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Clare K, Park K, Pan Y, Lejuez CW, Volkow ND, Du C. Neurovascular effects of cocaine: relevance to addiction. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1357422. [PMID: 38455961 PMCID: PMC10917943 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1357422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Cocaine is a highly addictive drug, and its use is associated with adverse medical consequences such as cerebrovascular accidents that result in debilitating neurological complications. Indeed, brain imaging studies have reported severe reductions in cerebral blood flow (CBF) in cocaine misusers when compared to the brains of healthy non-drug using controls. Such CBF deficits are likely to disrupt neuro-vascular interaction and contribute to changes in brain function. This review aims to provide an overview of cocaine-induced CBF changes and its implication to brain function and to cocaine addiction, including its effects on tissue metabolism and neuronal activity. Finally, we discuss implications for future research, including targeted pharmacological interventions and neuromodulation to limit cocaine use and mitigate the negative impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Clare
- New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Kicheon Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Yingtian Pan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Carl W. Lejuez
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Nora D. Volkow
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Congwu Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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2
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Eni-Aganga I, Lanaghan ZM, Ismail F, Korolkova O, Goodwin JS, Balasubramaniam M, Dash C, Pandhare J. KLF6 activates Sp1-mediated prolidase transcription during TGF-β 1 signaling. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105605. [PMID: 38159857 PMCID: PMC10847167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Prolidase (PEPD) is the only hydrolase that cleaves the dipeptides containing C-terminal proline or hydroxyproline-the rate-limiting step in collagen biosynthesis. However, the molecular regulation of prolidase expression remains largely unknown. In this study, we have identified overlapping binding sites for the transcription factors Krüppel-like factor 6 (KLF6) and Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) in the PEPD promoter and demonstrate that KLF6/Sp1 transcriptionally regulate prolidase expression. By cloning the PEPD promoter into a luciferase reporter and through site-directed deletion, we pinpointed the minimal sequences required for KLF6 and Sp1-mediated PEPD promoter-driven transcription. Interestingly, Sp1 inhibition abrogated KLF6-mediated PEPD promoter activity, suggesting that Sp1 is required for the basal expression of prolidase. We further studied the regulation of PEPD by KLF6 and Sp1 during transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) signaling, since both KLF6 and Sp1 are key players in TGF-β1 mediated collagen biosynthesis. Mouse and human fibroblasts exposed to TGF-β1 resulted in the induction of PEPD transcription and prolidase expression. Inhibition of TGF-β1 signaling abrogated PEPD promoter-driven transcriptional activity of KLF6 and Sp1. Knock-down of KLF6 as well as Sp1 inhibition also reduced prolidase expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay supported direct binding of KLF6 and Sp1 to the PEPD promoter and this binding was enriched by TGF-β1 treatment. Finally, immunofluorescence studies showed that KLF6 co-operates with Sp1 in the nucleus to activate prolidase expression and enhance collagen biosynthesis. Collectively, our results identify functional elements of the PEPD promoter for KLF6 and Sp1-mediated transcriptional activation and describe the molecular mechanism of prolidase expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ireti Eni-Aganga
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; School of Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Zeljka Miletic Lanaghan
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Farah Ismail
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Olga Korolkova
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jeffery Shawn Goodwin
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Muthukumar Balasubramaniam
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Chandravanu Dash
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
| | - Jui Pandhare
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; School of Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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Vo TTL, Shin D, Ha E, Seo JH. Dysfunction of the Neurovascular Unit by Psychostimulant Drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15154. [PMID: 37894832 PMCID: PMC10606839 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
'Drug abuse' has been recognized as one of the most pressing epidemics in contemporary society. Traditional research has primarily focused on understanding how drugs induce neurotoxicity or degeneration within the central nervous system (CNS) and influence systems related to reward, motivation, and cravings. However, recent investigations have increasingly shifted their attention toward the detrimental consequences of drug abuse on the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a structural component situated in brain vessels, responsible for separating brain tissue from external substances to maintain brain homeostasis. The BBB's function is governed by cellular interactions involving various elements of the 'neurovascular unit (NVU),' such as neurons, endothelial cells, astrocytes, pericytes, and microglia. Disruption of the NVU is closely linked to serious neurodegeneration. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the harmful effects of psychostimulant drugs on the BBB, highlighting the mechanisms through which drugs can damage the NVU. Additionally, the review proposes novel therapeutic targets aimed at protecting the BBB. By understanding the intricate relationships between drug abuse, BBB integrity, and NVU function, researchers and clinicians may uncover new strategies to mitigate the damaging impact of drug abuse on brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tam Thuy Lu Vo
- Department of Biochemistry, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea; (T.T.L.V.); (E.H.)
| | - Dain Shin
- Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea;
| | - Eunyoung Ha
- Department of Biochemistry, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea; (T.T.L.V.); (E.H.)
| | - Ji Hae Seo
- Department of Biochemistry, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea; (T.T.L.V.); (E.H.)
