1
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Di Biase C, Leitzbach L, Frank A, Zivkovic A, Stark H. Aromatic linker variations in novel dopamine D 2 and D 3 receptor ligands. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024:e2400071. [PMID: 38736025 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202400071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Dopamine D2-like receptors, especially D2 and D3 receptor subtypes, are important targets of antipsychotic agents. Many of these antipsychotics share an aliphatic linker element between a protonable amine group and an acyl-like moiety. Here, we have modified this aliphatic linker into phenylmethyl and phenylethyl linkers substituted in different positions. The design, synthesis, and in vitro evaluation of 18 dopamine D2 and D3 receptor ligands were performed in this study. Using a radioligand displacement assay, all ligands were found to have modest nanomolar affinity to D2R and D3R. N-(4-{2-[4-(2-Methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethyl}phenyl)acetamide (6c) demonstrates the highest D3R and D2R affinity values (pKi values of 7.83 [D2R] and 8.04 [D3R]), featuring a slight preference to D3R. This derivative can be taken as a reference structure for the development of a new class of D2R and D3R ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Di Biase
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Luisa Leitzbach
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Annika Frank
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Zivkovic
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Holger Stark
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
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2
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Hardy RE, Chung I, Yu Y, Loh SHY, Morone N, Soleilhavoup C, Travaglio M, Serreli R, Panman L, Cain K, Hirst J, Martins LM, MacFarlane M, Pryde KR. The antipsychotic medications aripiprazole, brexpiprazole and cariprazine are off-target respiratory chain complex I inhibitors. Biol Direct 2023; 18:43. [PMID: 37528429 PMCID: PMC10391878 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-023-00375-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Antipsychotic drugs are the mainstay of treatment for schizophrenia and provide adjunct therapies for other prevalent psychiatric conditions, including bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. However, they also induce debilitating extrapyramidal syndromes (EPS), such as Parkinsonism, in a significant minority of patients. The majority of antipsychotic drugs function as dopamine receptor antagonists in the brain while the most recent 'third'-generation, such as aripiprazole, act as partial agonists. Despite showing good clinical efficacy, these newer agents are still associated with EPS in ~ 5 to 15% of patients. However, it is not fully understood how these movement disorders develop. Here, we combine clinically-relevant drug concentrations with mutliscale model systems to show that aripiprazole and its primary active metabolite induce mitochondrial toxicity inducing robust declines in cellular ATP and viability. Aripiprazole, brexpiprazole and cariprazine were shown to directly inhibit respiratory complex I through its ubiquinone-binding channel. Importantly, all three drugs induced mitochondrial toxicity in primary embryonic mouse neurons, with greater bioenergetic inhibition in ventral midbrain neurons than forebrain neurons. Finally, chronic feeding with aripiprazole resulted in structural damage to mitochondria in the brain and thoracic muscle of adult Drosophila melanogaster consistent with locomotor dysfunction. Taken together, we show that antipsychotic drugs acting as partial dopamine receptor agonists exhibit off-target mitochondrial liabilities targeting complex I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Hardy
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Injae Chung
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Yizhou Yu
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Samantha H Y Loh
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Nobuhiro Morone
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Clement Soleilhavoup
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Marco Travaglio
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Riccardo Serreli
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Lia Panman
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Kelvin Cain
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Judy Hirst
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Luis M Martins
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK.
| | - Marion MacFarlane
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK.
| | - Kenneth R Pryde
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK.
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3
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Preiss M, Rabl U, Popper V, Watzal V, Treiber M, Ivkic D, Praschak-Rieder N, Naderi-Heiden A, Fugger G, Frey R, Rujescu D, Bartova L. Case report: Hyperactive delirium after a single dose of zolpidem administered additionally to psychopharmacotherapy including clozapine. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1204009. [PMID: 37575586 PMCID: PMC10413097 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1204009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The non-benzodiazepine hypnotic zolpidem is frequently administered as a short term psychopharmacotherapy for insomnia. Although it is well-established in a broad clinical routine and often well-tolerated, severe delirium and complex sleep behavior were reported in rare cases. Hereby, it remains unclear whether zolpidem's potential for delirium might be enhanced when combined with further psychopharmacotherapeutics. The present case report portrays a young male Caucasian inpatient with schizoaffective disorder, who was admitted due to severe hyperactive delirium after a single dose of zolpidem 10 mg that was administered in addition to already established psychopharmacotherapy including clozapine 200 mg/day, aripiprazole 15 mg/day and cariprazine 4.5 mg/day. In detail, disorientation, agitation, confabulations, bizarre behavior, and anterograde amnesia occurred shortly after ingestion of zolpidem and gained in intensity within a couple of hours. Once zolpidem was discontinued, the abovementioned symptoms subsided completely and did not reoccur. Since a clear temporal association could be drawn between the intake of zolpidem and the onset of hyperactive delirium, the present clinical experience should serve as a cautionary note for combining potent sedative-hypnotics and substances with anticholinergic properties, even in young adults in a good general condition. Moreover, our case argues for the necessity of further research into the pathomechanism of the interaction potential of non-benzodiazepines as zolpidem, especially with substances exerting anticholinergic properties, which are known for their potential to precipitate delirium. Therefore, the metabolic pathways of the concurrently administered substances should be further taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Preiss
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Division of General Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrich Rabl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Division of General Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Valentin Popper
