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Deb R, Sengar GS, Sonowal J, Pegu SR, Das PJ, Singh I, Chakravarti S, Selvaradjou A, Attupurum N, Rajkhowa S, Gupta VK. Transcriptome signatures of host tissue infected with African swine fever virus reveal differential expression of associated oncogenes. Arch Virol 2024; 169:54. [PMID: 38381218 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05959-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) has emerged as a threat to swine production worldwide. Evasion of host immunity by ASF virus (ASFV) is well understood. However, the role of ASFV in triggering oncogenesis is still unclear. In the present study, ASFV-infected kidney tissue samples were subjected to Illumina-based transcriptome analysis. A total of 2463 upregulated and 825 downregulated genes were differentially expressed (p < 0.05). A literature review revealed that the majority of the differentially expressed host genes were key molecules in signaling pathways involved in oncogenesis. Bioinformatic analysis indicated the activation of certain oncogenic KEGG pathways, including basal cell carcinoma, breast cancer, transcriptional deregulation in cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Analysis of host-virus interactions revealed that the upregulated oncogenic RELA (p65 transcription factor) protein of Sus scrofa can interact with the A238L (hypothetical protein of unknown function) of ASFV. Differential expression of oncogenes was confirmed by qRT-PCR, using the H3 histone family 3A gene (H3F3A) as an internal control to confirm the RNA-Seq data. The levels of gene expression indicated by qRT-PCR matched closely to those determined through RNA-Seq. These findings open up new possibilities for investigation of the mechanisms underlying ASFV infection and offer insights into the dynamic interaction between viral infection and oncogenic processes. However, as these investigations were conducted on pigs that died from natural ASFV infection, the role of ASFV in oncogenesis still needs to be investigated in controlled experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Deb
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, 781131, India.
| | | | - Joyshikh Sonowal
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, 781131, India
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Jorhat Medical College and Hospital, Jorhat, Assam, 785001, India
| | - Seema Rani Pegu
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, 781131, India
| | - Pranab Jyoti Das
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, 781131, India.
| | | | - Soumendu Chakravarti
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India
- Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nitin Attupurum
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, 781131, India
| | - Swaraj Rajkhowa
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, 781131, India
| | - Vivek Kumar Gupta
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, 781131, India.
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2
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Gupta S, Westacott MJ, Ayers DG, Weiss SJ, Whitley P, Mueller C, Weaver DC, Schneider DJ, Karimpour-Fard A, Hunter LE, Drolet DW, Janjic N. Plasma proteome of growing tumors. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12195. [PMID: 37500700 PMCID: PMC10374562 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38079-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Early detection of cancer is vital for the best chance of successful treatment, but half of all cancers are diagnosed at an advanced stage. A simple and reliable blood screening test applied routinely would therefore address a major unmet medical need. To gain insight into the value of protein biomarkers in early detection and stratification of cancer we determined the time course of changes in the plasma proteome of mice carrying transplanted human lung, breast, colon, or ovarian tumors. For protein measurements we used an aptamer-based assay which simultaneously measures ~ 5000 proteins. Along with tumor lineage-specific biomarkers, we also found 15 markers shared among all cancer types that included the energy metabolism enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phophate isomerase and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase as well as several important biomarkers for maintaining protein, lipid, nucleotide, or carbohydrate balance such as tryptophanyl t-RNA synthetase and nucleoside diphosphate kinase. Using significantly altered proteins in the tumor bearing mice, we developed models to stratify tumor types and to estimate the minimum detectable tumor volume. Finally, we identified significantly enriched common and unique biological pathways among the eight tumor cell lines tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Gupta
- SomaLogic, Inc., 2945 Wilderness Place, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
| | | | - Deborah G Ayers
- SomaLogic, Inc., 2945 Wilderness Place, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
| | - Sophie J Weiss
- SomaLogic, Inc., 2945 Wilderness Place, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
| | - Penn Whitley
- Boulder BioConsulting, Inc., 325 S 68th St., Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | | | - Daniel C Weaver
- Boulder BioConsulting, Inc., 325 S 68th St., Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | | | - Anis Karimpour-Fard
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Mailstop 8303, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Lawrence E Hunter
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Mailstop 8303, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Daniel W Drolet
- SomaLogic, Inc., 2945 Wilderness Place, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
| | - Nebojsa Janjic
- SomaLogic, Inc., 2945 Wilderness Place, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA.
