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Liu M, Ge R, Song L, Chen Y, Yan S, Bu C. The chitinase genes TuCht4 and TuCht10 are indispensable for molting and survival of Tetranychus urticae. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 171:104150. [PMID: 38871132 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2024.104150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Insect chitinases (Chts) play a crucial role in the molting process, enabling continuous growth through sequential developmental stages. Based on their high homology to insect Chts, TuCht1 (group II), TuCht4 (group I) and TuCht10 (group IV) were identified, and their roles during molting process were investigated. TuCht1 was mainly expressed in the deutonymphal stage, while TuCht4 was mainly expressed in the nymphal stage and the highest expression level of TuCht10 was observed in the larvae. Feeding RNAi assays have shown that group I TuCht4 and group Ⅳ TuCht10 are involved in mite molting. Suppression of TuCht4 or TuCht10 resulted in high mortality, molting abnormalities and the absence of distinct electron dense layers of chitinous horizontal laminae in the cuticle, as demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The nanocarrier mediated RNAi had significantly higher RNAi efficiency and caused higher mortality. The results of the present study suggest that chitinase genes TuCht4 and TuCht10 are potential targets for dietary RNAi, and demonstrates a nanocarrier-mediated delivery system to enhance the bioactivity of dsRNA, providing a potential technology for green pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Rongchumu Ge
- Key Laboratory of Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Lihong Song
- Key Laboratory of Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Shuo Yan
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Chunya Bu
- Key Laboratory of Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China.
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Yang J, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Ren M, Wang Y, Duan Y, Gao Y, Liu Z, Zhang P, Fan R, Zhou X. The development of an egg-soaking method for delivering dsRNAs into spider mites. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 201:105905. [PMID: 38685227 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.105905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Recently, the first sprayable RNAi biopesticide, Ledprona, against the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, has been registered at the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae), a group of destructive agricultural and horticultural pests, are notorious for rapid development of insecticide/acaricide resistance. The management options, on the other hand, are extremely limited. RNAi-based biopesticides offer a promising control alternative to address this emerging issue. In this study, we i) developed an egg-soaking dsRNA delivery method; ii) evaluated the factors influencing RNAi efficiency, and finally iii) investigated the potential mode of entry of this newly developed egg-soaking RNAi method. In comparison to other dsRNA delivery methods, egg-soaking method was the most efficient, convenient/practical, and cost-effective method for delivering dsRNAs into spider mites. RNAi efficiency of this RNAi method was affected by target genes, dsRNA concentration, developmental stages, and mite species. In general, the hawthorn spider mite, Amphitetranychus viennensis, is more sensitive to RNAi than the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, and both of them have dose-dependent RNAi effect. For different life stages, egg and larvae are the most sensitive life stages to dsRNAs. For different target genes, there is no apparent association between the suppression level and the resultant phenotype. Finally, we demonstrated that this egg-soaking RNAi method acts as both stomach and contact toxicity. Our combined results demonstrate the effectiveness of a topically applied dsRNA delivery method, and the potential of a spray induced gene silencing (SIGS) method as a control alternative for spider mites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
| | - Yuying Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhonghuan Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Meifeng Ren
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yuanpeng Duan
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yue Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhongfang Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Pengjiu Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Renjun Fan
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- Department of Entomology, School of Integrative Biology, College of Liberal Arts & Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA..
