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Abideen ZU, Arifeen WU, Bandara YMNDY. Emerging trends in metal oxide-based electronic noses for healthcare applications: a review. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:9259-9283. [PMID: 38680123 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00073k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
An electronic nose (E-nose) is a technology fundamentally inspired by the human nose, designed to detect, recognize, and differentiate specific odors or volatile components in complex and chaotic environments. Comprising an array of sensors with meticulously designed nanostructured architectures, E-noses translate the chemical information captured by these sensors into useful metrics using complex pattern recognition algorithms. E-noses can significantly enhance the quality of life by offering preventive point-of-care devices for medical diagnostics through breath analysis, and by monitoring and tracking hazardous and toxic gases in the environment. They are increasingly being used in defense and surveillance, medical diagnostics, agriculture, environmental monitoring, and product validation and authentication. The major challenge in developing a reliable E-nose involves miniaturization and low power consumption. Various sensing materials are employed to address these issues. This review presents the key advancements over the last decade in E-nose technology, specifically focusing on chemiresistive metal oxide sensing materials. It discusses their sensing mechanisms, integration into portable E-noses, and various data analysis techniques. Additionally, we review the primary metal oxide-based E-noses for disease detection through breath analysis. Finally, we address the major challenges and issues in developing and implementing a portable metal oxide-based E-nose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zain Ul Abideen
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Research School of Chemistry, College of Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Waqas Ul Arifeen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongbuk-do, 38541, South Korea
| | - Y M Nuwan D Y Bandara
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Research School of Chemistry, College of Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
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2
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Cao N, Zhang L, Li X, Meng X, Liang D, Zhu Y, Zhao F. Deep-ultraviolet n-ZnGa 2O 4/p-GaN heterojunction photodetector fabricated by pulsed laser deposition. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:2309-2312. [PMID: 38691706 DOI: 10.1364/ol.519668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Zinc gallium oxide (ZnGa2O4) has attracted considerable interest in deep-ultraviolet photodetectors, due to the ultrawide bandgap, high transmittance in the ultraviolet (UV) region, and excellent environmental stability. In this study, ZnGa2O4 thin films were deposited on p-GaN epi-layers using pulsed laser deposition, resulting in improved crystalline quality. The ZnGa2O4 film exhibited a bandgap of 4.93 eV, calculated through absorption spectra. A heterojunction photodetector (PD) was constructed, demonstrating a rectification effect, an on/off ratio of 12,697 at -5.87 V, a peak responsivity of 14.5 mA/W, and a peak detectivity of 1.14 × 1012 Jones (262 nm, -6 V). The PD exhibited a fast response time (39 ms) and recovery time (30 ms) under 262 nm illumination. The band diagram based on the Anderson model elucidates the photoresponse and carrier transport mechanism. This work paves the way for advancing next-generation optoelectronics.
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3
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Cao N, Zhang L, Li X, Luan R, Sun C, Yu J, Lu T, Zhu Y, Liang D, Zhao F. Self-powered deep ultraviolet photodetector based on p-CuI/n-ZnGa 2O 4 heterojunction with high sensitivity and fast speed. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:11573-11582. [PMID: 38571001 DOI: 10.1364/oe.520649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Self-powered deep ultraviolet photodetectors (DUV PDs) are essential in environmental monitoring, flame detection, missile guidance, aerospace, and other fields. A heterojunction photodetector based on p-CuI/n-ZnGa2O4 has been fabricated by pulsed laser deposition combined with vacuum thermal evaporation. Under 260 nm DUV light irradiation, the photodetector exhibits apparent self-powered performance with a maximum responsivity and specific detectivity of 2.75 mA/W and 1.10 × 1011 Jones at 0 V. The photodetector exhibits high repeatability and stability under 260 nm periodic illumination. The response and recovery time are 205 ms and 133 ms, respectively. This work provides an effective strategy for fabricating high-performance self-powered DUV photodetectors.