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3
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Urbiola-Salvador V, Jabłońska A, Miroszewska D, Huang Q, Duzowska K, Drężek-Chyła K, Zdrenka M, Śrutek E, Szylberg Ł, Jankowski M, Bała D, Zegarski W, Nowikiewicz T, Makarewicz W, Adamczyk A, Ambicka A, Przewoźnik M, Harazin-Lechowicz A, Ryś J, Filipowicz N, Piotrowski A, Dumanski JP, Li B, Chen Z. Plasma protein changes reflect colorectal cancer development and associated inflammation. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1158261. [PMID: 37228491 PMCID: PMC10203952 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1158261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignancy and the second leading cause of death worldwide. Efficient non-invasive blood-based biomarkers for CRC early detection and prognosis are urgently needed. Methods To identify novel potential plasma biomarkers, we applied a proximity extension assay (PEA), an antibody-based proteomics strategy to quantify the abundance of plasma proteins in CRC development and cancer-associated inflammation from few μL of plasma sample. Results Among the 690 quantified proteins, levels of 202 plasma proteins were significantly changed in CRC patients compared to age-and-sex-matched healthy subjects. We identified novel protein changes involved in Th17 activity, oncogenic pathways, and cancer-related inflammation with potential implications in the CRC diagnosis. Moreover, the interferon γ (IFNG), interleukin (IL) 32, and IL17C were identified as associated with the early stages of CRC, whereas lysophosphatidic acid phosphatase type 6 (ACP6), Fms-related tyrosine kinase 4 (FLT4), and MANSC domain-containing protein 1 (MANSC1) were correlated with the late-stages of CRC. Discussion Further study to characterize the newly identified plasma protein changes from larger cohorts will facilitate the identification of potential novel diagnostic, prognostic biomarkers for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Urbiola-Salvador
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Jabłońska
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Dominika Miroszewska
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Qianru Huang
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of Ruijin Hospital, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Marek Zdrenka
- Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Center−Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Ewa Śrutek
- Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Center−Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Łukasz Szylberg
- Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Center−Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Oncology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Michał Jankowski
- Surgical Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier’s Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in ToruńSurgical Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier’s Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Oncology Center−Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Dariusz Bała
- Surgical Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier’s Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in ToruńSurgical Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier’s Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Oncology Center−Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Wojciech Zegarski
- Surgical Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier’s Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in ToruńSurgical Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier’s Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Oncology Center−Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Nowikiewicz
- Surgical Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier’s Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in ToruńSurgical Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier’s Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
- Department of Breast Cancer and Reconstructive Surgery, Oncology Center−Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Wojciech Makarewicz
- Clinic of General and Oncological Surgery, Specialist Hospital of Kościerzyna, Kościerzyna, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Adamczyk
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Ambicka
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Przewoźnik
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Harazin-Lechowicz
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Janusz Ryś
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Kraków, Poland
| | | | | | - Jan P. Dumanski
- 3P-Medicine Laboratory, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Bin Li
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of Ruijin Hospital, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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4