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Sun X, Liu B. Donepezil ameliorates oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation-induced brain microvascular endothelial cell dysfunction via the SIRT1/FOXO3a/NF-κB pathways. Bioengineered 2022; 13:7760-7770. [PMID: 35286233 PMCID: PMC9208472 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2045833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a disease in which brain tissue is damaged by a sudden rupture or blockage of a blood vessel in the brain that prevents blood from flowing to the brain. Extensive literature has demonstrated the neuroprotective effect of donepezil on brain injury, and this paper attempts to further reveal the effect of donepezil on brain microvascular endothelial cells dysfunction. Human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) were treated with oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) to induced brain microvascular endothelial cell dysfunction. The OGD/R-induced cell were added with different doses of donepezil with or without Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) inhibitor EX527. Cell viability of HBMECs was examined by cell counting kit (CCK)-8 assay. OGD/R-treated cell migration was assessed by wound healing assay while angiogenesis in HBMECs was examined by tube formation assay and Western blot analysis. Endothelial cell dysfunction was assessed employing fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran assay and Western blotting. SIRTI/FOXO3a/NF-kB signaling pathway-related protein expressions were detected using Western blotting. After pretreatment with SIRT1 inhibitor EX527, the above experiments were done again. Donepezil increased cell viability of OGD/R-induced HBMECs, promoted cell migration and angiogenesis, decreased cell permeability, and upregulated the expressions of tight junction proteins. In addition, donepezil regulated the expressions of SIRT1/FOXO3a/NF-κB signaling pathways. However, pretreatment with the SIRT1 inhibitor EX527 reversed the protective effect of donepezil on OGD/R-induced HBMECs. In summary, Donepezil ameliorates OGD/R-induced brain microvascular endothelial cell dysfunction via the SIRT1/FOXO3a/NF-κB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueming Sun
- Baotou Vocational and Technical College, Baotou City, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Baotou Vocational and Technical College, Baotou City, Inner Mongolia, China
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5
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Eni-Aganga I, Lanaghan ZM, Balasubramaniam M, Dash C, Pandhare J. PROLIDASE: A Review from Discovery to its Role in Health and Disease. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:723003. [PMID: 34532344 PMCID: PMC8438212 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.723003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolidase (peptidase D), encoded by the PEPD gene, is a ubiquitously expressed cytosolic metalloproteinase, the only enzyme capable of cleaving imidodipeptides containing C-terminal proline or hydroxyproline. Prolidase catalyzes the rate-limiting step during collagen recycling and is essential in protein metabolism, collagen turnover, and matrix remodeling. Prolidase, therefore plays a crucial role in several physiological processes such as wound healing, inflammation, angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and carcinogenesis. Accordingly, mutations leading to loss of prolidase catalytic activity result in prolidase deficiency a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder characterized by defective wound healing. In addition, alterations in prolidase enzyme activity have been documented in numerous pathological conditions, making prolidase a useful biochemical marker to measure disease severity. Furthermore, recent studies underscore the importance of a non-enzymatic role of prolidase in cell regulation and infectious disease. This review aims to provide comprehensive information on prolidase, from its discovery to its role in health and disease, while addressing the current knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ireti Eni-Aganga
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Nashville, TN, United States
- School of Graduate Studies and Research, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Physiology, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Zeljka Miletic Lanaghan
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Nashville, TN, United States
- Pharmacology Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Muthukumar Balasubramaniam
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Chandravanu Dash
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Nashville, TN, United States
- School of Graduate Studies and Research, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Jui Pandhare
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Nashville, TN, United States
- School of Graduate Studies and Research, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Physiology, Nashville, TN, United States
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6