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Yang J, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Gao Y, Liu Z, Zhang P, Fan R, Xing S, Zhou X. Target gene selection for RNAi-based biopesticides against the hawthorn spider mite, Amphitetranychus viennensis (Acari: Tetranychidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:2482-2492. [PMID: 36866409 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, RNA interference (RNAi)-based biopesticide, a species-specific pest control alternative, has been deregulated and commercialized in the US and Canada. The hawthorn spider mite, Amphitetranychus viennensis Zacher, is a major pest for rosaceous plants, which has been controlled primarily by synthetic pesticides. To address the emerging resistance issues in A. viennensis, we initiated a project to develop RNAi-based biopesticides. RESULTS In this study, we (i) developed a dietary RNAi system for A. viennensis using leaf disc, (ii) assessed the suitability of multiple control genes to distinguish sequence-specific silencing from non-specific effects within this RNAi system, and (iii) screened for the target gene candidates. As a result, β-Glucuronidase (GUS), an enzyme derived from E. coli and a broadly used reporter for plants is the appropriate control for A. viennensis RNAi, while green fluorescent protein (GFP), is not suitable due to its significantly higher mortality than the other controls. For target gene screening, suppression was confirmed for all the candidates, including two housekeeping genes (Vacuolar-type H + -ATPase subunit A (V-ATPase A) and Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, (GAPDH)), and three genes associated with development (ATP-dependent RNA Helicase DDX3Y (Belle), CREB-binding protein (CBP), and Farnesoic acid O-methyltransferase (FaMet)). Knocking down of V-ATPase A resulted in the highest mortality (~ 90%) and reduced fecundity (over 90%) than other candidates. As for the genes associated with development, suppression of Belle and CBP, led to approximately 65% mortality, as well as 86% and 40% reduction in fecundity, respectively. Silencing of FaMet, however, had negligible biological impacts on A. viennensis. CONCLUSION The combined efforts not only establish an effective dsRNA delivery method, but also provide potential target genes for RNAi-based biopesticides against A. viennensis, a devastating invasive pest for fruit trees and woody ornamental plants throughout Asia and Europe. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University/Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yuying Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University/Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Taiyuan, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yue Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University/Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhongfang Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University/Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Taiyuan, China
| | - Pengjiu Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University/Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Taiyuan, China
| | - Renjun Fan
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University/Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Taiyuan, China
| | - Shuping Xing
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Shen GM, Ma T, Chen XR, Chen L, Liu GM, Jie LY, Adang M, He L. Retinoid X receptor 1 is a specific lethal RNAi target disturbing chitin metabolism during hatching of Tetranychus cinnabarinus. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125458. [PMID: 37348587 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) can be developed as an alternative method of chemical pesticides for pest control. In this study, we noticed a specifically expressed gene (retinoid X receptor 1, TcRXR1) in the egg stage of T. cinnabarinus. RNAi was applied to investigate the function of TcRXR1. Results showed that with continuous feeding of dsTcRXR1, the larvae of T. cinnabarinus could still successfully develop to adult, which was in accordance with the low expression of TcRXR1 out of egg stage. High mortality of eggs was observed after eggs were treated with dsTcRXR1. To investigate the downstream genes of TcRXR1, the RNA samples after successful RNAi of TcRXR1 were analyzed by transcriptome analysis. According to function annotation of differentially expressed genes, 6 genes were selected for their potential function with the phenotype of dsTcRXR1, and among them, a chitinase gene (TcCHT-E) attained a high expression level in the late stage of egg, peaking just after the expression peak of TcRXR1. Mortality of eggs was observed under the effect of dsTcCHT-E as well as dsTcRXR1. In conclusion, TcRXR1 is a specific RNAi target for control of T. cinnabarinus, and its lethal mechanism might be disturbing chitin metabolism hatching of egg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Mao Shen
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xing-Ru Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guang-Ming Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Luo-Yan Jie
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yunnan, China
| | - Michael Adang
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Lin He
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
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Koeppe S, Kawchuk L, Kalischuk M. RNA Interference Past and Future Applications in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119755. [PMID: 37298705 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Antisense RNA was observed to elicit plant disease resistance and post-translational gene silencing (PTGS). The universal mechanism of RNA interference (RNAi) was shown to be induced by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), an intermediate produced during virus replication. Plant viruses with a single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome have been instrumental in the discovery and characterization of systemic RNA silencing and suppression. An increasing number of applications for RNA silencing have emerged involving the exogenous application of dsRNA through spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS) that provides specificity and environmentally friendly options for crop protection and improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Koeppe
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Lawrence Kawchuk
- Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1 Ave S., Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Melanie Kalischuk
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Palli SR. Juvenile hormone receptor Methoprene tolerant: Functions and applications. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2023; 123:619-644. [PMID: 37718000 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
During the past 15years, after confirming Methoprene tolerant (Met) as a juvenile hormone (JH) receptor, tremendous progress has been made in understanding the function of Met in supporting JH signal transduction. Met role in JH regulation of development, including metamorphosis, reproduction, diapause, cast differentiation, behavior, im`munity, sleep and epigenetic modifications, have been elucidated. Met's Heterodimeric partners involved in performing some of these functions were discovered. The availability of JH response elements (JHRE) and JH receptor allowed the development of screening assays in cell lines and yeast. These screening assays facilitated the identification of new chemicals that function as JH agonists and antagonists. These new chemicals and others that will likely be discovered in the near future by using JH receptor and JHRE will lead to highly effective species-specific environmentally friendly insecticides for controlling pests and disease vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subba Reddy Palli
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.