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Wolff N, Braniste T, Krüger H, Mangelsen S, Islam MR, Schürmann U, Saure LM, Schütt F, Hansen S, Terraschke H, Adelung R, Tiginyanu I, Kienle L. Synthesis and Nanostructure Investigation of Hybrid β-Ga 2 O 3 /ZnGa 2 O 4 Nanocomposite Networks with Narrow-Band Green Luminescence and High Initial Electrochemical Capacity. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207492. [PMID: 36782364 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The material design of functional "aero"-networks offers a facile approach to optical, catalytical, or and electrochemical applications based on multiscale morphologies, high large reactive area, and prominent material diversity. Here in this paper, the synthesis and structural characterization of a hybrid β-Ga2 O3 /ZnGa2 O4 nanocomposite aero-network are presented. The nanocomposite networks are studied on multiscale with respect to their micro- and nanostructure by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and are characterized for their photoluminescent response to UV light excitation and their electrochemical performance with Li-ion conversion reaction. The structural investigations reveal the simultaneous transformation of the precursor aero-GaN(ZnO) network into hollow architectures composed of β-Ga2 O3 and ZnGa2 O4 nanocrystals with a phase ratio of ≈1:2. The photoluminescence of hybrid aero-β-Ga2 O3 /ZnGa2 O4 nanocomposite networks demonstrates narrow band (λem = 504 nm) green light emission of ZnGa2 O4 under UV light excitation (λex = 300 nm). The evaluation of the metal-oxide network performance for electrochemical application for Li-ion batteries shows high initial capacities of ≈714 mAh g-1 at 100 mA g-1 paired with exceptional rate performance even at high current densities of 4 A g-1 with 347 mAh g-1 . This study provides is an exciting showcase example of novel networked materials and demonstrates the opportunities of tailored micro-/nanostructures for diverse applications a diversity of possible applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Wolff
- Synthesis and Real Structure, Department of Material Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143, Kiel, Germany
- Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Science (KiNSIS), Kiel University, Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4, D-24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tudor Braniste
- National Center for Materials Study and Testing, Technical University of Moldova, Stefan cel Mare 168, Chisinau, MD-2004, Moldova
| | - Helge Krüger
- Functional Nanomaterials, Department of Material Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sebastian Mangelsen
- Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Science (KiNSIS), Kiel University, Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4, D-24118, Kiel, Germany
- Solid State Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Kiel University, Max-Eyth-Straße 2, D-24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Md Redwanul Islam
- Synthesis and Real Structure, Department of Material Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schürmann
- Synthesis and Real Structure, Department of Material Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143, Kiel, Germany
- Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Science (KiNSIS), Kiel University, Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4, D-24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lena M Saure
- Functional Nanomaterials, Department of Material Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Fabian Schütt
- Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Science (KiNSIS), Kiel University, Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4, D-24118, Kiel, Germany
- Functional Nanomaterials, Department of Material Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sandra Hansen
- Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Science (KiNSIS), Kiel University, Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4, D-24118, Kiel, Germany
- Functional Nanomaterials, Department of Material Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Huayna Terraschke
- Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Science (KiNSIS), Kiel University, Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4, D-24118, Kiel, Germany
- Solid State Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Kiel University, Max-Eyth-Straße 2, D-24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Adelung
- Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Science (KiNSIS), Kiel University, Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4, D-24118, Kiel, Germany
- Functional Nanomaterials, Department of Material Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ion Tiginyanu
- National Center for Materials Study and Testing, Technical University of Moldova, Stefan cel Mare 168, Chisinau, MD-2004, Moldova
- Academy of Sciences of Moldova, Stefan cel Mare av. 1, Chisinau, MD-2001, Moldova
| | - Lorenz Kienle
- Synthesis and Real Structure, Department of Material Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143, Kiel, Germany
- Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Science (KiNSIS), Kiel University, Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4, D-24118, Kiel, Germany
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Chu SY, Wu MJ, Yeh TH, Lee CT, Lee HY. Investigation of High-Sensitivity NO 2 Gas Sensors with Ga 2O 3 Nanorod Sensing Membrane Grown by Hydrothermal Synthesis Method. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1064. [PMID: 36985958 PMCID: PMC10057982 DOI: 10.3390/nano13061064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this work, Ga2O3 nanorods were converted from GaOOH nanorods grown using the hydrothermal synthesis method as the sensing membranes of NO2 gas sensors. Since a sensing membrane with a high surface-to-volume ratio is a very important issue for gas sensors, the thickness of the seed layer and the concentrations of the hydrothermal precursor gallium nitrate nonahydrate (Ga(NO3)3·9H2O) and hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) were optimized to achieve a high surface-to-volume ratio in the GaOOH nanorods. The results showed that the largest surface-to-volume ratio of the GaOOH nanorods could be obtained using the 50-nm-thick SnO2 seed layer and the Ga(NO3)3·9H2O/HMT concentration of 12 mM/10 mM. In addition, the GaOOH nanorods were converted to Ga2O3 nanorods by thermal annealing in a pure N2 ambient atmosphere for 2 h at various temperatures of 300 °C, 400 °C, and 500 °C, respectively. Compared with the Ga2O3 nanorod sensing membranes annealed at 300 °C and 500 °C, the NO2 gas sensors using the 400 °C-annealed Ga2O3 nanorod sensing membrane exhibited optimal responsivity of 1184.6%, a response time of 63.6 s, and a recovery time of 135.7 s at a NO2 concentration of 10 ppm. The low NO2 concentration of 100 ppb could be detected by the Ga2O3 nanorod-structured NO2 gas sensors and the achieved responsivity was 34.2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Yu Chu
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, Republic of China; (S.-Y.C.)
