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Rodríguez-Sosa MR, Del Castillo LM, Belarra A, Zapata AG, Alfaro D. The lack of EphB3 receptor prevents bone loss in mouse models of osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 2024; 39:1008-1024. [PMID: 38739682 DOI: 10.1093/jbmr/zjae075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Bone homeostasis is a complex process in which some Eph kinase receptors and their ephrin ligands appear to be involved. In the present study, we address this issue by examining, both in vitro and in vivo, the role of EphB2 and EphB3 in mesenchymal stromal/stem cell (MSC) differentiation into bone tissue. This was first evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) and histological staining in MSCs cultured in specific mediums revealing that although EphB2-/- MSCs mainly expressed pro-adipogenic transcription factors, EphB3-/- MSCs showed abundant osteogenic transcripts, such as Runx2, Msx2, and Sp7. To clarify the underlying molecular mechanisms, we found that the lack of EphB3 signaling alters the genetic profile of differentiating MSCs, reducing the expression of many inhibitory molecules and antagonists of the BMP signaling pathway, and increasing Bmp7 expression, a robust bone inductor. Then, to confirm the osteogenic role of EphB3 in vivo, we studied the condition of 2 mouse models of induced bone loss (ovariectomy or long-term glucocorticoid treatment). Interestingly, in both models, both WT and EphB2-/- mice equally developed the disease but EphB3-/- mice did not exhibit the typical bone loss, nor an increase in urine Ca2+ or blood serum CTX-1. This phenotype in EphB3-KO mice could be due to their significantly higher proportions of osteoprogenitor cells and preosteoblasts, and their lower number of osteoclasts, as compared with WT and EphB2-KO mice. Thus, we conclude that EphB3 acts as a negative regulator of the osteogenic differentiation, and its absence prevents bone loss in mice subjected to ovariectomy or dexamethasone treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano R Rodríguez-Sosa
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, C.P. 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Research Institute Hospital "12 de Octubre" (imas12), C.P. 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis M Del Castillo
- Reproductive Medicine Research Group, IVI Foundation, Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe (IIS La Fe), C.P. 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - Adrián Belarra
- Micro-CT Laboratory, Central Radioactive Facility, Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, C.P. 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín G Zapata
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, C.P. 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Alfaro
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, C.P. 28040, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Wei F, Hughes M, Omer M, Ngo C, Pugazhendhi AS, Kolanthai E, Aceto M, Ghattas Y, Razavi M, Kean TJ, Seal S, Coathup M. A Multifunctional Therapeutic Strategy Using P7C3 as A Countermeasure Against Bone Loss and Fragility in An Ovariectomized Rat Model of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308698. [PMID: 38477537 PMCID: PMC11151083 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
By 2060, an estimated one in four Americans will be elderly. Consequently, the prevalence of osteoporosis and fragility fractures will also increase. Presently, no available intervention definitively prevents or manages osteoporosis. This study explores whether Pool 7 Compound 3 (P7C3) reduces progressive bone loss and fragility following the onset of ovariectomy (OVX)-induced osteoporosis. Results confirm OVX-induced weakened, osteoporotic bone together with a significant gain in adipogenic body weight. Treatment with P7C3 significantly reduced osteoclastic activity, bone marrow adiposity, whole-body weight gain, and preserved bone area, architecture, and mechanical strength. Analyses reveal significantly upregulated platelet derived growth factor-BB and leukemia inhibitory factor, with downregulation of interleukin-1 R6, and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (RANK). Together, proteomic data suggest the targeting of several key regulators of inflammation, bone, and adipose turnover, via transforming growth factor-beta/SMAD, and Wingless-related integration site/be-catenin signaling pathways. To the best of the knowledge, this is first evidence of an intervention that drives against bone loss via RANK. Metatranscriptomic analyses of the gut microbiota show P7C3 increased Porphyromonadaceae bacterium, Candidatus Melainabacteria, and Ruminococcaceae bacterium abundance, potentially contributing to the favorable inflammatory, and adipo-osteogenic metabolic regulation observed. The results reveal an undiscovered, and multifunctional therapeutic strategy to prevent the pathological progression of OVX-induced bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wei
- Biionix ClusterUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFL82816USA
| | - Megan Hughes
- School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityWalesCF10 3ATUK
| | - Mahmoud Omer
- Biionix ClusterUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFL82816USA
| | - Christopher Ngo
- Biionix ClusterUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFL82816USA
- College of MedicineUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFL32827USA
| | | | - Elayaraja Kolanthai
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Centre, Nanoscience Technology Center (NSTC)University of Central FloridaOrlandoFL32826USA
| | - Matthew Aceto
- College of MedicineUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFL32827USA
| | - Yasmine Ghattas
- College of MedicineUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFL32827USA
| | - Mehdi Razavi
- Biionix ClusterUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFL82816USA
- College of MedicineUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFL32827USA