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Atay Canbek O, Ilhan Atagun M, Devrim Balaban O, Ipekcioglu D, Alpugan B, Yalcin S, Senat A, Karamustafalioglu N, Cem Ilnem M, Erel O. Electroconvulsive Therapy and Extracellular Matrix Glycoproteins in Patients with Depressive Episodes. PSYCHIAT CLIN PSYCH 2021; 31:157-164. [PMID: 38765234 PMCID: PMC11079656 DOI: 10.5152/pcp.2021.20161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The brain extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of glycoproteins deriving from the cell membrane and joining into nets called perineuronal nets (PNNs). The ECM glycoproteins limit neuroplasticity, cell proliferation, and differentiation. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is provided by electrical currents that may alter several cascades and biophysical effects. ECM conformation might be influenced by the effects of ECT. Methods Patients with depressive disorders (n = 23) and healthy control subjects (n = 21) were enrolled. Serum levels of the ECM glycoproteins versican, brevican, neurocan, phosphocan and tenascin C were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Serum samples were collected from the patients in the patient group at 3 time points: before ECT, 30 min after the first session, and 30 min after the seventh session. Results There was a significant difference in tenascin C levels (P = .001) between the groups. No other significant difference was observed. Serum levels of the measured ECM glycoproteins and prolidase activity did not differ in the depression group after the administration of ECT. Conclusions Our results did not support the claim suggesting a possible mechanism for modulation of ECM glycoproteins by ECT. Serum levels may not necessarily reflect conformational changes in the ECM. Further studies are needed to investigate the effects of ECT on ECM glycoproteins. Modulation of the ECM may provide a new window suggesting improvement in treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Atay Canbek
- Istanbul Bakirkoy Research and Training Hospital for Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Ozlem Devrim Balaban
- Istanbul Bakirkoy Research and Training Hospital for Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Derya Ipekcioglu
- Istanbul Bakirkoy Research and Training Hospital for Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Baris Alpugan
- Istanbul Bakirkoy Research and Training Hospital for Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Suat Yalcin
- Istanbul Bakirkoy Research and Training Hospital for Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Almila Senat
- Istanbul Taksim Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Mehmet Cem Ilnem
- Istanbul Bakirkoy Research and Training Hospital for Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozcan Erel
- Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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7
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Kong J, Yao C, Dong S, Wu S, Xu Y, Li K, Ji L, Shen Q, Zhang Q, Zhan R, Cui H, Zhou C, Niu H, Li G, Sun W, Zheng L. ICAM-1 Activates Platelets and Promotes Endothelial Permeability through VE-Cadherin after Insufficient Radiofrequency Ablation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2002228. [PMID: 33643788 PMCID: PMC7887603 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) often leads to aggressive local recurrence and increased metastasis, and vascular integrity and platelets are implicated in tumor metastasis. However, whether interactions between endothelial cells and platelets induce endothelial permeability in HCC after insufficient RFA remains unclear. Here, significantly increased CD62P-positive platelets and sP-selectin in plasma are observed in HCC patients after RFA, and tumor-associated endothelial cells (TAECs) activate platelets and are susceptible to permeability after heat treatment in the presence of platelets in vitro. In addition, tumors exhibit enhanced vascular permeability after insufficient RFA in mice; heat treatment promotes platelets-induced endothelial permeability through vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, and ICAM-1 upregulation in TAECs after heat treatment results in platelet activation and increased endothelial permeability in vitro. Moreover, the binding interaction between upregulated ICAM-1 and Ezrin downregulates VE-cadherin expression. Furthermore, platelet depletion or ICAM-1 inhibition suppresses tumor growth and metastasis after insufficient RFA in an orthotopic tumor mouse model, and vascular permeability decreases in ICAM-1-/- mouse tumor after insufficient RFA. The findings suggest that ICAM-1 activates platelets and promotes endothelial permeability in TAECs through VE-cadherin after insufficient RFA, and anti-platelet and anti-ICAM-1 therapy can be used to prevent progression of HCC after insufficient RFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Kong
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryBeijing Chaoyang HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijing100043P. R. China
| | - Changyu Yao
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryBeijing Chaoyang HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijing100043P. R. China
| | - Shuying Dong
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryBeijing Chaoyang HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijing100043P. R. China
| | - Shilun Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryBeijing Chaoyang HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijing100043P. R. China
| | - Yangkai Xu
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Institute of Systems BiomedicineSchool of Basic Medical SciencesPeking University Health Science CenterKey Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of EducationKey Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides of Ministry of HealthBeijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors ResearchBeijing100191P. R. China
| | - Ke Li
- Beijing Tiantan HospitalChina National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesAdvanced Innovation Center for Human Brain ProtectionCapital Medical UniversityBeijing100050P. R. China
| | - Liang Ji
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Institute of Systems BiomedicineSchool of Basic Medical SciencesPeking University Health Science CenterKey Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of EducationKey Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides of Ministry of HealthBeijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors ResearchBeijing100191P. R. China
