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Li F, Yan W, Dong W, Chen Z, Chen Z. PNSC928, a plant-derived compound, specifically disrupts CtBP2-p300 interaction and reduces inflammation in mice with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Biol Direct 2024; 19:48. [PMID: 38902802 PMCID: PMC11191317 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-024-00491-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior research has highlighted the involvement of a transcriptional complex comprising C-terminal binding protein 2 (CtBP2), histone acetyltransferase p300, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in the transactivation of proinflammatory cytokine genes, contributing to inflammation in mice with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Nonetheless, it remains uncertain whether the therapeutic targeting of the CtBP2-p300-NF-κB complex holds potential for ARDS suppression. METHODS An ARDS mouse model was established using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure. RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) was performed on ARDS mice and LPS-treated cells with CtBP2, p300, and p65 knockdown. Small molecules inhibiting the CtBP2-p300 interaction were identified through AlphaScreen. Gene and protein expression levels were quantified using RT-qPCR and immunoblots. Tissue damage was assessed via histological staining. KEY FINDINGS We elucidated the specific role of the CtBP2-p300-NF-κB complex in proinflammatory gene regulation. RNA-seq analysis in LPS-challenged ARDS mice and LPS-treated CtBP2-knockdown (CtBP2KD), p300KD, and p65KD cells revealed its significant impact on proinflammatory genes with minimal effects on other NF-κB targets. Commercial inhibitors for CtBP2, p300, or NF-κB exhibited moderate cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo, affecting both proinflammatory genes and other targets. We identified a potent inhibitor, PNSC928, for the CtBP2-p300 interaction using AlphaScreen. PNSC928 treatment hindered the assembly of the CtBP2-p300-NF-κB complex, substantially downregulating proinflammatory cytokine gene expression without observable cytotoxicity in normal cells. In vivo administration of PNSC928 significantly reduced CtBP2-driven proinflammatory gene expression in ARDS mice, alleviating inflammation and lung injury, ultimately improving ARDS prognosis. CONCLUSION Our results position PNSC928 as a promising therapeutic candidate to specifically target the CtBP2-p300 interaction and mitigate inflammation in ARDS management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Wenqing Yan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, Shanghai, 200065, China
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
- Department of Emergency, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, No. 92, Aiguo Road, Donghu District, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Weihua Dong
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
- Department of Emergency, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, No. 92, Aiguo Road, Donghu District, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Zhiping Chen
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China.
- Department of Emergency, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, No. 92, Aiguo Road, Donghu District, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China.
| | - Zhi Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, Shanghai, 200065, China.
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China.
- Department of Emergency, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, No. 92, Aiguo Road, Donghu District, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China.
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Bhogal T, Giannoudis A, Sokol E, Ali S, Palmieri C. Analysis of Breast Cancer Brain Metastases Reveals an Enrichment of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 12 Structural Rearrangements in Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-Positive Disease. JCO Precis Oncol 2024; 8:e2300639. [PMID: 38838276 DOI: 10.1200/po.23.00639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Genomic alterations have been identified in patients with breast cancer brain metastases (BCBMs), but large structural rearrangements have not been extensively studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed the genomic profiles of 822 BCBMs and compared them with 11,988 local, breast-biopsied breast cancers (BCs) and 15,516 non-CNS metastases (Non-CNS M) derived from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded material using targeted capture sequencing. RESULTS Nine genes with structural rearrangements were more prevalent within BCBMs as compared with local BCs and Non-CNS M (adjusted-P < .05) and displayed a prevalence of >0.5%. The most common rearrangements within BCBMs involves cyclin-dependent kinase 12 (CDK12; 3.53%) as compared with the local BC (0.86%; adjusted-P = 7.1 × 10-8) and Non-CNS M specimens (0.68%; adjusted-P = 3.7 × 10-10). CDK12 rearrangements had a significantly higher frequency within human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive BCBMs (14.59%) compared with HER2-positive BCs (7.80%; P = 4.6 × 10-3) and HER2-positive Non-CNS M (7.87%; P = 4.8 × 10-3). CONCLUSION The most common structural rearrangements involve CDK12 with the higher prevalence in HER2-positive BCBMs. These data support more detailed investigation of the role and importance of CDK12 rearrangements in BCBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talvinder Bhogal
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- The Clatterbridge Cancer Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Athina Giannoudis
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ethan Sokol
- Computational Discovery, Foundation Medicine, Inc, Cambridge, MA
| | - Simak Ali
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carlo Palmieri
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- The Clatterbridge Cancer Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Strachowska M, Robaszkiewicz A. Characteristics of anticancer activity of CBP/p300 inhibitors - Features of their classes, intracellular targets and future perspectives of their application in cancer treatment. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 257:108636. [PMID: 38521246 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Due to the contribution of highly homologous acetyltransferases CBP and p300 to transcription elevation of oncogenes and other cancer promoting factors, these enzymes emerge as possible epigenetic targets of anticancer therapy. Extensive efforts in search for small molecule inhibitors led to development of compounds targeting histone acetyltransferase catalytic domain or chromatin-interacting bromodomain of CBP/p300, as well as dual BET and CBP/p300 inhibitors. The promising anticancer efficacy in in vitro and mice models led CCS1477 and NEO2734 to clinical trials. However, none of the described inhibitors is perfectly specific to CBP/p300 since they share similarity of a key functional domains with other enzymes, which are critically associated with cancer progression and their antagonists demonstrate remarkable clinical efficacy in cancer therapy. Therefore, we revise the possible and clinically relevant off-targets of CBP/p300 inhibitors that can be blocked simultaneously with CBP/p300 thereby improving the anticancer potential of CBP/p300 inhibitors and pharmacokinetic predicting data such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME) and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Strachowska
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of General Biophysics, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; University of Lodz, Bio-Med-Chem Doctoral School of the University of Lodz and Lodz Institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Banacha 12 /16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Robaszkiewicz
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of General Biophysics, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Institute of Fundamental and Basic Research, 600 5(th) Street South, Saint Petersburg FL33701, United States of America.
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4
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Krošel M, Gabathuler M, Moser L, Maciukiewicz M, Züllig T, Seifritz T, Tomšič M, Distler O, Ospelt C, Klein K. The histone acetyl transferases CBP and p300 regulate stress response pathways in synovial fibroblasts at transcriptional and functional levels. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17112. [PMID: 37816914 PMCID: PMC10564874 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44412-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of stress response pathways in synovial fibroblasts (SF) is a hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). CBP and p300 are two highly homologous histone acetyl transferases and writers of activating histone 3 lysine 27 acetylation (H3K27ac) marks. Furthermore, they serve as co-factors for transcription factors and acetylate many non-histone proteins. Here we showed that p300 but not CBP protein expression was down regulated by TNF and 4-hydroxynonenal, two factors that mimic inflammation and oxidative stress in the synovial microenvironment. We used existing RNA-sequencing data sets as a basis for a further in-depth investigation of individual functions of CBP and p300 in regulating different stress response pathways in SF. Pathway enrichment analysis pointed to a profound role of CBP and/ or p300 in regulating stress response-related gene expression, with an enrichment of pathways associated with oxidative stress, hypoxia, autophagy and proteasome function. We silenced CBP or p300, and performed confirmatory experiments on transcriptome, protein and functional levels. We have identified some overlap of CBP and p300 target genes in the oxidative stress response pathway, however, with several genes being regulated in opposite directions. The majority of stress response genes was regulated by p300, with a specific function of p300 in regulating hypoxia response genes and genes encoding proteasome subunits. Silencing of p300 suppressed proteasome enzymatic activities. CBP and p300 regulated autophagy on transcriptome and functional levels. Whereas CBP was indispensable for autophagy synthesis, silencing of p300 affected late-stage autophagy. In line with impaired autophagy and proteasome function, poly-ubiquitinated proteins accumulated after silencing of p300.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Krošel
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marcel Gabathuler
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Larissa Moser
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Malgorzata Maciukiewicz
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 28, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Züllig
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Seifritz
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matija Tomšič
- Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Oliver Distler
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Ospelt
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Klein
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 28, 3008, Bern, Switzerland.
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.
