutical products containing both drugs, enhancing pharmaceutical quality control for critical antibiotics in complex formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foram Patel
- Department of Quality Assurance, Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT), CHARUSAT Campus, Changa, Dist-Anand, Gujarat 388421, India
| | - Rajendra Kotadiya
- Department of Quality Assurance, Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT), CHARUSAT Campus, Changa, Dist-Anand, Gujarat 388421, India
| | - Rashmin Patel
- Department of Quality Assurance, Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT), CHARUSAT Campus, Changa, Dist-Anand, Gujarat 388421, India
| | - Mrunali Patel
- Department of Quality Assurance, Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT), CHARUSAT Campus, Changa, Dist-Anand, Gujarat 388421, India
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Rampacci E, Marenzoni ML, Cannalire R, Pietrella D, Sabatini S, Giovagnoli S, Felicetti T, Pepe M, Passamonti F. Ethidium bromide exposure unmasks an antibiotic efflux system in Rhodococcus equi. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 76:2040-2048. [PMID: 33855442 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkab121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study introduces a newly created strain (Rhodococcus equiEtBr25) by exposing R. equi ATCC 33701 to ethidium bromide (EtBr), a substrate for MDR transporters. Such an approach allowed us to investigate the resulting phenotype and genetic mechanisms underlying the efflux-mediated resistance in R. equi. METHODS R. equi ATCC 33701 was stimulated with increasing concentrations of EtBr. The antimicrobial susceptibility of the parental strain and R. equiEtBr25 was investigated in the presence/absence of efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs). EtBr efflux was evaluated by EtBr-agar method and flow cytometry. The presence of efflux pump genes was determined by conventional PCR before to quantify the expression of 30 genes coding for membrane transporters by qPCR. The presence of erm(46) and mutations in 23S rRNA, and gyrA/gyrB was assessed by PCR and DNA sequencing to exclude the occurrence of resistance mechanisms other than efflux. RESULTS R. equi EtBr25 showed an increased EtBr efflux. Against this strain, the activity of EtBr, azithromycin and ciprofloxacin was more affected than that of rifampicin and azithromycin/rifampicin combinations. Resistances were reversed by combining the antimicrobials with EPIs. Gene expression analysis detected a marked up-regulation of REQ_RS13460 encoding for a Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) transporter. G→A transition occurred in the transcriptional repressor tetR/acrR adjacent to REQ_RS13460. CONCLUSIONS Exposure of R. equi to EtBr unmasked an efflux-mediated defence against azithromycin and ciprofloxacin, which seemingly correlates with the overexpression of a specific MFS transporter. This genotype may mirror an insidious low-level resistance of clinically important isolates that could be countered by EPI-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Rampacci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Marenzoni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Rolando Cannalire
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Donatella Pietrella
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, via Gambuli 1, 06156 Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Sabatini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Giovagnoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Tommaso Felicetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Marco Pepe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Passamonti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
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Brunaugh AD, Sharma S, Smyth H. Inhaled fixed-dose combination powders for the treatment of respiratory infections. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2021; 18:1101-1115. [PMID: 33632051 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1886074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Respiratory infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. As an alternative to systemic drug administration, inhaled drug delivery can produce high drug concentrations in the lung tissue to overcome resistant bacteria. The development of inhaled fixed-dose combination powders (I-FDCs) is promising next step in this field, as it would enable simultaneous drug-drug or drug-adjuvant delivery at the site of infection, thereby promoting synergistic activity and improving patient compliance. AREAS COVERED This review covers the clinical and pharmaceutical rationales for the development of I-FDCs for the treatment of respiratory infections, relevant technologies for particle and powder generation, and obstacles which must be addressed to achieve regulatory approval. EXPERT OPINION I-FDCs have been widely successful in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; however, application of I-FDCs towards the treatment of respiratory infections carries additional challenges related to the high dose requirements and physicochemical characteristics of anti-infective drugs. At present, co-spray drying is an especially promising approach for the development of composite fixed-dose anti-infective particles for inhalation. Though the majority of fixed-dose research has thus far focused on the combination of multiple antibiotics, future work may shift to the additional inclusion of immunomodulatory agents or repurposed non-antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shivam Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Hugh Smyth
- College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
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Phenotypic Characterization of Rhodococcus equi Biofilm Grown In Vitro and Inhibiting and Dissolving Activity of Azithromycin/Rifampicin Treatment. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040284. [PMID: 31817114 PMCID: PMC6963269 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial biofilm has been implicated in a wide range of chronic infections. In spite of the fact that Rhodococcus equi is a recognized cause of chronic disease in animals and humans, few studies have focused on the sessile phenotype of R.equi. The aim of this research was to phenotypically characterize the biofilm development of R. equi and its answerability for hypo-responsiveness to macrolides and rifampicin. Biofilm formation is initiated by bacterial adhesion to the surface. In this work, the ability of R. equi to adhere to the surface of human lung epithelial cells was detected by a fluorometric adhesion test performed on 40 clinical isolates. Subsequently, the capability of R. equi to produce biofilm was investigated by colorimetric, fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy analysis, revealing a general slow growth of rhodococcal biofilm and different sessile phenotypes among field isolates, some also including filamented bacteria. Azithromycin treatment produced a higher long-term inhibition and dissolution of R. equi biofilms than rifampicin, while the two antibiotics combined boosted the anti-biofilm effect in a statistically significant manner, although this was not equally effective for all R. equi isolates. Increasing the MIC concentrations of drugs tenfold alone and in combination did not completely eradicate pre-formed R. equi biofilms, while a rifampicin-resistant isolate produced an exceptionally abundant extracellular matrix. These results have strengthened the hypothesis that biofilm production may occur as an antibiotic tolerance system in R. equi, potentially determining persistence and, eventually, chronic infection.
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