| | - Mu-Ju Wu
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, Republic of China; (S.-Y.C.)
| | - Tsung-Han Yeh
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Chung Cheng Institute of Technology, National Defense University, Taoyuan 335, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ching-Ting Lee
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, Republic of China; (S.-Y.C.)
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hsin-Ying Lee
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, Republic of China; (S.-Y.C.)
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6
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Horng RH, Lin SH, Hung DR, Chao PH, Fu PK, Chen CH, Chen YC, Shao JH, Huang CY, Tarntair FG, Liu PL, Hsiao CL. Structure Effect on the Response of ZnGa 2O 4 Gas Sensor for Nitric Oxide Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3759. [PMID: 36364533 PMCID: PMC9653968 DOI: 10.3390/nano12213759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We fabricated a gas sensor with a wide-bandgap ZnGa2O4 (ZGO) epilayer grown on a sapphire substrate by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The ZGO presented (111), (222) and (333) phases demonstrated by an X-ray diffraction system. The related material characteristics were also measured by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. This ZGO gas sensor was used to detect nitric oxide (NO) in the parts-per-billion range. In this study, the structure effect on the response of the NO gas sensor was studied by altering the sensor dimensions. Two approaches were adopted to prove the dimension effect on the sensing mechanism. In the first approach, the sensing area of the sensors was kept constant while both channel length (L) and width (W) were varied with designed dimensions (L × W) of 60 × 200, 80 × 150, and 120 ×100 μm2. In the second, the dimensions of the sensing area were altered (60, 40, and 20 μm) with W kept constant. The performance of the sensors was studied with varying gas concentrations in the range of 500 ppb~10 ppm. The sensor with dimensions of 20 × 200 μm2 exhibited a high response of 11.647 in 10 ppm, and 1.05 in 10 ppb for NO gas. The sensor with a longer width and shorter channel length exhibited the best response. The sensing mechanism was provided to explain the above phenomena. Furthermore, the reaction between NO and the sensor surface was simulated by O exposure of the ZGO surface in air and calculated by first principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray-Hua Horng
- Institute of Electronics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hsien Lin
- Institute of Electronics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Dun-Ru Hung
- Graduate Institute of Precision Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsiang Chao
- Institute of Electronics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Kuei Fu
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402010, Taiwan
- Integrated Care Center of Interstitial Lung Disease, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407219, Taiwan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407219, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsu Chen
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402010, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Che Chen
- Graduate Institute of Precision Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Jhih-Hong Shao
- Graduate Institute of Precision Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Yi Huang
- Institute of Electronics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Gow Tarntair
- Institute of Electronics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Po-Liang Liu
- Graduate Institute of Precision Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Lien Hsiao
- Thin Film Physics Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
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Sharma A, Karuppasamy K, Vikraman D, Cho Y, Adaikalam K, Korvink JG, Kim HS, Sharma B. Metal Organic Framework-Derived ZnO@GC Nanoarchitecture as an Effective Hydrogen Gas Sensor with Improved Selectivity and Gas Response. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:44516-44526. [PMID: 36162987 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c10706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Although they are not as favorable as other influential gas sensors, metal-oxide semiconductor-based chemiresistors ensure minimal surface reactivity, restricting their gas selectivity, gas response, and reaction kinetics, particularly when functioning at room temperature (RT). A hybrid design, which includes metal-oxide/carbon nanostructures and passivation with specific gas filtration layers, can address the concerns of surface reactivity. We present a novel hierarchical nanostructured zinc oxide (ZnO), decorated with graphitic carbon (GC) and synthesized via a wet-chemical strategy, which is then followed by the self-assembly of a zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8). Because of its large surface area, high porosity, and efficient inspection of other analyte (interfering) gases, the ZnO@GC can provide intensified surface reactivity at RT. In the present study, such a hybrid sensor confirmed extraordinary gas sensing properties, which was characterized by excellent H2 selectivity, fast response, rapid recovery kinetics, and high gas response (ΔR/R0 ∼ 124.6%@10 ppm), particularly in extremely humid environments. The results reveal that adsorption sites provided by the ZIF-8 template-based ZnO@GC frameworks facilitate the adsorption and desorption of H2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Sharma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ajou University, 206-Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - K Karuppasamy
- Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Dhanasekaran Vikraman
- Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoona Cho
- Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Kathalingam Adaikalam
- Millimeter-Wave Innovation Technology (MINT) Research Centre, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jan G Korvink
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermonn-Von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Hyun-Seok Kim
- Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Bharat Sharma
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermonn-Von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
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8
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Weng Y, Ma X, Yuan G, Lv H, Yuan Z. Novel Janus MoSiGeN 4 nanosheet: adsorption behaviour and sensing performance for NO and NO 2 gas molecules. RSC Adv 2022; 12:24743-24751. [PMID: 36199889 PMCID: PMC9433950 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03957e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel Janus MoSiGeN4 nanosheet is proposed for detecting poisonous gas molecules. Herein, the adsorption behaviour and sensing performance of both sides of the MoSiGeN4 monolayer to NO and NO2 gas molecules were investigated by first-principles calculations. Firstly, it is found that the MoSiGeN4 monolayer exhibits structural stability and indirect gap semiconductor characteristics. The largest adsorption energy of NO2 molecules on the MoSiGeN4 monolayer is -0.24 eV, which is higher than the -0.13 eV for NO molecules. Of course, the physisorption between gas molecules and the MoSiGeN4 monolayer appears with slight charge transfer. It is confirmed that NO molecules and NO2 molecules act as electron donors and electron acceptors, respectively. Meanwhile, the generation of small band gaps and impurity levels in the electronic structures after gas adsorption is in favour of the enhancement of electronic conductivity. Furthermore, the longest recovery times of NO and NO2 molecules are predicted to be 0.15 and 10.67 ns at room temperature, and the lateral diffusion at the surface requires crossing a large energy barrier. These findings provide indisputable evidence for further design and fabrication of highly sensitive gas sensors based on the MoSiGeN4 monolayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Weng
- School of Science, Hubei University of Technology Wuhan 430068 China
| | - Xinguo Ma
- School of Science, Hubei University of Technology Wuhan 430068 China
| | - Gang Yuan
- School of Science, Hubei University of Technology Wuhan 430068 China
| | - Hui Lv
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Centre of Energy Photoelectric Device and System, Hubei University of Technology Wuhan 430068 China
| | - Zhongyong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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9
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Ab Initio Studies of Work Function Changes of CO Adsorption on Clean and Pd-Doped ZnGa2O4(111) Surfaces for Gas Sensors. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12125978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We performed first-principles calculations to study the adsorption of the CO molecules on both clean and Pd-doped ZnGa2O4(111) surfaces. The adsorption reaction and work function of the CO adsorption models were examined. The CO molecules on the clean and Pd-doped ZnGa2O4(111) surfaces exhibit maximum work function changes of −0.55 eV and −0.79 eV, respectively. The work function change of Pd-doped ZnGa2O4(111) for detecting CO is 1.43 times higher than that of the clean ZnGa2O4(111). In addition, the adsorption energy is also significantly reduced from −1.88 eV to −3.36 eV without and with Pd atoms, respectively. The results demonstrate ZnGa2O4-based gas sensors doped by palladium can improve the sensitivity of detecting CO molecules.
