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Vandestienne M, Zhang Y, Ait-Oufella H. [Genetic inhibition of CARD9 in mice accelerates the development of atherosclerosis through CD36-dependent defective autophagy]. Med Sci (Paris) 2023; 39:931-933. [PMID: 38108722 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2023170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Vandestienne
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Paris centre de recherche cardiovasculaire (PARCC), Paris, France
| | - Yujiao Zhang
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Paris centre de recherche cardiovasculaire (PARCC), Paris, France
| | - Hafid Ait-Oufella
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Paris centre de recherche cardiovasculaire (PARCC), Paris, France
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2
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Zhang Y, Vandestienne M, Lavillegrand JR, Joffre J, Santos-Zas I, Lavelle A, Zhong X, Le Goff W, Guérin M, Al-Rifai R, Laurans L, Bruneval P, Guérin C, Diedisheim M, Migaud M, Puel A, Lanternier F, Casanova JL, Cochain C, Zernecke A, Saliba AE, Mokry M, Silvestre JS, Tedgui A, Mallat Z, Taleb S, Lenoir O, Vindis C, Camus SM, Sokol H, Ait-Oufella H. Genetic inhibition of CARD9 accelerates the development of atherosclerosis in mice through CD36 dependent-defective autophagy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4622. [PMID: 37528097 PMCID: PMC10394049 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40216-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Caspase recruitment-domain containing protein 9 (CARD9) is a key signaling pathway in macrophages but its role in atherosclerosis is still poorly understood. Global deletion of Card9 in Apoe-/- mice as well as hematopoietic deletion in Ldlr-/- mice increases atherosclerosis. The acceleration of atherosclerosis is also observed in Apoe-/-Rag2-/-Card9-/- mice, ruling out a role for the adaptive immune system in the vascular phenotype of Card9 deficient mice. Card9 deficiency alters macrophage phenotype through CD36 overexpression with increased IL-1β production, increased lipid uptake, higher cell death susceptibility and defective autophagy. Rapamycin or metformin, two autophagy inducers, abolish intracellular lipid overload, restore macrophage survival and autophagy flux in vitro and finally abolish the pro-atherogenic effects of Card9 deficiency in vivo. Transcriptomic analysis of human CARD9-deficient monocytes confirms the pathogenic signature identified in murine models. In summary, CARD9 is a key protective pathway in atherosclerosis, modulating macrophage CD36-dependent inflammatory responses, lipid uptake and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Zhang
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Marie Vandestienne
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France
| | | | - Jeremie Joffre
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Icia Santos-Zas
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Aonghus Lavelle
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Saint Antoine Hospital, Gastroenterology department, Paris, France
| | - Xiaodan Zhong
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Wilfried Le Goff
- Inserm UMRS1166, ICAN, Institute of CardioMetabolism and Nutrition, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Maryse Guérin
- Inserm UMRS1166, ICAN, Institute of CardioMetabolism and Nutrition, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Rida Al-Rifai
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Ludivine Laurans
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Bruneval
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France
- Department of Anatomopathology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Coralie Guérin
- Institut Curie, Cytometry Platform, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Marc Diedisheim
- Clinique Saint Gatien Alliance (NCT+), 37540 Saint-Cyr-sur-Loire, France; Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Melanie Migaud
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Imagine Institute, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Anne Puel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Imagine Institute, 75015, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fanny Lanternier
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Imagine Institute, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Imagine Institute, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Clément Cochain
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Alma Zernecke
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Antoine-Emmanuel Saliba
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research (HZI), Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Michal Mokry
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Alain Tedgui
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Ziad Mallat
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Soraya Taleb
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Olivia Lenoir
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France
| | | | - Stéphane M Camus
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Harry Sokol
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Saint Antoine Hospital, Gastroenterology department, Paris, France
- University Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine (PaCeMM) FHU, Paris, France
| | - Hafid Ait-Oufella
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France.
