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Saeheng S, Bailes C, Bao H, Gashu K, Morency M, Arlynn T, Smertenko A, Walker BJ, Roje S. Formate-tetrahydrofolate ligase: supplying the cytosolic one-carbon network in roots with one-carbon units originating from glycolate. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39010784 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
The metabolism of tetrahydrofolate (H4PteGlun)-bound one-carbon (C1) units (C1 metabolism) is multifaceted and required for plant growth, but it is unclear what of many possible synthesis pathways provide C1 units in specific organelles and tissues. One possible source of C1 units is via formate-tetrahydrofolate ligase, which catalyzes the reversible ATP-driven production of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate (10-formyl-H4PteGlun) from formate and tetrahydrofolate (H4PteGlun). Here, we report biochemical and functional characterization of the enzyme from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtFTHFL). We show that the recombinant AtFTHFL has lower Km and kcat values with pentaglutamyl tetrahydrofolate (H4PteGlu5) as compared to monoglutamyl tetrahydrofolate (H4PteGlu1), resulting in virtually identical catalytic efficiencies for the two substrates. Stable transformation of Arabidopsis plants with the EGFP-tagged AtFTHFL, followed with fluorescence microscopy, demonstrated cytosolic signal. Two independent T-DNA insertion lines with impaired AtFTHFL function had shorter roots compared to the wild type plants, demonstrating the importance of this enzyme for root growth. Overexpressing AtFTHFL led to the accumulation of H4PteGlun + 5,10-methylene-H4PteGlun and serine, accompanied with the depletion of formate and glycolate, in roots of the transgenic Arabidopsis plants. This metabolic adjustment supports the hypothesis that AtFTHFL feeds the cytosolic C1 network in roots with C1 units originating from glycolate, and that these units are then used mainly for biosynthesis of serine, and not as much for the biosynthesis of 5-methyl-H4PteGlun, methionine, and S-adenosylmethionine. This finding has implications for any future attempts to engineer one-carbon unit-requiring products through manipulation of the one-carbon metabolic network in non-photosynthetic organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sompop Saeheng
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
- Center of Excellence for Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90110, Thailand
- Plant Cell and Physiology for Sustainable Agriculture Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90110, Thailand
| | - Clayton Bailes
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Han Bao
- Department of Energy-Michigan State University Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Kelem Gashu
- Department of Energy-Michigan State University Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Matt Morency
- Department of Energy-Michigan State University Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Tana Arlynn
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Andrei Smertenko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Berkley James Walker
- Department of Energy-Michigan State University Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Sanja Roje
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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Fujita M, Asthana A, Wamwere-Njoroge G. Protective effects of diversified diets for dietary folate adequacy and serum homocysteine in breastfeeding mothers amid historic drought. Am J Hum Biol 2024:e24122. [PMID: 38923066 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.24122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The United Nations recommends that women consume ≥5 food groups, also known as the minimum dietary diversity score for women (MDD-W), for nutritional health. This is increasingly unattainable for populations in climate hot zones coping with food insecurity by prioritizing calories over dietary breadth. Breastfeeding mothers may be particularly vulnerable to adverse health impacts of low dietary diversity due to elevated nutritional requirements for lactation. We investigated how the protective effects of MDD-W for folate adequacy varies by MDD-W score and mother-infant life history characteristics. METHODS We conducted a secondary analysis of cross-sectional data from breastfeeding mothers (n = 228) in northern Kenya, surveyed during the 2006 Horn-of-Africa drought. Logistic regression models for adequate dietary folate (and vitamins B12 and B6) and normal homocysteine (folate-replete status) evaluated the effect of MDD-W alone and in interaction with infant/maternal characteristics. RESULTS MDD-W (as ordinal or dichotomous variable) was positively associated with adequate folate (and vitamin B12). Having male infant was inversely associated with adequate dietary folate. MDD-W was generally unassociated with homocysteine. However, there was an interaction between MDD-W and sex of the infant. Namely, MDD-W ≥ 3 predicted increased probability of normal homocysteine among mothers with female infants but not male infants. CONCLUSIONS Diets consisting of three or more food groups may protect adequate folate intake for many breastfeeding mothers. More research is needed to establish what level of dietary diversity would protect against hyperhomocysteinemia during breastfeeding and what factors promote or hinder the benefit of diversified diets on maternal folate nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Fujita
- Department of Anthropology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Biomarker Laboratory for Anthropological Research, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Ananyaa Asthana
- Biomarker Laboratory for Anthropological Research, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Zhu H, Ye Z, Xu Z, Wei L. Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Effect of Urea on Metabolism of Nannochloropsis oceanica. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:797. [PMID: 39063552 PMCID: PMC11278182 DOI: 10.3390/life14070797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic microalga Nannochloropsis oceanica represents a promising bioresource for the production of biofuels and pharmaceuticals. Urea, a crucial nutrient for the photosynthetic N. oceanica, stimulates the accumulation of substances such as lipids, which influence growth and physiology. However, the specific mechanisms by which N. oceanica responds and adapts to urea addition remain unknown. High-throughput mRNA sequencing and differential gene expression analysis under control and urea-added conditions revealed significant metabolic changes. This involved the differential expression of 2104 genes, with 1354 being upregulated and 750 downregulated, resulting in the reprogramming of crucial pathways such as carbon and nitrogen metabolism, photosynthesis, and lipid metabolism. The results specifically showed that genes associated with photosynthesis in N. oceanica were significantly downregulated, particularly those related to light-harvesting proteins. Interestingly, urea absorption and transport may depend not only on specialized transport channels such as urease but also on alternative transport channels such as the ABC transporter family and the CLC protein family. In addition, urea caused specific changes in carbon and lipid metabolism. Genes associated with the Calvin cycle and carbon concentration mechanisms were significantly upregulated. In lipid metabolism, the expression of genes associated with lipases and polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis was highly activated. Furthermore, the expression of several genes involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and folate metabolism was enhanced, making important contributions to energy supply and the synthesis and modification of genes and macromolecules. Our observations indicate that N. oceanica actively and dynamically regulates the redistribution of carbon and nitrogen after urea addition, providing references for further research on the effects of urea on N. oceanica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