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Yang L, Zheng G, Cao Y, Meng C, Li Y, Ji H, Chen X, Niu G, Yan J, Xue Y, Cheng H. Moisture-resistant, stretchable NO x gas sensors based on laser-induced graphene for environmental monitoring and breath analysis. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2022; 8:78. [PMID: 35818382 PMCID: PMC9270215 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00414-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The accurate, continuous analysis of healthcare-relevant gases such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) in a humid environment remains elusive for low-cost, stretchable gas sensing devices. This study presents the design and demonstration of a moisture-resistant, stretchable NOx gas sensor based on laser-induced graphene (LIG). Sandwiched between a soft elastomeric substrate and a moisture-resistant semipermeable encapsulant, the LIG sensing and electrode layer is first optimized by tuning laser processing parameters such as power, image density, and defocus distance. The gas sensor, using a needlelike LIG prepared with optimal laser processing parameters, exhibits a large response of 4.18‰ ppm-1 to NO and 6.66‰ ppm-1 to NO2, an ultralow detection limit of 8.3 ppb to NO and 4.0 ppb to NO2, fast response/recovery, and excellent selectivity. The design of a stretchable serpentine structure in the LIG electrode and strain isolation from the stiff island allows the gas sensor to be stretched by 30%. Combined with a moisture-resistant property against a relative humidity of 90%, the reported gas sensor has further been demonstrated to monitor the personal local environment during different times of the day and analyze human breath samples to classify patients with respiratory diseases from healthy volunteers. Moisture-resistant, stretchable NOx gas sensors can expand the capability of wearable devices to detect biomarkers from humans and exposed environments for early disease diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130 China
| | - Guanghao Zheng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130 China
| | - Yaoqian Cao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052 China
| | - Chuizhou Meng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130 China
| | - Yuhang Li
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Huadong Ji
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130 China
| | - Xue Chen
- School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130 China
| | - Guangyu Niu
- School of Architecture and Art Design, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130 China
| | - Jiayi Yan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130 China
| | - Ye Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130 China
| | - Huanyu Cheng
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
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11
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Lee D, Yun MJ, Kim KH, kim S, Kim HD. Advanced Recovery and High-Sensitive Properties of Memristor-Based Gas Sensor Devices Operated at Room Temperature. ACS Sens 2021; 6:4217-4224. [PMID: 34783247 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Fast recovery, high sensitivity, high selectivity, and room temperature (RT) sensing characteristics of NO gas sensors are essential for environmental monitoring, artificial intelligence, and inflammatory diagnosis of asthma patients. However, the conventional semiconductor-type gas sensors have poor sensing characteristics that need to be solved, such as slow recovery speeds (>360 s), low sensitivity (3.8), and high operating temperatures (>300 °C). We propose here a memristor-based NO gas sensor as a gasistor (gas sensor + memory resistor) with SnO2, Ta2O5, and HfO2 films, which successfully demonstrated the feasibility of fast reaction/recovery (<1 s/90 ns) and high sensitivities such as 11.66 and 5.22 in Ta2O5 and HfO2 gasistors for NO gas, at RT. Furthermore, so as to reinforce the selectivity in multigas ambient, we suggest a parallel circuit using three kinds of gasistors having different sensitivities for NO, O2, and C2H6 gases, which results in an improvement of selectivity for the selected gas at RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doowon Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Convergence Engineering for Intelligent Drone, Sejong University, 209, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea
| | - Min Ju Yun
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Convergence Engineering for Intelligent Drone, Sejong University, 209, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea
| | - Kyeong Heon Kim
- School of Convergence Electronic Engineering, Gyeongsang National University of Science and Technology, 33, Dongjin-ro, Jinju-si 52725, Korea
| | - Sungho kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Convergence Engineering for Intelligent Drone, Sejong University, 209, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea
| | - Hee-Dong Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Convergence Engineering for Intelligent Drone, Sejong University, 209, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea
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12
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Influences of Work Function Changes in NO2 and H2S Adsorption on Pd-Doped ZnGa2O4(111) Thin Films: First-Principles Studies. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11115259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The work function variations of NO2 and H2S molecules on Pd-adsorbed ZnGa2O4(111) were calculated using first-principle calculations. For the bonding of a nitrogen atom from a single NO2 molecule to a Pd atom, the maximum work function change was +1.37 eV, and for the bonding of two NO2 molecules to a Pd atom, the maximum work function change was +2.37 eV. For H2S adsorption, the maximum work function change was reduced from −0.90 eV to −1.82 eV for bonding sulfur atoms from a single and two H2S molecules to a Pd atom, respectively. Thus, for both NO2 and H2S, the work function change increased with an increase in gas concentration, showing that Pd-decorated ZnGa2O4(111) is a suitable material in NO2/H2S gas detectors.