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Gao L, Xiong DD, Yang X, Li JD, He RQ, Huang ZG, Lai ZF, Liu LM, Luo JY, Du XF, Zeng JH, Li MF, Li SH, Dang YW, Chen G. The expression characteristics and clinical significance of ACP6, a potential target of nitidine chloride, in hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:1244. [PMID: 36456931 PMCID: PMC9714191 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-10292-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acid phosphatase type 6 (ACP6) is a mitochondrial lipid phosphate phosphatase that played a role in regulating lipid metabolism and there is still blank in the clinico-pathological significance and functional roles of ACP6 in human cancers. No investigations have been conducted on ACP6 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) up to date. METHODS Herein, we appraised the clinico-pathological significance of ACP6 in HCC via organizing expression profiles from globally multi-center microarrays and RNA-seq datasets. The molecular basis of ACP6 in HCC was explored through multidimensional analysis. We also carried out in vitro and in vivo experiment on nude mice to investigate the effect of knocking down ACP6 expression on biological functions of HCC cells, and to evaluate the expression variance of ACP6 in xenograft of HCC tissues before and after the treatment of NC. RESULTS ACP6 displayed significant overexpression in HCC samples (standard mean difference (SMD) = 0.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.56-0.83) and up-regulated ACP6 performed well in screening HCC samples from non-cancer liver samples. ACP6 expression was also remarkably correlated with clinical progression and worse overall survival of HCC patients. There were close links between ACP6 expression and immune cells including B cells, CD8 + T cells and naive CD4 + T cells. Co-expressed genes of ACP6 mainly participated in pathways including cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, glucocorticoid receptor pathway and NABA proteoglycans. The proliferation and migration rate of HCC cells transfected with ACP6 siRNA was significantly suppressed compared with those transfected with negative control siRNA. ACP6 expression was significantly inhibited by nitidine chloride (NC) in xenograft HCC tissues. CONCLUSIONS ACP6 expression may serve as novel clinical biomarker indicating the clinical development of HCC and ACP6 might be potential target of anti-cancer effect by NC in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gao
- grid.412594.f0000 0004 1757 2961Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No.6 Shuangyong Rd, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan-Dan Xiong
- grid.412594.f0000 0004 1757 2961Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No.6 Shuangyong Rd, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xia Yang
- grid.412594.f0000 0004 1757 2961Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No.6 Shuangyong Rd, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-Di Li
- grid.412594.f0000 0004 1757 2961Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No.6 Shuangyong Rd, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021 People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong-Quan He
- grid.412594.f0000 0004 1757 2961Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No.6 Shuangyong Rd, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Guang Huang
- grid.412594.f0000 0004 1757 2961Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No.6 Shuangyong Rd, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ze-Feng Lai
- grid.256607.00000 0004 1798 2653Department of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, No.71 Hedi Rd, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021 People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Min Liu
- grid.256607.00000 0004 1798 2653Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, No.22 Shuangyong Rd, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia-Yuan Luo
- grid.412594.f0000 0004 1757 2961Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No.6 Shuangyong Rd, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Fang Du
- grid.412594.f0000 0004 1757 2961Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No.6 Shuangyong Rd, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiang-Hui Zeng
- grid.256607.00000 0004 1798 2653Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University/Nanning Second People’s Hospital, No. 13 Dancun Road, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530031 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming-Fen Li
- grid.411863.90000 0001 0067 3588Laboratory Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 89-9 Dongge Road, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021 People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Hua Li
- grid.412594.f0000 0004 1757 2961Department of Urology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No.6 Shuangyong Rd, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi-Wu Dang
- grid.412594.f0000 0004 1757 2961Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No.6 Shuangyong Rd, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021 People’s Republic of China
| | - Gang Chen
- grid.412594.f0000 0004 1757 2961Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No.6 Shuangyong Rd, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021 People’s Republic of China
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Liu Y, Gu W. The complexity of p53-mediated metabolic regulation in tumor suppression. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 85:4-32. [PMID: 33785447 PMCID: PMC8473587 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although the classic activities of p53 including induction of cell-cycle arrest, senescence, and apoptosis are well accepted as critical barriers to cancer development, accumulating evidence suggests that loss of these classic activities is not sufficient to abrogate the tumor suppression activity of p53. Numerous studies suggest that metabolic regulation contributes to tumor suppression, but the mechanisms by which it does so are not completely understood. Cancer cells rewire cellular metabolism to meet the energetic and substrate demands of tumor development. It is well established that p53 suppresses glycolysis and promotes mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation through a number of downstream targets against the Warburg effect. The role of p53-mediated metabolic regulation in tumor suppression is complexed by its function to promote both cell survival and cell death under different physiological settings. Indeed, p53 can regulate both pro-oxidant and antioxidant target genes for complete opposite effects. In this review, we will summarize the roles of p53 in the regulation of glucose, lipid, amino acid, nucleotide, iron metabolism, and ROS production. We will highlight the mechanisms underlying p53-mediated ferroptosis, AKT/mTOR signaling as well as autophagy and discuss the complexity of p53-metabolic regulation in tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Liu