| | - Qiang Shen
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Institute of Systems BiomedicineSchool of Basic Medical SciencesPeking University Health Science CenterKey Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of EducationKey Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides of Ministry of HealthBeijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors ResearchBeijing100191P. R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Institute of Systems BiomedicineSchool of Basic Medical SciencesPeking University Health Science CenterKey Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of EducationKey Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides of Ministry of HealthBeijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors ResearchBeijing100191P. R. China
| | - Rui Zhan
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Institute of Systems BiomedicineSchool of Basic Medical SciencesPeking University Health Science CenterKey Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of EducationKey Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides of Ministry of HealthBeijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors ResearchBeijing100191P. R. China
| | - Hongtu Cui
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Institute of Systems BiomedicineSchool of Basic Medical SciencesPeking University Health Science CenterKey Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of EducationKey Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides of Ministry of HealthBeijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors ResearchBeijing100191P. R. China
| | - Changping Zhou
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Institute of Systems BiomedicineSchool of Basic Medical SciencesPeking University Health Science CenterKey Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of EducationKey Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides of Ministry of HealthBeijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors ResearchBeijing100191P. R. China
| | - Haigang Niu
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryBeijing Chaoyang HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijing100043P. R. China
| | - Guoming Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryBeijing Chaoyang HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijing100043P. R. China
| | - Wenbing Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryBeijing Chaoyang HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijing100043P. R. China
| | - Lemin Zheng
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Institute of Systems BiomedicineSchool of Basic Medical SciencesPeking University Health Science CenterKey Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of EducationKey Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides of Ministry of HealthBeijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors ResearchBeijing100191P. R. China
- Beijing Tiantan HospitalChina National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesAdvanced Innovation Center for Human Brain ProtectionCapital Medical UniversityBeijing100050P. R. China
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Increased prolidase activity in Alzheimer's dementia: A case-control study. Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 53:102242. [PMID: 32590139 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Prolidase enzyme, which catalyzes the final step in collagen metabolism can influence the cognitive functions through changes in extracellular matrix (ECM) resulting in altered synaptic connectivity in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, it was found that the prolidase activity was significantly higher (p = 0.0016) in AD subjects (5.62 ± 2.05 U/ mL) than control group (4.45 ± 0.92 U/ mL). The increase was significant beginning at mild AD (p = 0.006) with an inverse correlation with HMSE scores (p = 0.0344), thus implying that prolidase mediated alterations in ECM may be associated with the cognitive deficits seen in AD.
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9
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Current Understanding of the Emerging Role of Prolidase in Cellular Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165906. [PMID: 32824561 PMCID: PMC7460564 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolidase [EC 3.4.13.9], known as PEPD, cleaves di- and tripeptides containing carboxyl-terminal proline or hydroxyproline. For decades, prolidase has been thoroughly investigated, and several mechanisms regulating its activity are known, including the activation of the β1-integrin receptor, insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1) receptor, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 receptor. This process may result in increased availability of proline in the mitochondrial proline cycle, thus making proline serve as a substrate for the resynthesis of collagen, an intracellular signaling molecule. However, as a ligand, PEPD can bind directly to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)) and regulate cellular metabolism. Recent reports have indicated that PEPD protects p53 from uncontrolled p53 subcellular activation and its translocation between cellular compartments. PEPD also participates in the maturation of the interferon α/β receptor by regulating its expression. In addition to the biological effects, prolidase demonstrates clinical significance reflected in the disease known as prolidase deficiency. It is also known that prolidase activity is affected in collagen metabolism disorders, metabolic, and oncological conditions. In this article, we review the latest knowledge about prolidase and highlight its biological function, and thus provide an in-depth understanding of prolidase as a dipeptidase and protein regulating the function of key biomolecules in cellular metabolism.