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
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3
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Liu X, Jiang B, Hao H, Liu Z. CARD9 Signaling, Inflammation, and Diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:880879. [PMID: 35432375 PMCID: PMC9005907 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.880879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspase-recruitment domain 9 (CARD9) protein is expressed in many cells especially in immune cells, and is critically involved in the function of the innate and adaptive immune systems through extensive interactions between CARD9 and other signaling molecules including NF-κB and MAPK. CARD9-mediated signaling plays a central role in regulating inflammatory responses and oxidative stress through the productions of important cytokines and chemokines. Abnormalities of CARD9 and CARD9 signaling or CARD9 mutations or polymorphism are associated with a variety of pathological conditions including infections, inflammation, and autoimmune disorders. This review focuses on the function of CARD9 and CARD9-mediated signaling pathways, as well as interactions with other important signaling molecules in different cell types and the relations to specific disease conditions including inflammatory diseases, infections, tumorigenesis, and cardiovascular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanyou Liu
- Center for Precision Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Bimei Jiang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong Hao
- Center for Precision Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Zhenguo Liu
- Center for Precision Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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4
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Zhang H, Wang Y, Men H, Zhou W, Zhou S, Liu Q, Cai L. CARD9 Regulation and its Role in Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:970-982. [PMID: 35173530 PMCID: PMC8771857 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.65979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9 (CARD9) is an adaptor protein expressed on myeloid cells and located downstream of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which transduces signals involved in innate immunity. CARD9 deficiency is associated with increased susceptibility to various fungal diseases. Increasing evidence shows that CARD9 mediates the activation of p38 MAPK, NF-κB, and NLRP3 inflammasome in various CVDs and then promotes the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which contribute to cardiac remodeling and cardiac dysfunction in certain cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Moreover, CARD9-mediated anti-apoptosis and autophagy are implicated in the progression of CVDs. Here, we summarize the structure and function of CARD9 in innate immunity and its various roles in inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy in the pathogenesis of CVDs. Furthermore, we discuss the potential therapies targeting CARD9 to prevent CVDs and raise some issues for further exploring the role of CARD9 in CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haina Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.,Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Yeling Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Hongbo Men
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.,Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Wenqian Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.,Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Shanshan Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Quan Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.,✉ Corresponding authors: Dr. Quan Liu, Department of Cardiovascular Disease, First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China; E-mail: ; Dr. Lu Cai, Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA; E-mail:
| | - Lu Cai
- Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.,Departments of Radiation Oncology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.,✉ Corresponding authors: Dr. Quan Liu, Department of Cardiovascular Disease, First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China; E-mail: ; Dr. Lu Cai, Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA; E-mail:
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5
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Xi L. CARD9: key player or bystander in cardiac remodeling under hypertension? Hypertens Res 2020; 43:1454-1456. [DOI: 10.1038/s41440-020-00542-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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6
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The Role of CARD9 in Metabolic Diseases. Curr Med Sci 2020; 40:199-205. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-020-2166-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
SummaryCaspase recruitment domain containing protein 9 (CARD9) is an adaptor protein that plays a critical role in pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)-mediated activation of NF-?B and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). This elicits initiation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines and leads to inflammatory responses, which has been recognized as a critical contributor to chronic inflammation. Current researches demonstrate that CARD9 is strongly associated with metabolic diseases, such as obesity, insulin resistance, atherosclerosis and so on. In this review, we summarize CARD9 signaling pathway and the role of CARD9 in metabolic diseases.