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Sun KH, Chien WC, Hsu HF. Fabrication of Rectification Nanosensors by Direct Current Dielectrophoresis Alignment of ZnO Nanowires. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2021; 16:86. [PMID: 34009503 PMCID: PMC8134615 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-021-03539-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrates the fabrication and characterization of ZnO nanowire-based devices in a metal-nanowire-metal configuration using the direct current dielectrophoresis alignment across Au electrodes. The current-voltage characteristics of the devices revealed that they were rectifying, and the direction of rectification was determined by the direction of current due to the asymmetric Joule heating in the dielectrophoresis alignment process. Joule heating caused the Au atoms to diffuse from the Au electrodes to the inner ZnO NWs and the formation of Schottky contact at the Au/ZnO interface. A fast and sensitive photoresponse was achieved for the rectifying devices in reverse-biased mode due to the carrier injection and photocurrent gain under UV illumination. Such direct current dielectrophoresis alignment of ZnO nanowires is a facile method for fabricating rectification devices with application in sensitive and fast UV detecting sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Heng Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing Univiersity, 145 Xingda Rd., Taichung, 40227 Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ching Chien
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing Univiersity, 145 Xingda Rd., Taichung, 40227 Taiwan
| | - Hsun-Feng Hsu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing Univiersity, 145 Xingda Rd., Taichung, 40227 Taiwan
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Adsorption of NO2 and H2S on ZnGa2O4(111) Thin Films: A First-Principles Density Functional Theory Study. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10248822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We performed first-principles total-energy density functional calculations to study the reactions of NO2 and H2S molecules on Ga–Zn–O-terminated ZnGa2O4(111) surfaces. The adsorption reaction and work functions of eight NO2 and H2S adsorption models were examined. The bonding of the nitrogen atom from a single NO2 molecule to the Ga atom of the Ga–Zn–O-terminated ZnGa2O4(111) surfaces exhibited a maximum work function change of +0.97 eV. The bond joining the sulfur atom from a single H2S molecule and the Ga atom of Ga–Zn–O-terminated ZnGa2O4(111) surfaces exhibited a maximum work function change of −1.66 eV. Both results concur with previously reported experimental observations for ZnGa2O4-based gas sensors.
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Chen MI, Singh AK, Chiang JL, Horng RH, Wuu DS. Zinc Gallium Oxide-A Review from Synthesis to Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E2208. [PMID: 33167531 PMCID: PMC7694528 DOI: 10.3390/nano10112208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Spinel ZnGa2O4 has received significant attention from researchers due to its wide bandgap and high chemical and thermal stability; hence, paving the way for it to have potential in various applications. This review focuses on its physical, optical, mechanical and electrical properties, contributing to the better understanding of this material. The recent trends for growth techniques and processing in the research and development of ZnGa2O4 from bulk crystal growth to thin films are discussed in detail for device performance. This material has excellent properties and is investigated widely in deep-ultraviolet photodetectors, gas sensors and phosphors. In this article, effects of substrate temperature, annealing temperature, oxygen partial pressure and zinc/gallium ratio are discussed for device processing and fabrication. In addition, research progress and future outlooks are also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-I Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (M.-I.C.); (A.K.S.); (J.-L.C.)
| | - Anoop Kumar Singh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (M.-I.C.); (A.K.S.); (J.-L.C.)
| | - Jung-Lung Chiang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (M.-I.C.); (A.K.S.); (J.-L.C.)
| | - Ray-Hua Horng
- Department of Electronics Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30100, Taiwan
| | - Dong-Sing Wuu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (M.-I.C.); (A.K.S.); (J.-L.C.)
- Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
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Spinel-Type Materials Used for Gas Sensing: A Review. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20185413. [PMID: 32967306 PMCID: PMC7570989 DOI: 10.3390/s20185413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Demands for the detection of harmful gas in daily life have arisen for a period and a gas nano-sensor acting as a kind of instrument that can directly detect gas has been of wide concern. The spinel-type nanomaterial is suitable for the research of gas sensors because of its unique structure. However, the existing instability, higher detection limit, and operating temperature of the spinel materials limit the extension of the spinel material sensor. This paper reviews the research progress of spinel materials in gas sensor technology in recent years and lists the common morphological structures and material sensitization methods in combination with previous works.