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Division of General Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Victoria Watzal
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Division of General Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Treiber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Division of General Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominik Ivkic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Division of General Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Praschak-Rieder
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Division of General Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Angela Naderi-Heiden
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Division of General Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gernot Fugger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Division of General Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Frey
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Division of General Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Division of General Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lucie Bartova
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Division of General Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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4
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Fountoulakis KN, Ioannou M, Tohen M, Haarman BCM, Zarate CA. Antidepressant efficacy of cariprazine in bipolar disorder and the role of its pharmacodynamic properties: A hypothesis based on data. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2023; 72:30-39. [PMID: 37060629 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of bipolar depression is one of the most challenging needs in contemporary psychiatry. Currently, only quetiapine, olanzapine-fluoxetine combination, lurasidone, cariprazine, and recently lumateperone have been FDA-approved to treat this condition. The neurobiology of bipolar depression and the possible targets of bipolar antidepressant therapy remain elusive. The current study investigated whether the pharmacodynamic properties of cariprazine fit into a previously developed model which was the first to be derived based on the strict combination of clinical and preclinical data. The authors performed a systematic review of the literature to identify the pharmacodynamic properties of cariprazine. The original model suggests that a constellation of effects on different receptors is necessary and that serotonin reuptake inhibition does not appear to play a significant role in acute bipolar depression. On the contrary, norepinephrine activity seems to be necessary. Probably the early antidepressant effect can be achieved through an agonistic activity at 5HT-1A and antagonism at alpha1 noradrenergic and 5-HT2A receptors, but the presence of a norepinephrine reuptake inhibition appears essential to sustain it. Overall, the properties of cariprazine fit well the proposed model and add to its validity. A point that needs further clarification is norepinephrine reuptake inhibition which is not yet fully studied for cariprazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos N Fountoulakis
- Professor and Director, 3rd Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Magdalini Ioannou
- Ph.D. Student, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Mauricio Tohen
- University Distinguished Professor and Chairman, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 2400 Tucker Ave NE MSC09 5030, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA.
| | - Bartholomeus C M Haarman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Carlos A Zarate
- Chief Experimental Therapeutics & Pathophysiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, US.
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5
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Cookson J, Pimm J, Reynolds G. Partial agonists of dopamine receptors: clinical effects and dopamine receptor interactions in combining aripiprazole with a full antagonist in treating psychosis. BJPSYCH ADVANCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1192/bja.2022.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Partial agonists of dopamine receptors are used in combination with full antagonists in treating psychosis, either to mitigate side-effects or in the hope of increasing effectiveness. We examine how combinations may affect the occupancy of D2/D3 dopamine receptors and explore how these can explain the outcomes in the light of the dopamine hypothesis of psychosis. The combinations considered here are from published studies combining aripiprazole with amisulpride, with risperidone in people with hyperprolactinaemia and with olanzapine to mitigate weight gain. We discuss possible worsening of symptoms by the addition of a partial agonist or switching. We also examine the potentially adverse interaction with a full antagonist such as haloperidol given during a subsequent relapse to control severe agitation.
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6
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Aranha CMSQ, Reiner-Link D, Leitzbach LR, Lopes FB, Stark H, Fernandes JPS. Multitargeting approaches to cognitive impairment: Synthesis of aryl-alkylpiperazines and assessment at cholinesterases, histamine H 3 and dopamine D 3 receptors. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 78:117132. [PMID: 36542960 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.117132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Multitargeting ligands on enzymes and receptors may generate a profile for a potential treatment of cognitive impairment. Considering this, a set of 21 substituted aryl-alkyl-piperazines were designed, prepared and tested for their binding affinities at histamine H3 and dopamine D3 receptors (H3R and D3R, respectively) as well as acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterases (AChE/BChE) as potentially synergistic profile. Initial screening of the compounds at H3R and D3R was done at 1 or 10 µM and 100 µM at AChE and BChE assays. The most promising compounds were then evaluated in full concentration-response curves to estimate the Ki and IC50 values. Results showed that several compounds were ligands at H3R (n = 10), D3R (n = 6), AChE (n = 3), and BChE (n = 9). Compounds LINS05006 (Ki H3R 2.8 µM; D3R 0.7 µM; IC50 BChE 26.3 µM) and LINS05015 (Ki H3R 1.1 µM; D3R 3.1 µM; IC50 AChE 97.8 µM; BChE 43.7 µM) are highlighted since presented affinity in three different. These results suggest that methylpiperazine moiety led to balanced activity at all three classes of targets, and longer linker provided the best affinities. These compounds presented high ligand efficiency values (LE > 0.3) and may have adequate pharmacokinetic profile as suggested by calculated physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecília M S Q Aranha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - David Reiner-Link
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Luisa R Leitzbach
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Flavia B Lopes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Holger Stark
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - João Paulo S Fernandes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil.