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Dong W, Weng JF, Zhu JB, Zheng YF, Liu LL, Dong C, Ruan Y, Fang X, Chen J, Liu WY, Peng XP, Chen XY. CREB-binding protein and HIF-1α/β-catenin to upregulate miR-322 and alleviate myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22996. [PMID: 37566526 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200596rrrrrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MIRI) is a prevalent condition associated with numerous critical clinical conditions. miR-322 has been implicated in MIRI through poorly understood mechanisms. Our preliminary analysis indicated potential interaction of CREB-binding protein (CBP), a transcriptional coactivator and acetyltransferase, with HIF-1α/β-catenin, which might regulate miR-322 expression. We, therefore, hypothesized that CBP/HIF-1α/β-catenin/miR-322 axis might play a role in MIRI. Rat cardiomyocytes subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation /reperfusion (OGD/R) and Langendorff perfused heart model were used to model MIRI in vitro and in vivo, respectively. We used various techniques such as CCK-8 assay, transferase dUTP nick end labeling staining, western blotting, RT-qPCR, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), dual-luciferase assay, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), hematoxylin and eosin staining, and TTC staining to assess cell viability, apoptosis, and the levels of CBP, HIF-1α, β-catenin, miR-322, and acetylation. Our results indicate that OGD/R in cardiomyocytes decreased CBP/HIF-1α/β-catenin/miR-322 expression, increased cell apoptosis and cytokines, and reduced cell viability. However, overexpression of CBP or miR-322 suppressed OGD/R-induced cell injury, while knockdown of HIF-1α/β-catenin further exacerbated the damage. HIF-1α/β-catenin bound to miR-322 promoter to promote its expression, while CBP acetylated HIF-1α/β-catenin for stabilization. Overexpression of CBP attenuated MIRI in rats by acetylating HIF-1α/β-catenin to stabilize their expression, resulting in stronger binding of HIF-1α/β-catenin with the miR-322 promoter and subsequent increased miR-322 levels. Therefore, activating CBP/HIF-1α/β-catenin/miR-322 signaling may be a potential approach to treat MIRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Dong
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Fei Weng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Bing Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao-Fu Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei-Lei Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Dong
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Ruan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Fang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Yu Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ping Peng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan-Ying Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Feitelson MA, Arzumanyan A, Medhat A, Spector I. Short-chain fatty acids in cancer pathogenesis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2023; 42:677-698. [PMID: 37432606 PMCID: PMC10584782 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-023-10117-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a multi-step process that can be viewed as a cellular and immunological shift away from homeostasis in response to selected infectious agents, mutations, diet, and environmental carcinogens. Homeostasis, which contributes importantly to the definition of "health," is maintained, in part by the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are metabolites of specific gut bacteria. Alteration in the composition of gut bacteria, or dysbiosis, is often a major risk factor for some two dozen tumor types. Dysbiosis is often characterized by diminished levels of SCFAs in the stool, and the presence of a "leaky gut," permitting the penetration of microbes and microbial derived molecules (e.g., lipopolysaccharides) through the gut wall, thereby triggering chronic inflammation. SCFAs attenuate inflammation by inhibiting the activation of nuclear factor kappa B, by decreasing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, by stimulating the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor beta, and by promoting the differentiation of naïve T cells into T regulatory cells, which down-regulate immune responses by immunomodulation. SCFA function epigenetically by inhibiting selected histone acetyltransferases that alter the expression of multiple genes and the activity of many signaling pathways (e.g., Wnt, Hedgehog, Hippo, and Notch) that contribute to the pathogenesis of cancer. SCFAs block cancer stem cell proliferation, thereby potentially delaying or inhibiting cancer development or relapse by targeting genes and pathways that are mutated in tumors (e.g., epidermal growth factor receptor, hepatocyte growth factor, and MET) and by promoting the expression of tumor suppressors (e.g., by up-regulating PTEN and p53). When administered properly, SCFAs have many advantages compared to probiotic bacteria and fecal transplants. In carcinogenesis, SCFAs are toxic against tumor cells but not to surrounding tissue due to differences in their metabolic fate. Multiple hallmarks of cancer are also targets of SCFAs. These data suggest that SCFAs may re-establish homeostasis without overt toxicity and either delay or prevent the development of various tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Feitelson
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
| | - Alla Arzumanyan
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Arvin Medhat
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Islamic Azad University Tehran North Branch, Tehran, 1975933411, Iran
| | - Ira Spector
- SFA Therapeutics, Jenkintown, PA, 19046, USA
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van Voorden AJ, Keijser R, Veenboer GJM, Lopes Cardozo SA, Diek D, Vlaardingerbroek JA, van Dijk M, Ris-Stalpers C, van Pelt AMM, Afink GB. EP300 facilitates human trophoblast stem cell differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2217405120. [PMID: 37406095 PMCID: PMC10334808 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2217405120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Early placenta development involves cytotrophoblast differentiation into extravillous trophoblast (EVT) and syncytiotrophoblast (STB). Defective trophoblast development and function may result in severe pregnancy complications, including fetal growth restriction and pre-eclampsia. The incidence of these complications is increased in pregnancies of fetuses affected by Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome, a developmental disorder predominantly caused by heterozygous mutations in CREB-binding protein (CREBBP) or E1A-binding protein p300 (EP300). Although the acetyltransferases CREBBP and EP300 are paralogs with many overlapping functions, the increased incidence of pregnancy complications is specific for EP300 mutations. We hypothesized that these complications have their origin in early placentation and that EP300 is involved in that process. Therefore, we investigated the role of EP300 and CREBBP in trophoblast differentiation, using human trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) and trophoblast organoids. We found that pharmacological CREBBP/EP300 inhibition blocks differentiation of TSCs into both EVT and STB lineages, and results in an expansion of TSC-like cells under differentiation-inducing conditions. Specific targeting by RNA interference or CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis demonstrated that knockdown of EP300 but not CREBBP, inhibits trophoblast differentiation, consistent with the complications seen in Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome pregnancies. By transcriptome sequencing, we identified transforming growth factor alpha (TGFA, encoding TGF-α) as being strongly upregulated upon EP300 knockdown. Moreover, supplementing differentiation medium with TGF-α, which is a ligand for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), likewise affected trophoblast differentiation and resulted in increased TSC-like cell proliferation. These findings suggest that EP300 facilitates trophoblast differentiation by interfering with at least EGFR signaling, pointing towards a crucial role for EP300 in early human placentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Jantine van Voorden
- Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Remco Keijser
- Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Geertruda J. M. Veenboer
- Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Solange A. Lopes Cardozo
- Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dina Diek
- Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jennifer A. Vlaardingerbroek
- Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marie van Dijk
- Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Carrie Ris-Stalpers
- Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ans M. M. van Pelt
- Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gijs B. Afink
- Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Pai HL, Wu PY, Chen DM, Chen ZJ, Yang YS, Chang HH, Lin DPC. Klotho Null Mutation Involvement in Adenosine A2B Receptor-Related Skeletal Muscle Degeneration. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:950-959. [PMID: 37028594 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Klotho is known for its age-suppressing function and has been implicated in sarcopenia pathology. It has recently been proposed that the adenosine A2B receptor plays a crucial role in skeletal muscle energy expenditure. However, the association between Klotho and A2B remains elusive. In this study, Klotho knockout mice, aged 10 weeks, and wild-type mice, aged 10 and 64 weeks, were used for comparison in indicators of sarcopenia (n = 6 for each group). PCR was performed to confirm the mice genotypes. Skeletal muscle sections were analyzed using hematoxylin and eosin staining as well as immunohistochemistry staining. The skeletal muscle cross-sectional area was significantly reduced in Klotho knockout mice and wild-type mice, aged 64 weeks, when compared with wild-type mice, aged 10 weeks, with a decreased percentage of type IIa and IIb myofibers. Likely impaired regenerative capacity, as reflected by the reduction of paired box 7 (Pax7)- and myogenic differentiation protein 1 (MyoD)-positive cells, was also observed in Klotho knockout mice and aged wild-type mice. 8-Hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine expression was enhanced with Klotho knockout and aging, indicating higher oxidative stress. Adenosine A2B signaling was impaired, with a lower expression of the A2B receptor and the cAMP-response element binding protein in Klotho knockout and aged mice. The present study provides the novel finding that sarcopenia involves adenosine signaling under the influence of Klotho knockout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Liang Pai
- Department of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yu Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - De-Ming Chen
- Department of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Zhi-Jia Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Sun Yang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Han-Hsin Chang
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - David Pei-Cheng Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Dynamics of histone acetylation during human early embryogenesis. Cell Discov 2023; 9:29. [PMID: 36914622 PMCID: PMC10011383 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-022-00514-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
It remains poorly understood about the regulation of gene and transposon transcription during human early embryogenesis. Here, we report that broad H3K27ac domains are genome-widely distributed in human 2-cell and 4-cell embryos and transit into typical peaks in the 8-cell embryos. The broad H3K27ac domains in early embryos before zygotic genome activation (ZGA) are also observed in mouse. It suggests that broad H3K27ac domains play conserved functions before ZGA in mammals. Intriguingly, a large portion of broad H3K27ac domains overlap with broad H3K4me3 domains. Further investigation reveals that histone deacetylases are required for the removal or transition of broad H3K27ac domains and ZGA. After ZGA, the number of typical H3K27ac peaks is dynamic, which is associated with the stage-specific gene expression. Furthermore, P300 is important for the establishment of H3K27ac peaks and the expression of associated genes in early embryos after ZGA. Our data also indicate that H3K27ac marks active transposons in early embryos. Interestingly, H3K27ac and H3K18ac signals rather than H3K9ac signals are enriched at ERVK elements in mouse embryos after ZGA. It suggests that different types of histone acetylations exert distinct roles in the activation of transposons. In summary, H3K27ac modification undergoes extensive reprogramming during early embryo development in mammals, which is associated with the expression of genes and transposons.