- Hainan Observation and Research Station of Dongzhaigang Mangrove Wetland Ecosystem, Haikou 571129, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Laboratory for Marine Microalgae Ecological Carbon Sinks, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Zhenli Ye
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Zhengru Xu
- College of Foreign Language, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571157, China
| | - Li Wei
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
- Hainan Observation and Research Station of Dongzhaigang Mangrove Wetland Ecosystem, Haikou 571129, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Laboratory for Marine Microalgae Ecological Carbon Sinks, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
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Luo C, Chen C, Xian X, Cai WF, Yu X, Ye C. The secondary outbreak risk and mechanisms of Microcystis aeruginosa after H 2O 2 treatment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 470:134196. [PMID: 38603907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The secondary outbreak of cyanobacteria after algicide treatment has been a serious problem to water ecosystems. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an algaecide widely used in practice, but similar re-bloom problems are inevitably encountered. Our work found that Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa) temporarily hibernates after H2O2 treatment, but there is still a risk of secondary outbreaks. Interestingly, the dormant period was as long as 20 and 28 days in 5 mg L-1 and 20 mg L-1 H2O2 treatment groups, respectively, but the photosynthetic activity was both restored much earlier (within 14 days). Subsequently, a quantitative imaging flow cytometry-based method was constructed and confirmed that the re-bloom had undergone two stages including first recovery and then re-division. The expression of ftsZ and fabZ genes showed that M. aeruginosa had active transcription processes related to cell division protein and fatty acid synthesis during the dormancy stat. Furthermore, metabolomics suggested that the recovery of M. aeruginosa was mainly by activating folate and salicylic acid synthesis pathways, which promoted environmental stress resistance, DNA synthesis, and cell membrane repair. This study reported the comprehensive mechanisms of secondary outbreak of M. aeruginosa after H2O2 treatment. The findings suggest that optimizing the dosage and frequency of H2O2, as well as exploring the potential use of salicylic acid and folic acid inhibitors, could be promising directions for future algal control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Luo
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Coastal Pollution Prevention and Control, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Chenlan Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Coastal Pollution Prevention and Control, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xuanxuan Xian
- Ecological &Environment Monitoring Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Wei-Feng Cai
- Xiamen Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361103. China
| | - Xin Yu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Coastal Pollution Prevention and Control, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Chengsong Ye
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Coastal Pollution Prevention and Control, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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Rork AM, Bala AS, Renner T. Dynamic evolution of the mTHF gene family associated with primary metabolism across life. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:432. [PMID: 38693486 PMCID: PMC11064299 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10159-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The folate cycle of one-carbon (C1) metabolism, which plays a central role in the biosynthesis of nucleotides and amino acids, demonstrates the significance of metabolic adaptation. We investigated the evolutionary history of the methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (mTHF) gene family, one of the main drivers of the folate cycle, across life. RESULTS Through comparative genomic and phylogenetic analyses, we found that several lineages of Archaea lacked domains vital for folate cycle function such as the mTHF catalytic and NAD(P)-binding domains of FolD. Within eukaryotes, the mTHF gene family diversified rapidly. For example, several duplications have been observed in lineages including the Amoebozoa, Opisthokonta, and Viridiplantae. In a common ancestor of Opisthokonta, FolD and FTHFS underwent fusion giving rise to the gene MTHFD1, possessing the domains of both genes. CONCLUSIONS Our evolutionary reconstruction of the mTHF gene family associated with a primary metabolic pathway reveals dynamic evolution, including gene birth-and-death, gene fusion, and potential horizontal gene transfer events and/or amino acid convergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Rork
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA.
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA.
| | - Arthi S Bala
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
- School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Tanya Renner
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA.
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Duke SO, Pan Z, Bajsa-Hirschel J, Tamang P, Hammerschmidt R, Lorsbach BA, Sparks TC. Molecular Targets of Herbicides and Fungicides─Are There Useful Overlaps for Fungicide Discovery? JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:20532-20548. [PMID: 38100716 PMCID: PMC10755756 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
New fungicide modes of action are needed for fungicide resistance management strategies. Several commercial herbicide targets found in fungi that are not utilized by commercial fungicides are discussed as possible fungicide molecular targets. These are acetyl CoA carboxylase, acetolactate synthase, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase, glutamine synthase, phytoene desaturase, protoporphyrinogen oxidase, long-chain fatty acid synthase, dihydropteroate synthase, hydroxyphenyl pyruvate dioxygenase, and Ser/Thr protein phosphatase. Some of the inhibitors of these herbicide targets appear to be either good fungicides or good leads for new fungicides. For example, some acetolactate synthase and dihydropteroate inhibitors are excellent fungicides. There is evidence that some herbicides have indirect benefits to certain crops due to their effects on fungal crop pathogens. Using a pesticide with both herbicide and fungicide activities based on the same molecular target could reduce the total amount of pesticide used. The limitations of such a product are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen O. Duke
- National
Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University 38667, United States
| | - Zhiqiang Pan
- Natural
Products Utilization Research Unit, United
States Department of Agriculture, University 38667, United States
| | - Joanna Bajsa-Hirschel
- Natural
Products Utilization Research Unit, United
States Department of Agriculture, University 38667, United States
| | - Prabin Tamang
- Natural
Products Utilization Research Unit, United
States Department of Agriculture, University 38667, United States
| | - Raymond Hammerschmidt
- Department
of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Beth A. Lorsbach
- Nufarm, 4020 Aerial Center Parkway, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, United States