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7
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Zlatanova HI, Georgieva-Kotetarova MT, Vilmosh NB, Kandilarov IK. Evaluation of the Effect of Cariprazine on Memory and Cognition in Experimental Rodent Models. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14748. [PMID: 36429467 PMCID: PMC9690696 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192214748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The main symptoms of schizophrenia are categorized as positive, negative, and cognitive. Cognitive impairments do not generally respond to antipsychotics. Cariprazine is a novel antipsychotic conceived with the idea that high affinity for D3 receptors may elicit a favorable response in the management of cognitive deficits. We evaluated the pro-cognitive properties of 14-day long pre-treatment with cariprazine (0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg b.w. intraperitoneally) in experimental rodent models with scopolamine-induced memory impairment employing novel object recognition test (NORT), T-maze, Y-maze, and passive avoidance tasks (step-through and step-down). Statistical analysis was performed with One Way ANOVA. In NORT cariprazine increased the recognition index. In T-maze and Y-maze cariprazine increased the working memory index as well as the percentage of spontaneous alternation. Cariprazine improved learning and memory in both short-term and long-term memory retention tests in step-down and step-through tasks. Cariprazine improves learning, recognition, and spatial memory in rats with scopolamine-induced memory impairment. Cariprazine's beneficial effect on cognition is likely due to its affinity for D3 receptors, as well as agonism at 5-HT1A receptors. Most probably, the cognitive-enhancing properties of cariprazine are the result of integrated modulation in the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex.
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8
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Characterizing aripiprazole and its ester derivatives, lauroxil and cavoxil, in interaction with dopamine D2 receptor: Molecular docking and dynamics simulations with physicochemical appraisals. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Experimental Studies Indicate That ST-2223, the Antagonist of Histamine H3 and Dopamine D2/D3 Receptors, Restores Social Deficits and Neurotransmission Dysregulation in Mouse Model of Autism. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15080929. [PMID: 36015079 PMCID: PMC9414676 DOI: 10.3390/ph15080929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered regulation of neurotransmitters may lead to many pathophysiological changes in brain disorders including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Given the fact that there are no FDA-approved effective treatments for the social deficits in ASD, the present study determined the effects of chronic systemic treatment of the novel multiple-active H3R/D2R/D3R receptor antagonist ST-2223 on ASD-related social deficits in a male Black and Tan Brachyury (BTBR) mice. ST-2223 (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly and dose-dependently mitigated social deficits and disturbed anxiety levels of BTBR mice (p < 0.05) in comparison to the effects of aripiprazole (1 mg/kg, i.p.). Moreover, levels of monoaminergic neurotransmitters quantified by LC-MS/MS in four brain regions including the prefrontal cortex, cerebellum, striatum, and hippocampus unveiled significant elevation of histamine (HA) in the cerebellum and striatum; dopamine (DA) in the prefrontal cortex and striatum; as well as acetylcholine (ACh) in the prefrontal cortex, striatum, and hippocampus following ST-2223 (5 mg/kg) administration (all p < 0.05). These in vivo findings demonstrate the mitigating effects of a multiple-active H3R/D2R/D3R antagonist on social deficits of assessed BTBR mice, signifying its pharmacological potential to rescue core ASD-related behaviors and altered monoaminergic neurotransmitters. Further studies on neurochemical alterations in ASD are crucial to elucidate the early neurodevelopmental variations behind the core symptoms and heterogeneity of ASD, leading to new approaches for the future therapeutic management of ASD.
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10
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Egyed A, Kiss DJ, Keserű GM. The Impact of the Secondary Binding Pocket on the Pharmacology of Class A GPCRs. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:847788. [PMID: 35355719 PMCID: PMC8959758 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.847788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are considered important therapeutic targets due to their pathophysiological significance and pharmacological relevance. Class A receptors represent the largest group of GPCRs that gives the highest number of validated drug targets. Endogenous ligands bind to the orthosteric binding pocket (OBP) embedded in the intrahelical space of the receptor. During the last 10 years, however, it has been turned out that in many receptors there is secondary binding pocket (SBP) located in the extracellular vestibule that is much less conserved. In some cases, it serves as a stable allosteric site harbouring allosteric ligands that modulate the pharmacology of orthosteric binders. In other cases it is used by bitopic compounds occupying both the OBP and SBP. In these terms, SBP binding moieties might influence the pharmacology of the bitopic ligands. Together with others, our research group showed that SBP binders contribute significantly to the affinity, selectivity, functional activity, functional selectivity and binding kinetics of bitopic ligands. Based on these observations we developed a structure-based protocol for designing bitopic compounds with desired pharmacological profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Egyed
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dóra Judit Kiss
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - György M Keserű
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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11
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Design and Synthesis of Arylpiperazine Serotonergic/Dopaminergic Ligands with Neuroprotective Properties. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27041297. [PMID: 35209087 PMCID: PMC8877291 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain arylpiperazine scaffold is a versatile template to design central nervous system (CNS) drugs that target serotonin and dopamine receptors. Here we describe the synthesis and biological evaluation of ten new arylpiperazine derivatives designed to obtain an affinity profile at serotonin 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT7 receptor, and dopamine D2 receptor of prospective drugs to treat the core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or psychosis. Besides the structural features required for affinity at the target receptors, the new compounds incorporated structural fragments with antioxidant properties to counteract oxidative stress connected with ASD and psychosis. All the new compounds showed CNS MultiParameter Optimization score predictive of desirable ADMET properties and cross the blood–brain barrier. We identified compound 12a that combines an affinity profile compatible with antipsychotic activity (5-HT1AKi = 41.5 nM, 5-HT2AKi = 315 nM, 5-HT7Ki = 42.5 nM, D2Ki = 300 nM), and compound 9b that has an affinity profile consistent with studies in the context of ASD (5-HT1AKi = 23.9 nM, 5-HT2AKi = 39.4 nM, 5-HT7Ki = 45.0 nM). Both compounds also had antioxidant properties. All compounds showed low in vitro metabolic stability, the only exception being compound 9b, which might be suitable for studies in vivo.