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Azemin WA, Alias N, Ali AM, Shamsir MS. In silico analysis prediction of HepTH1-5 as a potential therapeutic agent by targeting tumour suppressor protein networks. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:1141-1167. [PMID: 34935583 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.2017349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Many studies reported that the activation of tumour suppressor protein, p53 induced the human hepcidin expression. However, its expression decreased when p53 was silenced in human hepatoma cells. Contrary to Tilapia hepcidin TH1-5, HepTH1-5 was previously reported to trigger the p53 activation through the molecular docking approach. The INhibitor of Growth (ING) family members are also shown to directly interact with p53 and promote cell cycle arrest, senescence, apoptosis and participate in DNA replication and DNA damage responses to suppress the tumour initiation and progression. However, the interrelation between INGs and HepTH1-5 remains unknown. Therefore, this study aims to identify the mechanism and their protein interactions using in silico approaches. The finding revealed that HepTH1-5 and its ligands had interacted mostly on hotspot residues of ING proteins which involved in histone modifications via acetylation, phosphorylation, and methylation. This proves that HepTH1-5 might implicate in an apoptosis signalling pathway and preserve the protein structure and function of INGs by reducing the perturbation of histone binding upon oxidative stress response. This study would provide theoretical guidance for the design and experimental studies to decipher the role of HepTH1-5 as a potential therapeutic agent for cancer therapy. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Atirah Azemin
- Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry, School of Agriculture Science and Biotechnology, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Besut, Malaysia.,Faculty of Science, Bioinformatics Research Group (BIRG), Department of Biosciences, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
| | - Nadiawati Alias
- Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry, School of Agriculture Science and Biotechnology, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Besut, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Manaf Ali
- Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry, School of Agriculture Science and Biotechnology, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Besut, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Shahir Shamsir
- Faculty of Science, Bioinformatics Research Group (BIRG), Department of Biosciences, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia.,Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Pagoh Higher Education Hub, Muar, Malaysia
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11
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Lv W, Jiang W, Luo H, Tong Q, Niu X, Liu X, Miao Y, Wang J, Guo Y, Li J, Zhan X, Hou Y, Peng Y, Wang J, Zhao S, Xu Z, Zuo B. Long noncoding RNA lncMREF promotes myogenic differentiation and muscle regeneration by interacting with the Smarca5/p300 complex. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:10733-10755. [PMID: 36200826 PMCID: PMC9561262 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in the spatial and temporal regulation of muscle development and regeneration. Nevertheless, the determination of their biological functions and mechanisms underlying muscle regeneration remains challenging. Here, we identified a lncRNA named lncMREF (lncRNA muscle regeneration enhancement factor) as a conserved positive regulator of muscle regeneration among mice, pigs and humans. Functional studies demonstrated that lncMREF, which is mainly expressed in differentiated muscle satellite cells, promotes myogenic differentiation and muscle regeneration. Mechanistically, lncMREF interacts with Smarca5 to promote chromatin accessibility when muscle satellite cells are activated and start to differentiate, thereby facilitating genomic binding of p300/CBP/H3K27ac to upregulate the expression of myogenic regulators, such as MyoD and cell differentiation. Our results unravel a novel temporal-specific epigenetic regulation during muscle regeneration and reveal that lncMREF/Smarca5-mediated epigenetic programming is responsible for muscle cell differentiation, which provides new insights into the regulatory mechanism of muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lv
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongmei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Tong
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Niu
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Miao
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingnan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiwen Guo
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianan Li
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xizhen Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunqing Hou
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaxin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuhong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Zaiyan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan, China
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12
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Di Fede E, Grazioli P, Lettieri A, Parodi C, Castiglioni S, Taci E, Colombo EA, Ancona S, Priori A, Gervasini C, Massa V. Epigenetic disorders: Lessons from the animals–animal models in chromatinopathies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:979512. [PMID: 36225316 PMCID: PMC9548571 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.979512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatinopathies are defined as genetic disorders caused by mutations in genes coding for protein involved in the chromatin state balance. So far 82 human conditions have been described belonging to this group of congenital disorders, sharing some molecular features and clinical signs. For almost all of these conditions, no specific treatment is available. For better understanding the molecular cascade caused by chromatin imbalance and for envisaging possible therapeutic strategies it is fundamental to combine clinical and basic research studies. To this end, animal modelling systems represent an invaluable tool to study chromatinopathies. In this review, we focused on available data in the literature of animal models mimicking the human genetic conditions. Importantly, affected organs and abnormalities are shared in the different animal models and most of these abnormalities are reported as clinical manifestation, underlying the parallelism between clinics and translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Di Fede
- Department of Health Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Grazioli
- Department of Health Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Lettieri
- Department of Health Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Parodi
- Department of Health Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Castiglioni
- Department of Health Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Esi Taci
- Department of Health Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Adele Colombo
- Department of Health Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Ancona
- Department of Health Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Priori
- Department of Health Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- “Aldo Ravelli” Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Gervasini
- Department of Health Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- “Aldo Ravelli” Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Massa
- Department of Health Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- “Aldo Ravelli” Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Valentina Massa,
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13
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Amarante ADM, da Silva ICDA, Carneiro VC, Vicentino ARR, Pinto MDA, Higa LM, Moharana KC, Talyuli OAC, Venancio TM, de Oliveira PL, Fantappié MR. Zika virus infection drives epigenetic modulation of immunity by the histone acetyltransferase CBP of Aedes aegypti. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010559. [PMID: 35759510 PMCID: PMC9269902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms are responsible for a wide range of biological phenomena in insects, controlling embryonic development, growth, aging and nutrition. Despite this, the role of epigenetics in shaping insect-pathogen interactions has received little attention. Gene expression in eukaryotes is regulated by histone acetylation/deacetylation, an epigenetic process mediated by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs). In this study, we explored the role of the Aedes aegypti histone acetyltransferase CBP (AaCBP) after infection with Zika virus (ZIKV), focusing on the two main immune tissues, the midgut and fat body. We showed that the expression and activity of AaCBP could be positively modulated by blood meal and ZIKV infection. Nevertheless, Zika-infected mosquitoes that were silenced for AaCBP revealed a significant reduction in the acetylation of H3K27 (CBP target marker), followed by downmodulation of the expression of immune genes, higher titers of ZIKV and lower survival rates. Importantly, in Zika-infected mosquitoes that were treated with sodium butyrate, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, their capacity to fight virus infection was rescued. Our data point to a direct correlation among histone hyperacetylation by AaCBP, upregulation of antimicrobial peptide genes and increased survival of Zika-infected-A. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson de Mendonça Amarante
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Entomologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Isabel Caetano de Abreu da Silva
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Entomologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Vitor Coutinho Carneiro
- Division of Epigenetics, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amanda Roberta Revoredo Vicentino
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Marcia de Amorim Pinto
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Luiza Mendonça Higa
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Kanhu Charan Moharana
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brasil
| | - Octavio A. C. Talyuli
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Entomologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Thiago Motta Venancio
- Instituto Nacional de Entomologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brasil
| | - Pedro Lagerblad de Oliveira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Entomologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Marcelo Rosado Fantappié
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Entomologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- * E-mail:
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14