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7
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Thiem K, Hoeke G, Zhou E, Hijmans A, Houben T, Boels MG, Mol IM, Lutgens E, Shiri-Sverdlov R, Bussink J, Kanneganti TD, Boon MR, Stienstra R, Tack CJ, Rensen PCN, Netea MG, Berbée JFP, van Diepen JA. Deletion of haematopoietic Dectin-2 or CARD9 does not protect from atherosclerosis development under hyperglycaemic conditions. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2020; 17:1479164119892140. [PMID: 31868000 PMCID: PMC7510497 DOI: 10.1177/1479164119892140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND C-type lectin receptors, including Dectin-2, are pattern recognition receptors on monocytes and macrophages that mainly recognize sugars and sugar-like structures present on fungi. Activation of C-type lectin receptors induces downstream CARD9 signalling, leading to the production of cytokines. We hypothesized that under hyperglycaemic conditions, as is the case in diabetes mellitus, glycosylated protein (sugar-like) structures activate C-type lectin receptors, leading to immune cell activation and increased atherosclerosis development. METHODS Low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice were lethally irradiated and transplanted with bone marrow from control wild-type, Dectin-2-/- or Card9-/- mice. After 6 weeks of recovery, mice received streptozotocin injections (50 mg/g BW; 5 days) to induce hyperglycaemia. After an additional 2 weeks, mice were fed a Western-type diet (0.1% cholesterol) for 10 weeks. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Deletion of haematopoietic Dectin-2 reduced the number of circulating Ly6Chi monocytes, increased pro-inflammatory cytokine production, but did not affect atherosclerosis development. Deletion of haematopoietic CARD9 tended to reduce macrophage and collagen content in atherosclerotic lesions, again without influencing the lesion size. Deletion of haematopoietic Dectin-2 did not influence atherosclerosis development under hyperglycaemic conditions, despite some minor effects on inflammation. Deletion of haematopoietic CARD9 induced minor alterations in plaque composition under hyperglycaemic conditions, without affecting lesion size.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Ly/metabolism
- Aorta/metabolism
- Aorta/pathology
- Aortic Diseases/etiology
- Aortic Diseases/genetics
- Aortic Diseases/metabolism
- Aortic Diseases/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/etiology
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Biomarkers/blood
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins/deficiency
- CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Collagen/metabolism
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications
- Diet, Western
- Gene Deletion
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type/deficiency
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/pathology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Monocytes/pathology
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic
- Receptors, LDL/deficiency
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Thiem
- Department of Internal Medicine and
Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center,
Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Kathrin Thiem, Department of Internal
Medicine and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University
Medical Center, 463, Geert Grooteplein zuid 8, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The
Netherlands.
| | - Geerte Hoeke
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of
Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental
Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Enchen Zhou
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of
Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental
Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anneke Hijmans
- Department of Internal Medicine and
Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center,
Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Houben
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Human
Biology and Surgery, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism
(NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Margien G Boels
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of
Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Division of Nephrology, Department of
Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Isabel M Mol
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of
Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental
Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Division of Experimental Vascular
Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of
Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention,
Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ronit Shiri-Sverdlov
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Human
Biology and Surgery, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism
(NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Bussink
- Department of Radiation Oncology,
Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mariëtte R Boon
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of
Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental
Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rinke Stienstra
- Department of Internal Medicine and
Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center,
Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Division of Human Nutrition,
Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cees J Tack
- Department of Internal Medicine and
Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center,
Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick CN Rensen
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of
Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental
Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and
Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center,
Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department for Genomics and
Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn,
Bonn, Germany
| | - Jimmy FP Berbée
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of
Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental
Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Janna A van Diepen
- Department of Internal Medicine and
Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center,
Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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8
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Physiological and Pathological Functions of CARD9 Signaling in the Innate Immune System. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2020; 429:177-203. [PMID: 32415389 DOI: 10.1007/82_2020_211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Caspase recruitment domain protein 9 (CARD9) forms essential signaling complexes in the innate immune system that integrate cues from C-type lectin receptors and specific intracellular pattern recognition receptors. These CARD9-mediated signals are pivotal for host defense against fungi, and they mediate immunity against certain bacteria, viruses and parasites. Furthermore, CARD9-regulated pathways are involved in sterile inflammatory responses critical for immune homeostasis and can control pro- and antitumor immunity in cancer microenvironments. Consequently, multiple genetic alterations of human CARD9 are connected to primary immunodeficiencies or prevalent inflammatory disorders in patients. This review will summarize our current understanding of CARD9 signaling in the innate immune system, its physiological and pathological functions and their implications for human immune-mediated diseases.
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9
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Research Progress of Mechanisms and Drug Therapy For Atherosclerosis on Toll-Like Receptor Pathway. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2019; 74:379-388. [PMID: 31730559 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports have established atherosclerosis (AS) as a major factor in the pathogenetic process of cardiovascular diseases such as ischemic stroke and coronary heart disease. Although the possible pathogenesis of AS remains to be elucidated, a large number of investigations strongly suggest that the inhibition of toll-like receptors (TLRs) alleviates the severity of AS to some extent by suppressing vascular inflammation and the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. As pattern recognition receptors, TLRs occupy a vital position in innate immunity, mediating various signaling pathways in infective and sterile inflammation. This review summarizes the available data on the research progress of AS and the latest antiatherosclerotic drugs associated with TLR pathway.
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