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12
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Chagraoui A, Di Giovanni G, De Deurwaerdère P. Neurobiological and Pharmacological Perspectives of D3 Receptors in Parkinson’s Disease. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020243. [PMID: 35204744 PMCID: PMC8961531 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the D3 receptor (D3R) subtypes of dopamine (DA) has generated an understandable increase in interest in the field of neurological diseases, especially Parkinson’s disease (PD). Indeed, although DA replacement therapy with l-DOPA has provided an effective treatment for patients with PD, it is responsible for invalidating abnormal involuntary movements, known as L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia, which constitutes a serious limitation of the use of this therapy. Of particular interest is the finding that chronic l-DOPA treatment can trigger the expression of D1R–D3R heteromeric interactions in the dorsal striatum. The D3R is expressed in various tissues of the central nervous system, including the striatum. Compelling research has focused on striatal D3Rs in the context of PD and motor side effects, including dyskinesia, occurring with DA replacement therapy. Therefore, this review will briefly describe the basal ganglia (BG) and the DA transmission within these brain regions, before going into more detail with regard to the role of D3Rs in PD and their participation in the current treatments. Numerous studies have also highlighted specific interactions between D1Rs and D3Rs that could promote dyskinesia. Finally, this review will also address the possibility that D3Rs located outside of the BG may mediate some of the effects of DA replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdeslam Chagraoui
- Différenciation et Communication Neuroendocrine, Endocrine et Germinale Laboratory, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine of Normandy (IRIB), University of Rouen, INSERM 1239, 76000 Rouen, France
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Rouen University Hospital, 76000 Rouen, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-2-35-14-83-69
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, 2080 Msida, Malta;
- Neuroscience Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Philippe De Deurwaerdère
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5287, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CEDEX, 33000 Bordeaux, France;
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13
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Gajic M, Knez D, Sosič I, Mravljak J, Meden A, Košak U, Leitzbach L, George S, Hofmann B, Zivkovic A, Steinhilber D, Stark H, Gobec S, Smelcerovic A, Anderluh M. Repurposing of 8-Hydroxyquinoline-based Butyrylcholinesterase and Cathepsin B Ligands as Potent Non-peptidic Deoxyribonuclease I Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202100694. [PMID: 34994078 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A library of 31 butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and cathepsin B (CatB) inhibitors, was screened in vitro for inhibition of deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I). Compounds 22, 8 and 7 are among the most potent synthetic non-peptide DNase I inhibitors reported up to date. Three 8-hydroxyquinoline analogues inhibited both DNase I and BChE with IC50 values below 35 µM and 50 nM, respectively, while 2 nitroxoline derivatives inhibited DNase I and Cat B endopeptidase activity with IC50 values below 60 µM and 20 µM, respectively. Selected derivatives were screened for various co-target binding affinities at dopamine D2 and D3, histamine H3 and H4 receptors and inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase. Compound 8 bound to the H3 receptor and is highlighted as the most promising multifunctional ligand with a favorable pharmacokinetic profile and one of the most potent non-peptide DNase I inhibitors. The present study demonstrates that 8-hydroxyquinoline is a structural fragment critical for DNase I inhibition in the presented series of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Damijan Knez
- University of Ljubljana, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, SLOVENIA
| | - Izidor Sosič
- University of Ljubljana, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, SLOVENIA
| | - Janez Mravljak
- University of Ljubljana, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, SLOVENIA
| | - Anže Meden
- University of Ljubljana, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, SLOVENIA
| | - Urban Košak
- University of Ljubljana, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, SLOVENIA
| | - Luisa Leitzbach
- Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Sven George
- Goethe-University of Frankfurt, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Bettina Hofmann
- Goethe-University of Frankfurt, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Aleksandra Zivkovic
- Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Dieter Steinhilber
- Goethe-University of Frankfurt, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Holger Stark
- Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- University of Ljubljana, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, SLOVENIA
| | | | - Marko Anderluh
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Askerceva cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, SLOVENIA
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14
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Kiss B, Krámos B, Laszlovszky I. Potential Mechanisms for Why Not All Antipsychotics Are Able to Occupy Dopamine D 3 Receptors in the Brain in vivo. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:785592. [PMID: 35401257 PMCID: PMC8987915 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.785592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctions of the dopaminergic system are believed to play a major role in the core symptoms of schizophrenia such as positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms. The first line of treatment of schizophrenia are antipsychotics, a class of medications that targets several neurotransmitter receptors in the brain, including dopaminergic, serotonergic, adrenergic and/or muscarinic receptors, depending on the given agent. Although the currently used antipsychotics display in vitro activity at several receptors, majority of them share the common property of having high/moderate in vitro affinity for dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs) and D3 receptors (D3Rs). In terms of mode of action, these antipsychotics are either antagonist or partial agonist at the above-mentioned receptors. Although D2Rs and D3Rs possess high degree of homology in their molecular structure, have common signaling pathways and similar in vitro pharmacology, they have different in vivo pharmacology and therefore behavioral roles. The aim of this review, with summarizing preclinical and clinical evidence is to demonstrate that while currently used antipsychotics display substantial in vitro affinity for both D3Rs and D2Rs, only very few can significantly occupy D3Rs in vivo. The relative importance of the level of endogenous extracellular dopamine in the brain and the degree of in vitro D3Rs receptor affinity and selectivity as determinant factors for in vivo D3Rs occupancy by antipsychotics, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béla Kiss
- Pharmacological and Drug Safety Research, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Krámos
- Spectroscopic Research Department, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary