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, 1130 Nicholas Ave, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Wei Gu
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, 1130 Nicholas Ave, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, 1130 Nicholas Ave, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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Lysophosphatidic Acid Signaling in Cancer Cells: What Makes LPA So Special? Cells 2021; 10:cells10082059. [PMID: 34440828 PMCID: PMC8394178 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) refers to a family of simple phospholipids that act as ligands for G protein-coupled receptors. While LPA exerts effects throughout the body in normal physiological circumstances, its pathological role in cancer is of great interest from a therapeutic viewpoint. The numerous LPA receptors (LPARs) are coupled to a variety of G proteins, and more than one LPAR is typically expressed on any given cell. While the individual receptors signal through conventional GPCR pathways, LPA is particularly efficacious in stimulating cancer cell proliferation and migration. This review addresses the mechanistic aspects underlying these pro-tumorigenic effects. We provide examples of LPA signaling responses in various types of cancers, with an emphasis on those where roles have been identified for specific LPARs. While providing an overview of LPAR signaling, these examples also reveal gaps in our knowledge regarding the mechanisms of LPA action at the receptor level. The current understanding of the LPAR structure and the roles of LPAR interactions with other receptors are discussed. Overall, LPARs provide insight into the potential molecular mechanisms that underlie the ability of individual GPCRs (or combinations of GPCRs) to elicit a unique spectrum of responses from their agonist ligands. Further knowledge of these mechanisms will inform drug discovery, since GPCRs are promising therapeutic targets for cancer.
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7
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Lee E, Szvetecz S, Polli R, Grauel A, Chen J, Judge J, Jaiswal S, Maeda R, Schwartz S, Voedisch B, Piksa M, Japutra C, Sadhasivam L, Wang Y, Carrion A, Isim S, Liang J, Nicholson T, Lei H, Fang Q, Steinkrauss M, Walker D, Wagner J, Cremasco V, Wang HQ, Galli GG, Granda B, Mansfield K, Simmons Q, Nguyen AA, Vincent Jordan N. PAX8 lineage-driven T cell engaging antibody for the treatment of high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14841. [PMID: 34290299 PMCID: PMC8295318 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93992-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
High-grade serous ovarian cancers (HGSOC) represent the most common subtype of ovarian malignancies. Due to the frequency of late-stage diagnosis and high rates of recurrence following standard of care treatments, novel therapies are needed to promote durable responses. We investigated the anti-tumor activity of CD3 T cell engaging bispecific antibodies (TCBs) directed against the PAX8 lineage-driven HGSOC tumor antigen LYPD1 and demonstrated that anti-LYPD1 TCBs induce T cell activation and promote in vivo tumor growth inhibition in LYPD1-expressing HGSOC. To selectively target LYPD1-expressing tumor cells with high expression while sparing cells with low expression, we coupled bivalent low-affinity anti-LYPD1 antigen-binding fragments (Fabs) with the anti-CD3 scFv. In contrast to the monovalent anti-LYPD1 high-affinity TCB (VHP354), the bivalent low-affinity anti-LYPD1 TCB (QZC131) demonstrated antigen density-dependent selectivity and showed tolerability in cynomolgus monkeys at the maximum dose tested of 3 mg/kg. Collectively, these data demonstrate that bivalent TCBs directed against LYPD1 have compelling efficacy and safety profiles to support its use as a treatment for high-grade serous ovarian cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Lee
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Szvetecz
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ryan Polli
- PKS Oncology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Angelo Grauel
- Immuno-Oncology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jayson Chen
- PCS Toxicology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - Joyce Judge
- PCS Toxicology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Smita Jaiswal
- PCS Toxicology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rie Maeda
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie Schwartz
- Immuno-Oncology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bernd Voedisch
- NIBR Biologics Center, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mateusz Piksa
- NIBR Biologics Center, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chietara Japutra
- NIBR Biologics Center, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lingheswar Sadhasivam
- NIBR Biologics Center, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yiqin Wang
- NIBR Biologics Center, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ana Carrion
- NIBR Biologics Center, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sinan Isim
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jinsheng Liang
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Hong Lei