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Chakraborty R, Ostriker AC, Xie Y, Dave JM, Gamez-Mendez A, Chatterjee P, Abu Y, Valentine J, Lezon-Geyda K, Greif DM, Schulz VP, Gallagher PG, Sessa WC, Hwa J, Martin KA. Histone Acetyltransferases p300 and CBP Coordinate Distinct Chromatin Remodeling Programs in Vascular Smooth Muscle Plasticity. Circulation 2022; 145:1720-1737. [PMID: 35502657 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.121.057599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotypic switching contributes to cardiovascular diseases. Epigenetic regulation is emerging as a key regulatory mechanism, with the methylcytosine dioxygenase TET2 acting as a master regulator of smooth muscle cell phenotype. The histone acetyl-transferases p300 and CREB-binding protein (CBP) are highly homologous and often considered to be interchangeable, and their roles in smooth muscle cell phenotypic regulation are not known. METHODS We assessed the roles of p300 and CBP in human VSMC with knockdown, in inducible smooth muscle-specific knockout mice (inducible knockout [iKO]; p300iKO or CBPiKO), and in samples of human intimal hyperplasia. RESULTS P300, CBP, and histone acetylation were differently regulated in VSMCs undergoing phenotypic switching and in vessel remodeling after vascular injury. Medial p300 expression and activity were repressed by injury, but CBP and histone acetylation were induced in neointima. Knockdown experiments revealed opposing effects of p300 and CBP in the VSMC phenotype: p300 promoted contractile protein expression and inhibited migration, but CBP inhibited contractile genes and enhanced migration. p300iKO mice exhibited severe intimal hyperplasia after arterial injury compared with controls, whereas CBPiKO mice were entirely protected. In normal aorta, p300iKO reduced, but CBPiKO enhanced, contractile protein expression and contractility compared with controls. Mechanistically, we found that these histone acetyl-transferases oppositely regulate histone acetylation, DNA hydroxymethylation, and PolII (RNA polymerase II) binding to promoters of differentiation-specific contractile genes. Our data indicate that p300 and TET2 function together, because p300 was required for TET2-dependent hydroxymethylation of contractile promoters, and TET2 was required for p300-dependent acetylation of these loci. TET2 coimmunoprecipitated with p300, and this interaction was enhanced by rapamycin but repressed by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) treatment, with p300 promoting TET2 protein stability. CBP did not associate with TET2, but instead facilitated recruitment of histone deacetylases (HDAC2, HDAC5) to contractile protein promoters. Furthermore, CBP inhibited TET2 mRNA levels. Immunostaining of cardiac allograft vasculopathy samples revealed that p300 expression is repressed but CBP is induced in human intimal hyperplasia. CONCLUSIONS This work reveals that p300 and CBP serve nonredundant and opposing functions in VSMC phenotypic switching and coordinately regulate chromatin modifications through distinct functional interactions with TET2 or HDACs. Targeting specific histone acetyl-transferases may hold therapeutic promise for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Chakraborty
- Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine) (R.C., A.C.O., Y.X., J.M.D., P.C., Y.A., J.V., D.M.G., J.H., K.A.M), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Pharmacology (R.C., A.C.O., Y.X., A.G.-M., P.C., Y.A., J.V., W.C.S., K.A.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Allison C Ostriker
- Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine) (R.C., A.C.O., Y.X., J.M.D., P.C., Y.A., J.V., D.M.G., J.H., K.A.M), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Pharmacology (R.C., A.C.O., Y.X., A.G.-M., P.C., Y.A., J.V., W.C.S., K.A.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Yi Xie
- Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine) (R.C., A.C.O., Y.X., J.M.D., P.C., Y.A., J.V., D.M.G., J.H., K.A.M), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Pharmacology (R.C., A.C.O., Y.X., A.G.-M., P.C., Y.A., J.V., W.C.S., K.A.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Jui M Dave
- Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine) (R.C., A.C.O., Y.X., J.M.D., P.C., Y.A., J.V., D.M.G., J.H., K.A.M), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Genetics (J.M.D., D.M.G., P.G.G.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Ana Gamez-Mendez
- Pharmacology (R.C., A.C.O., Y.X., A.G.-M., P.C., Y.A., J.V., W.C.S., K.A.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Payel Chatterjee
- Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine) (R.C., A.C.O., Y.X., J.M.D., P.C., Y.A., J.V., D.M.G., J.H., K.A.M), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Pharmacology (R.C., A.C.O., Y.X., A.G.-M., P.C., Y.A., J.V., W.C.S., K.A.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Yaw Abu
- Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine) (R.C., A.C.O., Y.X., J.M.D., P.C., Y.A., J.V., D.M.G., J.H., K.A.M), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Pharmacology (R.C., A.C.O., Y.X., A.G.-M., P.C., Y.A., J.V., W.C.S., K.A.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Jake Valentine
- Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine) (R.C., A.C.O., Y.X., J.M.D., P.C., Y.A., J.V., D.M.G., J.H., K.A.M), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Pharmacology (R.C., A.C.O., Y.X., A.G.-M., P.C., Y.A., J.V., W.C.S., K.A.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Kimberly Lezon-Geyda
- Pediatrics (K.L.-G., V.P.S., P.G.G.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Daniel M Greif
- Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine) (R.C., A.C.O., Y.X., J.M.D., P.C., Y.A., J.V., D.M.G., J.H., K.A.M), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Genetics (J.M.D., D.M.G., P.G.G.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Vincent P Schulz
- Pediatrics (K.L.-G., V.P.S., P.G.G.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Patrick G Gallagher
- Genetics (J.M.D., D.M.G., P.G.G.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Pediatrics (K.L.-G., V.P.S., P.G.G.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - William C Sessa
- Pharmacology (R.C., A.C.O., Y.X., A.G.-M., P.C., Y.A., J.V., W.C.S., K.A.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - John Hwa
- Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine) (R.C., A.C.O., Y.X., J.M.D., P.C., Y.A., J.V., D.M.G., J.H., K.A.M), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Kathleen A Martin
- Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine) (R.C., A.C.O., Y.X., J.M.D., P.C., Y.A., J.V., D.M.G., J.H., K.A.M), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Pharmacology (R.C., A.C.O., Y.X., A.G.-M., P.C., Y.A., J.V., W.C.S., K.A.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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15
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Kurchaba N, Charette JM, LeMoine CMR. Metabolic consequences of PGC-1α dysregulation in adult zebrafish muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 323:R319-R330. [PMID: 35670765 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00188.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma co-activator 1 alpha (PGC-1α) is central to the regulation of cellular and mitochondrial energy homeostasis in mammals, but its role in other vertebrates remains unclear. Indeed, previous work suggests extensive structural and functional divergence of PGC-1α in teleosts but this remains to be directly tested. Here, we describe the initial characterization of heterozygous PGC-1α mutant zebrafish lines created by CRISPR-Cas9 disruptions of an evolutionarily conserved regulatory region of the PGC-1α proximal promoter. Using qPCR, we confirmed the disruption of PGC-1α gene expression in striated muscle, leading to a simultaneous 4-fold increase in mixed skeletal muscle PGC-1α mRNA levels and an opposite 4-fold downregulation in cardiac muscle. In mixed skeletal muscle, most downstream effector genes were largely unaffected yet two mitochondrial lipid transporters, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 and 2, were strongly induced. Conversely, PGC-1α depression in cardiac muscle reduced the expression of several transcriptional regulators (estrogen related receptor alpha, nuclear respiratory factor 1 and PGC-1β) without altering metabolic gene expression. Using high resolution respirometry, we determined that white muscle exhibited increased lipid oxidative capacity with little difference in markers of mitochondrial abundance. Finally, using whole animal intermittent respirometry, we show that mutant fish exhibit a 2-fold higher basal metabolism than their wildtype counterparts. Altogether, this new model confirms a central but complex role for PGC-1α in mediating energy utilization in zebrafish and we propose its use as a valuable tool to explore the intricate regulatory pathways of energy homeostasis in a popular biomedical model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Michael Charette
- Department of Chemistry, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, Canada.,Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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16
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The human ion channel TRPM2 modulates cell survival in neuroblastoma through E2F1 and FOXM1. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6311. [PMID: 35428820 PMCID: PMC9012789 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10385-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential channel melastatin 2 (TRPM2) is highly expressed in cancer and has an essential function in preserving viability through maintenance of mitochondrial function and antioxidant response. Here, the role of TRPM2 in cell survival was examined in neuroblastoma cells with TRPM2 deletion with CRISPR technology. Viability was significantly decreased in TRPM2 knockout after doxorubicin treatment. RNA sequence analysis and RT-qPCR revealed reduced RNAs encoding master transcription regulators FOXM1 and E2F1/2 and downstream cell cycle targets including Cyclin B1, CDK1, PLK1, and CKS1. CHIP analysis demonstrated decreased FOXM1 binding to their promoters. Western blotting confirmed decreased expression, and increased expression of CDK inhibitor p21, a CKS1 target. In cells with TRPM2 deletion, cell cycle progression to S and G2/M phases was reduced after treatment with doxorubicin. RNA sequencing also identified decreased DNA repair proteins in cells with TRPM2 deletion after doxorubicin treatment, and DNA damage was increased. Wild type TRPM2, but not Ca2+-impermeable mutant E960D, restored live cell number and reconstituted expression of E2F1, FOXM1, and cell cycle/DNA repair proteins. FOXM1 expression alone restored viability. TRPM2 is a potential therapeutic target to reduce tumor proliferation and increase doxorubicin sensitivity through modulation of FOXM1, E2F1, and cell cycle/DNA repair proteins.
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Abstract
Hypoxia is defined as a cellular stress condition caused by a decrease in oxygen below physiologically normal levels. Cells in the core of a rapidly growing solid tumor are faced with the challenge of inadequate supply of oxygen through the blood, owing to improper vasculature inside the tumor. This hypoxic microenvironment inside the tumor initiates a gene expression program that alters numerous signaling pathways, allowing the cancer cell to eventually evade adverse conditions and attain a more aggressive phenotype. A multitude of studies covering diverse aspects of gene regulation has tried to uncover the mechanisms involved in hypoxia-induced tumorigenesis. The role of epigenetics in executing widespread and dynamic changes in gene expression under hypoxia has been gaining an increasing amount of support in recent years. This chapter discusses, in detail, various epigenetic mechanisms driving the cellular response to hypoxia in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Pant
- Epigenetics and RNA Processing Lab (ERPL), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Srinivas Abhishek Mutnuru
- Epigenetics and RNA Processing Lab (ERPL), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Sanjeev Shukla
- Epigenetics and RNA Processing Lab (ERPL), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, India.