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15
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Chen Z, Fan L, Wang H, Yu J, Lu D, Qi J, Nie F, Luo Z, Liu Z, Cheng J, Wang S. Structure-based design of a novel third-generation antipsychotic drug lead with potential antidepressant properties. Nat Neurosci 2021; 25:39-49. [PMID: 34887590 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-021-00971-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Partial agonist activity at the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) is a key feature of third-generation antipsychotics (TGAs). However, TGAs also act as antagonists or weak partial agonists to the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) 2A receptor (5-HT2AR). Here we present the crystal structures of aripiprazole- and cariprazine-bound human 5-HT2AR. Both TGAs adopt an unexpected 'upside-down' pose in the 5-HT2AR binding pocket, with secondary pharmacophores inserted in a similar way to a 'bolt'. This insight into the binding modes of TGAs offered a structural mechanism underlying their varied partial efficacies at 5-HT2AR and DRD2. These structures enabled the design of a partial agonist at DRD2/3 and 5-HT1AR with negligible 5-HT2AR binding that displayed potent antipsychotic-like activity without motor side effects in mice. This TGA lead also had antidepressant-like effects and improved cognitive performance in mouse models via 5-HT1AR. This work indicates that 5-HT2AR affinity is a dispensable contributor to the therapeutic actions of TGAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangcheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Luyu Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Wang
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dengyu Lu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technolog, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianzhong Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fen Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhipu Luo
- Institute of Molecular Enzymology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technolog, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianjun Cheng
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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16
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Berardis DD, Rapini G, Olivieri L, Giardini A, Lauretis ID, Serroni N, Orsolini L, Fornaro M, Iasevoli F, Trotta S, Cottura P, Vellante F, Alessandrini M, Giannantonio MD. Cariprazine Add-on in Inadequate Clozapine Response: A Report on Two Cases. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2021; 19:174-178. [PMID: 33508803 PMCID: PMC7851462 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2021.19.1.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cariprazine is a novel antipsychotic drug that exerts partial agonism of dopamine D2/D3 receptors with preferential binding to the D3 receptor, antagonism of 5HT2B receptors, and partial agonism of 5HT1A. Currently, cariprazine has shown clinical efficacy in patients with schizophrenia and with bipolar disorder, as well as adjunctive treatment in patients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and drug-resistant MDD. In the present case series, we report on two patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia and partial response to clozapine who benefit from combination with cariprazine. The effects of cariprazine combination were remarkable also concerning the adverse metabolic effects of clozapine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico De Berardis
- National Health Service, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital "G. Mazzini," Teramo, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences and Imaging, Chair of Psychiatry, University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti, Italy
| | - Gabriella Rapini
- National Health Service, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital "G. Mazzini," Teramo, Italy
| | - Luigi Olivieri
- National Health Service, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital "G. Mazzini," Teramo, Italy
| | - Agostina Giardini
- National Health Service, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital "G. Mazzini," Teramo, Italy
| | - Ida De Lauretis
- National Health Service, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital "G. Mazzini," Teramo, Italy
| | - Nicola Serroni
- National Health Service, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital "G. Mazzini," Teramo, Italy
| | - Laura Orsolini
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Michele Fornaro
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry and Psychopharmacotherapeutics, Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, University School of Medicine "Federico II," Naples
| | - Felice Iasevoli
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry and Psychopharmacotherapeutics, Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, University School of Medicine "Federico II," Naples
| | - Sabatino Trotta
- National Health Service, Department of Mental Health, Pescara, Italy
| | - Paolo Cottura
- National Health Service, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Cuneo, Italy
| | - Federica Vellante
- Department of Neurosciences and Imaging, Chair of Psychiatry, University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti, Italy
| | - Marco Alessandrini
- Department of Neurosciences and Imaging, Chair of Psychiatry, University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti, Italy
| | - Massimo Di Giannantonio
- Department of Neurosciences and Imaging, Chair of Psychiatry, University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti, Italy
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17
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Neuronal Dopamine D3 Receptors: Translational Implications for Preclinical Research and CNS Disorders. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11010104. [PMID: 33466844 PMCID: PMC7830622 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA), as one of the major neurotransmitters in the central nervous system (CNS) and periphery, exerts its actions through five types of receptors which belong to two major subfamilies such as D1-like (i.e., D1 and D5 receptors) and D2-like (i.e., D2, D3 and D4) receptors. Dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) was cloned 30 years ago, and its distribution in the CNS and in the periphery, molecular structure, cellular signaling mechanisms have been largely explored. Involvement of D3Rs has been recognized in several CNS functions such as movement control, cognition, learning, reward, emotional regulation and social behavior. D3Rs have become a promising target of drug research and great efforts have been made to obtain high affinity ligands (selective agonists, partial agonists and antagonists) in order to elucidate D3R functions. There has been a strong drive behind the efforts to find drug-like compounds with high affinity and selectivity and various functionality for D3Rs in the hope that they would have potential treatment options in CNS diseases such as schizophrenia, drug abuse, Parkinson’s disease, depression, and restless leg syndrome. In this review, we provide an overview and update of the major aspects of research related to D3Rs: distribution in the CNS and periphery, signaling and molecular properties, the status of ligands available for D3R research (agonists, antagonists and partial agonists), behavioral functions of D3Rs, the role in neural networks, and we provide a summary on how the D3R-related drug research has been translated to human therapy.