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Lee KT, Liao HS, Hsieh MH. Glutamine Metabolism, Sensing and Signaling in Plants. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:1466-1481. [PMID: 37243703 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine (Gln) is the first amino acid synthesized in nitrogen (N) assimilation in plants. Gln synthetase (GS), converting glutamate (Glu) and NH4+ into Gln at the expense of ATP, is one of the oldest enzymes in all life domains. Plants have multiple GS isoenzymes that work individually or cooperatively to ensure that the Gln supply is sufficient for plant growth and development under various conditions. Gln is a building block for protein synthesis and an N-donor for the biosynthesis of amino acids, nucleic acids, amino sugars and vitamin B coenzymes. Most reactions using Gln as an N-donor are catalyzed by Gln amidotransferase (GAT) that hydrolyzes Gln to Glu and transfers the amido group of Gln to an acceptor substrate. Several GAT domain-containing proteins of unknown function in the reference plant Arabidopsis thaliana suggest that some metabolic fates of Gln have yet to be identified in plants. In addition to metabolism, Gln signaling has emerged in recent years. The N regulatory protein PII senses Gln to regulate arginine biosynthesis in plants. Gln promotes somatic embryogenesis and shoot organogenesis with unknown mechanisms. Exogenous Gln has been implicated in activating stress and defense responses in plants. Likely, Gln signaling is responsible for some of the new Gln functions in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim-Teng Lee
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences, The Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Sheng Liao
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsiun Hsieh
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences, The Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
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8
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Saeheng S, Roje S. Assaying plant formate-tetrahydrofolate ligase with monoglutamylated and polyglutamylated substrates using a fluorescence-HPLC based method. Methods Enzymol 2023; 680:85-100. [PMID: 36710024 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Formate-tetrahydrofolate ligase catalyzes reversible, ATP-dependent conversion of tetrahydrofolate and formate to 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, simultaneously releasing ADP and inorganic phosphate. This enzyme has traditionally been assayed in the direction of 10-CHO-tetrahydrofolate formation by lowering pH of the reaction post-incubation, thus converting the product of the reaction to 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate, which is then quantified spectrophotometrically. To increase sensitivity of the product detection, which is particularly useful when determining the kinetic parameters of the enzyme with polyglutamylated substrates, we have replaced the spectrophotometric detection with HPLC separation and fluorescence detection. In addition to the modified enzyme assay protocol, we are also providing protocols for producing recombinant formate-tetrahydrofolate ligase from Arabidopsis in Escherichia coli cells, producing crude Arabidopsis leaf and root extracts suitable for assaying this enzyme, and for synthesis of polyglutamylated tetrahydrofolate substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sompop Saeheng
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States; Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Sanja Roje
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.
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Tyagi K, Sunkum A, Gupta P, Kilambi HV, Sreelakshmi Y, Sharma R. Reduced γ-glutamyl hydrolase activity likely contributes to high folate levels in Periyakulam-1 tomato. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 10:uhac235. [PMID: 36643736 PMCID: PMC9832877 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tomato cultivars show wide variation in nutraceutical folate in ripe fruits, yet the loci regulating folate levels in fruits remain unexplored. To decipher regulatory points, we compared two contrasting tomato cultivars: Periyakulam-1 (PKM-1) with high folate and Arka Vikas (AV) with low folate. The progression of ripening in PKM-1 was nearly similar to AV but had substantially lower ethylene emission. In parallel, the levels of phytohormones salicylic acid, ABA, and jasmonic acid were substantially lower than AV. The fruits of PKM-1 were metabolically distinct from AV, with upregulation of several amino acids. Consistent with higher °Brix, the red ripe fruits also showed upregulation of sugars and sugar-derived metabolites. In parallel with higher folate, PKM-1 fruits also had higher carotenoid levels, especially lycopene and β-carotene. The proteome analysis showed upregulation of carotenoid sequestration and folate metabolism-related proteins in PKM-1. The deglutamylation pathway mediated by γ-glutamyl hydrolase (GGH) was substantially reduced in PKM-1 at the red-ripe stage. The red-ripe fruits had reduced transcript levels of GGHs and lower GGH activity than AV. Conversely, the percent polyglutamylation of folate was much higher in PKM-1. Our analysis indicates the regulation of GGH activity as a potential target to elevate folate levels in tomato fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anusha Sunkum
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500046, India
| | - Prateek Gupta
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500046, India
| | - Himabindu Vasuki Kilambi
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500046, India
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Fyfe S, Hong H, Schirra HJ, Smyth HE, Sultanbawa Y, Rychlik M. Folate vitamers in the Australian green plum: Through growth and ripening and across locations. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1006393. [PMID: 36313068 PMCID: PMC9614220 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1006393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The green plum is a native fruit of Australia that grows on the tree Buchanania obovata. This study aimed to confirm the high level of folate in green plums by analyzing a large number of ripe samples from multiple locations and to understand how folate vitamers change as the fruit grows through maturity stages. This study analyzed green plums for five vitamers of folate, H4folate, 5-CH3-H4folate, 5-CHO-H4folate, 10-CHO-PteGlu, and PteGlu (folic acid) using a stable isotope dilution assay on a liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer (LC-MS). Green plums were tested from four locations, two harvests and five maturity stages. Another 11 ripe samples, each from different tree clumps from one location, were also tested as were ripe red-colored green plums. The results show the 5-CH3-H4folate in green plum increases and accumulates in the fruit through development, ripening and senescence. The ripe green plums contain between 82.4 ± 5.5 and 149.4 ± 10.7 μg/100 g Fresh Weight (FW). The red-colored green plums are even higher in folate, with total folate measured as 192.5 ± 7.0 and 293.7 ± 27.4 μg/100 g FW, and further analysis of them is suggested. There is some variation in amounts of folate between fruit from different locations and sets of trees, but all ripe green plums tested are considered good dietary sources of folate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina Fyfe
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Hung Hong
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Horst Joachim Schirra
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Heather E. Smyth
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Yasmina Sultanbawa
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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Abstract
