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Coughlin AL, Pan Z, Hong J, Zhang T, Zhan X, Wu W, Xie D, Tong T, Ruch T, Heremans JJ, Bao J, Fertig HA, Wang J, Kim J, Zhu H, Li D, Zhang S. Enhanced Electron Correlation and Significantly Suppressed Thermal Conductivity in Dirac Nodal-Line Metal Nanowires by Chemical Doping. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2204424. [PMID: 36437041 PMCID: PMC9839858 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing electron correlation in a weakly interacting topological system has great potential to promote correlated topological states of matter with extraordinary quantum properties. Here, the enhancement of electron correlation in a prototypical topological metal, namely iridium dioxide (IrO2 ), via doping with 3d transition metal vanadium is demonstrated. Single-crystalline vanadium-doped IrO2 nanowires are synthesized through chemical vapor deposition where the nanowire yield and morphology are improved by creating rough surfaces on substrates. Vanadium doping leads to a dramatic decrease in Raman intensity without notable peak broadening, signifying the enhancement of electron correlation. The enhanced electron correlation is further evidenced by transport studies where the electrical resistivity is greatly increased and follows an unusual T $\sqrt T $ dependence on the temperature (T). The lattice thermal conductivity is suppressed by an order of magnitude via doping even at room temperature where phonon-impurity scattering becomes less important. Density functional theory calculations suggest that the remarkable reduction of thermal conductivity arises from the complex phonon dispersion and reduced energy gap between phonon branches, which greatly enhances phase space for phonon-phonon Umklapp scattering. This work demonstrates a unique system combining 3d and 5d transition metals in isostructural materials to enrich the system with various types of interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhiliang Pan
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTN37235USA
| | - Jeonghoon Hong
- Department of PhysicsIncheon National UniversityIncheon22012Korea
| | - Tongxie Zhang
- Department of PhysicsIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIN47405USA
| | - Xun Zhan
- Electron Microscopy CenterIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIN47405USA
| | - Wenqian Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Materials EngineeringUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNE68588USA
| | - Dongyue Xie
- Department of Mechanical and Materials EngineeringUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNE68588USA
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, MPA DivisionLos Alamos National LaboratoryLos Alamos87545United States
| | - Tian Tong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Texas Center for Superconductivity (TcSUH)University of HoustonHoustonTX77204USA
| | - Thomas Ruch
- Department of PhysicsIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIN47405USA
| | | | - Jiming Bao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Texas Center for Superconductivity (TcSUH)University of HoustonHoustonTX77204USA
| | | | - Jian Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials EngineeringUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNE68588USA
| | - Jeongwoo Kim
- Department of PhysicsIncheon National UniversityIncheon22012Korea
| | - Hanyu Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineeringRice UniversityHoustonTX77005USA
| | - Deyu Li
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTN37235USA
| | - Shixiong Zhang
- Department of PhysicsIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIN47405USA
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2
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Electrical conduction and noise spectroscopy of sodium-alginate gold-covered ultrathin films for flexible green electronics. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9861. [PMID: 35701600 PMCID: PMC9198047 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14030-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Green electronics is an emerging topic that requires the exploration of new methodologies for the integration of green components into electronic devices. Therefore, the development of alternative and eco-friendly raw materials, biocompatible and biodegradable, is of great importance. Among these, sodium-alginate is a natural biopolymer extracted from marine algae having a great potential in terms of transparency, flexibility, and conductivity, when functionalized with a thin gold (Au) layer. The electrical transport of these flexible and conducting substrates has been studied, by DC measurements, from 300 to 10 K, to understand the interplay between the organic substrate and the metallic layer. The results were compared to reference bilayers based on polymethyl-methacrylate, a well-known polymer used in electronics. In addition, a detailed investigation of the electric noise properties was also performed. This analysis allows to study the effect of charge carriers fluctuations, providing important information to quantify the minimum metallic thickness required for electronic applications. In particular, the typical noise behavior of metallic compounds was observed in samples covered with 5 nm of Au, while noise levels related to a non-metallic conduction were found for a thickness of 4.5 nm, despite of the relatively good DC conductance of the bilayer.