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18
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Allikalt A, Purkayastha N, Flad K, Schmidt MF, Tabor A, Gmeiner P, Hübner H, Weikert D. Fluorescent ligands for dopamine D 2/D 3 receptors. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21842. [PMID: 33318558 PMCID: PMC7736868 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78827-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent ligands are versatile tools for the study of G protein-coupled receptors. Depending on the fluorophore, they can be used for a range of different applications, including fluorescence microscopy and bioluminescence or fluorescence resonance energy transfer (BRET or FRET) assays. Starting from phenylpiperazines and indanylamines, privileged scaffolds for dopamine D2-like receptors, we developed dansyl-labeled fluorescent ligands that are well accommodated in the binding pockets of D2 and D3 receptors. These receptors are the target proteins for the therapy for several neurologic and psychiatric disorders, including Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia. The dansyl-labeled ligands exhibit binding affinities up to 0.44 nM and 0.29 nM at D2R and D3R, respectively. When the dansyl label was exchanged for sterically more demanding xanthene or cyanine dyes, fluorescent ligands 10a-c retained excellent binding properties and, as expected from their indanylamine pharmacophore, acted as agonists at D2R. While the Cy3B-labeled ligand 10b was used to visualize D2R and D3R on the surface of living cells by total internal reflection microscopy, ligand 10a comprising a rhodamine label showed excellent properties in a NanoBRET binding assay at D3R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Allikalt
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nirupam Purkayastha
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Khajidmaa Flad
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilian F Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alina Tabor
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Hübner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dorothee Weikert
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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19
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Egyed A, Domány-Kovács K, Koványi B, Horti F, Kurkó D, Kiss DJ, Pándy-Szekeres G, Greiner I, Keserű GM. Controlling receptor function from the extracellular vestibule of G-protein coupled receptors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:14167-14170. [PMID: 33079104 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05532h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Receptor function is traditionally controlled from the orthosteric binding site of G-protein coupled receptors. Here, we show that the functional activity and signalling of human dopamine D2 and D3 receptor ligands can be fine-tuned from the extracellular secondary binding pocket (SBP) located far from the signalling interface suggesting optimization of the SBP binding part of bitopic ligands might be a useful strategy to develop GPCR ligands with designed functional and signalling profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Egyed
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok krt. 2, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary.
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20
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Forster L, Grätz L, Mönnich D, Bernhardt G, Pockes S. A Split Luciferase Complementation Assay for the Quantification of β-Arrestin2 Recruitment to Dopamine D 2-Like Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176103. [PMID: 32847148 PMCID: PMC7503597 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigations on functional selectivity of GPCR ligands have become increasingly important to identify compounds with a potentially more beneficial side effect profile. In order to discriminate between individual signaling pathways, the determination of β-arrestin2 recruitment, in addition to G-protein activation, is of great value. In this study, we established a sensitive split luciferase-based assay with the ability to quantify β-arrestin2 recruitment to D2long and D3 receptors and measure time-resolved β-arrestin2 recruitment to the D2long receptor after agonist stimulation. We were able to characterize several standard (inverse) agonists as well as antagonists at the D2longR and D3R subtypes, whereas for the D4.4R, no β-arrestin2 recruitment was detected, confirming previous reports. Extensive radioligand binding studies and comparisons with the respective wild-type receptors confirm that the attachment of the Emerald luciferase fragment to the receptors does not affect the integrity of the receptor proteins. Studies on the involvement of GRK2/3 and PKC on the β-arrestin recruitment to the D2longR and D3R, as well as at the D1R using different kinase inhibitors, showed that the assay could also contribute to the elucidation of signaling mechanisms. Its broad applicability, which provides concentration-dependent and kinetic information on receptor/β-arrestin2 interactions, renders this homogeneous assay a valuable method for the identification of biased agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Forster
- Correspondence: (L.F.); (S.P.); Tel.: +49-941-943-4796 (L.F.); +49-941-943-4825 (S.P.)
| | | | | | | | - Steffen Pockes
- Correspondence: (L.F.); (S.P.); Tel.: +49-941-943-4796 (L.F.); +49-941-943-4825 (S.P.)