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Wu M, Zhang Q, Dong Y, Wang Z, Zhan W, Ke Z, Li S, He L, Ruf S, Bock R, Zhang J. Transplastomic tomatoes expressing double-stranded RNA against a conserved gene are efficiently protected from multiple spider mites. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:1363-1373. [PMID: 36328788 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Spider mites are serious pests and have evolved significant resistance to many chemical pesticides, thus making their control challenging. Several insect pests can be combated by plastid-mediated RNA interference (PM-RNAi), but whether PM-RNAi can be utilized to control noninsect pests is unknown. Here, we show that three species of spider mites (Tetranychus evansi, Tetranychus truncatus, and Tetranychus cinnabarinus) take up plastid RNA upon feeding. We generated transplastomic tomato plants expressing double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) targeted against a conserved region of the spider mite β-Actin mRNA. Transplastomic plants exhibited high levels of resistance to all three spider mite species, as evidenced by increased mortality and suppression of target gene expression. Notably, transplastomic plants induced a more robust RNAi response, caused higher mortality, and were overall better protected from spider mites than dsRNA-expressing nuclear transgenic plants. Our data demonstrate the potential of PM-RNAi as an efficient pest control measure for spider mites and extend the application range of the technology to noninsect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Yi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Zican Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Wenqin Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Zebin Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Shengchun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Lin He
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Stephanie Ruf
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ralph Bock
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Jiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
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Guerra-Duarte C, Saavedra-Langer R, Matavel A, Oliveira-Mendes BBR, Chavez-Olortegui C, Paiva ALB. Scorpion envenomation in Brazil: Current scenario and perspectives for containing an increasing health problem. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011069. [PMID: 36757916 PMCID: PMC9910716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Opportunistic scorpion species can colonize urban environments, establishing high-density communities that enhance the chances of human accidents. This scenario has been taking place in Brazil, in which some Tityus species have taken city centers, causing an explosion in the number of scorpion envenoming cases. The characteristics of this scorpionism epidemic in Brazil is discussed in the present work. The number of Brazilian scorpion stings has surpassed 120,000 cases in 2017, and has been maintained above this number ever since, representing a more than 3-fold increase in 10 years, which was higher than the number of cases for most of the neglected tropical diseases in the country. The escalation in scorpionism cases is even higher in some regions of Brazil. Fortunately, the proportion of mild cases has also increased in the analyzed period, as well as the number of victims seeking for medical attention within the first hour after the accident. The species Tityus serrulatus, Tityus stigmurus, Tityus bahiensis, and Tityus obscurus are traditionally accountable for most of the scorpion accidents in different regions of Brazil, but other species deserve to be closely watched. Despite scorpionism being a notable health problem in Brazil, accident prevention and pest control regarding this venomous animal have not been properly addressed by the scientific community nor by policy makers. Therefore, this review also aims to point possible fields of research that could help to contain the aggravation of the current scorpionism landscape in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Guerra-Duarte
- Diretoria de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rafael Saavedra-Langer
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Matavel
- Diretoria de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Chavez-Olortegui
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Zhang H, Gao J, Chen J, Peng Y, Han Z. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase could extend the lasting validity period of exogenous dsRNA. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:4569-4578. [PMID: 35831266 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have found that pesticide double-stranded (ds)RNA usually has a long-lasting validity period in plants. However, it is uncertain if any factors in plants could extend dsRNA duration. It has been reported that RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRP) in plants and some other eukaryotes could catalyze RNA amplification and be involved in RNAi (interference). Thus, this study evaluated the effect of RdRP on the tissue content, activity, and duration of exogenous dsRNA. RESULTS We found that RdRP knockdown in Arabidopsis thaliana had no significant effect on tissue contents of reporter dsRNA parent molecules (8.91% reduction), but it caused significant decrease in the tissue contents of derived short fragments of 200, 120 and 59 bp tested (51.22%, 52.83% and 59.35%, respectively). Aphid inoculation tests showed that the same dose of insecticidal dsAgZFP exhibited a significantly lower lethal effect (mortality 58.8%) in the plants with RdRP knockdown than in the control plants with normal RdRP (86.0%). For Caenorhabditis elegans, the worms treated simultaneously with dsRdRP and reporter dsRNA had similar body contents to reporter dsRNA parent molecules and its long-fragment derivative (200 bp) as the control (1.28- and 1.07-fold greater, respectively). However, 120- and 59-bp short-fragment derivatives were significantly reduced by 28.78% and 59.84%, respectively, which also diminished faster in the descendants. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that RdRP could significantly enhance the tissue content of dsRNA derivatives by catalyzing amplification, thus improving dsRNA activity and extending its lasting validity period. Otherwise, RNAi by exogenous dsRNA was proven to be noninheritable in A. thaliana. This work confirmed the merit of dsRNA as a plant protectant. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hainan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Plant Diseases and Insects/Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Plant Diseases and Insects/Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiasheng Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Plant Diseases and Insects/Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yue Peng