α-Amino acids are essential molecular constituents of life, twenty of which are privileged because they are encoded by the ribosomal machinery. The question remains open as to why this number and why this 20 in particular, an almost philosophical question that cannot be conclusively resolved. They are closely related to the evolution of the genetic code and whether nucleic acids, amino acids, and peptides appeared simultaneously and were available under prebiotic conditions when the first self-sufficient complex molecular system emerged on Earth. This report focuses on prebiotic and metabolic aspects of amino acids and proteins starting with meteorites, followed by their formation, including peptides, under plausible prebiotic conditions, and the major biosynthetic pathways in the various kingdoms of life. Coenzymes play a key role in the present analysis in that amino acid metabolism is linked to glycolysis and different variants of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA, rTCA, and the incomplete horseshoe version) as well as the biosynthesis of the most important coenzymes. Thus, the report opens additional perspectives and facets on the molecular evolution of primary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kirschning
- Institute of Organic ChemistryLeibniz University HannoverSchneiderberg 1B30167HannoverGermany
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12
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Fujita M, Wander K, Tran T, Brindle E. Characterizing the extent human milk folate is buffered against maternal malnutrition and infection in drought‐stricken northern Kenya. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2022; 179:171-183. [PMCID: PMC9805107 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Folate is an essential nutrient fundamental to human growth and development. Human milk maintains high folate content across the maternal folate status range, suggesting buffering of milk folate with prioritized delivery to milk at the expense of maternal depletion. We investigated whether and how the extent of this buffering may diminish under prolonged nutritional and/or disease stress, while taking into consideration infants' varying vulnerability to malnutrition‐related morbidity/mortality. Methods A cross‐sectional study analyzed milk specimens from northern Kenyan mothers (n = 203), surveyed during a historic drought and ensuing food shortage. Multiple regression models for folate receptor‐α (FOLR1) in milk were constructed. Predictors included maternal underweight (BMI < 18.5), iron‐deficiency anemia (hemoglobin <12 g/dl and dried‐blood‐spot transferrin receptor >5 mg/L), folate deficiency (hyperhomocysteinemia, homocysteine >12 or 14 μmol/L), inflammation (serum C‐reactive protein >5 mg/L), infant age and sex, and mother‐infant interactions. Results In adjusted models, milk FOLR1 was unassociated with maternal underweight, iron‐deficiency anemia and inflammation. FOLR1 was positively associated with maternal folate deficiency, and inversely associated with infant age. There was interaction between infant age and maternal underweight, and between infant sex and maternal folate deficiency, predicting complex changes in FOLR1. Conclusions Our results suggest that mothers buffer milk folate against their own nutritional stress even during a prolonged drought; however, the extent of this buffering may vary with infant age, and, among folate‐deficient mothers, with infant sex. Future research is needed to better understand this variability in maternal buffering of milk folate and how it relates to folate status in nursing infants. Human mothers might have the capacity to buffer milk nutrient content against undue fluctuations under nutritional or disease stress. In the case of the micronutrient folate, this buffering is most apparent for younger infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Fujita
- Department of AnthropologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Biomarker Laboratory for Anthropological ResearchMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Katherine Wander
- Department of AnthropologyBinghamton University (SUNY)BinghamtonNew YorkUSA
- Laboratory for Anthropometry and BiomarkersBinghamton UniversityBinghamtonNew YorkUSA
| | - Tin Tran
- Biomarker Laboratory for Anthropological ResearchMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- College of PharmacyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
| | - Eleanor Brindle
- Maternal, Newborn and Child Health & NutritionPATHSeattleWashingtonUSA
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13
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Abstract
Covering: up to 2022The report provides a broad approach to deciphering the evolution of coenzyme biosynthetic pathways. Here, these various pathways are analyzed with respect to the coenzymes required for this purpose. Coenzymes whose biosynthesis relies on a large number of coenzyme-mediated reactions probably appeared on the scene at a later stage of biological evolution, whereas the biosyntheses of pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) and nicotinamide (NAD+) require little additional coenzymatic support and are therefore most likely very ancient biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kirschning
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, D-30167 Hannover, Germany.
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14
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Soni M, Pratap JV. Development of Novel Anti-Leishmanials: The Case for Structure-Based Approaches. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080950. [PMID: 36015070 PMCID: PMC9414883 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The neglected tropical disease (NTD) leishmaniasis is the collective name given to a diverse group of illnesses caused by ~20 species belonging to the genus Leishmania, a majority of which are vector borne and associated with complex life cycles that cause immense health, social, and economic burdens locally, but individually are not a major global health priority. Therapeutic approaches against leishmaniasis have various inadequacies including drug resistance and a lack of effective control and eradication of the disease spread. Therefore, the development of a rationale-driven, target based approaches towards novel therapeutics against leishmaniasis is an emergent need. The utilization of Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning methods, which have made significant advances in drug discovery applications, would benefit the discovery process. In this review, following a summary of the disease epidemiology and available therapies, we consider three important leishmanial metabolic pathways that can be attractive targets for a structure-based drug discovery approach towards the development of novel anti-leishmanials. The folate biosynthesis pathway is critical, as Leishmania is auxotrophic for folates that are essential in many metabolic pathways. Leishmania can not synthesize purines de novo, and salvage them from the host, making the purine salvage pathway an attractive target for novel therapeutics. Leishmania also possesses an organelle glycosome, evolutionarily related to peroxisomes of higher eukaryotes, which is essential for the survival of the parasite. Research towards therapeutics is underway against enzymes from the first two pathways, while the third is as yet unexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohini Soni
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - J. Venkatesh Pratap
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Correspondence:
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15