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3
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Barone C, Cirillo C, Carapella G, Granata V, Santoro D, Attanasio C, Pagano S. Effect of the substrate on the electrical transport and fluctuation processes in NbRe and NbReN ultrathin films for superconducting electronics applications. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1573. [PMID: 35091643 PMCID: PMC8799732 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05511-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
NbRe-based superconducting thin films recently received relevant interest in the field of low-temperature electronics. However, for these materials the electrical conduction mechanisms, in particular in the normal state, still need to be investigated in more detail. Here, NbRe and NbReN films of different thicknesses have been deposited on two different substrates, namely monocrystalline Si and [Formula: see text] buffered Si. The films were characterized by DC electrical transport measurements. Moreover, a connection with the charge carriers fluctuation processes has been made by analyzing the electrical noise generated in the normal state region. Despite the films morphology seems not to be affected by the substrate used, a lower noise level has been found for the ones grown on [Formula: see text], in particular for NbReN. From this study it emerges that both NbRe and NbReN ultrathin films are of very good quality, as far as the low-temperature electrical noise and conduction are concerned, with noise levels competitive with NbN. These results may further support the proposal of using these materials in a nanowire form in the field of superconducting electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Barone
- Dipartimento di Fisica "E.R. Caianiello", Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.
- CNR-SPIN, c/o Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.
- INFN Gruppo Collegato di Salerno, c/o Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.
| | - C Cirillo
- Dipartimento di Fisica "E.R. Caianiello", Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
- CNR-SPIN, c/o Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - G Carapella
- Dipartimento di Fisica "E.R. Caianiello", Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
- CNR-SPIN, c/o Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
- INFN Gruppo Collegato di Salerno, c/o Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - V Granata
- Dipartimento di Fisica "E.R. Caianiello", Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
- CNR-SPIN, c/o Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - D Santoro
- Dipartimento di Fisica "E.R. Caianiello", Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - C Attanasio
- Dipartimento di Fisica "E.R. Caianiello", Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
- CNR-SPIN, c/o Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
- INFN Gruppo Collegato di Salerno, c/o Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - S Pagano
- Dipartimento di Fisica "E.R. Caianiello", Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
- CNR-SPIN, c/o Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
- INFN Gruppo Collegato di Salerno, c/o Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
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Baron FA, Mikhlin YL, Molokeev MS, Rautskiy MV, Tarasov IA, Volochaev MN, Shanidze LV, Lukyanenko AV, Smolyarova TE, Konovalov SO, Zelenov FV, Tarasov AS, Volkov NV. Structural, Optical, and Electronic Properties of Cu-Doped TiN xO y Grown by Ammonothermal Atomic Layer Deposition. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:32531-32541. [PMID: 34181393 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c08036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Copper-doped titanium oxynitride (TiNxOy) thin films were grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD) using the TiCl4 precursor, NH3, and O2 at 420 °C. Forming gas was used to reduce the background oxygen concentration and to transfer the copper atoms in an ALD chamber prior to the growth initiation of Cu-doped TiNxOy. Such forming gas-mediated Cu-doping of TiNxOy films had a pronounced effect on their resistivity, which dropped from 484 ± 8 to 202 ± 4 μΩ cm, and also on the resistance temperature coefficient (TCR), which decreased from 1000 to 150 ppm °C-1. We explored physical mechanisms causing this reduction by performing comparative analysis of atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, optical spectra, low-temperature transport, and Hall measurement data for the samples grown with and without forming gas doping. The difference in the oxygen concentration between the films did not exceed 6%. Copper segregated to the TiNxOy surface where its concentration reached 0.72%, but its penetration depth was less than 10 nm. Pronounced effects of the copper doping by forming gas included the TiNxOy film crystallite average size decrease from 57-59 to 32-34 nm, considerably finer surface granularity, electron concentration increase from 2.2(3) × 1022 to 3.5(1) × 1022 cm-3, and the electron mobility improvement from 0.56(4) to 0.92(2) cm2 V-1 s-1. The DC resistivity versus temperature R(T) measurements from 4.2 to 300 K showed a Cu-induced phase transition from a disordered to semimetallic state. The resistivity of Cu-doped TiNxOy films decreased with the temperature increase at low temperatures and reached the minimum near T = 50 K revealing signatures of the quantum interference effects similar to 2D Cu thin films, and then, semimetallic behavior was observed at higher temperatures. In TiNxOy films grown without forming gas, the resistivity decreased with the temperature increase as R(T) = - 1.88T0.6 + 604 μΩ cm with no semimetallic behavior observed. The medium range resistivity and low TCR of Cu-doped TiNxOy make this material an attractive choice for improved matching resistors in RF analog circuits and Si complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor integrated circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipp A Baron