- The Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Plant Diseases and Insects/Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaojun Han
- The Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Plant Diseases and Insects/Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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10
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Hough J, Howard JD, Brown S, Portwood DE, Kilby PM, Dickman MJ. Strategies for the production of dsRNA biocontrols as alternatives to chemical pesticides. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:980592. [PMID: 36299286 PMCID: PMC9588923 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.980592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Current crop pest control strategies rely on insecticidal and fungicidal sprays, plant genetic resistance, transgenes and agricultural practices. However, many insects, plant viruses, and fungi have no current means of control or have developed resistance against traditional pesticides. dsRNA is emerging as a novel sustainable method of plant protection as an alternative to traditional chemical pesticides. The successful commercialisation of dsRNA based biocontrols for effective pest management strategies requires the economical production of large quantities of dsRNA combined with suitable delivery methods to ensure RNAi efficacy against the target pest. A number of methods exist for the production and delivery of dsRNA based biocontrols and here we review alternative methods currently employed and emerging new approaches for their production. Additionally, we highlight potential challenges that will need to be addressed prior to widespread adoption of dsRNA biocontrols as novel sustainable alternatives to traditional chemical pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Hough
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingtom
| | - John D. Howard
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingtom
| | - Stephen Brown
- Sheffield RNAi Screening Facility, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingtom
| | - David E. Portwood
- Syngenta, Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, United Kingdom
| | - Peter M. Kilby
- Syngenta, Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J. Dickman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingtom
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11
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Li X, Liu R, Li G, Jin D, Guo J, Ochoa R, Yi T. Identification of the fibroin of Stigmaeopsis nanjingensis by a nanocarrier-based transdermal dsRNA delivery system. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2022; 87:31-47. [PMID: 35543822 PMCID: PMC9287230 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-022-00718-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Stigmaeopsis nanjingensis (Ma and Yuan) (Acari: Tetranychidae) is an important pest of bamboo-feeding behavior and silk production by the female adult mites is seriously harmful to bamboo leaves. Due to its small size, silking and cocooning, its management is difficult. This study discusses a fast and easy method for management of the pest by disturbing the spinning behavior. Stigmaeopsis nanjingensis is host specific and feeds only on bamboo leaves. Leaf margins of bamboo are highly hydrophobic, which makes dsRNA difficult to immerse. Hence, it is a challenge to apply the commonly used feeding method to inhibit gene expression in mites. In this study, we deliver dsRNA to interfere with the expression of fibroin by body wall permeation with a nanocarrier-based delivery system. The dsRNA/nanocarrier formulation droplets could enter the body cavity within 2 min after falling on the mite. The fibroin silencing efficiency was 75.4%, and the results of electron microscopy showed that dsRNA/nanocarrier damage the morphological structure of the silk thread. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of a nanocarrier-based percutaneous dsRNA delivery system in S. nanjingensis and its effect on the fibroin gene that influences the spinning behavior of S. nanjingensis. These findings may provide a new delivery system for RNAi-based control of spider mites that utilize protective webbing in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Guiyang, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Rundong Liu
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Guiyang, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Gang Li
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Guiyang, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Daochao Jin
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Guiyang, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Jianjun Guo
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Guiyang, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Ronald Ochoa
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory (SEL), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Beltsville Agricultural Research Centre (BARC), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Maryland, 20705, USA
| | - Tianci Yi
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Guiyang, 550025, China.