| | - Thomas J Kean
- Biionix ClusterUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFL82816USA
- College of MedicineUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFL32827USA
| | - Sudipta Seal
- Biionix ClusterUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFL82816USA
- College of MedicineUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFL32827USA
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Centre, Nanoscience Technology Center (NSTC)University of Central FloridaOrlandoFL32826USA
| | - Melanie Coathup
- Biionix ClusterUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFL82816USA
- College of MedicineUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFL32827USA
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Mekala S, Dugam P, Das A. Ephrin-Eph receptor tyrosine kinases for potential therapeutics against hepatic pathologies. J Cell Commun Signal 2023; 17:549-561. [PMID: 37103689 PMCID: PMC10409970 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-023-00750-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is the common pathological change that occurs due to increased synthesis and accumulation of extracellular matrix components. Chronic insult from hepatotoxicants leads to liver cirrhosis, which if not reversed timely using appropriate therapeutics, liver transplantation remains the only effective therapy. Often the disease further progresses into hepatic carcinoma. Although there is an increased advancement in understanding the pathological phenotypes of the disease, additional knowledge of the novel molecular signaling mechanisms involved in the disease progression would enable the development of efficacious therapeutics. Ephrin-Eph molecules belong to the largest family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) which are identified to play a crucial role in cellular migratory functions, during morphological and developmental stages. Additionally, they contribute to the growth of a multicellular organism as well as in pathological conditions like cancer, and diabetes. A wide spectrum of mechanistic studies has been performed on ephrin-Eph RTKs in various hepatic tissues under both normal and diseased conditions revealing their diverse roles in hepatic pathology. This systematic review summarizes the liver-specific ephrin-Eph RTK signaling mechanisms and recognizes them as druggable targets for mitigating hepatic pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowmya Mekala
- Department of Applied Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, TS, 500 007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP, 201 002, India
| | - Prachi Dugam
- Department of Applied Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, TS, 500 007, India
| | - Amitava Das
- Department of Applied Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, TS, 500 007, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP, 201 002, India.
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Şen S, Erber R. Neuronal Guidance Molecules in Bone Remodeling and Orthodontic Tooth Movement. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710077. [PMID: 36077474 PMCID: PMC9456342 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During orthodontic tooth movement, mechanically induced remodeling occurs in the alveolar bone due to the action of orthodontic forces. The number of factors identified to be involved in mechanically induced bone remodeling is growing steadily. With the uncovering of the functions of neuronal guidance molecules (NGMs) for skeletal development as well as for bone homeostasis, NGMs are now also among the potentially significant factors for the regulation of bone remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement. This narrative review attempts to summarize the functions of NGMs in bone homeostasis and provides insight into the currently sparse literature on the functions of these molecules during orthodontic tooth movement. Presently, four families of NGMs are known: Netrins, Slits, Semaphorins, ephrins and Eph receptors. A search of electronic databases revealed roles in bone homeostasis for representatives from all four NGM families. Functions during orthodontic tooth movement, however, were only identified for Semaphorins, ephrins and Eph receptors. For these, crucial prerequisites for participation in the regulation of orthodontically induced bone remodeling, such as expression in cells of the periodontal ligament and in the alveolar bone, as well as mechanical inducibility, were shown, which suggests that the importance of NGMs in orthodontic tooth movement may be underappreciated to date and further research might be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Şen
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Christian Albrechts University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-431-5002-6301
| | - Ralf Erber
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Borggaard XG, Nielsen MH, Delaisse JM, Andreasen CM, Andersen TL. Spatial Organization of Osteoclastic Coupling Factors and Their Receptors at Human Bone Remodeling Sites. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:896841. [PMID: 35775083 PMCID: PMC9239410 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.896841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The strictly regulated bone remodeling process ensures that osteoblastic bone formation is coupled to osteoclastic bone resorption. This coupling is regulated by a panel of coupling factors, including clastokines promoting the recruitment, expansion, and differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells within the eroded cavity. The osteoprogenitor cells on eroded surfaces are called reversal cells. They are intermixed with osteoclasts and become bone-forming osteoblast when reaching a critical density and maturity. Several coupling factors have been proposed in the literature, but their effects and expression pattern vary between studies depending on species and experimental setup. In this