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Qing Fang
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Dana Walker
- PCS Toxicology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joel Wagner
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Viviana Cremasco
- Immuno-Oncology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hui Qin Wang
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Giorgio G Galli
- Oncology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Brian Granda
- NIBR Biologics Center, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Keith Mansfield
- PCS Toxicology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Quincey Simmons
- PCS Toxicology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew Anh Nguyen
- NIBR Biologics Center, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Mutated p53 in HGSC-From a Common Mutation to a Target for Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143465. [PMID: 34298679 PMCID: PMC8304959 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Ovarian high-grade serous cancer (HGSC), the most common and the deadliest subtype of epithelial ovarian cancer, is characterized by frequent mutations in the TP53 tumor suppressor gene, encoding for the p53 protein in nearly 100% of cases. This makes p53 the focus of many studies trying to understand its role in HGSC. The aim of our review paper is to provide updates on the latest findings related to the role of mutant p53 in HGSC. This includes the clinical outcomes of TP53 mutations in HGSC, upstream regulators and downstream effectors of p53, its function in the earliest stages of HGSC development and in the interplay between the tumor cells and their microenvironment. We summarize with the likelihood of p53 mutants to serve as biomarkers for early diagnosis and as targets for therapy in HGSC. Abstract Mutations in tumor suppressor gene TP53, encoding for the p53 protein, are the most ubiquitous genetic variation in human ovarian HGSC, the most prevalent and lethal histologic subtype of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). The majority of TP53 mutations are missense mutations, leading to loss of tumor suppressive function of p53 and gain of new oncogenic functions. This review presents the clinical relevance of TP53 mutations in HGSC, elaborating on several recently identified upstream regulators of mutant p53 that control its expression and downstream target genes that mediate its roles in the disease. TP53 mutations are the earliest genetic alterations during HGSC pathogenesis, and we summarize current information related to p53 function in the pathogenesis of HGSC. The role of p53 is cell autonomous, and in the interaction between cancer cells and its microenvironment. We discuss the reduction in p53 expression levels in tumor associated fibroblasts that promotes cancer progression, and the role of mutated p53 in the interaction between the tumor and its microenvironment. Lastly, we discuss the potential of TP53 mutations to serve as diagnostic biomarkers and detail some more advanced efforts to use mutated p53 as a therapeutic target in HGSC.
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Mei J, Tian H, Huang HS, Hsu CF, Liou Y, Wu N, Zhang W, Chu TY. Cellular models of development of ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma: A review of cell of origin and mechanisms of carcinogenesis. Cell Prolif 2021; 54:e13029. [PMID: 33768671 PMCID: PMC8088460 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
High-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) is the most common and malignant histological type of epithelial ovarian cancer, the origin of which remains controversial. Currently, the secretory epithelial cells of the fallopian tube are regarded as the main origin and the ovarian surface epithelial cells as a minor origin. In tubal epithelium, these cells acquire TP53 mutations and expand to a morphologically normal 'p53 signature' lesion, transform to serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma and metastasize to the ovaries and peritoneum where they develop into HGSC. This shifting paradigm of the main cell of origin has revolutionarily changed the focus of HGSC research. Various cell lines have been derived from the two cellular origins by acquiring immortalization via overexpression of hTERT plus disruption of TP53 and the CDK4/RB pathway. Malignant transformation was achieved by adding canonical driver mutations (such as gain of CCNE1) revealed by The Cancer Genome Atlas or by noncanonical gain of YAP and miR181a. Alternatively, because of the extreme chromosomal instability, spontaneous transformation can be achieved by long passage of murine immortalized cells, whereas in humans, it requires ovulatory follicular fluid, containing regenerating growth factors to facilitate spontaneous transformation. These artificially and spontaneously transformed cell systems in both humans and mice have been widely used to discover carcinogens, oncogenic pathways and malignant behaviours in the development of HGSC. Here, we review the origin, aetiology and carcinogenic mechanism of HGSC and comprehensively summarize the cell models used to study this fatal cancer having multiple cells of origin and overt genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Mei
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China
| | - Huixiang Tian
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hsuan-Shun Huang
- Center for Prevention and Therapy of Gynecological Cancers, Department of Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Che-Fang Hsu
- Center for Prevention and Therapy of Gynecological Cancers, Department of Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yuligh Liou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Nayiyuan Wu