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Guiyang, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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12
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Mehlhorn S, Hunnekuhl VS, Geibel S, Nauen R, Bucher G. Establishing RNAi for basic research and pest control and identification of the most efficient target genes for pest control: a brief guide. Front Zool 2021; 18:60. [PMID: 34863212 PMCID: PMC8643023 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-021-00444-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) has emerged as a powerful tool for knocking-down gene function in diverse taxa including arthropods for both basic biological research and application in pest control. The conservation of the RNAi mechanism in eukaryotes suggested that it should-in principle-be applicable to most arthropods. However, practical hurdles have been limiting the application in many taxa. For instance, species differ considerably with respect to efficiency of dsRNA uptake from the hemolymph or the gut. Here, we review some of the most frequently encountered technical obstacles when establishing RNAi and suggest a robust procedure for establishing this technique in insect species with special reference to pests. Finally, we present an approach to identify the most effective target genes for the potential control of agricultural and public health pests by RNAi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Mehlhorn
- Crop Science Division, Bayer AG, R&D, Pest Control, Alfred-Nobel-Straße 50, 40789, Monheim, Germany
- Department of Evolutionary Developmental Genetics, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute, GZMB, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vera S Hunnekuhl
- Department of Evolutionary Developmental Genetics, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute, GZMB, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sven Geibel
- Crop Science Division, Bayer AG, R&D, Pest Control, Alfred-Nobel-Straße 50, 40789, Monheim, Germany
| | - Ralf Nauen
- Crop Science Division, Bayer AG, R&D, Pest Control, Alfred-Nobel-Straße 50, 40789, Monheim, Germany
| | - Gregor Bucher
- Department of Evolutionary Developmental Genetics, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute, GZMB, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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13
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Wei P, Wang C, Li C, Chen M, Sun J, Van Leeuwen T, He L. Comparing the efficiency of RNAi after feeding and injection of dsRNA in spider mites. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 179:104966. [PMID: 34802516 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide resistance in spider mites drives the development of acaricides with novel mode of action, which could benefit from RNAi as a screening tool in search of new molecular targets. RNAi via oral delivery of dsRNA has been frequently reported in spider mites, but injection of dsRNA is rarely reported. We compare here the efficiency of oral delivery versus injection of dsRNA in female adult mites. When comparing silencing efficiency, oral delivery of dsRNAs silenced 40.6 ± 8.9% of CPR, 63.8 ± 6.9% of CHMP2A, and 37.7 ± 5.7% of CHMP3 genes. Similar silencing efficiencies were found for injection (48.6 ± 3.7% of CPR, 70.2 ± 4.1% of CHMP2A, 59.8 ± 2.2% of CHMP3), but with much lower quantities of dsRNAs. Oral delivery of dsRNA failed to silence the expression of the CHMP4B gene, but this could be accomplished by injection of dsRNA (23.1 ± 1.0%). When scoring the phenotypic effects of silencing, both oral delivery and injection of CHMP2A- and CHMP3-dsRNA influenced the locomotion speed of mites significantly. For CPR, silencing could only be accomplished by dsRNA injection, not by feeding. CPR silencing significantly impacted the toxicity of a typical acaricide, pyridaben, as the susceptibility of mites raised 2.75-fold. Last, injection of Eya-dsRNA in adults produced transgenerational phenotypic effects on 3.59% of offspring, as quantified by an observed deviation in eye development, while oral delivery of Eya-dsRNA did not. In conclusion, injection of dsRNA is superior to oral delivery in silencing the expression of the selected genes in this study and could be considered the method of choice to study gene function in reverse genetic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wei
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunji Li
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingyu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lin He
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
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14
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Song L, Chen Y, An X, Ding C, Bu C. Chitin deacetylase 2 is essential for molting and survival of Tetranychus urticae. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 179:104962. [PMID: 34802539 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chitin metabolism has long been considered promising targets for development of biorational pesticides. Considering the increasing challenges of controlling the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, the roles of chitin deacetylases (CDAs) during molting process and mite development are explored. TuCDA1 and TuCDA2 differ in expression patterns during the development process. Feeding of double-strand RNA (dsRNA) against TuCDA1 or TuCDA2 has lethal effects on the mites. Especially TuCDA2 displays a much stronger phenotype than TuCDA1 (p = 0.0003). The treated mites fail to shed the old cuticle and are trapped within exuviate until they die. The aberrant cuticle structure observed by scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) may be responsible for the lethal phenotype of TuCDA1 and TuCDA2 knocked down mites. However, treatment with both dsRNA-CDA1 and dsRNA-CDA2 cannot significantly enhance the lethal effects of dsRNA-CDA2, which indicates partially redundant function of TuCDA1 and TuCDA2. TuCDA2 may play a key role during the molting and development process. Chitin-modifying enzyme such as TuCDA2 is potential target of RNA interference through feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Song
- Key Laboratory of Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiangshun An
- Key Laboratory of Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Chao Ding
- Key Laboratory of Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Chunya Bu
- Key Laboratory of Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China.