study, we investigated the mRNA levels of proposed secreted and membrane-bound coupling factors and their receptors in cortical bone remodeling events within the femur of healthy adolescent human controls using high-sensitivity RNA in situ hybridization. Of the proposed coupling factors, human osteoclasts showed mRNA-presence of LIF, PDGFB, SEMA4D, but no presence of EFNB2, and OSM. On the other hand, the osteoblastic reversal cells proximate to osteoclasts presented with LIFR, PDGFRA and PLXNB1, but not PDGFRB, which are all known receptors of the proposed coupling factors. Although EFNB2 was not present in mature osteoclasts, the mRNA of the ligand-receptor pair EFNB2:EPHB4 were abundant near the central blood vessels within intracortical pores with active remodeling. EPHB4 and SEMA4D were also abundant in mature bone-forming osteoblasts. This study highlights that especially LIF:LIFR, PDGFB:PDGFRA, SEMA4D:PLXNB1 may play a critical role in the osteoclast-osteoblast coupling in human remodeling events, as they are expressed within the critical cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia G. Borggaard
- Research Unit of Pathology, Department of Clinical Research and Department of Molecular Medicine, Molecular Bone Histology Team, Clinical Cell Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Xenia G. Borggaard, orcid.org/0000-0002-4922-2478 Thomas L. Andersen,
| | - Malene H. Nielsen
- Research Unit of Pathology, Department of Clinical Research and Department of Molecular Medicine, Molecular Bone Histology Team, Clinical Cell Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jean-Marie Delaisse
- Research Unit of Pathology, Department of Clinical Research and Department of Molecular Medicine, Molecular Bone Histology Team, Clinical Cell Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christina M. Andreasen
- Research Unit of Pathology, Department of Clinical Research and Department of Molecular Medicine, Molecular Bone Histology Team, Clinical Cell Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Thomas L. Andersen
- Research Unit of Pathology, Department of Clinical Research and Department of Molecular Medicine, Molecular Bone Histology Team, Clinical Cell Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Xenia G. Borggaard, orcid.org/0000-0002-4922-2478 Thomas L. Andersen,
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Nakanishi Y, Kang S, Kumanogoh A. Crosstalk between axon guidance signaling and bone remodeling. Bone 2022; 157:116305. [PMID: 34973495 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The maintenance of skeletal integrity is tightly regulated by two cell types, bone forming osteoblasts and bone resorbing osteoclasts. Although the role of the nervous system in regulating osteoblasts and osteoclasts was identified over a decade ago, the molecular mechanism of skeletal-neural interactions in bone homeostasis has only been studied recently. In particular, the complex roles of axon guidance molecules, such as semaphorins and ephrins, in the bone have been studied extensively. In this review, we highlight the latest advances in determining the functions of semaphorins and ephrins in the establishment and maintenance of the skeletal system, with a focus on the functional interaction between the skeletal and nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimitsu Nakanishi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Immunopathology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sujin Kang
- Department of Immune Regulation, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kumanogoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Immunopathology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Center for Infectious Diseases for Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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7
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Abstract
The EPH receptor tyrosine kinases and their signaling partners, the EPHRINS, comprise a large class of cell signaling molecules that plays diverse roles in development. As cell membrane-anchored signaling molecules, they regulate cellular organization by modulating the strength of cellular contacts, usually by impacting the actin cytoskeleton or cell adhesion programs. Through these cellular functions, EPH/EPHRIN signaling often regulates tissue shape. Indeed, recent evidence indicates that this signaling family is ancient and associated with the origin of multicellularity. Though extensively studied, our understanding of the signaling mechanisms employed by this large family of signaling proteins remains patchwork, and a truly "canonical" EPH/EPHRIN signal transduction pathway is not known and may not exist. Instead, several foundational evolutionarily conserved mechanisms are overlaid by a myriad of tissue -specific functions, though common themes emerge from these as well. Here, I review recent advances and the related contexts that have provided new understanding of the conserved and varied molecular and cellular mechanisms employed by EPH/EPHRIN signaling during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey O Bush