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China
| | - Tang-Yuan Chu
- Center for Prevention and Therapy of Gynecological Cancers, Department of Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Life Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, ROC
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Yang CC, Wu CH, Wong TW, Lai FJ, Wei KC, Lin TK, Lin CS, Zhao J, Xiang L, Kao CH, Wang YJ, Lan CCE, Sheu HM. Effects of Solanum undatum extract (SR-T100) on photocarcinogenesis and photoaging of actinic keratosis. J Dermatol 2021; 48:344-352. [PMID: 33458860 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.15703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
SR-T100 gel, containing solamargine extracted from Solanum undatum (synonym: Solanum incanum), had good therapeutic effects on actinic keratosis (AK) in human and ultraviolet B-induced papilloma in mice. This study aimed to investigate the immunohistochemical changes in the human skin after SR-T100 treatment. An immunohistochemical study was performed and the changes in photocarcinogenesis and photoaging markers after 16-week SR-T100 gel treatment were documented. SR-T100 gel treatment for 16 weeks resulted in complete remission in nine AK lesions and partial remission in four AK lesions. SR-T100 gel abolished the expression of mutant p53 and SOX2 and restored the expression of NOTCH1. Additionally, SR-T100 gel improved wrinkling in human skin, while restoring the expression of lamin B1 and increasing synthesis of new elastic fibers. SR-T100 gel had therapeutic effects on photocarcinogenesis and photoaging of photodamaged skin with AK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Chun Yang
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,International Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Han Wu
- Department of Dental Technology, Shu Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tak-Wah Wong
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Jie Lai
- Department of Dermatology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Che Wei
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Kai Lin
- Department of Dermatology, Buddist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chrang-Shi Lin
- Department of Dermatology and Family Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Juemin Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Leihong Xiang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Ying-Jan Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Che Eric Lan
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine and Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Lee SC, Lin KH, Balogh A, Norman DD, Bavaria M, Kuo B, Yue J, Balázs L, Benyó Z, Tigyi G. Dysregulation of lysophospholipid signaling by p53 in malignant cells and the tumor microenvironment. Cell Signal 2020; 78:109850. [PMID: 33253914 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The TP53 gene has been widely studied for its roles in cell cycle control, maintaining genome stability, activating repair mechanisms upon DNA damage, and initiating apoptosis should repair mechanisms fail. Thus, it is not surprising that mutations of p53 are the most common genetic alterations found in human cancer. Emerging evidence indicates that dysregulation of lipid metabolism by p53 can have a profound impact not only on cancer cells but also cells of the tumor microenvironment (TME). In particular, intermediates of the sphingolipid and lysophospholipid pathways regulate many cellular responses common to p53 such as cell survival, migration, DNA damage repair and apoptosis. The majority of these cellular events become dysregulated in cancer as well as cell senescence. In this review, we will provide an account on the seminal contributions of Prof. Lina Obeid, who deciphered the crosstalk between p53 and the sphingolipid pathway particularly in modulating DNA damage repair and apoptosis in non-transformed as well as transformed cells. We will also provide insights on the integrative role of p53 with the lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) signaling pathway in cancer progression and TME regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Chin Lee
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Van Vleet Cancer Research Building, 3 N. Dunlap Street, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Kuan-Hung Lin
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Van Vleet Cancer Research Building, 3 N. Dunlap Street, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Andrea Balogh
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Van Vleet Cancer Research Building, 3 N. Dunlap Street, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, POB 2, H-1428 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Derek D Norman
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Van Vleet Cancer Research Building, 3 N. Dunlap Street, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Mitul Bavaria
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Van Vleet Cancer Research Building, 3 N. Dunlap Street, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Bryan Kuo
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Van Vleet Cancer Research Building, 3 N. Dunlap Street, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Junming Yue
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, USA
| | - Louisa Balázs
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, USA
| | - Zoltán Benyó
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, POB 2, H-1428 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Tigyi
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Van Vleet Cancer Research Building, 3 N. Dunlap Street, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, POB 2, H-1428 Budapest, Hungary.