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Yang L, Yao X, Liu B, Han Y, Ji R, Ju J, Zhang X, Wu S, Fang J, Sun Y. Caterpillar-Induced Rice Volatile (E)-β-Farnesene Impairs the Development and Survival of Chilo suppressalis Larvae by Disrupting Insect Hormone Balance. Front Physiol 2022; 13:904482. [PMID: 35711319 PMCID: PMC9196309 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.904482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant research progress has recently been made on establishing the roles of tps46 in rice defense. (E)-β-farnesene (Eβf) is a major product of tps46 activity but its physiological functions and potential mechanisms against Chilo suppressalis have not yet been clarified. In the present study, C. suppressalis larvae were artificially fed a diet containing 0.8 g/kg Eβf and the physiological performance of the larvae was evaluated. In response to Eβf treatment, the average 2nd instar duration significantly increased from 4.78 d to 6.31 d while that of the 3rd instar significantly increased from 5.70 d to 8.00 d compared with the control. There were no significant differences between the control and Eβf-fed 4th and 5th instars in terms of their durations. The mortalities of the 2nd and 3rd Eβf-fed instars were 21.00-fold and 6.39-fold higher, respectively, than that of the control. A comparative transcriptome analysis revealed that multiple differentially expressed genes are involved in insect hormone biosynthesis. An insect hormone assay on the 3rd instars disclosed that Eβf disrupted the balance between the juvenile hormone and ecdysteroid levels. Eβf treatment increased the juvenile hormones titers but not those of the ecdysteroids. The qPCR results were consistent with those of the RNA-Seq. The foregoing findings suggested that Eβf impairs development and survival in C. suppressalis larvae by disrupting their hormone balance. Moreover, Eβf altered the pathways associated with carbohydrate and xenobiotic metabolism as well as those related to cofactors and vitamins in C. suppressalis larvae. The discoveries of this study may contribute to the development and implementation of an integrated control system for C. suppressalis infestations in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaomin Yao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Baosheng Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Nanjing, China
| | - Yangchun Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiafei Ju
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaona Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuwen Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jichao Fang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Nanjing, China.,Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
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16
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Dual transcriptome based reconstruction of Salmonella-human integrated metabolic network to screen potential drug targets. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268889. [PMID: 35609089 PMCID: PMC9129043 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is a highly adaptive pathogenic bacteria with a serious public health concern due to its increasing resistance to antibiotics. Therefore, identification of novel drug targets for S. Typhimurium is crucial. Here, we first created a pathogen-host integrated genome-scale metabolic network by combining the metabolic models of human and S. Typhimurium, which we further tailored to the pathogenic state by the integration of dual transcriptome data. The integrated metabolic model enabled simultaneous investigation of metabolic alterations in human cells and S. Typhimurium during infection. Then, we used the tailored pathogen-host integrated genome-scale metabolic network to predict essential genes in the pathogen, which are candidate novel drug targets to inhibit infection. Drug target prioritization procedure was applied to these targets, and pabB was chosen as a putative drug target. It has an essential role in 4-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) synthesis, which is an essential biomolecule for many pathogens. A structure based virtual screening was applied through docking simulations to predict candidate compounds that eliminate S. Typhimurium infection by inhibiting pabB. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study for predicting drug targets and drug like molecules by using pathogen-host integrated genome-scale models, dual RNA-seq data and structure-based virtual screening protocols. This framework will be useful in proposing novel drug targets and drugs for antibiotic-resistant pathogens.
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17
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Rossmassler K, Challacombe JF, De Long SK. Pulling needles out of a haystack: Subtractive community metatranscriptomics retrieves anaerobic o-xylene degradation pathway genes out of a mixed microbial culture. J Microbiol Methods 2022; 197:106481. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2022.106481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Hou S, Man X, Lian B, Ma G, Sun Z, Han L, Yan L, Gao H, Du W, Wang X, Zhang Y, Li H, Han Y. Folate metabolic profiling and expression of folate metabolism-related genes during panicle development in foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv). JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:268-279. [PMID: 34109642 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foxtail millet grain has higher folate content than other cereal crops. However, the folate metabolite content and the expression patterns of folate metabolite-related genes are unknown. RESULTS Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to investigate 12 folate metabolites in a foxtail millet panicle. The content of total folate and derivatives gradually decreased during panicle development. Polyglutamate 5-formyl-tetrahydrofolate was the major form. Twenty-eight genes involved in the folate metabolic pathway were identified through bioinformatic analysis. These genes in Setaria italica, S. viridis and Zea mays showed genomic collinearity. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the folate-related genes were closely related among the C4 plants compared to C3 plants. The gene expressions were then studied at three panicle development stages. The gene expression patterns were classified into two groups, namely SiADCL1 and SiGGH as two key enzymes, which are responsible for folate synthesis and degradation; their expression levels were highest at the early panicle development stage, up to 179.11- and 163.88-fold, respectively. Their expression levels had a similar downward trend during panicle development and were significantly positively correlated with the concentration of total folate and folate derivatives. However, SiSHMT3 expression levels were significantly negatively correlated with total folate concentration. CONCLUSION Besides being the major determinants of folate and folate derivatives accumulation, SiADCL1 and SiGGH expression levels are key limiting factors in the foxtail millet panicle. Therefore, SiADCL1 and SiGGH expression levels can be targeted in genetic modification studies to improve folate content in foxtail millet seeds in the future. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Hou
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaxia Man
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Boying Lian
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Guifang Ma
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Zhaoxia Sun
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Taiyuan, China
| | - Lida Han
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
| | - Lufei Yan
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Hao Gao
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Wei Du
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Xinfang Wang
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Yijuan Zhang
- College of Life science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Hongying Li
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yuanhuai Han
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Taiyuan, China
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19