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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Bereza S, Yong R, Gronthos S, Arthur A, Ranjitkar S, Anderson PJ. Craniomaxillofacial morphology in a murine model of ephrinB1 conditional deletion in osteoprogenitor cells. Arch Oral Biol 2022; 137:105389. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2022.105389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Jiang W, Zhang Z, Li Y, Chen C, Yang H, Lin Q, Hu M, Qin X. The Cell Origin and Role of Osteoclastogenesis and Osteoblastogenesis in Vascular Calcification. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:639740. [PMID: 33969008 PMCID: PMC8102685 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.639740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Arterial calcification refers to the abnormal deposition of calcium salts in the arterial wall, which results in vessel lumen stenosis and vascular remodeling. Studies increasingly show that arterial calcification is a cell mediated, reversible and active regulated process similar to physiological bone mineralization. The osteoblasts and chondrocytes-like cells are present in large numbers in the calcified lesions, and express osteogenic transcription factor and bone matrix proteins that are known to initiate and promote arterial calcification. In addition, osteoclast-like cells have also been detected in calcified arterial walls wherein they possibly inhibit vascular calcification, similar to the catabolic process of bone mineral resorption. Therefore, tilting the balance between osteoblast-like and osteoclast-like cells to the latter maybe a promising therapeutic strategy against vascular calcification. In this review, we have summarized the current findings on the origin and functions of osteoblast-like and osteoclast-like cells in the development and progression of vascular progression, and explored novel therapeutic possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhong Jiang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhanman Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yaodong Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Chuanzhen Chen
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Han Yang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Qiuning Lin
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Ming Hu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiao Qin
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Arthur A, Gronthos S. Eph-Ephrin Signaling Mediates Cross-Talk Within the Bone Microenvironment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:598612. [PMID: 33634116 PMCID: PMC7902060 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.598612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal integrity is maintained through the tightly regulated bone remodeling process that occurs continuously throughout postnatal life to replace old bone and to repair skeletal damage. This is maintained primarily through complex interactions between bone resorbing osteoclasts and bone forming osteoblasts. Other elements within the bone microenvironment, including stromal, osteogenic, hematopoietic, endothelial and neural cells, also contribute to maintaining skeletal integrity. Disruption of the dynamic interactions between these diverse cellular systems can lead to poor bone health and an increased susceptibility to skeletal diseases including osteopenia, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, osteomalacia, and major fractures. Recent reports have implicated a direct role for the Eph tyrosine kinase receptors and their ephrin ligands during bone development, homeostasis and skeletal repair. These membrane-bound molecules mediate contact-dependent signaling through both the Eph receptors, termed forward signaling, and through the ephrin ligands, referred to as reverse signaling. This review will focus on Eph/ ephrin cross-talk as mediators of hematopoietic and stromal cell communication, and how these interactions contribute to blood/ bone marrow function and skeletal integrity during normal steady state or pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Arthur
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Stan Gronthos
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Abeynayake N, Arthur A, Gronthos S. Crosstalk between skeletal and neural tissues is critical for skeletal health. Bone 2021; 142:115645. [PMID: 32949783 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence in the literature describes a physical and functional association between the neural and skeletal systems that forms a neuro-osteogenic network. This communication between bone cells and neural tissues within the skeleton is important in facilitating bone skeletal growth, homeostasis and repair. The growth and repair of the skeleton is dependent on correct neural innervation for correct skeletal developmental growth and fracture repair, while pathological conditions such as osteoporosis are accelerated by disruptions to sympathetic innervation. To date, different molecular mechanisms have been reported to mediate communication between bone and neural populations. This review highlights the important role of various cell surface receptors, cytokines and associated ligands as potential regulators of skeletal development, homeostasis, and repair, by mediating interactions between the skeletal and nervous systems. Specifically, this review describes how Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs), Eph/ephrin, Chemokine CXCL12, Calcitonin Gene-related Peptide (CGRP), Netrins, Neurotrophins (NTs), Slit/Robo and the Semaphorins (Semas) contribute to the cross talk between bone cells and peripheral nerves, and the importance of these interactions in maintaining skeletal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nethmi Abeynayake
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Agnieszka Arthur
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Stan Gronthos
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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12