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Ovarian BDNF promotes survival, migration, and attachment of tumor precursors originated from p53 mutant fallopian tube epithelial cells. Oncogenesis 2020; 9:55. [PMID: 32471985 PMCID: PMC7260207 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-020-0243-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
High-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) is the most lethal gynecological malignancy. New evidence supports a hypothesis that HGSOC can originate from fallopian tube epithelium (FTE). It is unclear how genetic alterations and pathophysiological processes drive the progression of FTE tumor precursors into widespread HGSOCs. In this study, we uncovered that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the follicular fluid stimulates the tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB)-expressing FTE cells to promote their survival, migration, and attachment. Using in vitro and in vivo models, we further identified that the acquisition of common TP53 gain-of-function (GOF) mutations in FTE cells led to enhanced BDNF/TrkB signaling compared to that of FTE cells with TP53 loss-of-function (LOF) mutations. Different mutant p53 proteins can either increase TrkB transcription or enhance TrkB endocytic recycling. Our findings have demonstrated possible interplays between genetic alterations in FTE tumor precursors (i.e., p53 GOF mutations) and pathophysiological processes (i.e., the release of follicular fluid upon ovulation) during the initiation of HGSOC from the fallopian tube. Our data revealed molecular events underlying the link between HGSOC tumorigenesis and ovulation, a physiological process that has been associated with risk factors of HGSOC.
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Gain-of-Function Mutations in p53 in Cancer Invasiveness and Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041334. [PMID: 32079237 PMCID: PMC7072881 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Forty years of research has proven beyond any doubt that p53 is a key regulator of many aspects of cellular physiology. It is best known for its tumor suppressor function, but it is also a regulator of processes important for maintenance of homeostasis and stress response. Its activity is generally antiproliferative and when the cell is damaged beyond repair or intensely stressed the p53 protein contributes to apoptosis. Given its key role in preventing cancer it is no wonder that it is the most frequently mutated gene in human cancer. Surprisingly, a subset of missense mutations occurring in p53 (gain-of-function) cause it to lose its suppressor activity and acquire new functionalities that turn the tumor suppressor protein into an oncoprotein. A solid body of evidence exists demonstrating increased malignancy of cancers with mutated p53 in all aspects considered “hallmarks of cancer”. In this review, we summarize current findings concerning the cellular processes altered by gain-of-function mutations in p53 and their influence on cancer invasiveness and metastasis. We also present the variety of molecular mechanisms regulating these processes, including microRNA, direct transcriptional regulation, protein–protein interactions, and more.
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Gain-of-Function Mutant p53: All the Roads Lead to Tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246197. [PMID: 31817996 PMCID: PMC6940767 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The p53 protein is mutated in about 50% of human cancers. Aside from losing the tumor-suppressive functions of the wild-type form, mutant p53 proteins often acquire inherent, novel oncogenic functions, a phenomenon termed mutant p53 gain-of-function (GOF). A growing body of evidence suggests that these pro-oncogenic functions of mutant p53 proteins are mediated by affecting the transcription of various genes, as well as by protein-protein interactions with transcription factors and other effectors. In the current review, we discuss the various GOF effects of mutant p53, and how it may serve as a central node in a network of genes and proteins, which, altogether, promote the tumorigenic process. Finally, we discuss mechanisms by which "Mother Nature" tries to abrogate the pro-oncogenic functions of mutant p53. Thus, we suggest that targeting mutant p53, via its reactivation to the wild-type form, may serve as a promising therapeutic strategy for many cancers that harbor mutant p53. Not only will this strategy abrogate mutant p53 GOF, but it will also restore WT p53 tumor-suppressive functions.
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Ovarian Cancer Dissemination-A Cell Biologist's Perspective. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11121957. [PMID: 31817625 PMCID: PMC6966436 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) comprises multiple disease states representing a variety of distinct tumors that, irrespective of tissue of origin, genetic aberrations and pathological features, share common patterns of dissemination to the peritoneal cavity. EOC peritoneal dissemination is a stepwise process that includes the formation of malignant outgrowths that detach and establish widespread peritoneal metastases through adhesion to serosal membranes. The cell biology associated with outgrowth formation, detachment, and de novo adhesion is at the nexus of diverse genetic backgrounds that characterize the disease. Development of treatment for metastatic disease will require detailed characterization of cellular processes involved in each step of EOC peritoneal dissemination. This article offers a review of the literature that relates to the current stage of knowledge about distinct steps of EOC peritoneal dissemination, with emphasis on the cell biology aspects of the process.
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