- Kirensky Institute of Physics, Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
| | - Yurii L Mikhlin
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
| | - Maxim S Molokeev
- Kirensky Institute of Physics, Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
- Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Rautskiy
- Kirensky Institute of Physics, Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
| | - Ivan A Tarasov
- Kirensky Institute of Physics, Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
| | - Mikhail N Volochaev
- Kirensky Institute of Physics, Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
- Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology, Krasnoyarsk 660037, Russia
| | - Lev V Shanidze
- Kirensky Institute of Physics, Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
| | - Anna V Lukyanenko
- Kirensky Institute of Physics, Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
- Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia
| | - Tatiana E Smolyarova
- Kirensky Institute of Physics, Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
- Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia
| | - Stepan O Konovalov
- Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology, Krasnoyarsk 660037, Russia
| | - Fyodor V Zelenov
- Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology, Krasnoyarsk 660037, Russia
| | - Anton S Tarasov
- Kirensky Institute of Physics, Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
- Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia
| | - Nikita V Volkov
- Kirensky Institute of Physics, Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
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5
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Electric Transport in Gold-Covered Sodium-Alginate Free-Standing Foils. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11030565. [PMID: 33668347 PMCID: PMC7996263 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The electric transport properties of flexible and transparent conducting bilayers, realized by sputtering ultrathin gold nanometric layers on sodium-alginate free-standing films, were studied. The reported results cover a range of temperatures from 3 to 300 K. In the case of gold layer thicknesses larger than 5 nm, a typical metallic behavior was observed. Conversely, for a gold thickness of 4.5 nm, an unusual resistance temperature dependence was found. The dominant transport mechanism below 70 K was identified as a fluctuation-induced tunneling process. This indicates that the conductive region is not continuous but is formed by gold clusters embedded in the polymeric matrix. Above 70 K, instead, the data can be interpreted using a phenomenological model, which assumes an anomalous expansion of the conductive region upon decreasing the temperature, in the range from 300 to 200 K. The approach herein adopted, complemented with other characterizations, can provide useful information for the development of innovative and green optoelectronics.
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6
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Di Trolio A, Amore Bonapasta A, Barone C, Leo A, Carapella G, Pagano S, Polimeni A, Testa AM. Transport mechanisms in Co-doped ZnO (ZCO) and H-irradiated ZCO polycrystalline thin films. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:2368-2376. [PMID: 33449979 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06401g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the electrical resistivity (ρ) as a function of the temperature (T) has been measured in polycrystalline ZnO, Co-doped ZnO (ZCO) and H irradiated ZCO (HZCO) samples, in the 300-20 K range. The achieved results show impressive effects of Co doping and H irradiation on the ZnO transport properties. The Co dopant increases the ZnO resistivity at high T (HT), whereas it has an opposite effect at low T (LT). H balances the Co effects by neutralizing the ρ increase at HT and strengthening its decrease at LT. A careful analysis of the ρ data permits to identify two different thermally activated processes as those governing the charge transport in the three materials at HT and LT, respectively. The occurrence of such processes has been fully explained in terms of a previously proposed model based on an acceptor impurity band, induced by the formation of Co-oxygen vacancy complexes, as well as known effects produced by H on the ZnO properties. The same analysis shows that both Co and H reduce the effects of grain boundaries on the transport processes. The high conductivity of HZCO in the whole T-range and its low noise level resulting from electric noise spectroscopy make this material a very interesting one for technological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Di Trolio
- CNR-Istituto di Struttura della Materia, U.O.S. di Tor Vergata, Via del fosso del cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy.