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15
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Environmental RNAi pathways in the two-spotted spider mite. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:42. [PMID: 33421998 PMCID: PMC7796550 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07322-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background RNA interference (RNAi) regulates gene expression in most multicellular organisms through binding of small RNA effectors to target transcripts. Exploiting this process is a popular strategy for genetic manipulation and has applications that includes arthropod pest control. RNAi technologies are dependent on delivery method with the most convenient likely being feeding, which is effective in some animals while others are insensitive. The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, is prime candidate for developing RNAi approaches due to frequent occurrence of conventional pesticide resistance. Using a sequencing-based approach, the fate of ingested RNAs was explored to identify features and conditions that affect small RNA biogenesis from external sources to better inform RNAi design. Results Biochemical and sequencing approaches in conjunction with extensive computational assessment were used to evaluate metabolism of ingested RNAs in T. urticae. This chelicerae arthropod shows only modest response to oral RNAi and has biogenesis pathways distinct from model organisms. Processing of synthetic and plant host RNAs ingested during feeding were evaluated to identify active substrates for spider mite RNAi pathways. Through cataloging characteristics of biochemically purified RNA from these sources, trans-acting small RNAs could be distinguished from degradation fragments and their origins documented. Conclusions Using a strategy that delineates small RNA processing, we found many transcripts have the potential to enter spider mite RNAi pathways, however, trans-acting RNAs appear very unstable and rare. This suggests potential RNAi pathway substrates from ingested materials are mostly degraded and infrequently converted into regulators of gene expression. Spider mites infest a variety of plants, and it would be maladaptive to generate diverse gene regulators from dietary RNAs. This study provides a framework for assessing RNAi technology in organisms where genetic and biochemical tools are absent and benefit rationale design of RNAi triggers for T.urticae.
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Liu J, Legarrea S, Alba JM, Dong L, Chafi R, Menken SBJ, Kant MR. Juvenile Spider Mites Induce Salicylate Defenses, but Not Jasmonate Defenses, Unlike Adults. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:980. [PMID: 32754172 PMCID: PMC7367147 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
When plants detect herbivores they strengthen their defenses. As a consequence, some herbivores evolved the means to suppress these defenses. Research on induction and suppression of plant defenses usually makes use of particular life stages of herbivores. Yet many herbivorous arthropods go through development cycles in which their successive stages have different characteristics and lifestyles. Here we investigated the interaction between tomato defenses and different herbivore developmental stages using two herbivorous spider mites, i.e., Tetranychus urticae of which the adult females induce defenses and T. evansi of which the adult females suppress defenses in Solanum lycopersicum (tomato). First, we monitored egg-to-adult developmental time on tomato wild type (WT) and the mutant defenseless-1 (def-1, unable to produce jasmonate-(JA)-defenses). Then we assessed expression of salivary effector genes (effector 28, 84, SHOT2b, and SHOT3b) in the consecutive spider mite life stages as well as adult males and females. Finally, we assessed the extent to which tomato plants upregulate JA- and salicylate-(SA)-defenses in response to the consecutive mite developmental stages and to the two sexes. The consecutive juvenile mite stages did not induce JA defenses and, accordingly, egg-to-adult development on WT and def-1 did not differ for either mite species. Their eggs however appeared to suppress the SA-response. In contrast, all the consecutive feeding stages upregulated SA-defenses with the strongest induction by T. urticae larvae. Expression of effector genes was higher in the later developmental stages. Comparing expression in adult males and females revealed a striking pattern: while expression of effector 84 and SHOT3b was higher in T. urticae females than in males, this was the opposite for T. evansi. We also observed T. urticae females to upregulate tomato defenses, while T. evansi females did not. In addition, of both species also the males did not upregulate defenses. Hence, we argue that mite ontogenetic niche shifts and stage-specific composition of salivary secreted proteins probably together determine the course and efficiency of induced tomato defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Saioa Legarrea
- Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Juan M. Alba
- Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lin Dong
- Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rachid Chafi
- Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Steph B. J. Menken
- Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Merijn R. Kant
- Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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17