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Chang J, Xie C, Wang P, Gu Z, Han Y, Yang R. Red light enhances folate accumulation in wheat seedlings. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2021; 22:906-916. [PMID: 34783221 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2100266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Red, white, blue, green, and yellow lights were applied to investigate their effects on folate accumulation in wheat seedlings. The different lights, especially red light, significantly increased the total folate content. Total folate showed maximum accumulation under 30 μmol/(m2·s) of red light, with an increase of 24% compared with the control (darkness). 5-Methyl-tetrahydrofolate (5-CH3-THF) was the dominant folate component, and was significantly increased by red light irradiation. In addition, under red light, the folate content of leaves was higher and more sensitive to light than that of endosperm or roots. Red light up-regulated the expression of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH1) and aminodeoxychorismate synthase(ADCS), enhanced the activity of GCH1 and ADCS, and increased the content of precursors of folate synthesis, including pterin and p-aminobenzoic acid (pABA). Hence, the increased folate accumulation promoted by light could be attributed to the increased content of folate synthesis precursors, the activity of key enzymes, and related gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Chang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chong Xie
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Pei Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhenxin Gu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yongbin Han
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Runqiang Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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20
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Kambakam S, Ngaki MN, Sahu BB, Kandel DR, Singh P, Sumit R, Swaminathan S, Muliyar-Krishna R, Bhattacharyya MK. Arabidopsis non-host resistance PSS30 gene enhances broad-spectrum disease resistance in the soybean cultivar Williams 82. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:1432-1446. [PMID: 34171147 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Non-host resistance (NHR), which protects all members of a plant species from non-adapted or non-host plant pathogens, is the most common form of plant immunity. NHR provides the most durable and robust form of broad-spectrum immunity against non-adaptive pathogens pathogenic to other crop species. In a mutant screen for loss of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) NHR against the soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) pathogen Phytophthora sojae, the Phytophthora sojae-susceptible 30 (pss30) mutant was identified. The pss30 mutant is also susceptible to the soybean pathogen Fusarium virguliforme. PSS30 encodes a folate transporter, AtFOLT1, which was previously localized to chloroplasts and implicated in the transport of folate from the cytosol to plastids. We show that two Arabidopsis folate biosynthesis mutants with reduced folate levels exhibit a loss of non-host immunity against P. sojae. As compared to the wild-type Col-0 ecotype, the steady-state folate levels are reduced in the pss1, atfolt1 and two folate biosynthesis mutants, suggesting that folate is required for non-host immunity. Overexpression of AtFOLT1 enhances immunity of transgenic soybean lines against two serious soybean pathogens, the fungal pathogen F. virguliforme and the soybean cyst nematode (SCN) Heterodera glycines. Transgenic lines showing enhanced SCN resistance also showed increased levels of folate accumulation. This study thus suggests that folate contributes to non-host plant immunity and that overexpression of a non-host resistance gene could be a suitable strategy for generating broad-spectrum disease resistance in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sekhar Kambakam
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, 50011, USA
| | | | - Binod B Sahu
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, 50011, USA
| | - Devi R Kandel
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, 50011, USA
| | - Prashant Singh
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, 50011, USA
| | - Rishi Sumit
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, 50011, USA
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21
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Martin CJ, Torkamaneh D, Arif M, Pauls KP. Genome-Wide Association Study of Seed Folate Content in Common Bean. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:696423. [PMID: 34531882 PMCID: PMC8438126 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.696423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant-derived folates (Vitamin B9) are essential components of the human diet. They provide one-carbon units that are required for the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins, and folate deficiency is associated with numerous adverse health conditions. The development of high-folate cultivars of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and other staple crops is an important tool to combat folate deficiency. A population of 96 P. vulgaris accessions, representing major North American market classes, was grown in 2 years in Ontario, Canada. The population was genotyped for 5,361 molecular markers with an Illumina Infinium platform. Total folate was extracted from mature seeds using the tri-enzyme extraction method and quantified based on a microbiological assay with Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Significant genetic diversity for folate content was observed among the population in both years of study, and folate content had a range 113-222 μg per 100 g of seeds. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for seed folate content were identified based on a genome-wide association study (GWAS). Six QTL were identified on Chr. 4, 6, 8, and 11, with three in each year of field trials. Both QTL on Chr. 11 occurred in genomic regions that were syntenic to seed folate QTL detected in previous work with P. vulgaris, Z. mays, and O. sativa. Candidate genes were identified for these QTL that might be targets for the development of molecular markers for selecting P. vulgaris cultivars with improved seed folate content. This work reports the largest survey of genetic diversity for seed folate content in P. vulgaris and identified several genotypes, including SCN4, Bat 93, OAC Redstar, and Pompadour 1014, that would be useful for breeding beans with higher than average folate levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Joe Martin
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Davoud Torkamaneh
- Département de Phytologie, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Karl Peter Pauls
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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22
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Reed CJ, Hutinet G, de Crécy-Lagard V. Comparative Genomic Analysis of the DUF34 Protein Family Suggests Role as a Metal Ion Chaperone or Insertase. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1282. [PMID: 34572495 PMCID: PMC8469502 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the DUF34 (domain of unknown function 34) family, also known as the NIF3 protein superfamily, are ubiquitous across superkingdoms. Proteins of this family have been widely annotated as "GTP cyclohydrolase I type 2" through electronic propagation based on one study. Here, the annotation status of this protein family was examined through a comprehensive literature review and integrative bioinformatic analyses that revealed varied pleiotropic associations and phenotypes. This analysis combined with functional complementation studies strongly challenges the current annotation and suggests that DUF34 family members may serve as metal ion insertases, chaperones, or metallocofactor maturases. This general molecular function could explain how DUF34 subgroups participate in highly diversified pathways such as cell differentiation, metal ion homeostasis, pathogen virulence, redox, and universal stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colbie J. Reed
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (C.J.R.); (G.H.)
| | - Geoffrey Hutinet
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (C.J.R.); (G.H.)
| | - Valérie de Crécy-Lagard
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (C.J.R.); (G.H.)