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Arthur A, Paton S, Zannettino ACW, Gronthos S. Conditional knockout of ephrinB1 in osteogenic progenitors delays the process of endochondral ossification during fracture repair. Bone 2020; 132:115189. [PMID: 31863961 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.115189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Eph receptor tyrosine kinase ligand, ephrinB1 (EfnB1) is important for correct skeletal and cartilage development, however, the role of EfnB1 in fracture repair is unknown. This study investigated the role of EfnB1 during fracture repair where EfnB1 expression increased significantly at 1 and 2 weeks post fracture in C57Bl/6 wildtype mice, coinciding with the haematoma, soft callus formation/remodelling stages, respectively. To investigate the specific role of EfnB1 within the osteogenic lineage during fracture repair, male mice with a conditional deletion of EfnB1 in the osteogenic lineage (EfnB1OBfl/O), driven by the Osterix (Osx) promoter, and their male Osx:Cre counterparts were subject to a femoral fracture with internal fixation. Two weeks post fracture micro computed tomography (μCT) analysis revealed that EfnB1OBfl/O mice displayed a significant decrease in bone volume relative to tissue volume within the fracture callus. This was attributed to an alteration in the distribution of osteoclasts within the fracture site, a significant elevation in cartilaginous tissue and reduction in the osteoprogenitor population and calcein labelled bone within the fracture site of EfnB1OBfl/O mice. Supportive in vitro studies demonstrated that under osteogenic conditions, cultured EfnB1OBfl/O stromal cells derived from the 2 week fracture site exhibited a reduced capacity to produce mineral and decreased expression of the osteogenic gene, Osterix, when compared to Osx:Cre controls. These findings suggest that the loss of EfnB1 delays the fracture repair process. The present study confirmed that EFNB1 activation in human BMSC, following stimulation with soluble-EphB2 resulted in de-phosphorylation of TAZ, demonstrating similarities in EfnB1 signalling between human and mouse stromal populations. Overall, the present study provides evidence that loss of EfnB1 in the osteo/chondrogenic lineages delays the soft callus formation/remodelling stages of the fracture repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Arthur
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sharon Paton
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Andrew C W Zannettino
- Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Myeloma Research Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Stan Gronthos
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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13
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Receptor Tyrosine Kinases in Osteosarcoma: 2019 Update. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1258:141-155. [PMID: 32767239 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-43085-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The primary conclusions of our 2014 contribution to this series were as follows: Multiple receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) likely contribute to aggressive phenotypes in osteosarcoma and, therefore, inhibition of multiple RTKs is likely necessary for successful clinical outcomes. Inhibition of multiple RTKs may also be useful to overcome resistance to inhibitors of individual RTKs as well as resistance to conventional chemotherapies. Different combinations of RTKs are likely important in individual patients. AXL, EPHB2, FGFR2, IGF1R, and RET were identified as promising therapeutic targets by our in vitro phosphoproteomic/siRNA screen of 42 RTKs in the highly metastatic LM7 and 143B human osteosarcoma cell lines. This chapter is intended to provide an update on these topics as well as the large number of osteosarcoma clinical studies of inhibitors of multiple tyrosine kinases (multi-TKIs) that were recently published.
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Zhang Y, Shen S, Li P, Fan Y, Zhang L, Li W, Liu Y. PLEXIN-B2 promotes the osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells via activation of the RhoA signaling pathway. Cell Signal 2019; 62:109343. [PMID: 31176746 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Plexin-B2 (PLXNB2), a transmembrane protein is found in various tissues. Recent studies have indicated the presence of PLXNB2 in large quantity in the growth plates of Sprague-Dawley rats and are believed to be potentially involved in their skeletal development. This study endeavored to analyze the effect of PLXNB2 on the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs by using gene overexpression and knockdown assays. The results of our study revealed that PLXNB2 was upregulated during BMSCs differentiation into an osteoblastic lineage. By determining the expression levels of specific markers and mineral deposition, the study established that PLXNB2 promotes the osteogenic differentiation of human BMSCs through the activation of the RhoA signaling pathway. In conclusion, the study identified PLXNB2 as a novel regulator that enhanced the osteogenic differentiation of human BMSCs. The enhancing effect of PLXNB2 on osteogenesis of human BMSCs was mediated through activation of RhoA signaling. The results of our study imply that pharmacological targeting of PLXNB2 may initiate a possible improvement in bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Medical Center of Hip, Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital, Orthopedics Hospital of Henan Province, 82 Qiming South Road, Luoyang, Henan 471002, China
| | - Sheng Shen
- Medical Center of Hip, Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital, Orthopedics Hospital of Henan Province, 82 Qiming South Road, Luoyang, Henan 471002, China
| | - Peifeng Li
- Medical Center of Hip, Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital, Orthopedics Hospital of Henan Province, 82 Qiming South Road, Luoyang, Henan 471002, China
| | - Yanan Fan
- Medical Center of Hip, Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital, Orthopedics Hospital of Henan Province, 82 Qiming South Road, Luoyang, Henan 471002, China
| | - Leilei Zhang
- Medical Center of Hip, Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital, Orthopedics Hospital of Henan Province, 82 Qiming South Road, Luoyang, Henan 471002, China
| | - Wuyin Li
- Medical Center of Hip, Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital, Orthopedics Hospital of Henan Province, 82 Qiming South Road, Luoyang, Henan 471002, China.
| | - Youwen Liu
- Medical Center of Hip, Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital, Orthopedics Hospital of Henan Province, 82 Qiming South Road, Luoyang, Henan 471002, China.
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