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Yang J, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Gao Y, Liu Z, Zhang P, Fan J, Zhou X, Fan R. Selection of Reference Genes for RT-qPCR Analysis Under Extrinsic Conditions in the Hawthorn Spider Mite, Amphitetranychus viennensis. Front Physiol 2020; 11:378. [PMID: 32372977 PMCID: PMC7187807 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hawthorn spider mite, Amphitetranychus viennensis Zacher, is an economically important arthropod pest for fruit trees and woody ornamental plants. Extensive and repetitive use of synthetic acaricides has led to the development of resistance in A. viennensis. To understand the molecular basis of pesticide resistance, and to develop genetic-based control alternatives (e.g., RNAi-based biopesticides), a standardized protocol for real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) is needed. In the proceeding phase of this research, we screened for the internal references for RT-qPCR analysis from a pool of A. viennensis housekeeping genes under the intrinsic conditions, including developmental stage, sex, and diapause. Here, we continued our efforts to search for the reference genes under an array of extrinsic conditions, including temperature, humidity, photoperiod, host plant, and dietary RNAi. The stability of these candidate reference genes was investigated using geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and ΔCt method, respectively. Finally, RefFinder, a statistical platform integrating all four algorisms, provided a comprehensive list of genes for each extrinsic condition: (1) EF1A, α-tubulin and Actin3 were the best candidates for temperature, (2) GAPDH, 18S, and Actin3 were the most stable genes for humidity, (3) V-ATPase B, Actin3, and 18S were the top reference genes for photoperiod, (4) GAPDH, V-ATPase B, and α-tubulin were recommended for host plants, and (5) GAPDH, V-ATPase B, and RPS9 were the top choices for dietary RNAi. Overall, V-ATPase B, GAPDH, and Actin3 were the most commonly selected reference genes in A. viennensis regardless of the experimental conditions, including both intrinsic and extrinsic. Information present here lays the foundation for the genomic and functional genomic research in A. viennensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University (Institute of Plant Protection, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Science), Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Taiyuan, China.,Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Yuying Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University (Institute of Plant Protection, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Science), Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yue Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University (Institute of Plant Protection, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Science), Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhongfang Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University (Institute of Plant Protection, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Science), Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Taiyuan, China
| | - Pengjiu Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University (Institute of Plant Protection, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Science), Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jianbin Fan
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University (Institute of Plant Protection, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Science), Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Renjun Fan
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University (Institute of Plant Protection, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Science), Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Taiyuan, China
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18
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Adesanya AW, Cardenas A, Lavine MD, Walsh DB, Lavine LC, Zhu F. RNA interference of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase increases susceptibilities to multiple acaricides in Tetranychus urticae. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 165:104550. [PMID: 32359548 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, is a polyphagous pest feeding on over 1100 plant species, including numerous highly valued economic crops. The control of T. urticae largely depends on the use of acaricides, which leads to pervasive development of acaricide resistance. Cytochrome P450-mediated metabolic detoxification is one of the major mechanisms of acaricide resistance in T. urticae. NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) plays as a crucial co-factor protein that donates electron(s) to microsomal cytochrome P450s to complete their catalytic cycle. This study seeks to understand the involvement of CPR/P450 in acaricide resistance in T. urticae. The full-length cDNA sequence of T. urticae's CPR (TuCPR) was cloned and characterized. TuCPR was ubiquitously transcribed in different life stages of T. urticae and the highest transcription was observed in the nymph and adult stages. TuCPR was constitutively over-expressed in six acaricide resistant populations compared to a susceptible one. TuCPR transcriptional expression was also induced by multiple acaricides in a time-dependent manner. Down-regulation of TuCPR via RNA interference (RNAi) in T. urticae led to reduced enzymatic activities of TuCPR and cytochrome P450s, as well as a reduction of resistance to multiple acaricides, abamectin, bifenthrin, and fenpyroximate. The outcome of this study highlights CPR as a potential novel target for eco-friendly control of T. urticae and other related plant-feeding pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adekunle W Adesanya
- Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Prosser, WA 99350, USA; Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
| | - Antonio Cardenas
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Mark D Lavine
- Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Prosser, WA 99350, USA; Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Douglas B Walsh
- Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Prosser, WA 99350, USA; Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Laura C Lavine
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Fang Zhu
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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19
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Dalakouras A, Wassenegger M, Dadami E, Ganopoulos I, Pappas ML, Papadopoulou K. Genetically Modified Organism-Free RNA Interference: Exogenous Application of RNA Molecules in Plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 182:38-50. [PMID: 31285292 PMCID: PMC6945881 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The latest advances in the field exogenous application of RNA molecules in plants help to protect and modify them through RNA interference (RNAi).