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Martins VF, LaBarge SA, Stanley A, Svensson K, Hung CW, Keinan O, Ciaraldi TP, Banoian D, Park JE, Ha C, Hetrick B, Meyer GA, Philp A, David LL, Henry RR, Aslan JE, Saltiel AR, McCurdy CE, Schenk S. p300 or CBP is required for insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and adipocytes. JCI Insight 2021; 7:141344. [PMID: 34813504 PMCID: PMC8765050 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.141344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While current thinking posits that insulin signaling to GLUT4 exocytic translocation and glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and adipocytes is controlled by phosphorylation-based signaling, many proteins in this pathway are acetylated on lysine residues. However, the importance of acetylation and lysine acetyltransferases to insulin-stimulated glucose uptake is incompletely defined. Here, we demonstrate that combined loss of the acetyltransferases E1A binding protein p300 (p300) and cAMP response element binding protein binding protein (CBP) in mouse skeletal muscle causes a complete loss of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Similarly, brief (i.e. 1 h) pharmacological inhibition of p300/CBP acetyltransferase activity recapitulates this phenotype in human and rodent myotubes, 3T3-L1 adipocytes, and mouse muscle. Mechanistically, these effects are due to p300/CBP-mediated regulation of GLUT4 exocytic translocation and occurs downstream of Akt signaling. Taken together, we highlight a fundamental role for acetylation and p300/CBP in the direct regulation of insulin-stimulated glucose transport in skeletal muscle and adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor F Martins
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States of America
| | - Samuel A LaBarge
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Stanley
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States of America
| | - Kristoffer Svensson
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States of America
| | - Chao-Wei Hung
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States of America
| | - Omer Keinan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States of America
| | - Theodore P Ciaraldi
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States of America
| | - Dion Banoian
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States of America
| | - Ji E Park
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States of America
| | - Christina Ha
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States of America
| | - Byron Hetrick
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, United States of America
| | - Gretchen A Meyer
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, United States of America
| | - Andrew Philp
- Mitochondrial Metabolism and Ageing, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Larry L David
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States of America
| | - Robert R Henry
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, United States of America
| | - Joseph E Aslan
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States of America
| | - Alan R Saltiel
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States of America
| | - Carrie E McCurdy
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, United States of America
| | - Simon Schenk
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States of America
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Hu X, Ono M, Chimge NO, Chosa K, Nguyen C, Melendez E, Lou CH, Lim P, Termini J, Lai KKY, Fueger PT, Teo JL, Higuchi Y, Kahn M. Differential Kat3 Usage Orchestrates the Integration of Cellular Metabolism with Differentiation. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13235884. [PMID: 34884992 PMCID: PMC8656857 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13235884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The coupling of metabolism with cellular status is critically important and highly evolutionarily conserved. However, how cells coordinate metabolism with transcription as they change their status is not clear. Utilizing multiomic and functional studies, we now demonstrate the dichotomous roles of the Kat3 coactivators CBP and p300 and, in particular, their extreme N-termini, in coordinating cellular metabolism with cell differentiation. Using multiple in vitro and in vivo systems, our study sheds new light on metabolic regulation in homeostasis and disease, including cancer. Abstract The integration of cellular status with metabolism is critically important and the coupling of energy production and cellular function is highly evolutionarily conserved. This has been demonstrated in stem cell biology, organismal, cellular and tissue differentiation and in immune cell biology. However, a molecular mechanism delineating how cells coordinate and couple metabolism with transcription as they navigate quiescence, growth, proliferation, differentiation and migration remains in its infancy. The extreme N-termini of the Kat3 coactivator family members, CBP and p300, by far the least homologous regions with only 66% identity, interact with members of the nuclear receptor family, interferon activated Stat1 and transcriptionally competent β-catenin, a critical component of the Wnt signaling pathway. We now wish to report based on multiomic and functional investigations, utilizing p300 knockdown, N-terminal p300 edited and p300 S89A edited cell lines and p300 S89A knockin mice, that the N-termini of the Kat3 coactivators provide a highly evolutionarily conserved hub to integrate multiple signaling cascades to coordinate cellular metabolism with the regulation of cellular status and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Hu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China;
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (N.-O.C.); (K.C.); (C.N.); (E.M.); (P.L.); (J.T.); (K.K.Y.L.); (J.-L.T.); (Y.H.)
| | - Masaya Ono
- Department of Clinical Proteomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan;
| | - Nyam-Osor Chimge
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (N.-O.C.); (K.C.); (C.N.); (E.M.); (P.L.); (J.T.); (K.K.Y.L.); (J.-L.T.); (Y.H.)
| | - Keisuke Chosa
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (N.-O.C.); (K.C.); (C.N.); (E.M.); (P.L.); (J.T.); (K.K.Y.L.); (J.-L.T.); (Y.H.)
| | - Cu Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (N.-O.C.); (K.C.); (C.N.); (E.M.); (P.L.); (J.T.); (K.K.Y.L.); (J.-L.T.); (Y.H.)
| | - Elizabeth Melendez
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (N.-O.C.); (K.C.); (C.N.); (E.M.); (P.L.); (J.T.); (K.K.Y.L.); (J.-L.T.); (Y.H.)
| | - Chih-Hong Lou
- Gene Editing and Viral Vector Core, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
| | - Punnajit Lim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (N.-O.C.); (K.C.); (C.N.); (E.M.); (P.L.); (J.T.); (K.K.Y.L.); (J.-L.T.); (Y.H.)
| | - John Termini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (N.-O.C.); (K.C.); (C.N.); (E.M.); (P.L.); (J.T.); (K.K.Y.L.); (J.-L.T.); (Y.H.)
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
| | - Keane K. Y. Lai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (N.-O.C.); (K.C.); (C.N.); (E.M.); (P.L.); (J.T.); (K.K.Y.L.); (J.-L.T.); (Y.H.)
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
| | - Patrick T. Fueger
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Jia-Ling Teo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (N.-O.C.); (K.C.); (C.N.); (E.M.); (P.L.); (J.T.); (K.K.Y.L.); (J.-L.T.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yusuke Higuchi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (N.-O.C.); (K.C.); (C.N.); (E.M.); (P.L.); (J.T.); (K.K.Y.L.); (J.-L.T.); (Y.H.)
| | - Michael Kahn
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (N.-O.C.); (K.C.); (C.N.); (E.M.); (P.L.); (J.T.); (K.K.Y.L.); (J.-L.T.); (Y.H.)
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
- Correspondence:
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20
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Ghosh AK. Acetyltransferase p300 Is a Putative Epidrug Target for Amelioration of Cellular Aging-Related Cardiovascular Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112839. [PMID: 34831061 PMCID: PMC8616404 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of accelerated as well as chronological aging-related human morbidity and mortality worldwide. Genetic, immunologic, unhealthy lifestyles including daily consumption of high-carb/high-fat fast food, lack of exercise, drug addiction, cigarette smoke, alcoholism, and exposure to environmental pollutants like particulate matter (PM)-induced stresses contribute profoundly to accelerated and chronological cardiovascular aging and associated life threatening diseases. All these stressors alter gene expression epigenetically either through activation or repression of gene transcription via alteration of chromatin remodeling enzymes and chromatin landscape by DNA methylation or histone methylation or histone acetylation. Acetyltransferase p300, a major epigenetic writer of acetylation on histones and transcription factors, contributes significantly to modifications of chromatin landscape of genes involved in cellular aging and cardiovascular diseases. In this review, the key findings those implicate acetyltransferase p300 as a major contributor to cellular senescence or aging related cardiovascular pathologies including vascular dysfunction, cardiac hypertrophy, myocardial infarction, cardiac fibrosis, systolic/diastolic dysfunction, and aortic valve calcification are discussed. The efficacy of natural or synthetic small molecule inhibitor targeting acetyltransferase p300 in amelioration of stress-induced dysregulated gene expression, cellular aging, and cardiovascular disease in preclinical study is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asish K Ghosh
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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21
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Kahn M. Taking the road less traveled - the therapeutic potential of CBP/β-catenin antagonists. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:701-719. [PMID: 34633266 PMCID: PMC8745629 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1992386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AREAS COVERED This perspective discusses the challenges of targeting the Wnt signaling cascade, the safety, efficacy, and therapeutic potential of specific CBP/β-catenin antagonists and a rationale for the pleiotropic effects of CBP/β-catenin antagonists beyond Wnt signaling. EXPERT OPINION CBP/β-catenin antagonists can correct lineage infidelity, enhance wound healing, both normal and aberrant (e.g. fibrosis) and force the differentiation and lineage commitment of stem cells and cancer stem cells by regulating enhancer and super-enhancer coactivator occupancy. Small molecule CBP/β-catenin antagonists rebalance the equilibrium between CBP/β-catenin versus p300/β-catenin dependent transcription and may be able to treat or prevent many diseases of aging, via maintenance of our somatic stem cell pool, and regulating mitochondrial function and metabolism involved in differentiation and immune cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kahn
- Department of Molecular Medicine, City of Hope, Beckman Research Institute, 1500 East Duarte Road Flower Building, Duarte, CA, USA
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22
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Beta-Genus Human Papillomavirus 8 E6 Destabilizes the Host Genome by Promoting p300 Degradation. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081662. [PMID: 34452526 PMCID: PMC8402844 DOI: 10.3390/v13081662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The beta genus of human papillomaviruses infects cutaneous keratinocytes. Their replication depends on actively proliferating cells and, thus, they conflict with the cellular response to the DNA damage frequently encountered by these cells. This review focus on one of these viruses (HPV8) that counters the cellular response to damaged DNA and mitotic errors by expressing a protein (HPV8 E6) that destabilizes a histone acetyltransferase, p300. The loss of p300 results in broad dysregulation of cell signaling that decreases genome stability. In addition to discussing phenotypes caused by p300 destabilization, the review contains a discussion of the extent to which E6 from other β-HPVs destabilizes p300, and provides a discussion on dissecting HPV8 E6 biology using mutants.