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21
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Abstract
Aripiprazole, brexpiprazole and cariprazine differ from all other second-generation antipsychotics due to partial agonism at the dopamine D2 and D3 receptors. In contrast to aripiprazole, brexpiprazole has lower intrinsic dopamine D2 activity and higher affinity for the serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors, while cariprazine has the highest affinity for the dopamine D3 receptor, and the longest half-life. The main adverse effect of dopamine receptor partial agonists (DRPAs) is akathisia of low-to-moderate severity, which occurs in a small proportion of patients, usually in the first few weeks of treatment. While definitive conclusions concerning differences between the DRPAs require head-to-head comparison studies, on the available evidence, akathisia is probably least likely to occur with brexpiprazole and most likely with cariprazine; the risk of akathisia with aripiprazole lies in between. Weight-gain risk is low with aripiprazole and cariprazine, but moderate with brexpiprazole. Risk of sedation is low with DRPAs, as is risk of insomnia and nausea. Partial dopamine agonism leads to a low risk for hyperprolactinaemia (and probably a low risk of sexual dysfunction). Prolactin concentrations fall in some patients (particularly those with elevated levels prior to initiating the drugs). Rates of discontinuation due to adverse effects in pivotal studies were low, and on the whole, DRPAs are well tolerated. Aripiprazole has been implicated in pathological gambling and other impulse control behaviours, likely due to partial dopamine agonist activity (there have been no reports with brexpiprazole and cariprazine). The risks for diabetes and tardive dyskinesia with DRPAs are unknown, but are likely to be low. On the basis of tolerability, DRPAs should be considered as first-line treatment options, particularly in patients with early schizophrenia.
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22
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Stark T, Di Bartolomeo M, Di Marco R, Drazanova E, Platania CBM, Iannotti FA, Ruda-Kucerova J, D'Addario C, Kratka L, Pekarik V, Piscitelli F, Babinska Z, Fedotova J, Giurdanella G, Salomone S, Sulcova A, Bucolo C, Wotjak CT, Starcuk Z, Drago F, Mechoulam R, Di Marzo V, Micale V. Altered dopamine D3 receptor gene expression in MAM model of schizophrenia is reversed by peripubertal cannabidiol treatment. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:114004. [PMID: 32360362 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gestational methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) treatment produces offspring with adult phenotype relevant to schizophrenia, including positive- and negative-like symptoms, cognitive deficits, dopaminergic dysfunction, structural and functional abnormalities. Here we show that adult rats prenatally treated with MAM at gestational day 17 display significant increase in dopamine D3 receptor (D3) mRNA expression in prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus and nucleus accumbens, accompanied by increased expression of dopamine D2 receptor (D2) mRNA exclusively in the PFC. Furthermore, a significant change in the blood perfusion at the level of the circle of Willis and hippocampus, paralleled by the enlargement of lateral ventricles, was also detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques. Peripubertal treatment with the non-euphoric phytocannabinoid cannabidiol (30 mg/kg) from postnatal day (PND) 19 to PND 39 was able to reverse in MAM exposed rats: i) the up-regulation of the dopamine D3 receptor mRNA (only partially prevented by haloperidol 0.6 mg/kg/day); and ii) the regional blood flow changes in MAM exposed rats. Molecular modelling predicted that cannabidiol could bind preferentially to dopamine D3 receptor, where it may act as a partial agonist according to conformation of ionic-lock, which is highly conserved in GPCRs. In summary, our results demonstrate that the mRNA expression of both dopamine D2 and D3 receptors is altered in the MAM model; however only the transcript levels of D3 are affected by cannabidiol treatment, likely suggesting that this gene might not only contribute to the schizophrenia symptoms but also represent an unexplored target for the antipsychotic activity of cannabidiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Stark
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; RG "Neuronal Plasticity", Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Di Bartolomeo
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Roberta Di Marco
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Eva Drazanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Fabio Arturo Iannotti
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Endocannabinoid Research Group, Naples, Italy
| | - Jana Ruda-Kucerova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Claudio D'Addario
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Lucie Kratka
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Pekarik
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Endocannabinoid Research Group, Naples, Italy
| | - Zuzana Babinska
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Julia Fedotova
- International Research Centre "Biotechnologies of the Third Millennium", ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, I.P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology RASci., St. Petersburg, Russian Federation; Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - Giovanni Giurdanella
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Salomone
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Alexandra Sulcova
- ICCI - International Cannabis and Cannabinoid Institute, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Claudio Bucolo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Carsten T Wotjak
- RG "Neuronal Plasticity", Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & KO KG, Germany
| | - Zenon Starcuk
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Filippo Drago
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Raphael Mechoulam
- Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Endocannabinoid Research Group, Naples, Italy; Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada; Joint International Unit on Chemical and Biomolecular Research on the Microbiome and its Impact on Metabolic Health and Nutrition (UMI-MicroMeNu), Université Laval and Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, CNR, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Micale
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.
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23
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Azorin JM, Simon N. Dopamine Receptor Partial Agonists for the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder. Drugs 2020; 79:1657-1677. [PMID: 31468317 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-019-01189-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder is a chronic, disabling, and costly illness with frequent relapses and recurrences, high rates of co-morbid conditions, and poor adherence to treatment. Mood stabilizers and antipsychotics are the cornerstones of treatment. Dopamine receptor partial agonists are a novel class of antipsychotic agents with original pharmacodynamic properties. Among them, two have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of bipolar disorder. Aripiprazole (oral formulation) has been approved as monotherapy for the treatment of manic/mixed episodes in adult and pediatric populations and for maintenance treatment in adults, and as adjunctive treatment to mood stabilizers, for the acute treatment of manic/mixed episodes and for maintenance in adults. An intramuscular formulation of aripiprazole has been approved for the treatment of agitation in mania and a long-acting injectable formulation has been approved as maintenance treatment. In the USA, cariprazine has been approved as monotherapy for the acute treatment of manic/mixed as well as bipolar depressive episodes. Brexpiprazole is not yet approved to treat bipolar disorder. The evidence supporting these indications is reviewed via an analysis of clinical registration trials as well as additional studies, on the basis of a systematic literature search. Further studies dealing with other aspects of bipolar illness are also presented. Aripiprazole and cariprazine are efficacious and generally well tolerated agents that have shown cost effectiveness, and may therefore enrich our therapeutic armamentarium for bipolar illness. Brexpiprazole, which displays an overall promising tolerability profile, deserves further efficacy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Azorin
- Department of Psychiatry, Sainte Marguerite Hospital, 13009, Marseille, France.