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Dalakouras
- University of Thessaly, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 41500 Larissa, Greece
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources Hellenic Agricultural Organization (ELGO)-DEMETER, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Michael Wassenegger
- RLP AgroScience, Alplanta Institute for Plant Research, 67435 Neustadt an der Weinstrasse, Germany
| | - Elena Dadami
- University of Thessaly, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Ioannis Ganopoulos
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources Hellenic Agricultural Organization (ELGO)-DEMETER, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria L Pappas
- Democritus University of Thrace, Department of Agricultural Development, 68200 Orestiada, Greece
| | - Kalliope Papadopoulou
- University of Thessaly, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 41500 Larissa, Greece
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20
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Yang J, Gao Y, Liu Z, Lu J, Zhang Y, Zhang P, Fan J, Zhou X, Fan R. Selection of Reference Genes for RT-qPCR Analysis Under Intrinsic Conditions in the Hawthorn Spider Mite, Amphitetranychus viennensis (Acarina: Tetranychidae). Front Physiol 2019; 10:1427. [PMID: 31803072 PMCID: PMC6877696 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hawthorn spider mite, Amphitetranychus viennensis Zacher, is one of the most devastating pests of deciduous fruit trees. The overall goal of this research is to develop a standardized protocol for real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis in A. viennensis following the MIQE (minimum information for publication of Quantitative real time PCR experiments) guidelines. Based on the previous knowledge, we hypothesized that internal references for RT-qPCR analysis reside in housekeeping genes (HKGs). To test this hypothesis, we examined the stability of nine HKGs from A. viennensis, including 18S ribosomal RNA (18S), 28S ribosomal RNA (28S), Elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1A), Actin3, V-ATP vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase), α-tubulin (α-tubulin), Ribosomal protein L13 (RPL13), 40S ribosomal protein S9 (RPS9), and Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). The expression profile of these candidates under intrinsic conditions was evaluated by a panel of computational programs, including geNorm, Normfinder, BestKeeper, and ΔCt method. Based on RefFinder, a comprehensive software integrating all four above-mentioned algorithms, V-ATPase, Actin3, and GAPDH are the top three reference genes, which are stably expressed across all the intrinsic conditions, including developmental stage, sex, and diapause. In addition, we compared reference genes recommended for different developmental stages among the nine cell-content feeding arthropods, including four spider mites, A. viennensis, Tetranychus urticae, Tetranychus cinnabarinus, and Panonychus citri, and five hemipterans, Myzus persicae, Aphis gossypii, Toxoptera citricida, Lipaphis erysimi, and Sogatella furcifera. Not surprisingly, rRNAs and ribosomal proteins, the most abundant RNA species, is the top choice, and follows by EF1A, Actin, GAPDH, and tubulin. Information present here lays the foundation for the genomic and functional genomic research in cell-content feeding arthropods in general and A. viennensis in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture (IPMA), Institute of Plant Protection, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, China.,Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Yue Gao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture (IPMA), Institute of Plant Protection, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhongfang Liu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture (IPMA), Institute of Plant Protection, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, China
| | - Junjiao Lu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture (IPMA), Institute of Plant Protection, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yuying Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture (IPMA), Institute of Plant Protection, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, China
| | - Pengjiu Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture (IPMA), Institute of Plant Protection, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jianbin Fan
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture (IPMA), Institute of Plant Protection, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Renjun Fan
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture (IPMA), Institute of Plant Protection, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, China
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