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23
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Krošel M, Gabathuler M, Maciukiewicz M, Moser L, Lee GI, Marks M, Tomšič M, Distler O, Ospelt C, Klein K. Individual functions of the histone acetyl transferases CBP and p300 in regulating the inflammatory response of synovial fibroblasts. J Autoimmun 2021; 123:102709. [PMID: 34304080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2021.102709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chromatin remodeling, and a persistent histone 3 lysine 27 acetylation (H3K27ac) in particular, are associated with a sustained inflammatory response of synovial fibroblasts (SF) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here we investigated individual functions of the writers of H3K27ac marks, the homologues histone acetyl transferases (HAT) CBP and p300, in controlling the constitutive and inflammatory gene expression in RA SF. We applied a silencing strategy, followed by RNA-sequencing and pathway analysis, complemented with the treatment of SF with inhibitors targeting the HAT (C646) or bromo domains (I-CBP) of CBP and p300. We showed that CBP and p300 undertook overlapping and, in particular at gene levels, distinct regulatory functions in SF. p300 is the major HAT for H3K27ac in SF and regulated more diverse pathways than CBP. Whereas both factors regulated genes associated with extracellular matrix remodeling, adhesion and proliferation, p300 specifically controlled developmental genes associated with limb development. Silencing of CBP specifically down regulated the TNF-induced expression of interferon-signature genes. In contrast, silencing of p300 resulted in anti- and pro-inflammatory effects. Integration of data sets derived from RNA-sequencing and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing for H3K27ac revealed that changes in gene expression after CBP or p300 silencing could be only partially explained by changes in levels of H3K27ac. Inhibition of CBP/p300 using HAT and bromo domain inhibitors strongly mirrored effects obtained by silencing of p300, including anti- and pro-inflammatory effects, indicating that such inhibitors are not sufficient to be used as anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Krošel
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Marcel Gabathuler
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Malgorzata Maciukiewicz
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Larissa Moser
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Gideon Isaac Lee
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | | - Matija Tomšič
- Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Oliver Distler
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Caroline Ospelt
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Kerstin Klein
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Rugowska A, Starosta A, Konieczny P. Epigenetic modifications in muscle regeneration and progression of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Clin Epigenetics 2021; 13:13. [PMID: 33468200 PMCID: PMC7814631 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-021-01001-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a multisystemic disorder that affects 1:5000 boys. The severity of the phenotype varies dependent on the mutation site in the DMD gene and the resultant dystrophin expression profile. In skeletal muscle, dystrophin loss is associated with the disintegration of myofibers and their ineffective regeneration due to defective expansion and differentiation of the muscle stem cell pool. Some of these phenotypic alterations stem from the dystrophin absence-mediated serine-threonine protein kinase 2 (MARK2) misplacement/downregulation in activated muscle stem (satellite) cells and neuronal nitric oxide synthase loss in cells committed to myogenesis. Here, we trace changes in DNA methylation, histone modifications, and expression of regulatory noncoding RNAs during muscle regeneration, from the stage of satellite cells to myofibers. Furthermore, we describe the abrogation of these epigenetic regulatory processes due to changes in signal transduction in DMD and point to therapeutic treatments increasing the regenerative potential of diseased muscles based on this acquired knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rugowska
- Institute of Human Biology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Alicja Starosta
- Institute of Human Biology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Patryk Konieczny
- Institute of Human Biology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznan, Poland.
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25
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Li RL, He LY, Zhang Q, Liu J, Lu F, Duan HXY, Fan LH, Peng W, Huang YL, Wu CJ. HIF-1α is a Potential Molecular Target for Herbal Medicine to Treat Diseases. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:4915-4949. [PMID: 33235435 PMCID: PMC7680173 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s274980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
HIF-1α is an important factor regulating oxygen balance in mammals, and its expression is closely related to various physiological and pathological conditions of the body. Because HIF-1α plays an important role in the occurrence and development of cancer and other diseases, it has become an enduring research hotspot. At the same time, natural medicines and traditional Chinese medicine compounds have amazing curative effects in various diseases related to HIF-1 subtype due to their unique pharmacological effects and more effective ingredients. Therefore, in this article, we first outline the structure of HIF-1α and the regulation related to its expression, then introduce various diseases closely related to HIF-1α, and finally focus on the regulation of natural medicines and compound Chinese medicines through various pathways. This will help us understand HIF-1α systematically, and use HIF-1α as a target to discover more natural medicines and traditional Chinese medicines that can treat related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Lan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Ying He
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Hu-Xin-Yue Duan
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Hong Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Liang Huang
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Jie Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, People's Republic of China
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26
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Kerek EM, Yoon KH, Luo SY, Chen J, Valencia R, Julien O, Waskiewicz AJ, Hubbard BP. A conserved acetylation switch enables pharmacological control of tubby-like protein stability. J Biol Chem 2020; 296:100073. [PMID: 33187986 PMCID: PMC7948452 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubby-like proteins (TULPs) are characterized by a conserved C-terminal domain that binds phosphoinositides. Collectively, mammalian TULP1-4 proteins play essential roles in intracellular transport, cell differentiation, signaling, and motility. Yet, little is known about how the function of these proteins is regulated in cells. Here, we present the protein–protein interaction network of TULP3, a protein that is responsible for the trafficking of G-protein-coupled receptors to cilia and whose aberrant expression is associated with severe developmental disorders and polycystic kidney disease. We identify several protein interaction nodes linked to TULP3 that include enzymes involved in acetylation and ubiquitination. We show that acetylation of two key lysine residues on TULP3 by p300 increases TULP3 protein abundance and that deacetylation of these sites by HDAC1 decreases protein levels. Furthermore, we show that one of these sites is ubiquitinated in the absence of acetylation and that acetylation inversely correlates with ubiquitination of TULP3. This mechanism is evidently conserved across species and is active in zebrafish during development. Finally, we identify this same regulatory module in TULP1, TULP2, and TULP4 and demonstrate that the stability of these proteins is similarly modulated by an acetylation switch. This study unveils a signaling pathway that links nuclear enzymes to ciliary membrane receptors via TULP3, describes a dynamic mechanism for the regulation of all tubby-like proteins, and explores how to exploit it pharmacologically using drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan M Kerek
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kevin H Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shu Y Luo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jerry Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Robert Valencia
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Olivier Julien
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew J Waskiewicz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Basil P Hubbard
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Nagareddy B, Khan A, Kim H. Acetylation modulates the Fanconi anemia pathway by protecting FAAP20 from ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:13887-13901. [PMID: 32763975 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a chromosome instability syndrome of children caused by inherited mutations in one of FA genes, which together constitute a DNA interstrand cross-link (ICL) repair, or the FA pathway. Monoubiquitination of Fanconi anemia group D2 protein (FANCD2) by the multisubunit ubiquitin E3 ligase, the FA core complex, is an obligate step in activation of the FA pathway, and its activity needs to be tightly regulated. FAAP20 is a key structural component of the FA core complex, and regulated proteolysis of FAAP20 mediated by prolyl cis-trans isomerization and phosphorylation at a consensus phosphodegron motif is essential for preserving the integrity of the FA core complex, and thus FANCD2 monoubiquitination. However, how ubiquitin-dependent FAAP20 degradation is modulated to fine-tune FA pathway activation remains largely un-known. Here, we present evidence that FAAP20 is acetylated by the acetyltransferase p300/CBP on lysine 152, the key residue that when polyubiquitinated results in the degradation of FAAP20. Acetylation or mutation of the lysine residue stabilizes FAAP20 by preventing its ubiquitination, thereby protecting it from proteasome-dependent FAAP20 degradation. Consequently, disruption of the FAAP20 acetylation pathway impairs FANCD2 activation. Together, our study reveals a competition mechanism between ubiquitination and acetylation of a common lysine residue that controls FAAP20 stability and highlights a complex balancing between different posttranslational modifications as a way to refine the FA pathway signaling required for DNA ICL repair and genome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavika Nagareddy
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Arafat Khan
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Hyungjin Kim
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Stony Brook Cancer Center, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA.