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Seedorf T, Kirschning A, Solga D. Natural and Synthetic Oligoarylamides: Privileged Structures for Medical Applications. Chemistry 2021; 27:7321-7339. [PMID: 33481284 PMCID: PMC8251530 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The term "privileged structure" refers to a single molecular substructure or scaffold that can serve as a starting point for high-affinity ligands for more than one receptor type. In this report, a hitherto overlooked group of privileged substructures is addressed, namely aromatic oligoamides, for which there are natural models in the form of cystobactamids, albicidin, distamycin A, netropsin, and others. The aromatic and heteroaromatic core, together with a flexible selection of substituents, form conformationally well-defined scaffolds capable of specifically binding to conformationally well-defined regions of biomacromolecules such as helices in proteins or DNA often by acting as helices mimics themselves. As such, these aromatic oligoamides have already been employed to inhibit protein-protein and nucleic acid-protein interactions. This article is the first to bring together the scattered knowledge about aromatic oligoamides in connection with biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Seedorf
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biomolekulares Wirkstoffzentrum, (BMWZ)Leibniz Universität HannoverSchneiderberg 1B30167HannoverGermany
| | - Andreas Kirschning
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biomolekulares Wirkstoffzentrum, (BMWZ)Leibniz Universität HannoverSchneiderberg 1B30167HannoverGermany
| | - Danny Solga
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biomolekulares Wirkstoffzentrum, (BMWZ)Leibniz Universität HannoverSchneiderberg 1B30167HannoverGermany
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Banuelos J, Martínez-Romero E, Montaño NM, Camargo-Ricalde SL. Folates in legume root nodules. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 171:447-452. [PMID: 32984974 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Folates are multifunctional metabolites in plants that are essential for cell division, nucleic acids and amino acid synthesis. During symbiotic nitrogen fixation in legumes, these cofactors are needed for de novo purine biosynthesis, meaning that changes in the folate pools could directly affect the flow of fixed nitrogen to the plant. Its role related to symbiotic nitrogen fixation has not been yet explored, but recent data suggest a relevant role during the first steps. Transcriptomic, metabolomic and proteomic analyses indicate that folates are accumulated in symbiotic plant tissue, as they are involved, not only in de novo purines biosynthesis, but in nitrogen translocation, endoreduplication and phytohormones biosynthesis. Understanding the possible implication of folate pools during the nitrogen fixation and assimilation, might aid for new engineering targets, in relation to the two transformylations or the production of glycine by serine hydroxymethyltransferase during the de novo purine biosynthetic pathway. In this review, we intend to deliver and discuss the available evidence that support a relevant role of folates during the symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Banuelos
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Noé Manuel Montaño
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sara Lucía Camargo-Ricalde
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
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Comparative Gut Microbiome Differences between Ferric Citrate and Calcium Carbonate Phosphate Binders in Patients with End-Stage Kidney Disease. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8122040. [PMID: 33419265 PMCID: PMC7767080 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8122040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut dysbiosis in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) may induce chronic inflammation and increase morbidity. Phosphate-binding agents, generally used in patients with CKD, may potentially change the composition of the gut microbiota. This study aimed to compare the microbiota composition in hemodialysis patients treated with ferric citrate or calcium carbonate. The stool microbiota was investigated in hemodialysis patients treated with ferric citrate (n = 8) and calcium carbonate (n = 46) using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing profiling using linear discriminant analysis of effect size. Further predictive functional profiling of microbial communities was obtained with Tax4Fun in R. Hemodialysis patients treated with calcium carbonate had a significantly reduced microbial species diversity (Shannon index and Simpson index) and an increased microbial alteration ratio compared with patients treated with ferric citrate. A distinct microbial community structure was found in patients treated with ferric citrate, with an increased abundance of the Bacteroidetes phylum and a decreased abundance of the phylum Firmicutes. Members of the order Lactobacillales were enriched in patients treated with calcium carbonate, whereas taxa of the genera Ruminococcaceae UCG-004, Flavonifractor, and Cronobacter were enriched in patients treated with ferric citrate phosphate binder. In conclusion, Ferric citrate therapy results in a more diverse microbiome community compared to calcium carbonate therapy in hemodialysis patients with phosphate binder treatment. The gut microbiome reflects the phosphate binder choice in hemodialysis patients, further affecting the physiological environment in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Del Mondo A, Smerilli A, Sané E, Sansone C, Brunet C. Challenging microalgal vitamins for human health. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:201. [PMID: 33138823 PMCID: PMC7607653 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01459-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamins' deficiency in humans is an important threat worldwide and requires solutions. In the concept of natural biofactory for bioactive compounds production, microalgae represent one of the most promising targets filling many biotechnological applications, and allowing the development of an eco-sustainable production of natural bioactive metabolites. Vitamins are probably one of the cutting edges of microalgal diversity compounds. MAIN TEXT Microalgae can usefully provide many of the required vitamins in humans, more than terrestrial plants, for instance. Indeed, vitamins D and K, little present in many plants or fruits, are instead available from microalgae. The same occurs for some vitamins B (B12, B9, B6), while the other vitamins (A, C, D, E) are also provided by microalgae. This large panel of vitamins diversity in microalgal cells represents an exploitable platform in order to use them as natural vitamins' producers for human consumption. This study aims to provide an integrative overview on vitamins content in the microalgal realm, and discuss on the great potential of microalgae as sources of different forms of vitamins to be included as functional ingredients in food or nutraceuticals for the human health. We report on the biological roles of vitamins in microalgae, the current knowledge on their modulation by environmental or biological forcing and on the biological activity of the different vitamins in human metabolism and health protection. CONCLUSION Finally, we critically discuss the challenges for promoting microalgae as a relevant source of vitamins, further enhancing the interests of microalgal "biofactory" for biotechnological applications, such as in nutraceuticals or cosmeceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Del Mondo
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Istituto Nazionale Di Biologia, Ecologia e Biotecnologie marine, Villa Comunale, 80121, Napoli, Italy
| | - Arianna Smerilli
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Istituto Nazionale Di Biologia, Ecologia e Biotecnologie marine, Villa Comunale, 80121, Napoli, Italy
| | - Elisabet Sané
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Istituto Nazionale Di Biologia, Ecologia e Biotecnologie marine, Villa Comunale, 80121, Napoli, Italy
| | - Clementina Sansone
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Istituto Nazionale Di Biologia, Ecologia e Biotecnologie marine, Villa Comunale, 80121, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Christophe Brunet
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Istituto Nazionale Di Biologia, Ecologia e Biotecnologie marine, Villa Comunale, 80121, Napoli, Italy
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Bhowmick S, Mazumdar A, Moulick A, Adam V. Algal metabolites: An inevitable substitute for antibiotics. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 43:107571. [PMID: 32505655 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is rising at a pace that is difficult to cope with; circumvention of this issue requires fast and efficient alternatives to conventional antibiotics. Algae inhabit a wide span of ecosystems, which contributes to their ability to synthesize diverse classes of highly active biogenic metabolites. Here, for the first time, we reviewed all possible algal metabolites with broad spectra antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria, including antibiotic-resistant strains, and categorized different metabolites of both freshwater and marine algae, linking them on the basis of their target sites and mechanistic actions along with their probable nanoconjugates. Algae can be considered a boon for novel drug discovery in the era of antibiotic resistance, as various algal primary and secondary metabolites possess potential antibacterial properties. The diversity of these metabolites from indigenous sources provides a promising gateway enabling researchers and pharmaceutical companies to develop novel nontoxic, cost-effective and highly efficient antibacterial medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Bhowmick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno CZ-613 00, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, Brno CZ-612 00, Czech Republic
| | - Aninda Mazumdar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno CZ-613 00, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, Brno CZ-612 00, Czech Republic
| | - Amitava Moulick
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, Brno CZ-612 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno CZ-613 00, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, Brno CZ-612 00, Czech Republic.