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Murali G, Reddeppa M, Seshendra Reddy C, Park S, Chandrakalavathi T, Kim MD, In I. Enhancing the Charge Carrier Separation and Transport via Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Quantum Dot-TiO 2 Nanoplate Hybrid Structure for an Efficient NO Gas Sensor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:13428-13436. [PMID: 32096621 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b19896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate the ultraviolet (UV) light activated high-performance room-temperature NO gas sensor based on nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (NGQDs)-decorated TiO2 hybrid structure. TiO2 employed in the form of {001} facets exposed rectangular nanoplate morphology, which is highly reactive for the adsorption of active oxygen species. NGQD layers are grown on TiO2 nanoplates by graphitization of precursors via hydrothermal treatment. The decoration of NGQDs on the TiO2 surface dramatically enhanced the efficiency of gas and carriers exchange, charge carrier separation and transportation, and oxygen vacancies, which eventually improved the sensing performance. At room temperature, the TiO2@NGQDs hybrid structure exhibited a response of 12.0% to 100 ppm NO, which is 4.8 times higher compared to that of pristine TiO2 nanoplates. The response of TiO2@NGQDs hybrid structure is further upgraded by employing the ultraviolet light illumination and manipulating the operating temperature. Under the UV (λ = 365 nm) illumination at room temperature, the hybrid structure response escalated to ∼31.1% for 100 ppm NO. On the other hand, the tailoring of working temperature yielded a response of ∼223% at an optimum operating temperature of 250 °C. The NO gas-sensing mechanism of TiO2@NGQDs nanoplate's hybrid structure sensors under UV illumination and different working temperatures is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Murali
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Department of IT Convergence (BK21 PLUS), Chemical Industry Institute, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, South Korea
| | - Maddaka Reddeppa
- Department of Physics, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
| | - Ch Seshendra Reddy
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Department of IT Convergence (BK21 PLUS), Chemical Industry Institute, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, South Korea
| | - Seongmin Park
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Department of IT Convergence (BK21 PLUS), Chemical Industry Institute, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, South Korea
| | - T Chandrakalavathi
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603203, India
| | - Moon-Deock Kim
- Department of Physics, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
| | - Insik In
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Department of IT Convergence (BK21 PLUS), Chemical Industry Institute, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, South Korea
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Role of a 193 nm ArF Excimer Laser in Laser-Assisted Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition of SiN x for Low Temperature Thin Film Encapsulation. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11010088. [PMID: 31941056 PMCID: PMC7019693 DOI: 10.3390/mi11010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, silicon nitride thin films are deposited on organic polyethylene-naphthalate (PEN) substrates by laser assisted plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (LAPECVD) at a low temperature (150 °C) for the purpose of evaluating the encapsulation performance. A plasma generator is placed above the sample stage as conventional plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) configuration, and the excimer laser beam of 193 nm wavelength illuminated in parallel to the sample surface is coupled to the reaction zone between the sample and plasma source. Major roles of the laser illumination in LAPECVD process are to compete with or complement the plasma decomposition of reactant gases. While a laser mainly decomposes ammonia molecules in the plasma, it also contributes to the photolysis of silane in the plasma state, possibly through the resulting hydrogen radicals and the excitation of intermediate disilane products. It will also be shown that the LAPECVD with coupled laser illumination of 193 nm wavelength improves the deposition rate of silicon nitride thin film, and the encapsulation performance evaluated via the measurement of water vapor transmission rate (WVTR).
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Nasriddinov A, Rumyantseva M, Shatalova T, Tokarev S, Yaltseva P, Fedorova O, Khmelevsky N, Gaskov A. Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Materials for Room Temperature Light-Activated Sub-ppm NO Detection. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 10:E70. [PMID: 31905665 PMCID: PMC7023258 DOI: 10.3390/nano10010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is one of the main environmental pollutants and one of the biomarkers noninvasive diagnosis of respiratory diseases. Organic-inorganic hybrids based on heterocyclic Ru (II) complex and nanocrystalline semiconductor oxides SnO2 and In2O3 were studied as sensitive materials for NO detection at room temperature under periodic blue light (λmax = 470 nm) illumination. The semiconductor matrixes were obtained by chemical precipitation with subsequent thermal annealing and characterized by XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and single-point BET methods. The heterocyclic Ru (II) complex was synthesized for the first time and characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. The HOMO and LUMO energies of the Ru (II) complex are calculated from cyclic voltammetry data. The thermal stability of hybrids was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)-MS analysis. The optical properties of Ru (II) complex, nanocrystalline oxides and hybrids were studied by UV-Vis spectroscopy in transmission and diffuse reflectance modes. DRIFT spectroscopy was performed to investigate the interaction between NO and the surface of the synthesized materials. Sensor measurements demonstrate that hybrid materials are able to detect NO at room temperature in the concentration range of 0.25-4.0 ppm with the detection limit of 69-88 ppb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abulkosim Nasriddinov
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (A.N.); (T.S.); (S.T.); (P.Y.); (O.F.); (A.G.)