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28
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Tafessu A, Banaszynski LA. Establishment and function of chromatin modification at enhancers. Open Biol 2020; 10:200255. [PMID: 33050790 PMCID: PMC7653351 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
How a single genome can give rise to distinct cell types remains a fundamental question in biology. Mammals are able to specify and maintain hundreds of cell fates by selectively activating unique subsets of their genome. This is achieved, in part, by enhancers-genetic elements that can increase transcription of both nearby and distal genes. Enhancers can be identified by their unique chromatin signature, including transcription factor binding and the enrichment of specific histone post-translational modifications, histone variants, and chromatin-associated cofactors. How each of these chromatin features contributes to enhancer function remains an area of intense study. In this review, we provide an overview of enhancer-associated chromatin states, and the proteins and enzymes involved in their establishment. We discuss recent insights into the effects of the enhancer chromatin state on ongoing transcription versus their role in the establishment of new transcription programmes, such as those that occur developmentally. Finally, we highlight the role of enhancer chromatin in new conceptual advances in gene regulation such as condensate formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura A. Banaszynski
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Research Institute, Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, Dallas, TX 75390-8511, USA
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29
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Cross E, Duncan-Flavell PJ, Howarth RJ, Hobbs JI, Thomas NS, Bunyan DJ. Screening of a large Rubinstein-Taybi cohort identified many novel variants and emphasizes the importance of the CREBBP histone acetyltransferase domain. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 182:2508-2520. [PMID: 32827181 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic variants within the CREBBP and EP300 genes account for the majority of individuals with Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RSTS). Data are presented from a large cohort of 395 individuals referred for diagnostic testing of CREBBP, and of the 19 CREBBP missense variants classified as likely pathogenic in this study, 17 were within the histone acetyltransferase (HAT) domain, providing evidence that this domain is critical to the normal function of the CREBBP protein (CBP). The data presented here, combined with other published results, suggest that the presence of a missense variant within the CBP HAT domain can be considered as moderate evidence of pathogenicity in the context of official variant interpretation guidelines. Within our study cohort, 129 had a pathogenic or likely pathogenic CREBBP variant and 5 had a variant of uncertain significance (VUS) which warranted familial studies. 147 of the remaining probands were also screened for EP300 and a further 16 pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants were identified, plus one VUS. Therefore, this analysis has provided a molecular diagnosis in at least 145 individuals with RSTS (37%) and identified a wide range of variants (n = 133) of which 103 were novel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Cross
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury, UK
| | | | - Rachel J Howarth
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury, UK
| | - James I Hobbs
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury, UK
| | - Nicholas Simon Thomas
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury, UK.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - David J Bunyan
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury, UK.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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30
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Martire S, Nguyen J, Sundaresan A, Banaszynski LA. Differential contribution of p300 and CBP to regulatory element acetylation in mESCs. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:55. [PMID: 32690000 PMCID: PMC7370441 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-020-00296-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The transcription coactivators CREB binding protein (CBP) and p300 are highly homologous acetyltransferases that mediate histone 3 lysine 27 acetylation (H3K27ac) at regulatory elements such as enhancers and promoters. Although in most cases, CBP and p300 are considered to be functionally identical, both proteins are indispensable for development and there is evidence of tissue-specific nonredundancy. However, characterization of chromatin and transcription states regulated by each protein is lacking. Results In this study we analyze the individual contribution of p300 and CBP to the H3K27ac landscape, chromatin accessibility, and transcription in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC). We demonstrate that p300 is the predominant H3K27 acetyltransferase in mESCs and that loss of acetylation in p300KD mESCs is more pronounced at enhancers compared to promoters. While loss of either CBP or p300 has little effect on the open state of chromatin, we observe that distinct gene sets are transcriptionally dysregulated upon depletion of p300 or CBP. Transcriptional dysregulation is generally correlated with dysregulation of promoter acetylation upon depletion of p300 (but not CBP) and appears to be relatively independent of dysregulated enhancer acetylation. Interestingly, both our transcriptional and genomic analyses demonstrate that targets of the p53 pathway are stabilized upon depletion of p300, suggesting an unappreciated view of the relationship between p300 and p53 in mESCs. Conclusions This genomic study sheds light on distinct functions of two important transcriptional regulators in the context of a developmentally relevant cell type. Given the links to both developmental disorders and cancer, we believe that our study may promote new ways of thinking about how these proteins function in settings that lead to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Martire
- Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Medical Center Research Institute, Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Jennifer Nguyen
- Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Medical Center Research Institute, Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Aishwarya Sundaresan
- Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Medical Center Research Institute, Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Laura A Banaszynski
- Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Medical Center Research Institute, Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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31
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Bhattacharya D, Scimè A. Mitochondrial Function in Muscle Stem Cell Fates. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:480. [PMID: 32612995 PMCID: PMC7308489 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are crucial organelles that control cellular metabolism through an integrated mechanism of energy generation via oxidative phosphorylation. Apart from this canonical role, it is also integral for ROS production, fatty acid metabolism and epigenetic remodeling. Recently, a role for the mitochondria in effecting stem cell fate decisions has gained considerable interest. This is important for skeletal muscle, which exhibits a remarkable property for regeneration following injury, owing to satellite cells (SCs), the adult myogenic stem cells. Mitochondrial function is associated with maintaining and dictating SC fates, linked to metabolic programming during quiescence, activation, self-renewal, proliferation and differentiation. Notably, mitochondrial adaptation might take place to alter SC fates and function in the presence of different environmental cues. This review dissects the contribution of mitochondria to SC operational outcomes, focusing on how their content, function, dynamics and adaptability work to influence SC fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasmita Bhattacharya
- Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anthony Scimè
- Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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32
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Svensson K, LaBarge SA, Sathe A, Martins VF, Tahvilian S, Cunliffe JM, Sasik R, Mahata SK, Meyer GA, Philp A, David LL, Ward SR, McCurdy CE, Aslan JE, Schenk S. p300 and cAMP response element-binding protein-binding protein in skeletal muscle homeostasis, contractile function, and survival. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2020; 11:464-477. [PMID: 31898871 PMCID: PMC7113519 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reversible ε-amino acetylation of lysine residues regulates transcription as well as metabolic flux; however, roles for specific lysine acetyltransferases in skeletal muscle physiology and function are unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of the related acetyltransferases p300 and cAMP response element-binding protein-binding protein (CBP) in skeletal muscle transcriptional homeostasis and physiology in adult mice. METHODS Mice with skeletal muscle-specific and inducible knockout of p300 and CBP (PCKO) were generated by crossing mice with a tamoxifen-inducible Cre recombinase expressed under the human α-skeletal actin promoter with mice having LoxP sites flanking exon 9 of the Ep300 and Crebbp genes. Knockout of PCKO was induced at 13-15 weeks of age via oral gavage of tamoxifen for 5 days to both PCKO and littermate control [wildtype (WT)] mice. Body composition, food intake, and muscle function were assessed on day 0 (D0) through 5 (D5). Microarray and tandem mass tag mass spectrometry analyses were performed to assess global RNA and protein levels in skeletal muscle of PCKO and WT mice. RESULTS At D5 after initiating tamoxifen treatment, there was a reduction in body weight (-15%), food intake (-78%), stride length (-46%), and grip strength (-45%) in PCKO compared with WT mice. Additionally, ex vivo contractile function [tetanic tension (kPa)] was severely impaired in PCKO vs. WT mice at D3 (~70-80% lower) and D5 (~80-95% lower) and resulted in lethality within 1 week-a phenotype that is reversed by the presence of a single allele of either p300 or CBP. The impaired muscle function in PCKO mice was paralleled by substantial transcriptional alterations (3310 genes; false discovery rate < 0.1), especially in gene networks central to muscle contraction and structural integrity. This transcriptional uncoupling was accompanied by changes in protein expression patterns indicative of impaired muscle function, albeit to a smaller magnitude (446 proteins; fold-change > 1.25; false discovery rate < 0.1). CONCLUSIONS These data reveal that p300 and CBP are required for the control and maintenance of contractile function and transcriptional homeostasis in skeletal muscle and, ultimately, organism survival. By extension, modulating p300/CBP function may hold promise for the treatment of disorders characterized by impaired contractile function in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer Svensson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Samuel A LaBarge
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Abha Sathe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Vitor F Martins
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shahriar Tahvilian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer M Cunliffe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Roman Sasik
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sushil K Mahata
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gretchen A Meyer
- Program in Physical Therapy and Departments of Neurology, Biomedical Engineering and Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrew Philp
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Larry L David
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Samuel R Ward
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Carrie E McCurdy
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Joseph E Aslan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Knight Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Simon Schenk
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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33
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DUX4 Signalling in the Pathogenesis of Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030729. [PMID: 31979100 PMCID: PMC7037115 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is a disabling inherited muscular disorder characterized by asymmetric, progressive muscle weakness and degeneration. Patients display widely variable disease onset and severity, and sometimes present with extra-muscular symptoms. There is a consensus that FSHD is caused by the aberrant production of the double homeobox protein 4 (DUX4) transcription factor in skeletal muscle. DUX4 is normally expressed during early embryonic development, and is then effectively silenced in all tissues except the testis and thymus. Its reactivation in skeletal muscle disrupts numerous signalling pathways that mostly converge on cell death. Here, we review studies on DUX4-affected pathways in skeletal muscle and provide insights into how understanding these could help explain the unique pathogenesis of FSHD.