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Cheong MS, Seo KH, Chohra H, Yoon YE, Choe H, Kantharaj V, Lee YB. Influence of Sulfonamide Contamination Derived from Veterinary Antibiotics on Plant Growth and Development. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9080456. [PMID: 32731577 PMCID: PMC7460019 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9080456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Veterinary antibiotics such as sulfonamides are widely used to increase feed efficiency and to protect against disease in livestock production. The sulfonamide antimicrobial mechanism involves the blocking of folate biosynthesis by inhibiting bacterial dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) activity competitively. Interestingly, most treatment antibiotics can be released into the environment via manure and result in significant diffuse pollution in the environment. However, the physiological effects of sulfonamide during plant growth and development remain elusive because the plant response is dependent on folate biosynthesis and the concentration of antibiotics. Here, we present a chemical interaction docking model between Napa cabbage (Brassica campestris) DHPS and sulfamethoxazole and sulfamethazine, which are the most abundant sulfonamides detected in the environment. Furthermore, seedling growth inhibition was observed in lentil bean (Lens culinaris), rice (Oryza sativa), and Napa cabbage plants upon sulfonamide exposure. The results revealed that sulfonamide antibiotics target plant DHPS in a module similar to bacterial DHPS and affect early growth and the development of crop seedlings. Taking these results together, we suggest that sulfonamides act as pollutants in crop fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Sun Cheong
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK 21 Plus Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.S.C.); (H.C.); (Y.E.Y.); (H.C.); (V.K.)
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Kyung Hye Seo
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumsung 27709, Korea;
| | - Hadjer Chohra
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK 21 Plus Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.S.C.); (H.C.); (Y.E.Y.); (H.C.); (V.K.)
| | - Young Eun Yoon
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK 21 Plus Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.S.C.); (H.C.); (Y.E.Y.); (H.C.); (V.K.)
| | - Hyeonji Choe
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK 21 Plus Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.S.C.); (H.C.); (Y.E.Y.); (H.C.); (V.K.)
| | - Vimalraj Kantharaj
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK 21 Plus Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.S.C.); (H.C.); (Y.E.Y.); (H.C.); (V.K.)
| | - Yong Bok Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK 21 Plus Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.S.C.); (H.C.); (Y.E.Y.); (H.C.); (V.K.)
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-557-721-967
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Lespinats S, De Clerck O, Colange B, Gorelova V, Grando D, Maréchal E, Van Der Straeten D, Rébeillé F, Bastien O. Phylogeny and Sequence Space: A Combined Approach to Analyze the Evolutionary Trajectories of Homologous Proteins. The Case Study of Aminodeoxychorismate Synthase. Acta Biotheor 2020; 68:139-156. [PMID: 31312977 DOI: 10.1007/s10441-019-09352-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
During the course of evolution, variations of a protein sequence is an ongoing phenomenon however limited by the need to maintain its structural and functional integrity. Deciphering the evolutionary path of a protein is thus of fundamental interest. With the development of new methods to visualize high dimension spaces and the improvement of phylogenetic analysis tools, it is possible to study the evolutionary trajectories of proteins in the sequence space. Using the data-driven high-dimensional scaling method, we show that it is possible to predict and represent potential evolutionary trajectories by representing phylogenetic trees into a 3D projection of the sequence space. With the case of the aminodeoxychorismate synthase, an enzyme involved in folate synthesis, we show that this representation raises interesting questions about the complexity of the evolution of a given biological function, in particular concerning its capacity to explore the sequence space.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivier De Clerck
- Department of Biology, Phycology Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Benoît Colange
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INES, 73375, Le Bourget du Lac, France
| | - Vera Gorelova
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Ghent University, K.L Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Geneva, Quai E. Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Delphine Grando
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, BIG-LPCV, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Maréchal
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, BIG-LPCV, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Dominique Van Der Straeten
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Ghent University, K.L Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fabrice Rébeillé
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, BIG-LPCV, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Bastien
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, BIG-LPCV, 38000, Grenoble, France.
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Département Réponse et Dynamique Cellulaire, CEA Grenoble, UMR 5168, CNRS-CEA-INRA-Université J. Fourier, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble Cedex 09, France.
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