| | - A Amore Bonapasta
- CNR-Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Via Salaria Km. 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo St., Roma, Italy
| | - C Barone
- Dipartimento di Fisica "E.R. Caianiello", Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.,CNR-SPIN, c/o Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - A Leo
- Dipartimento di Fisica "E.R. Caianiello", Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - G Carapella
- Dipartimento di Fisica "E.R. Caianiello", Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - S Pagano
- Dipartimento di Fisica "E.R. Caianiello", Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.,CNR-SPIN, c/o Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - A Polimeni
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - A M Testa
- CNR-Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Via Salaria Km. 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo St., Roma, Italy
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7
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Cirillo C, Barone C, Bradshaw H, Urban F, Di Bernardo A, Mauro C, Robinson JWA, Pagano S, Attanasio C. Magnetotransport and magnetic properties of amorphous [Formula: see text] thin films. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13693. [PMID: 32792527 PMCID: PMC7426968 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70646-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
[Formula: see text] is an intermetallic compound with a bulk Curie temperature ([Formula: see text]) of 6-13 K. While existing studies have focused on [Formula: see text] crystals, amorphous thin-films of [Formula: see text] are potentially important since they would be magnetically soft without magnetocrystalline anisotropy, meaning that small external magnetic fields could reverse the direction of their magnetization. Here, we report [Formula: see text] thin-films with a thickness in the 5-200 nm range, deposited by DC magnetron sputtering onto Si(100). Films are amorphous with a weak temperature-dependent resistivity with values ranging between 150 and 300 [Formula: see text] cm. By means of noise spectroscopy, by analyzing the time-dependence of fluctuation-induced voltages, it is found that at low temperatures the resistance fluctuations are due to the Kondo effect. Volume magnetometry indicates [Formula: see text] K with a magnetic coercive field of 30 mT at 5 K for a 125-nm-thick film. The results are promising for the development of Ferromagnet(F)/Superconductor(S)/Ferromagnet(F) pseudo spin-valve devices based on amorphous [Formula: see text] thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Cirillo
- CNR-SPIN, c/o Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “E. R. Caianiello”, Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA Italy
| | - Carlo Barone
- CNR-SPIN, c/o Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “E. R. Caianiello”, Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA Italy
- INFN Gruppo Collegato di Salerno, c/o Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA Italy
| | - Harry Bradshaw
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS UK
| | - Francesca Urban
- CNR-SPIN, c/o Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “E. R. Caianiello”, Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA Italy
- INFN Gruppo Collegato di Salerno, c/o Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA Italy
| | - Angelo Di Bernardo
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Costantino Mauro
- Dipartimento di Fisica “E. R. Caianiello”, Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA Italy
| | - Jason W. A. Robinson
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS UK
| | - Sergio Pagano
- CNR-SPIN, c/o Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “E. R. Caianiello”, Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA Italy
- INFN Gruppo Collegato di Salerno, c/o Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA Italy
| | - Carmine Attanasio
- CNR-SPIN, c/o Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “E. R. Caianiello”, Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA Italy
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Barone C, Rotzinger H, Voss JN, Mauro C, Schön Y, Ustinov AV, Pagano S. Current-Resistance Effects Inducing Nonlinear Fluctuation Mechanisms in Granular Aluminum Oxide Nanowires. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10030524. [PMID: 32183260 PMCID: PMC7153260 DOI: 10.3390/nano10030524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The unusual superconducting properties of granular aluminum oxide have been recently investigated for application in quantum circuits. However, the intrinsic irregular structure of this material requires a good understanding of the transport mechanisms and, in particular, the effect of disorder, especially when patterned at the nanoscale level. In view of these aspects, electric transport and voltage fluctuations have been investigated on thin-film based granular aluminum oxide nanowires, in the normal state and at temperatures between 8 and 300 K. The nonlinear resistivity and two-level tunneling fluctuators have been observed. Regarding the nature of the noise processes, the experimental findings give a clear indication in favor of a dynamic random resistor network model, rather than the possible existence of a local ordering of magnetic origin. The identification of the charge carrier fluctuations in the normal state of granular aluminum oxide nanowires is very useful for improving the fabrication process and, therefore, reducing the possible sources of decoherence in the superconducting state, where quantum technologies that are based on these nanostructures should work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Barone
- Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello”, Università degli Studi di Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy; (C.M.); (S.P.)
- CNR-SPIN Salerno, c/o Università degli Studi di Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
- INFN Gruppo Collegato di Salerno, c/o Università degli Studi di Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-089-968212
| | - Hannes Rotzinger
- Physikalisches Institut, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (H.R.); (J.N.V.); (Y.S.); (A.V.U.)
- Institut für Quantenmaterialien und Technologien (IQMT), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jan Nicolas Voss
- Physikalisches Institut, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (H.R.); (J.N.V.); (Y.S.); (A.V.U.)
| | - Costantino Mauro
- Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello”, Università degli Studi di Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy; (C.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Yannick Schön
- Physikalisches Institut, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (H.R.); (J.N.V.); (Y.S.); (A.V.U.)
| | - Alexey V. Ustinov
- Physikalisches Institut, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (H.R.); (J.N.V.); (Y.S.); (A.V.U.)
- National University of Science and Technology MISIS, 119049 Moscow, Russia
- Russian Quantum Center, Skolkovo, 143025 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergio Pagano
- Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello”, Università degli Studi di Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy; (C.M.); (S.P.)
- CNR-SPIN Salerno, c/o Università degli Studi di Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
- INFN Gruppo Collegato di Salerno, c/o Università degli Studi di Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
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