- Faculty of Materials Science, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Marina Rumyantseva
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (A.N.); (T.S.); (S.T.); (P.Y.); (O.F.); (A.G.)
| | - Tatyana Shatalova
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (A.N.); (T.S.); (S.T.); (P.Y.); (O.F.); (A.G.)
| | - Sergey Tokarev
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (A.N.); (T.S.); (S.T.); (P.Y.); (O.F.); (A.G.)
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds RAS, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Polina Yaltseva
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (A.N.); (T.S.); (S.T.); (P.Y.); (O.F.); (A.G.)
| | - Olga Fedorova
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (A.N.); (T.S.); (S.T.); (P.Y.); (O.F.); (A.G.)
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds RAS, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Nikolay Khmelevsky
- LISM, Moscow State Technological University Stankin, Moscow 127055, Russia;
| | - Alexander Gaskov
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (A.N.); (T.S.); (S.T.); (P.Y.); (O.F.); (A.G.)
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Influence of Annealing Temperature on the Properties of ZnGa2O4 Thin Films by Magnetron Sputtering. COATINGS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings9120859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Zinc gallate (ZnGa2O4) thin films were grown on sapphire (0001) substrate using radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering. After the thin film deposition process, the grown ZnGa2O4 was annealed at a temperature ranging from 500 to 900 °C at atmospheric conditions. The average crystallite size of the grown ZnGa2O4 thin films increased from 11.94 to 27.05 nm as the annealing temperature rose from 500 to 900 °C. Excess Ga released from ZnGa2O4 during thermal annealing treatment resulted in the appearance of a Ga2O3 phase. High-resolution transmission electron microscope image analysis revealed that the preferential crystallographic orientation of the well-arranged, quasi-single-crystalline ZnGa2O4 (111) plane lattice fringes were formed after the thermal annealing process. The effect of crystallite sizes and lattice strain on the width of the X-ray diffraction peak of the annealed ZnGa2O4 thin films were investigated using Williamson-Hall analysis. The results indicate that the crystalline quality of the deposited ZnGa2O4 thin film improved at higher annealing temperatures.
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Quasi Similar Routes of NO 2 and NO Sensing by Nanocrystalline WO 3: Evidence by In Situ DRIFT Spectroscopy. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19153405. [PMID: 31382551 PMCID: PMC6696453 DOI: 10.3390/s19153405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Tungsten oxide is a renowned material for resistive type gas sensors with high sensitivity to nitrogen oxides. Most studies have been focused on sensing applications of WO3 for the detection of NO2 and a sensing mechanism has been established. However, less is known about NO sensing routes. There is disagreement on whether NO is detected as an oxidizing or reducing gas, due to the ambivalent redox behavior of nitric oxide. In this work, nanocrystalline WO3 with different particle size was synthesized by aqueous deposition of tungstic acid and heat treatment. A high sensitivity to NO2 and NO and low cross-sensitivities to interfering gases were established by DC-resistance measurements of WO3 sensors. Both nitrogen oxides were detected as the oxidizing gases. Sensor signals increased with the decrease of WO3 particle size and had similar dependence on temperature and humidity. By means of in situ infrared (DRIFT) spectroscopy similar interaction routes of NO2 and NO with the surface of tungsten oxide were unveiled. Analysis of the effect of reaction conditions on sensor signals and infrared spectra led to the conclusion that the interaction of WO3 surface with NO was independent of gas-phase oxidation to NO2.
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Structural Characteristics and Photoluminescence Properties of Sputter-Deposition ZnGa2O4 Thin Films on Sapphire and Si(100) Substrates. COATINGS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings9080469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we report the growth and material characteristics of ZnGa2O4 thin films on c-plane sapphire and Si(100) substrates by a radio-frequency magnetron sputtering. When deposited on sapphire, the ZnGa2O4 film showed a polycrystalline nature and a less randomly oriented, primarily with the (111), (222) and (511) planes parallel to the substrate surface. On Si(100), the ZnGa2O4 thin film was randomly oriented with (311)- and (020)-plane polycrystalline properties. Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed that an amorphous-layer interface was formed on the Si(100) substrate and the microstructure of ZnGa2O4 became disordered. The ZnGa2O4/sapphire emitted ultraviolet photoluminescence and green emissions. The dominant optical transitions depended on the deposition temperature, oxygen and Zn contents, and nature of the substrate. The structural and optical properties of sputter-deposited ZnGa2O4 thin film on sapphire indicated that sapphire substrate is suitable for the growth of crystalline, high-quality ZnGa2O4 thin film.
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