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10
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Barr JL, Brailoiu GC, Abood ME, Rawls SM, Unterwald EM, Brailoiu E. Acute cocaine administration alters permeability of blood-brain barrier in freely-moving rats- Evidence using miniaturized fluorescence microscopy. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 206:107637. [PMID: 31734036 PMCID: PMC6980767 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cocaine has a variety of negative effects on the central nervous system, including reports of decreased barrier function of brain microvascular endothelial cells. However, few studies have directly shown the effects of cocaine on blood-brain barrier (BBB) function in vivo. The miniature integrated fluorescence microscope (i.e., miniscope) technology was used to visualize cocaine-induced changes in BBB permeability in awake, freely-moving rats. METHODS The miniscope was implanted in the prefrontal cortex of adult male rats. After recovery and acclimation, rats received an injection of cocaine (5-20 mg/kg ip) 15 minutes following iv infusion of sodium fluorescein, a low molecular weight tracer. Fluorescence intensity was recordedin vivo via the miniscope for 30 minutes or 24 hours post cocaine administration and served as an indicator of BBB permeability. RESULTS Results demonstrate that cocaine increased the sodium fluorescein extravasation in brain microcirculation in a dose-dependent manner 30 minutes, but not 24 hours after administration. CONCLUSION We report for the first time using direct visualization of brain microcirculation with the miniscope technology in awake, freely-moving rats, that acute cocaine administration produced a transient increase in the BBB permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Barr
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - G Cristina Brailoiu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jefferson College of Pharmacy, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Mary E Abood
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Scott M Rawls
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Ellen M Unterwald
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
| | - Eugen Brailoiu
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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11
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Chilunda V, Calderon TM, Martinez-Aguado P, Berman JW. The impact of substance abuse on HIV-mediated neuropathogenesis in the current ART era. Brain Res 2019; 1724:146426. [PMID: 31473221 PMCID: PMC6889827 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 37 million people worldwide are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). One highly significant complication of HIV infection is the development of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in 15-55% of people living with HIV (PLWH), that persists even in the antiretroviral therapy (ART) era. The entry of HIV into the central nervous system (CNS) occurs within 4-8 days after peripheral infection. This establishes viral reservoirs that may persist even in the presence of ART. Once in the CNS, HIV infects resident macrophages, microglia, and at low levels, astrocytes. In response to chronic infection and cell activation within the CNS, viral proteins, inflammatory mediators, and host and viral neurotoxic factors produced over extended periods of time result in neuronal injury and loss, cognitive deficits and HAND. Substance abuse is a common comorbidity in PLWH and has been shown to increase neuroinflammation and cognitive disorders. Additionally, it has been associated with poor ART adherence, and increased viral load in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), that may also contribute to increased neuroinflammation and neuronal injury. Studies have examined mechanisms that contribute to neuroinflammation and neuronal damage in PLWH, and how substances of abuse exacerbate these effects. This review will focus on how substances of abuse, with an emphasis on methamphetamine (meth), cocaine, and opioids, impact blood brain barrier (BBB) integrity and transmigration of HIV-infected and uninfected monocytes across the BBB, as well as their effects on monocytes/macrophages, microglia, and astrocytes within the CNS. We will also address how these substances of abuse may contribute to HIV-mediated neuropathogenesis in the context of suppressive ART. Additionally, we will review the effects of extracellular dopamine, a neurotransmitter that is increased in the CNS by substances of abuse, on HIV neuropathogenesis and how this may contribute to neuroinflammation, neuronal insult, and HAND in PLWH with active substance use. Lastly, we will discuss some potential therapies to limit CNS inflammation and damage in HIV-infected substance abusers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Chilunda
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Tina M Calderon
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Pablo Martinez-Aguado
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Joan W Berman
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, USA.
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12
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Chen J, Sun L, Ding GB, Chen L, Jiang L, Wang J, Wu J. Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation/Reoxygenation Induces Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cell Hyperpermeability Via VE-Cadherin Internalization: Roles of RhoA/ROCK2. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 69:49-59. [PMID: 31187440 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01326-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The destruction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) contributes to a spectrum of neurological diseases such as stroke, and the hyperpermeability of endothelial cells is one of the characters of stroke, which is possibly exacerbated after reperfusion. However, the underlying mechanisms involving hyperpermeability after reperfusion between the endothelial cells remain poorly understood. Therefore, in the present study, the human microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) were exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) to mimic ischemic stroke condition in vitro with the aim to investigate the potential mechanisms induced by OGD/R. The permeability of cultured HBMECs was measured using FITC-labeled dextran in a Transwell system and transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER), while the RhoA activity was detected by pull-down assay. In addition, the phosphorylation of MYPT1, which reflects the activation of ROCK and the internalization of VE-cadherin, was detected by Western blot. It showed that OGD/R treatment significantly increased the permeability of HBMEC monolayers and facilitated the internalization of VE-cadherin in HBMEC monolayers. Pull-down assay showed that RhoA activation was obviously enhanced after OGD/R treatment, while RhoA and ROCK inhibitor significantly reversed OGD/R-induced HBMEC monolayers hyperpermeability and the internalization of VE-cadherin. Meanwhile, the knockdown assay showed that RhoA small interfering RNA (siRNA) led to similar effects. The inactivation of the downstream effector protein ROCK was also examined. Intriguingly, ROCK2 rather than ROCK1 exerted its adverse effects on HBMEC monolayer integrity, since ROCK2 knockdown markedly reverses the injury of OGD/R in HBMEC monolayers. In conclusion, the present study provides evidence that OGD/R may induce HBMEC monolayer hyperpermeability via RhoA/ROCK2-mediated VE-cadherin internalization, which may provide an impetus for the development of therapeutics targeting BBB damage in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gui-Bing Ding
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- The Laboratory of Neurotoxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jin Wu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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