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34
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Yap JLY, Tai YK, Fröhlich J, Fong CHH, Yin JN, Foo ZL, Ramanan S, Beyer C, Toh SJ, Casarosa M, Bharathy N, Kala MP, Egli M, Taneja R, Lee CN, Franco-Obregón A. Ambient and supplemental magnetic fields promote myogenesis via a TRPC1-mitochondrial axis: evidence of a magnetic mitohormetic mechanism. FASEB J 2019; 33:12853-12872. [PMID: 31518158 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900057r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We show that both supplemental and ambient magnetic fields modulate myogenesis. A lone 10 min exposure of myoblasts to 1.5 mT amplitude supplemental pulsed magnetic fields (PEMFs) accentuated in vitro myogenesis by stimulating transient receptor potential (TRP)-C1-mediated calcium entry and downstream nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)-transcriptional and P300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF)-epigenetic cascades, whereas depriving myoblasts of ambient magnetic fields slowed myogenesis, reduced TRPC1 expression, and silenced NFAT-transcriptional and PCAF-epigenetic cascades. The expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α, the master regulator of mitochondriogenesis, was also enhanced by brief PEMF exposure. Accordingly, mitochondriogenesis and respiratory capacity were both enhanced with PEMF exposure, paralleling TRPC1 expression and pharmacological sensitivity. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-Cas9 knockdown of TRPC1 precluded proliferative and mitochondrial responses to supplemental PEMFs, whereas small interfering RNA gene silencing of TRPM7 did not, coinciding with data that magnetoreception did not coincide with the expression or function of other TRP channels. The aminoglycoside antibiotics antagonized and down-regulated TRPC1 expression and, when applied concomitantly with PEMF exposure, attenuated PEMF-stimulated calcium entry, mitochondrial respiration, proliferation, differentiation, and epigenetic directive in myoblasts, elucidating why the developmental potential of magnetic fields may have previously escaped detection. Mitochondrial-based survival adaptations were also activated upon PEMF stimulation. Magnetism thus deploys an authentic myogenic directive that relies on an interplay between mitochondria and TRPC1 to reach fruition.-Yap, J. L. Y., Tai, Y. K., Fröhlich, J., Fong, C. H. H., Yin, J. N., Foo, Z. L., Ramanan, S., Beyer, C., Toh, S. J., Casarosa, M., Bharathy, N., Kala, M. P., Egli, M., Taneja, R., Lee, C. N., Franco-Obregón, A. Ambient and supplemental magnetic fields promote myogenesis via a TRPC1-mitochondrial axis: evidence of a magnetic mitohormetic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Lye Yee Yap
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,BioIonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems (BICEPS) Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yee Kit Tai
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,BioIonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems (BICEPS) Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jürg Fröhlich
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Institute for Electromagnetic Fields, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Charlene Hui Hua Fong
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,BioIonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems (BICEPS) Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jocelyn Naixin Yin
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,BioIonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems (BICEPS) Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zi Ling Foo
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,BioIonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems (BICEPS) Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sharanya Ramanan
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,BioIonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems (BICEPS) Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christian Beyer
- Institute for Electromagnetic Fields, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland.,Centre Suisse d'Électronique et de Microtechnique (CSEM SA), Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Shi Jie Toh
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,BioIonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems (BICEPS) Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marco Casarosa
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences Mario Serio, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Narendra Bharathy
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Children's Cancer Therapy Development Institute, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Monica Palanichamy Kala
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marcel Egli
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Hergiswil, Switzerland; and
| | - Reshma Taneja
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chuen Neng Lee
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, iHealthtech, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alfredo Franco-Obregón
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,BioIonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems (BICEPS) Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, iHealthtech, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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35
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Martins VF, Dent JR, Svensson K, Tahvilian S, Begur M, Lakkaraju S, Buckner EH, LaBarge SA, Hetrick B, McCurdy CE, Schenk S. Germline or inducible knockout of p300 or CBP in skeletal muscle does not alter insulin sensitivity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 316:E1024-E1035. [PMID: 30888860 PMCID: PMC6620570 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00497.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Akt is a critical mediator of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. The acetyltransferases, E1A binding protein p300 (p300) and cAMP response element-binding protein binding protein (CBP) are phosphorylated and activated by Akt, and p300/CBP can acetylate and inactivate Akt, thus giving rise to a possible Akt-p300/CBP axis. Our objective was to determine the importance of p300 and CBP to skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity. We used Cre-LoxP methodology to generate mice with germline [muscle creatine kinase promoter (P-MCK and C-MCK)] or inducible [tamoxifen-activated, human skeletal actin promoter (P-iHSA and C-iHSA)] knockout of p300 or CBP. A subset of P-MCK and C-MCK mice were switched to a calorie-restriction diet (60% of ad libitum intake) or high-fat diet at 10 wk of age. For P-iHSA and C-iHSA mice, knockout was induced at 10 wk of age. At 13-15 wk of age, we measured whole-body energy expenditure, oral glucose tolerance, and/or ex vivo skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity. Although p300 and CBP protein abundance and mRNA expression were reduced 55%-90% in p300 and CBP knockout mice, there were no genotype differences in energy expenditure or fasting glucose and insulin concentrations. Moreover, neither loss of p300 or CBP impacted oral glucose tolerance or skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity, nor did their loss impact alterations in these parameters in response to a calorie restriction or high-fat diet. Muscle-specific loss of either p300 or CBP, be it germline or in adulthood, does not impact energy expenditure, glucose tolerance, or skeletal muscle insulin action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor F Martins
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Jessica R Dent
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Kristoffer Svensson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Shahriar Tahvilian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Maedha Begur
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Shivani Lakkaraju
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Elisa H Buckner
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Samuel A LaBarge
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Byron Hetrick
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon , Eugene, Oregon
| | - Carrie E McCurdy
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon , Eugene, Oregon
| | - Simon Schenk
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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36
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Breuls N, Giacomazzi G, Sampaolesi M. (Epi)genetic Modifications in Myogenic Stem Cells: From Novel Insights to Therapeutic Perspectives. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050429. [PMID: 31075875 PMCID: PMC6562881 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The skeletal muscle is considered to be an ideal target for stem cell therapy as it has an inherent regenerative capacity. Upon injury, the satellite cells, muscle stem cells that reside under the basal lamina of the myofibres, start to differentiate in order to reconstitute the myofibres while maintaining the initial stem cell pool. In recent years, it has become more and more evident that epigenetic mechanisms such as histon modifications, DNA methylations and microRNA modulations play a pivatol role in this differentiation process. By understanding the mechanisms behind myogenesis, researchers are able to use this knowledge to enhance the differentiation and engraftment potential of different muscle stem cells. Besides manipulation on an epigenetic level, recent advances in the field of genome-engineering allow site-specific modifications in the genome of these stem cells. Combining epigenetic control of the stem cell fate with the ability to site-specifically correct mutations or add genes for further cell control, can increase the use of stem cells as treatment of muscular dystrophies drastically. In this review, we will discuss the advances that have been made in genome-engineering and the epigenetic regulation of muscle stem cells and how this knowledge can help to get stem cell therapy to its full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Breuls
- Translational Cardiomyology Lab, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute Leuven, 3000 KU Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Giorgia Giacomazzi
- Translational Cardiomyology Lab, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute Leuven, 3000 KU Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Maurilio Sampaolesi
- Translational Cardiomyology Lab, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute Leuven, 3000 KU Leuven, Belgium.
- Human Anatomy Unit, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, and Interuniversity Institute of Myology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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