| | - Nicolas Simon
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, Hôpital Sainte Marguerite, Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, CAP, Marseille, France
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Rapid improvement of obsessive-compulsive disorder associated with schizophrenia with cariprazine add-on in a subject under paliperidone long-acting injection: a case report. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2020; 35:113-118. [PMID: 32004167 DOI: 10.1097/yic.0000000000000284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder is often associated with schizophrenia and may represent a significant challenge in the treatment as this comorbidity may not respond properly to antipsychotic medication and usually require a pharmacological and psychotherapeutic add-on. In the present case report, we present the case of a 26-year-old male blue-collar subject who developed obsessive-compulsive disorder after a year of complete remission of schizophrenia symptoms under paliperidone long-acting injection that rapidly resolved after low-dosage cariprazine add-on. No adverse effects were reported due to cariprazine- paliperidone long-acting injection combination.
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Franco R, Castelló J, Canela EI. The Kinetic Component in Drug Discovery: Using the Most Basic Pharmacological Concepts to Advance in Selecting Drugs to Combat CNS Diseases. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:250-257. [PMID: 31573886 PMCID: PMC7327946 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666191001144309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
To reach the central nervous system (CNS), drugs must cross the brain-blood barrier and have appropriate pharmacokinetic/dynamic properties. However, in early drug discovery steps, the selection of lead compounds, for example, those targeting G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), is made according to i) affinity, which is calculated in in vitro equilibrium conditions, and ii) potency, a signal transduction-related parameter, usually quantified at a fixed time-point in a heterologous expression system. This paper argues that kinetics must be considered in the early steps of lead compound selection. While affinity calculation requires the establishment of a ligand-receptor equilibrium, the signal transduction starts as soon as the receptor senses the agonist. Taking cAMP production as an example, the in vitro-measured cytoplasmic levels of this cyclic nucleotide do not depend on equilibrium dissociation constant, KD. Signaling occurs far from the equilibrium and correlates more with the binding rate (kon) than with KD. Furthermore, residence time, a parameter to consider in lead optimization, may significantly vary from in vitro to in vivo conditions. The results are discussed from the perspective of dopaminergic neurotransmission and dopaminereceptor- based drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Franco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Biology School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Josema Castelló
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Biology School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric I. Canela
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Biology School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Carbone C, Lo Russo SLM, Lacivita E, Frank A, Alleva E, Stark H, Saso L, Leopoldo M, Adriani W. Prior Activation of 5-HT7 Receptors Modulates the Conditioned Place Preference With Methylphenidate. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:208. [PMID: 31619973 PMCID: PMC6759476 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The serotonin receptor subtype 7 (5-HT7R) is clearly involved in behavioral functions such as learning/memory, mood regulation and circadian rhythm. Recent discoveries proposed modulatory physiological roles for serotonergic systems in reward-guided behavior. However, the interplay between serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) in reward-related behavioral adaptations needs to be further assessed. TP-22 is a recently developed arylpiperazine-based 5-HT7R agonist, which is also showing high affinity and selectivity towards D1 receptors. Here, we report that TP-22 displays D1 receptor antagonist activity. Moreover, we describe the first in vivo tests with TP-22: first, a pilot experiment (assessing dosage and timing of action) identified the 0.25 mg/kg i.v. dosage for locomotor stimulation of rats. Then, a conditioned place preference (CPP) test with the DA-releasing psychostimulant drug, methylphenidate (MPH), involved three rat groups: prior i.v. administration of TP-22 (0.25 mg/kg), or vehicle (VEH), 90 min before MPH (5 mg/kg), was intended for modulation of conditioning to the white chamber (saline associated to the black chamber); control group (SAL) was conditioned with saline in both chambers. Prior TP-22 further increased the stimulant effect of MPH on locomotor activity. During the place-conditioning test, drug-free activity of TP-22+MPH subjects remained steadily elevated, while VEH+MPH subjects showed a decline. Finally, after a priming injection of TP-22 in MPH-free conditions, rats showed a high preference for the MPH-associated white chamber, which conversely had vanished in VEH-primed MPH-conditioned subjects. Overall, the interaction between MPH and pre-treatment with TP-22 seems to improve both locomotor stimulation and the conditioning of motivational drives to environmental cues. Together with recent studies, a main modulatory role of 5-HT7R for the processing of rewards can be suggested. In the present study, TP-22 proved to be a useful psychoactive tool to better elucidate the role of 5-HT7R and its interplay with DA in reward-related behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Carbone
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Enza Lacivita
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Annika Frank
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Enrico Alleva
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Holger Stark
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Leopoldo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy.,BIOFORDRUG s.r.l., Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Walter Adriani
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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